title: Production and extraction of astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma and its biological effect on alcohol-induced renal hypoxia in Carassius auratus.
abstract: The effect of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-s-carotene-4,4'-dione) on alcohol-induced morphological changes in Carassius auratus, as an experimental model, was determined. The yeast Phaffia rhodozyma was used as a source of astaxanthin. The animals were divided into three groups for 30 days: one group was treated with ethanol at a dose of 1.5% mixed in water, the second one with EtOH 1.5% and food enriched with astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma, and the third was a control group. After a sufficient experimental period, the samples were processed using light microscopy and evaluated by histomorphological and histochemical staining, and the data were supported by immunohistochemical analysis, using a wide range of antibodies, such as calbindin, vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin. The results show that the alcoholic damage in the kidney led to hypoxia. In contrast, the group fed with astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma showed a normal morphological picture, with better glomeruli organisation and the presence of the area of filtration. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry has confirmed these results.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Territorial, Food and Health Security (S.A.S.T.A.S.) , University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alesci
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvo
authors.forename: Eugenia Rita
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lauriano
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gervasi
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palombieri
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pergolizzi
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cicero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000737:chemistry; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005285:Fermentation; D006054:Goldfish; D000860:Hypoxia; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D024341:Xanthophylls; D000431:Ethanol; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: Carassius auratus; Phaffia rhodozyma; astaxanthin; kidney