title: Mitochondria-targeting particles.
abstract: Mitochondria are a promising therapeutic target for the detection, prevention and treatment of various human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetes and obesity. To reach mitochondria, therapeutic molecules need to not only gain access to specific organs, but also to overcome multiple barriers such as the cell membrane and the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Cellular and mitochondrial barriers can be potentially overcome through the design of mitochondriotropic particulate carriers capable of transporting drug molecules selectively to mitochondria. These particulate carriers or vectors can be made from lipids (liposomes), biodegradable polymers, or metals, protecting the drug cargo from rapid elimination and degradation in vivo. Many formulations can be tailored to target mitochondria by the incorporation of mitochondriotropic agents onto the surface and can be manufactured to desired sizes and molecular charge. Here, we summarize recently reported strategies for delivering therapeutic molecules to mitochondria using various particle-based formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Amaraporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wongrakpanich
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.forename: Mei-ling A
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Aliasger K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Salem
mesh_terms: D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes
keywords: intracellular targeting; mitochondria; mitochondria targeting; nanotechnology; organelle specific; particles