title: ITI-Signals and Prelimbic Cortex Facilitate Avoidance Acquisition and Reduce Avoidance Latencies, Respectively, in Male WKY Rats.
abstract: As a model of anxiety disorder vulnerability, male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats acquire lever-press avoidance behavior more readily than outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, and their acquisition is enhanced by the presence of a discrete signal presented during the inter-trial intervals (ITIs), suggesting that it is perceived as a safety signal. A series of experiments were conducted to determine if this is the case. Additional experiments investigated if the avoidance facilitation relies upon processing through medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The results suggest that the ITI-signal facilitates acquisition during the early stages of the avoidance acquisition process, when the rats are initially acquiring escape behavior and then transitioning to avoidance behavior. Post-avoidance introduction of the visual ITI-signal into other associative learning tasks failed to confirm that the visual stimulus had acquired the properties of a conditioned inhibitor. Shortening the signal from the entirety of the 3 min ITI to only the first 5 s of the 3 min ITI slowed acquisition during the first four sessions, suggesting the flashing light (FL) is not functioning as a feedback signal. The prelimbic (PL) cortex showed greater activation during the period of training when the transition from escape responding to avoidance responding occurs. Only combined PL + infralimbic cortex lesions modestly slowed avoidance acquisition, but PL-cortex lesions slowed avoidance response latencies. Thus, the FL ITI-signal is not likely perceived as a safety signal nor is it serving as a feedback signal. The functional role of the PL-cortex appears to be to increase the drive toward responding to the threat of the warning signal. Hence, avoidance susceptibility displayed by male WKY rats may be driven, in part, both by external stimuli (ITI signal) as well as by enhanced threat recognition to the warning signal via the PL cortex.
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Veterans Biomedical Research Institute , East Orange, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Xilu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Veterans Biomedical Research Institute , East Orange, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Kevin C H
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Servatius
keywords: anxiety vulnerability; conditioned inhibitor; infralimbic cortex; lever-press avoidance; prelimbic cortex; safety signals