title: Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preliminary studies have shown that rituximab (RTX) is effective in the treatment of active Graves' orbitopathy (GO).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial (European Clinical Trials Database [EudraCT] 2007-003910-33) to compare RTX with iv methylprednisolone (ivMP) in patients with active moderate to severe GO. Thirty-two patients were randomized to receive either ivMP (7.5 g) or RTX (2000 or 500 mg). The primary end point was the decrease of the clinical activity score of 2 points or to less than 3 at week 24. Changes of proptosis, lid fissure, diplopia and eye muscle motility, and quality of life score were secondary end points. The number of therapeutic responses, disease reactivation, and surgical procedures required during follow-up and the patients' quality of life were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical activity score decreased with both treatments but more after RTX at 16, 20, and 24 weeks (P < .04, P < .02, P < .006, respectively), whether 1000 mg RTX twice or 500 mg RTX once was used (P = NS). At 24 weeks 100% of RTX patients improved compared with 69% after ivMP (P < .001). Disease reactivation was never observed in RTX patients but was observed in five after ivMP. Patients treated with RTX scored better motility at 52 weeks in both the right (P = .014) and the left eye (P = .026). Overall rehabilitative surgical procedures carried out during follow-up (at 76 wk) were 12 in 16 ivMP patients and 5 in 15 RTX patients (P = .049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this trial confirm preliminary reports on a better therapeutic outcome of RTX in active moderate to severe GO, when compared with ivMP, even after a lower RTX dose. The better eye motility outcome, visual functioning of the quality of life assessment, and the reduced number of surgical procedures in patients after RTX seem to suggest a disease-modifying effect of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Graves' Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology Unit, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.S., G.V., I.C., D.C., P.B.-P.), Ophthalmology (N.C., S.S.), Otolaryngology (C.G., L.P.), and Neuroradiology (S.A.), Fondazione Cà Granda Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico and University of Milan, I-20122 Milan, Italy; and Division of Internal Medicine (D.D.), Ospedale di Fidenza, I-43036 Fidenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: Guia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vannucchi
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Currò
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campi
authors.forename: Danila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Covelli
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dazzi
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simonetta
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guastella
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pignataro
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avignone
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069283:Rituximab; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000069283:Rituximab; D008775:Methylprednisolone