title: Association of restless legs syndrome, pain, and mood disorders in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the study were to analyze the association between Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, and to explore the relationship between mood disorder comorbidity (anxiety and depression), pain, and restless legs syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 123 Parkinson's disease patients and 123 non-Parkinson's disease patients matched for age and gender, and evaluated for anxiety severity, depression severity, pain severity, pain interference, pain disability, and restless legs syndrome prevalence. This was performed using semi-structured interviews and a neurological examination through the restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria and the following inventories; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, and Pain Disability Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parkinson's disease patients had significantly greater anxiety severity, depression severity, pain severity, pain interference, pain disability, and restless legs syndrome prevalence in comparison to controls. In addition, Parkinson's disease patients' comorbid for anxiety and depression had significantly greater pain severity, pain interference, and pain disability, but not RLS prevalence, in comparison to Parkinson's disease only, Parkinson's disease anxiety, and Parkinson's disease depression patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain interference, pain severity, and pain disability is greater among Parkinson's disease patients with anxiety and depression, in comparison to Parkinson's disease patients without anxiety and depression. On the contrary, the prevalence of restless legs syndrome was not found to be relevant.
authors.affiliation: a Parkinson's Clinic of Eastern Toronto and Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdul Qayyum
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: b University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1264 Military Trail, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdul Rehman M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: a Parkinson's Clinic of Eastern Toronto and Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Labiba
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: a Parkinson's Clinic of Eastern Toronto and Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ajantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jesudasan
authors.affiliation: c University of Calgary-Department of Family Medicine, Sheldon M. Chumir Health Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and.
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.affiliation: d James Cook University-Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Townsville Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: comorbidity; mood disorders; pain; parkinson's disease; restless legs syndrome