title: Characterization of carbon nanotubes and analytical methods for their determination in environmental and biological samples: a review.
abstract: In the present paper, a critical overview of the most commonly used techniques for the characterization and the determination of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is given on the basis of 170 references (2000-2014). The analytical techniques used for CNT characterization (including microscopic and diffraction, spectroscopic, thermal and separation techniques) are classified, described, and illustrated with applied examples. Furthermore, the performance of sampling procedures as well as the available methods for the determination of CNTs in real biological and environmental samples are reviewed and discussed according to their analytical characteristics. In addition, future trends and perspectives in this field of work are critically presented.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain. Electronic address: carlos.herrero@usc.es.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrero-Latorre
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Méndez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barciela-García
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Martín
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departmento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Peña-Crecente
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D020527:Microscopy, Scanning Probe; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Characterization techniques; Determination methods