title: Not "out of Nantucket": Babesia microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deer tick-transmitted human babesiosis due to Babesia microti appears to be expanding its distribution and prevalence in the northeastern United States. One hypothesis for this emergence is the introduction of parasites into new sites from areas of long-standing transmission, such as Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a typing system based on variable number tandem repeat loci that distinguished individual B. microti genotypes. We thereby analyzed the population structure of parasites from 11 sites, representing long-standing and newly emerging transmission in southern New England (northeastern United States), and compared their haplotypes and allele frequencies to determine the most probable number of B. microti populations represented by our enzootic collections. We expected to find evidence for a point source introduction across southern New England, with all parasites clearly derived from Nantucket, the site with the most intense longstanding transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  B. microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations, arguing against a single source. The Nantucket group comprises Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and nearby Cape Cod. The Connecticut/Rhode Island (CT/RI) group consists of all the samples from those states along with samples from emerging sites in Massachusetts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expansion of B. microti in the southern New England mainland is not due to parasites from the nearby terminal moraine islands (Nantucket group), but rather from the CT/RI group. The development of new B. microti foci is likely due to a mix of local intensification of transmission within relict foci across southern New England as well as long distance introduction events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, 01536, North Grafton, MA, USA. Heidi.Goethert@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Goethert
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, 01536, North Grafton, MA, USA. Sam.Telford@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Sam R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Telford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041001:Babesia microti / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005838:Genotype; D018884:Ixodes / Q000469:parasitology; D009511:New England; D012377:Rodentia
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan