title: Annual research review: Optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Optimal outcomes' of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders may mean the best possible outcome, or the best considering a child's history. Most research into the outcomes of child and adolescent psychiatric disorder concentrates on the likelihood of adult illness and disability given an earlier history of psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we review the research literature (based on a literature search using PubMed, RePORT and Google Advanced Scholar databases) on including optimal outcomes for young people with a history of anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or substance use disorders in childhood or adolescence. We consider three types of risks that these children may run later in development: future episodes of the same disorder, future episodes of a different disorder, and functional impairment. The impact of treatment or preventative interventions on early adult functioning is briefly reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that very few studies enabled us to answer our questions with certainty, but that in general about half of adults with a psychiatric history were disorder-free and functioning quite well in their 20s or 30s. However, their chance of functioning well was less than that of adults without a psychiatric history, even in the absence of a current disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among adults who had a psychiatric disorder as a child or adolescent, about half can be expected to be disorder-free as young adults, and of these about half will be free of significant difficulties in the areas of work, health, relationships, and crime. Optimal outcomes are predicted by a mixture of personal characteristics and environmental supports.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adulthood; adolescence; epidemiology; outcome; prediction