title: Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes: Part 2: kretek and American-blended cigarettes, smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity.
abstract: Two commercial kretek cigarettes typical for the Indonesian market and a reference kretek cigarette were compared to the American-blended reference cigarette 2R4F by smoke chemistry characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessments. Despite the widely diverse designs and deliveries of the selected kretek cigarettes, their smoke composition and in vitro toxicity data present a consistent pattern when data were normalized to total particulate matter (TPM) deliveries. This confirms the applicability of the studies' conclusions to a wide range of kretek cigarette products. After normalization to TPM delivery, nicotine smoke yields of kretek cigarettes were 29-46% lower than that of the 2R4F. The yields of other nitrogenous compounds were also much lower, less than would be expected from the mere substitution of one third of the tobacco filler by clove material. Yields of light molecular weight pyrolytic compounds, notably aldehydes and hydrocarbons, were reduced, while yields of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were unchanged and phenol yield was increased. The normalized in vitro toxicity was lowered accordingly, reflecting the yield reductions in gas-phase cytotoxic compounds and some particulate-phase mutagenic compounds. These results do not support a higher toxicity of the smoke of kretek cigarettes compared to American-blended cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piadé
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roemer
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Ruth.Dempsey@pmi.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hornig
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deger Evans
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völkel
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schramke
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trelles-Sticken
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittke
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schorp
mesh_terms: D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D027842:Syzygium; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Eugenol; Kretek; Mutagenicity; Smoke chemistry