title: Racial and ethnic disparities among enrollees in Medicare Advantage plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in the control of blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose among the various racial and ethnic groups of Medicare enrollees may contribute to persistent disparities in health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among elderly enrollees in Medicare Advantage health plans in 2011 who had hypertension (94,171 persons), cardiovascular disease (112,039), or diabetes (105,848), we compared the respective age-and-sex-adjusted proportions with blood pressure lower than 140/90 mm Hg, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below 100 mg per deciliter (2.6 mmol per liter), and a glycated hemoglobin value of 9.0% or lower, according to race or ethnic group. Comparisons were made nationally and within regions and health plans, and changes since 2006 were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black enrollees in 2006 and 2011 were substantially less likely than white enrollees to have adequate control of blood pressure (adjusted absolute differences in proportions of enrollees in the 2 years, 7.9 percentage points and 10.3 percentage points, respectively), cholesterol (11.4 percentage points and 10.2 percentage points, respectively), and glycated hemoglobin (10.1 percentage points and 9.4 percentage points, respectively) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Differing distributions of enrollees among health plans accounted for 39 to 59% of observed disparities in 2011. These differences persisted in 2011 in the Northeast, Midwest, and South (6.9 to 14.1 percentage points, P<0.001 for all comparisons) but were eliminated in the West for all three measures (<1.5 percentage points, P≥0.15). Hispanic enrollees were less likely than whites in 2011 to have adequate control of blood pressure (adjusted difference, 1.6 percentage points), cholesterol (adjusted difference, 1.0 percentage points), and glycated hemoglobin (adjusted difference, 3.4 percentage points) (P≤0.02 for all comparisons). Asians and Pacific Islanders were more likely than whites to have adequate control of blood pressure (difference, 4.4 percentage points; P<0.001) and cholesterol (5.5 percentage points, P<0.001) and had similar control of glycated hemoglobin (0.3 percentage points, P=0.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disparities in control of blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose have not improved nationally for blacks in Medicare Advantage plans, but these disparities were eliminated in the West in 2011. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging.).
authors.affiliation: From the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, the Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, the Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, and the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan - all in Ann Arbor (J.Z.A.); the Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School (J.Z.A., B.E.L., J.P.N., A.M.Z.), the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School (B.E.L.), and the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health (J.P.N.) - all in Boston; and the Harvard Kennedy School and the National Bureau of Economic Research - both in Cambridge, MA (J.P.N.).
authors.forename: John Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Ayanian
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newhouse
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D020398:Medicare Part C / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044469:Racial Groups; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin