title: Synthesis, structural analysis, mechanical, antibacterial and hemolytic activity of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ co-substitutions in β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂.
abstract: The present study reports the synthesis, structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of a series of Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) co-substitutions in β-Ca3(PO4)2. Aqueous precipitation technique ensured the formation of calcium deficient apatite with substituted ions in the as prepared conditions and their subsequent heat treatments at 1000°C resulted in the formation of crystalline β-Ca3(PO4)2. The combined substitutions of lower sized Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) in the structural lattice of β-Ca3(PO4)2 led to the significant contraction in a=b-axis and c-axis lattice parameters of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The results from Rietveld refinement confirmed the occupancy of Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) at the Ca(5) site of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The results from mechanical tests proved that Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) substitutions are not hindering the mechanical properties of β-Ca3(PO4)2. The antibacterial and hemolytic results determined for the Mg(2+) and Cu(2+) co-substituted β-Ca3(PO4)2 ensured their good activity against the investigated microbes and also confirmed their blood biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, INDIA.
authors.forename: Ram Kishore
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, INDIA. Electronic address: para_kanna@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003300:Copper; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Antibacterial; Co-substitution; Hemolysis; Mechanical; β-Ca(3)(PO(4))(2)