title: Maintenance of energy expenditure on high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diets at a constant body weight may prevent a positive energy balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relatively high-protein diets are effective for body weight loss, and subsequent weight maintenance, yet it remains to be shown whether these diets would prevent a positive energy balance. Therefore, high-protein diet studies at a constant body weight are necessary. The objective was to determine fullness, energy expenditure, and macronutrient balances on a high-protein low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diet compared with a high-carbohydrate low-protein (HCLP) diet at a constant body weight, and to assess whether effects are transient or sustained after 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized parallel study was performed in 14 men and 18 women [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 5 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 22.8 ± 2.0] on diets containing 30/35/35 (HPLC) or 5/60/35 (HCLP) % of energy from protein/carbohydrate/fat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant interactions between dietary intervention and time on total energy expenditure (TEE) (P = 0.013), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) (P = 0.040), and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) (P = 0.027) appeared from baseline to wk 12. TEE was maintained in the HPLC diet group, while it significantly decreased throughout the intervention period in the HCLP diet group (wk 1: P = 0.002; wk 12: P = 0.001). Energy balance was maintained in the HPLC diet group, and became positive in the HCLP diet group at wk 12 (P = 0.008). Protein balance varied directly according to the amount of protein in the diet, and diverged significantly between the diets (P = 0.001). Fullness ratings were significantly higher in the HPLC vs. the HCLP diet group at wk 1 (P = 0.034), but not at wk 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintenance of energy expenditure on HPLC vs. HCLP diets at a constant body weight may prevent development of a positive energy balance, despite transiently higher fullness. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with Identifier: NCT01551238.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: eap.martens@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Gonnissen
authors.affiliation: Group Energy Balance and Obesity, INSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gatta-Cherifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Appetite; Energy balance; Energy expenditure; High-carbohydrate low-protein diet; High-protein low-carbohydrate diet