title: Grip force modulation characteristics as a marker for clinical disease progression in individuals with Parkinson disease: case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper extremity deficits are prevalent in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). In the early stages of PD, such deficits can be subtle and challenging to document on clinical examination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to use a novel force sensor system to characterize grip force modulation, including force, temporal, and movement quality parameters, during a fine motor control task in individuals with early stage PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen individuals with early stage PD were compared with a control group of 14 healthy older adults. The relationship of force modulation parameters with motor symptom severity and disease chronicity also was assessed in people with PD. Force was measured during both precision and power grasp tasks using an instrumented twist-cap device capable of rotating in either direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, the PD group demonstrated more movement arrests during both precision and power grasp and longer total movement times during the power grasp. These deficits persisted when a concurrent cognitive task was added, with some evidence of force control deficits in the PD group, including lower rates of force production during the precision grasp task and higher peak forces during the power grasp task. For precision grasp, a higher number of movement arrests in single- and dual-task conditions as well as longer total movement times in the dual-task condition were associated with more severe motor symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample was small and consisted of individuals in the early stages of PD with mild motor deficits. The group with PD was predominantly male, whereas the control group was predominantly female.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that assessing grip force modulation deficits during fine motor tasks is possible with instrumented devices, and such sensitive measures may be important for detecting and tracking change early in the progression of PD.
authors.affiliation: S. Pradhan, PT, PhD, Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle WA 98195 (USA). sujatap@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: R. Scherer, PhD, Clinic Judendorf-Stassengel, Judendorf-Stassengl, Austria, and Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.affiliation: Y. Matsuoka, PhD, Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Yoky
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: V.E. Kelly, PT, PhD, Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Valerie E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology