title: Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parks are valuable resources for physical activity (PA) given their widespread availability and low cost to maintain and use. Both proximity to parks and the availability of particular features are important correlates of PA. However, few studies have explored multiple measures of proximity simultaneously or the specific facilities associated with park use and park-based PA among adults, let alone differences across socio-demographic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between park proximity and park facilities and adults' park use and park-based PA, while also exploring differences by gender, age, race, and income.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on monthly park use and weekly amount of PA undertaken in parks were collected via a mail survey of adults from randomly-selected households (n = 893) in Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO) in 2010-2011. Three measures of park proximity were calculated within 1 mile of participating households: distance to the closest park, number of parks, and total park area. All parks in KCMO were audited using the Community Park Audit Tool to determine the availability of 14 park facilities within 1 mile of each participant (e.g., trail, playground, tennis court). Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between each of park use and park-based PA and 1) three measures of park proximity, and 2) the availability of 14 park facilities within 1 mile of participants. Separate analyses were conducted by gender, age, race, and income, while controlling for all socio-demographic characteristics and BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all sub-samples, distance to the closest park was not significantly related to either park use or park-based PA. However, numerous significant associations were found for the relationship of number of parks and amount of park space within 1 mile with both outcomes. As well, diverse facilities were associated with park use and park-based PA. For both park proximity and facilities, the significant relationships varied widely across gender, age, race, and income groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both park proximity and park facilities are related to park use and park-based PA. Understanding how such associations vary across demographic groups is important in planning for activity-friendly parks that are responsive to the needs of neighborhood residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Room 529, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA. atkaczyn@mailbox.sc.edu.|Prevention Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. atkaczyn@mailbox.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kaczynski
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Room 529, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA. besenyi@email.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Besenyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, University of Missouri-Columbia, 105 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, USA. sonjaws@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Sonja A Wilhelm
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stanis
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia. mohammad.koohsari@unimelb.edu.au.|McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. mohammad.koohsari@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mohammad Javad
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koohsari
authors.affiliation: Riley County Health Department, 2030 Tecumseh Road, Manhattan, KS, USA. katybvaughan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Oestman
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, 800 West College Ave, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, USA. rbergstr@gustavus.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. lrpotwarka@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Potwarka
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifica Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil. reis.rodrigo@pucpr.br.
authors.forename: Rodrigo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D009043:Motor Activity; D011633:Public Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult