title: Habituation of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to recurring acoustic startle.
abstract: Startle habituation is a type of implicit and automatic emotion regulation. Diminished startle habituation is linked to several psychiatric or neurological disorders. Most previous studies quantified startle habituation by assessing skin conductance response (SCR; reflecting sympathetic-mediated sweating), eye-blink reflex, or motor response. The habituation of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to recurrent startle stimuli is not well understood. A variety of methods and metrics have been used to quantify parasympathetic activity and its effects on the heart. We hypothesized that these different measures reflect unique psychological and physiological processes that may habituate differently during repeated startle stimuli. We measured cardiac inter-beat intervals (IBIs) to recurring acoustic startle probes in 75 eight year old children. Eight acoustic stimuli of 500 ms duration were introduced at intervals of 15-25 s. Indices of parasympathetic effect included: (1) the initial rapid decrease in IBI post-startle mediated by parasympathetic inhibition (PI); (2) the subsequent IBI recovery mediated by parasympathetic reactivation (PR); (3) rapid, beat-to-beat heart rate variability (HRV) measured from the first seven IBIs following each startle probe. SCR and motor responses to startle were also measured. Results showed that habituation of PR (IBI recovery and overshoot) and SCRs were rapid and robust. In addition, changes in PR and SCR were significantly correlated. In contrast, habituation of PI (the initial decrease in IBI) was slower and relatively modest. Measurement of rapid HRV provided an index reflecting the combination of PI and PR. We conclude that different measures of parasympathetic-mediated heart rate responses to repeated startle probes habituate in a differential manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Kuan-Hua
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Nazan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; University of Iowa Children's Hospital Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grafft
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Veterans Affairs Medical Center Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chapleau
keywords: acoustic startle responses; autonomic nervous system; children; emotion regulation; heart rate variability; parasympathetic activity; startle habituation; stress