title: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and identification of new bacteria species in air samples from Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the Hajj season, respiratory symptoms are very common among pilgrims. Here, we investigated the viable bacterial population in air samples collected around the slaughterhouses used during the Hajj.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected air samples on three days from four different sites: slaughterhouses at Al-Kakia, Al-Meaisim and Al-Sharaia, and from a waste disposal area designated for the remnants of slaughter. Samples were cultured on blood agar plates for 48 h, and bacterial isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. A dendrogram using the spectra of the unidentified bacterial species was constructed, and PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed for one isolate per cluster. In total, 2500 colonies appeared on the nutrient agar plates, and 244 were purified for further analysis. Good identification was obtained for 202 (83%) isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. The most common genera were Bacillus (n=94, 45%) and Staphyloccocus (n=55, 26%). Poor identification was obtained for 42 (17%) isolates, and their spectra clustering revealed that these isolates belonged to 10 species. Four of these were considered to be new species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the Hajj, the air was contaminated by many environmental bacterial agents, and MALDI-TOF MS was successfully adapted for their rapid identification.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angelakis
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasir
authors.forename: Esam I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Azhar
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadioti
authors.forename: Fehmida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bibi
authors.forename: Asad S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aburizaiza
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metidji
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.forename: Ahmad M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ashshi
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harakeh
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gautret
authors.affiliation: URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France. Didier.raoult@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S