title: Differences in amniotic amino acid concentrations between pregnancies obtained with transfer of vitrified thawed in vitro-produced embryos and with natural mating in sheep.
abstract: In vitro embryo production (IVP) and cryopreservation are associated with a high incidence of pregnancy complications and fetal abnormalities that may be linked with alterations of placental development. The amniotic fluid is partly derived from the transport of water and solutes across the placenta and provides the fetus with amino acids (AAs), which are the building blocks for biomolecules involved in physiological growth and development. To better understand the anomalies associated with IVP pregnancies, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that amniotic concentrations of AAs differ in pregnancies derived from vitrified/thawed (V/T) IVP embryos compared with gestations obtained with natural mating (NM) in sheep. Amniotic fluid was sampled in ewes that were pregnant after transfer of V/T IVP embryos and that had conceived with NM between Days 60 and 65 (V/T, n = 6; NM, n = 11) and between Days 80 and 85 (V/T, n = 5; NM, n = 14) of gestation via ultrasound-guided amniocentesis. Concentrations of 16 AAs in the amniotic fluid were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. From Days 60 to 65 of gestation, concentrations of cystine, phenylalanine, and isoleucine were lower in V/T compared with NM ewes. From Days 80 to 85 of pregnancy, the mean concentrations of cystine and lysine were lower in the V/T versus NM groups. The total AA concentration per ewe was similar between the groups from Days 60 to 65 and 80 to 85 of gestation and decreased by 55% from Days 60 to 65 and 80 to 85 of gestation in all ewes. The most abundant AA from Days 60 to 65 of gestation was alanine in both groups, whereas from Days 80 to 85, the most abundant AAs were alanine in NM and glycine in V/T ewes; cystine was the less abundant detectable AA in all ewes at both stages of gestation. Results report that V/T IVP embryos have decreased concentrations of individual AAs in the amniotic fluid during the second trimester of gestation possibly because of an impaired placental vasculogenesis or because of a reduced placental transport. These novel findings are relevant to unravel the mechanisms responsible for the issues of pregnancies achieved with the transfer of IVP and cryopreserved embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nieddu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: fmossa@uniss.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mossa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strina
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ariu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ledda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sotgia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carru
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ledda
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Amino acid; Amniotic fluid; Embryo; In vitro; Ovine; Vitrification