title: Explosive hamstrings-to-quadriceps force ratio of males versus females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Females are known to exhibit a greater risk of ACL injury compared to males. Lower explosive hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H/Q) force ratio in the first 150 ms from activation onset could reflect an impaired capacity for knee joint stabilisation and increased risk of ACL injury. However, the explosive H/Q force ratio has not been compared between the sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The neuromuscular performance of untrained males and females (20 of each) was assessed during a series of isometric knee flexor and extensor contractions, specifically explosive and maximum voluntary contractions of each muscle group. Force, in absolute terms and normalised to body mass, and surface EMG of the hamstrings and quadriceps were recorded. Hamstrings force was expressed relative to quadriceps force to produce ratios of explosive H/Q force and H/Q maximum voluntary force (MVF). For the explosive contractions, agonist electromechanical delay (EMD) and agonist neural activation were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The H/Q MVF ratio was greater in males (56 %) than females (50 %; P < 0.001). However, the explosive H/Q force ratio was similar between the sexes at each time point (25-150 ms) from activation onset. Explosive hamstrings, but not quadriceps, force relative to body mass was greater for males compared to females. There were no sex differences in EMD or agonist activation for either of the muscle groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of a sex difference in early phase isometric explosive H/Q force ratio suggests other factors might be more important in determining the substantially higher knee injury rates of females.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 146, Queen Square, London, WC1 3BG, UK, r.hannah@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ricci
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hannah
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Folland
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minshull
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors