title: Incidence, pattern, and etiology of elevated liver enzymes in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often develop elevated liver enzymes (ELE), which are frequently a benign, transient finding, but may be related to treatment or IBD-associated liver diseases. Distinguishing benign from pathologic ELE is crucial for focused diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. We sought to characterize the incidence, character, chronicity, degree, and etiology of ELE in children with IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board-approved retrospective review of all of the patients with IBD (2-21 years) seen between October 2009 and October 2012 with >9 months of follow-up were included in the study. We examined body mass index, disease activity, extent, phenotype, concurrent medications, and character, chronicity, degree of enzyme elevation, and final diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 219 of 514 patients with IBD had ≥1 episode of ELE. Five patients were excluded for preexisting liver disease, leaving 214 patients (Crohn disease [CD]: 14.8 ± 3.5 years, 46% girls; ulcerative colitis [UC]: 14.4 ± 4.2 years, 37% girls). One hundred forty-eight patients (69%) had a hepatic, 17 (8%) cholestatic, and 49 (23%) mixed character of ELE. There were no significant differences in character, chronicity, or degree of ELE between CD and UC (P = 0.71, P = 0.58, P > 0.33). Of the 128 patients with sufficient data to determine chronicity, 98 (77%) had transient elevations, (CD: n = 66, 75% and UC: n = 32, 80%). Episodes of ELE were idiopathic in 87% of patients with IBD. A final diagnosis of idiopathic ELE was associated with a lower degree of ELE elevation (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients with IBD commonly experience transient, idiopathic ELE. Our findings suggest that higher degrees of ELE, specifically alanine aminotransferase, are associated with an etiology that requires more extensive evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Antoinette J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pusateri
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dotson
authors.forename: Jane P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Balint
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Brendan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Wallace V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Crandall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001663:Bilirubin