title: Comparisons of antifeedancy and spatial repellency of three natural product repellents against horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Horn flies are among the most important biting fly pests of cattle in the United States. Horn fly management is largely dependent upon pesticides, which ultimately leads to the rapid development of insecticide resistance. Alternative control strategies, including repellents, have shown promising results in reducing fly biting. In the present study, we examined the efficacy and longevity of recently identified natural product repellents against horn flies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catnip oil, geraniol and C8910 acids reduced horn fly feeding in a laboratory bioassay and also exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Residual activity was observed for up to 3 days in laboratory assays; however, 24 h of residual effectiveness was observed from the two repellents when applied on cattle in the field. The limited residual effectiveness was correlated with the high volatility of the major active repellent compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three natural product repellents effectively repel biting horn flies, exhibiting both feeding deterrence and spatial repellency. They may be used for developing an effective push-pull strategy with a slow release matrix that can prolong their effectiveness for horn fly management.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Junwei J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Boxler
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, East Campus, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009117:Muscidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D027521:Nepeta / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; C007836:geraniol
keywords: Haematobia irritans; catnip oil; fatty acids; geraniol; repellent efficacy