title: SMARTHealth India: Development and Field Evaluation of a Mobile Clinical Decision Support System for Cardiovascular Diseases in Rural India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of premature death and disability in India and yet few people at risk of CVD are able to access best practice health care. Mobile health (mHealth) is a promising solution, but very few mHealth interventions have been subjected to robust evaluation in India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to develop a multifaceted, mobile clinical decision support system (CDSS) for CVD management and evaluate it for use by public nonphysician health care workers (NPHWs) and physicians in a rural Indian setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plain language clinical rules were developed based on standard guidelines and programmed into a computer tablet app. The algorithm was validated and field-tested in 11 villages in Andhra Pradesh, involving 11 NPHWs and 3 primary health center (PHC) physicians. A mixed method evaluation was conducted comprising clinical and survey data and in-depth patient and staff interviews to understand barriers and enablers to the use of the system. Then this was thematically analyzed using NVivo 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During validation of the algorithm, there was an initial agreement for 70% of the 42 calculated variables between the CDSS and SPSS software outputs. Discrepancies were identified and amendments were made until perfect agreement was achieved. During field testing, NPHWs and PHC physicians used the CDSS to screen 227 and 65 adults, respectively. The NPHWs identified 39% (88/227) of patients for referral with 78% (69/88) of these having a definite indication for blood pressure (BP)-lowering medication. However, only 35% (24/69) attended a clinic within 1 month of referral, with 42% (10/24) of these reporting continuing medications at 3-month follow-up. Physicians identified and recommended 17% (11/65) of patients for BP-lowering medications. Qualitative interviews identified 3 interrelated interview themes: (1) the CDSS had potential to change prevailing health care models, (2) task-shifting to NPHWs was the central driver of change, and (3) despite high acceptability by end users, actual transformation was substantially limited by system-level barriers such as patient access to doctors and medicines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A tablet-based CDSS implemented within primary health care systems has the potential to help improve CVD outcomes in India. However, system-level barriers to accessing medical care limit its full impact. These barriers need to be actively addressed for clinical innovations to be successful.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI/2013/06/003753; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=6259&EncHid=51761.70513&userName=CTRI/2013/06/003753 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6UBDlrEuq).
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, India, Hyderabad, India. dpraveen@georgeinstitute.org.in.
authors.forename: Devarsetty
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-943X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Praveen
authors.forename: Anushka
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-4092
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-7988
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raghu
authors.forename: Gari D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-201X
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: Pallab K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-6175
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: Ameer
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-2314
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammad Abdul
authors.forename: Kishor
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-5454
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mogulluru
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-1646
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarassenko
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-7699
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacMahon
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6898-3870
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peiris
keywords: cardiovascular disease; clinical decision support systems; community health worker; developing countries; mobile health; primary health care