title: Association between imposition of a Maintenance of Certification requirement and ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations and health care costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1990, the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) ended lifelong certification by initiating a 10-year Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program that first took effect in 2000. Despite the importance of this change, there has been limited research examining associations between the MOC requirement and patient outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure associations between the original ABIM MOC requirement and outcomes of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental comparison between outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries treated in 2001 by 2 groups of ABIM-certified internal medicine physicians (general internists). One group (n = 956), initially certified in 1991, was required to fulfill the MOC program in 2001 (MOC-required) and treated 84 215 beneficiaries in the sample; the other group (n = 974), initially certified in 1989, was grandfathered out of the MOC requirement (MOC-grandfathered) and treated 69 830 similar beneficiaries in the sample. We compared differences in outcomes for the beneficiary cohort treated by the MOC-required general internists before (1999-2000) and after (2002-2005) they were required to complete MOC, using the beneficiary cohort treated by the MOC-grandfathered general internists as the control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quality measures were ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations (ACSHs), measured using prevention quality indicators. Ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations are hospitalizations triggered by conditions thought to be potentially preventable through better access to and quality of outpatient care. Other outcomes included health care cost measures (adjusted to 2013 dollars).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual incidence of ACSHs (per 1000 beneficiaries) increased from the pre-MOC period (37.9 for MOC-required beneficiaries vs 37.0 for MOC-grandfathered beneficiaries) to the post-MOC period (61.8 for MOC-required beneficiaries vs 61.4 for MOC-grandfathered beneficiaries) for both cohorts, as did annual per-beneficiary health care costs (pre-MOC period, $5157 for MOC-required beneficiaries vs $5133 for MOC-grandfathered beneficiaries; post-MOC period, $7633 for MOC-required beneficiaries vs $7793 for MOC-grandfathered beneficiaries). The MOC requirement was not statistically associated with cohort differences in the growth of the annual ACSH rate (per 1000 beneficiaries, 0.1 [95% CI, -1.7 to 1.9]; P = .92), but was associated with a cohort difference in the annual, per-beneficiary cost growth of -$167 (95% CI, -$270.5 to -$63.5; P = .002; 2.5% of overall mean cost).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imposition of the MOC requirement was not associated with a difference in the increase in ACSHs but was associated with a small reduction in the growth differences of costs for a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries.
authors.affiliation: American Board of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Bradley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: American Board of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vandergrift
authors.affiliation: James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Mathematica Policy Research, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reschovsky
authors.affiliation: American Board of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lorna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.affiliation: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Holmboe
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.affiliation: American Board of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lipner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards*; D002568:Certification / Q000592:standards*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006278:Medicare / Q000592:standards; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D013044:Specialty Boards; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States