title: The challenge of implementing peer-led interventions in a professionalized health service: a case study of the national health trainers service in England.
abstract: Policy Points: In 2004, England's National Health Service introduced health trainer services to help individuals adopt healthier lifestyles and to redress national health inequalities. Over time these anticipated community-focused services became more NHS-focused, delivering "downstream" lifestyle interventions. At the same time, individuals' lifestyle choices were abstracted from the wider social determinants of health and the potential to address inequalities was diminished. While different service models are needed to engage hard-to-reach populations, the long-term sustainability of any new service model depends on its aligning with the established medical system's characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In 2004, the English Public Health White Paper Choosing Health introduced "health trainers" as new members of the National Health Service (NHS) workforce. Health trainers would offer one-to-one peer-support to anyone who wished to adopt and maintain a healthier lifestyle. Choosing Health implicitly envisaged health trainers working in community settings in order to engage "hard-to-reach" individuals and other groups who often have the poorest health but who engage the least with traditional health promotion and other NHS services.
  
  
  METHODS
  During longitudinal case studies of 6 local health trainer services, we conducted in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and analyzed service activity data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rather than an unproblematic and stable implementation of community-focused services according to the vision in Choosing Health, we observed substantial shifts in the case studies' configuration and delivery as the services embedded themselves in the local NHS systems. To explain these observations, we drew on a recently proposed conceptual framework to examine and understand the adoption and diffusion of innovations in health care systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health trainer services have become more "medicalized" over time, and in doing so, the original theory underpinning the program has been threatened. The paradox is that policymakers and practitioners recognize the need to have a different service model for traditional NHS services if they want hard-to-reach populations to engage in preventive actions as a first step to redress health inequalities. The long-term sustainability of any new service model, however, depends on its aligning with the established medical system's (ie, the NHS's) characteristics.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathers
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parry
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000458:organization & administration; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010379:Peer Group; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: health inequalities; health trainer; policy implementation