title: Examination of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) Factor Structure in a Sample of Pregnant Smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking during pregnancy poses known risks to fetal and infant development. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy exhibit higher levels of nicotine dependence than women who quit. Increased understanding of the construct of nicotine dependence in pregnant smokers may aid in the development of effective treatments. Research has suggested that nicotine dependence is a multifaceted construct, driven not only by withdrawal and tolerance processes, but also by reinforcement, sensory, and contextual processes. The Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68) assesses 13 varied smoking motives in order to assess processes that may lead to nicotine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The factor structure of the WISDM-68 was explored using an ethnically diverse sample of 294 pregnant women who had been screened and/or enrolled in a smoking cessation treatment study. Confirmatory analyses were conducted with previously published models. An exploratory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were conducted to develop and validate a measurement model for the WISDM-68 in this sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously established models were not a good fit for the present data. Using ESEM, a 9-factor model exhibiting both predictive and concurrent validity emerged. Two factors predicted abstinence 6 months posttreatment. Several factors were associated with smoking heaviness, the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence and time to first cigarette.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previously published studies, a 9-factor model best characterizes the WISDM in the present sample. These findings may reflect smoking motivations unique to young, pregnant women who continue to smoke during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: Nuvan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rathnayaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; jablaloc@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blalock
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Minnix
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cinciripini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Disparities and Population Sciences Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX;
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult