title: Identification of gain- and loss-framed cancer screening messages that appeared in municipal newsletters in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research suggests that cancer screening messages are more persuasive when framed in terms of the costs of not obtaining screening (i.e., loss-framed) than when framed in terms of the benefits of obtaining screening (i.e., gain-framed). However, to what extent these findings have been integrated into public health practice is unknown. To analyze message framing of cancer screening information, the present study examined message framing of cancer screening announcement articles that appeared in municipal newsletters published from 23 wards in central Tokyo, Japan. Two independent raters coded the articles. Gain- and loss-framed sentences in each article were identified, and based on what the sentences conveyed, articles were classified into gain-framed, loss-framed, mixed-framed, and non-framed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater reliability was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88). Of the 129 articles evaluated, the total number of gain-framed sentences was 87, while that of loss-framed sentences was six. The total number of gain-framed articles was 32 (24.8%) while that of loss-framed articles was zero (0%). Five (3.9%) articles were mixed-framed. Ninety-two (71.3%) articles were non-framed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer screening announcement articles of municipal newsletters were mostly non-framed or gain-framed in 23 Tokyo wards in Japan. The absence of loss-framed articles and only a small number of loss-framed messages indicate a missed opportunity to persuade readers to obtain cancer screenings. Loss-framed messages and articles need to be increased to enhance the persuasiveness of cancer screening information in municipal newsletters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. t-okuhara@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuhara
authors.forename: Hirono
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiuchi
mesh_terms: D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014041:Tokyo