title: Viral diversity in swine intestinal mucus used for the manufacture of heparin as analyzed by high-throughput sequencing.
abstract: Heparin is one of the main pharmaceutical products manufactured from raw animal material. In order to describe the viral burden associated with this raw material, we performed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on mucus samples destined for heparin manufacturing, which were collected from European pigs. We identified Circoviridae and Parvoviridae members as the most prevalent contaminating viruses, together with viruses from the Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Birnaviridae, and Anelloviridae families. Putative new viral species were also identified. The load of several known or novel small non-enveloped viruses, which are particularly difficult to inactivate or eliminate during heparin processing, was quantified by qPCR. Analysis of the combined HTS and specific qPCR results will influence the refining and validation of inactivation procedures, as well as aiding in risk analysis of viral heparin contamination.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dumarest
authors.affiliation: PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.affiliation: PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheval
authors.affiliation: PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marlène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gratigny
authors.affiliation: PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gagnieur
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France; PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France. Electronic address: marc.eloit@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eloit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D006493:Heparin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D007422:Intestines / Q000821:virology*; D009093:Mucus / Q000821:virology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D006493:Heparin
keywords: Gut; Heparin; High-throughput sequencing; Metagenomics; Pig; Virus