title: Excessive refined carbohydrates and scarce micronutrients intakes increase inflammatory mediators and insulin resistance in prepubertal and pubertal obese children independently of obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-grade inflammation is the link between obesity and insulin resistance. Because physiologic insulin resistance occurs at puberty, obese pubertal children are at higher risk for insulin resistance. Excessive diets in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats are risk factors for insulin resistance, but calcium, magnesium, vitamin-D, and the omega-3 fatty acids likely protect against inflammation and insulin resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze interactions among dietary saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of inflammation and insulin resistance in a sample of prepubertal and pubertal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 229 children from Mexico City was analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Anthropometric measurements, 24 h recall questionnaires, and blood samples were obtained. Serum insulin, glucose, calcium, magnesium, 25-OHD3, C-reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, and erythrocytes fatty acids were measured. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While mean macronutrients intake was excessive, micronutrients intake was deficient (P < 0.01). Inflammation determinants were central obesity and magnesium-deficient diets. Determinants of insulin resistance were carbohydrates intake and circulating magnesium and adiponectin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnesium-deficient diets are determinants of inflammation, while high intake of refined carbohydrates is a risk factor for insulin resistance, independently of central adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mardia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Bioprogramming Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Otilia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Perichart-Perera
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Research, Infantile Hospital of México "Federico Gómez", México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8448-4721
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flores-Huerta
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, North University Anahuac, Huixquilucan, MEX, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5697-2827
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Inda-Icaza
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armenta-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bram-Falcón
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box C-029 CSPI, Coahuila No. 5 Col. Roma, 06703 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayorga-Ochoa
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018977:Micronutrients; D008274:Magnesium