title: An ex vivo laser-induced spinal cord injury model to assess mechanisms of axonal degeneration in real-time.
abstract: Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g., calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.
authors.affiliation: KY Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville.
authors.forename: Starlyn L M
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: KY Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville.
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Stivers
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Stys
authors.affiliation: KY Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville; david.stirling@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Stirling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003199:Computer Systems; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007834:Lasers; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*