title: Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy.
abstract: Contamination of wheat grain by beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a global emerging mycotoxicological food problem. In this study, strains of Fusarium avenaceum (FA), Fusarium poae (FP), Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium sporotrichioides, all potential BEA and EN producers, isolated from 162 grain samples of durum and soft wheat harvested in 2009 and 2010 collected in an area of central Italy, were preliminarily screened for the presence of the esyn1 gene, encoding the multifunctional enzyme enniatin-synthetase for the detection of potential hexadepsipeptide-producing isolates. All positive isolates were tested for their ability to biosynthesize BEA and ENs in vitro. In addition, all wheat samples were investigated for the natural presence of BEA and ENs (ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1). All FA and FP strains resulted to be positive for the presence of the esyn1 gene. All FA strains showed the ability to biosynthesize ENs in vitro but not BEA. Conversely, all FP strains resulted to be BEA producers and some of them co-biosynthesized ENs. A remarkable presence of "emerging" mycotoxins was found in the grains, particularly ENs. Co-contamination by BEA and ENs also occurred. This study gives an important contribution to assess the risk posed by mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in food.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: lorenzo.covarelli@unipg.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Covarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beccari
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Viale Fanin 40, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Generotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Etruschi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mañes
mesh_terms: D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007558:Italy; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D047630:Depsipeptides; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009183:Mycotoxins; C100264:enniatins; C004456:beauvericin
keywords: Beauvericin; Enniatins; Fusarium avenaceum; Fusarium poae; LC-DAD; LC-MS/MS