title: Dual recovery among people with serious mental illnesses and substance problems: a qualitative analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with serious mental illnesses are more likely to have substance-related problems than those without mental health problems. They also face more difficult recovery trajectories as they cope with dual disorders. Nevertheless, little is known about individuals' perspectives regarding their dual recovery experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative analysis was conducted as part of an exploratory mixed-methods study of mental health recovery. Members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (a group-model, not-for-profit, integrated health plan) who had serious mental illness diagnoses were interviewed four times over two years about factors affecting their mental health recovery. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded with inductively derived codes. Themes were identified by reviewing text coded "alcohol or other drugs."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (N = 177) had diagnosed schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (n = 75, 42%), bipolar I/II disorder (n = 84, 48%), or affective psychosis (n = 18, 10%). At baseline, 63% (n = 112) spontaneously described addressing substance use as part of their mental health recovery. When asked at follow-up, 97% (n = 171) provided codeable answers about substances and mental health. We identified differing pathways to recovery, including through formal treatment, self-help groups or peer support, "natural" recovery (without the help of others), and continued but controlled use of alcohol. We found three overarching themes in participants' experiences of recovering from serious mental illnesses and substance-related problems: Learning about the effects of alcohol and drugs provided motivation and a foundation for sobriety; achieving sobriety helped people to initiate their mental health recovery processes; and achieving and maintaining sobriety built self-efficacy, self-confidence, improved functioning and a sense of personal growth. Non-judgmental support from clinicians adopting chronic disease approaches also facilitated recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrespective of how people achieved sobriety, quitting or severely limiting use of substances was important to initiating and continuing mental health recovery processes. Substance abuse treatment approaches that are flexible, reduce barriers to engagement, support learning about effects of substances on mental health and quality of life, and adopt a chronic disease model of addiction may increase engagement and success. Peer-based support like Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous can be helpful for people with serious mental illnesses, particularly when programs accept use of mental health medications.
authors.forename: Carla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Micah T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Yarborough
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Polen
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Janoff
authors.forename: Bobbi Jo H
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Yarborough
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dual recovery; affective psychosis; biopolar disorder; schizoaffective disorder; schizophrenia; serious mental illnesses; substance use