title: [Consequences of mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic function].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical ventilation is associated with ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) in animal models and also in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The main pathophysiological pathways implicated in VIDD seems to be related to muscle inactivity but may also be the consequence of high tidal volumes. Systemic insults from side effects of medication, infection, malnutrition and hypoperfusion also play a part. The diaphragm is caught in the cross-fire of ventilation-induced and systemic-induced dysfunctions. Intracellular consequences of VIDD include oxidative stress, proteolysis, impaired protein synthesis, autophagy activation and excitation-contraction decoupling. VIDD can be diagnosed at the bedside using non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves which is the gold standard. Other techniques involve patient's participation such as respiratory function tests or ultrasound examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At this date, only spontaneous ventilatory cycles and perhaps phrenic nerve stimulation appear to diminish the severity of VIDD in humans but several pathways are currently being examined using animal models. Specific pharmacological options are currently under investigation in animal models.
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U-1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gleeton
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U-1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daurat
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conseil
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahul
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Inserm U-1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matecki
authors.affiliation: Inserm U-1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacampagne
authors.affiliation: Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U-1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, CHU Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Electronic address: s-jaber@chu-montpellier.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015300:Ventilator Weaning
keywords: Acute respiratory failure; Diaphragm; Diaphragme; Insuffisance respiratoire aiguë; Mechanical ventilation; Oxidative stress; Sevrage; Stress oxydant; Ventilation mécanique; Weaning