title: Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids in environmental waters in Vietnam.
abstract: This is the first nationwide study of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in environmental waters in Vietnam. Twenty-eight river water and 22 groundwater samples collected in four major cities and 14 river water samples from the Red River were screened to investigate the occurrence and sources of 16 PFAAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were the most prevalent of 11 detected PFAAs with maximum concentrations in urban river water of 5.3, 18 and 0.93ngL(-1), respectively, and in groundwater of 8.2, 4.5 and 0.45ngL(-1), respectively. PFAAs in the Red River water were detected at low levels. PFAA concentrations in river water were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, possibly due to storm water runoff, a common phenomenon in Southeast Asian countries. The highest concentrations of PFAAs in river water were observed in samples from highly populated and industrialized areas, perhaps sourced from sewage. The PFAA concentrations observed were similar to those in other Southeast Asian countries, but lower than in developed nations. From the composition profiles of PFAAs, industrial products containing PFAAs imported from China and Japan might be one of the major sources of PFAAs in the Vietnamese aquatic environment. According to the health-based values and advisory issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the concentrations of detected PFAAs in this study do not pose an immediate health risk to humans and aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
authors.forename: Hanh Thi
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan. Electronic address: kadokami@kitakyu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiwao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadokami
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
authors.forename: Hanako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirasaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
authors.forename: Rento
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
authors.forename: Hong Thi Cam
authors.initials: HTC
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
authors.forename: Lingxiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology Analysis, Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Trung Quang
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology Analysis, Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Thao Thanh
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage; D014744:Vietnam; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C101816:perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Environmental water; PFOA; PFOS; Perfluoroalkyl acids; Vietnam