title: Ischemic preconditioning does not improve peak exercise capacity at sea level or simulated high altitude in trained male cyclists.
abstract: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, including skeletal muscle, and has the potential to improve intense aerobic exercise performance, especially that which results in arterial hypoxemia. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of IPC of the legs on peak exercise capacity (W(peak)), submaximal and peak cardiovascular hemodynamics, and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) in trained males at sea level (SL) and simulated high altitude (HA; 13.3% FIO2, ∼ 3650 m). Fifteen highly trained male cyclists and triathletes completed 2 W(peak) tests (SL and HA) and 4 experimental exercise trials (10 min at 55% altitude-specific W(peak) then increasing by 30 W every 2 min until exhaustion) with and without IPC. HA resulted in significant arterial hypoxemia during exercise compared with SL (73% ± 6% vs. 93% ± 4% SpO2, p < 0.001) that was associated with 21% lower W(peak) values. IPC did not significantly improve W(peak) at SL or HA. Additionally, IPC failed to improve cardiovascular hemodynamics or SpO2 during submaximal exercise or at W(peak). In conclusion, IPC performed 45 min prior to exercise does not improve W(peak) or systemic oxygen delivery during submaximal or peak exercise at SL or HA. Future studies must examine the influence of IPC on local factors, such as working limb blood flow, oxygen delivery, and arteriovenous oxygen difference as well as whether the effectiveness of IPC is altered by the volume of muscle made ischemic, the timing prior to exercise, and high altitude acclimatization.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hittinger
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Arlette C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Signorile
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kressler
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001642:Bicycling; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cardiac output; débit cardiaque; effort physique; exertion; hypoxia; hypoxie; occlusion; peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; reperfusion; saturation en oxygène des capillaires périphériques