title: Assessing trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials in drinking water treatment plants using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis.
abstract: The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is a major challenge in drinking water treatments. This study explored the applicability of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) for assessing the formation potentials (FPs) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and the treatability of THM and NDMA precursors in nine drinking water treatment plants. Two humic-like and one tryptophan-like components were identified for the samples using PARAFAC. The total THM FP (TTHM FP) correlated strongly with humic-like component C2 (r=0.874), while NDMA FP showed a moderate and significant correlation with the tryptophan-like component C3 (r=0.628). The reduction by conventional treatment was more effective for C2 than C3, and for TTHM FP than NDMA FP. The treatability of DOM and TTHM FP correlated negatively with the absorption spectral slope (S275-295) and biological index (BIX) of the raw water, but it correlated positively with humification index (HIX). Our results demonstrated that PARAFAC components were valuable for assessing DBPs FP in drinking water treatments, and also that the raw water quality could affect the treatment efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
authors.forename: Liyang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
authors.forename: Daekyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
authors.forename: Habibullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
authors.forename: Tanju
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karanfil
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea. Electronic address: jinhur@sejong.edu.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hur
mesh_terms: D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D013022:South Carolina; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine
keywords: Disinfection byproducts; Dissolved organic matter; Drinking water treatment plants; EEM–PARAFAC; NDMA; THMs