title: Validation of a hemoglobin A1c model in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and its use to go beyond the averaged relationship of hemoglobin A1c and mean glucose level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been used as an index of glycemic control in the management, guidance, and clinical trials of diabetic patients for the past 35 years. The aim of this study was to validate the HbA1c model in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and to use it to support interpretation of HbA1c in different clinical situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HbA1c model was identified in 30 patients (15 with type 1 diabetes and 15 with type 2 diabetes) by estimating the overall glycation rate constant (k), based on results of continuous glucose monitoring. The model was validated by assessing its ability to predict HbA1c changes in cultures of erythrocytes in vitro and to reproduce results of the A1C-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study. The model was used to simulate the influence of different glucose profiles on HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean k was equal to 1.296 ± 0.216 × 10(-9) l mmol(-1) s(-1) with no difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The mean coefficient of variation of k was equal to 16.7%. The model predicted HbA1c levels in vitro with a mean absolute difference less than 0.3% (3.3 mmol/mol). It reproduced the linear relationship of HbA1c and mean glucose levels established in the ADAG study. The simulation experiments demonstrated that during periods of unstable glycemic control, glycemic profiles with the same mean glucose might result in much different HbA1c levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by the same mean value of k, but there is considerable interindividual variation in the relationship of HbA1c and mean glucose level. Results suggest that reciprocal changes in glycation rate and the life span of erythrocytes exist in a wide range of HbA1c values. Thus, for an average patient with diabetes, no modifications of parameters of the glycation model are required to obtain meaningful HbA1c predictions. Interpreting HbA1c as a measure of the mean glucose is fully justified only in the case of stable glycemia. The model and more frequent tests of HbA1c might be used to decrease ambiguity of interpreting HbA1c in terms of glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Trojdena street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland. pladyzynski@ibib.waw.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ladyzynski
authors.affiliation: Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Trojdena street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland. pfoltynski@ibib.waw.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foltynski
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. marianna@amwaw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marianna I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Trojdena street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland. ssabalinska@ibib.waw.pl.
authors.forename: Stanislawa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabalinska
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. janusz.krzymien@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krzymien
authors.affiliation: Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Trojdena street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland. jkawiak@ibib.waw.pl.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawiak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human