title: Cardiovascular disease risk models and longitudinal changes in cognition: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors have consistently been associated with poor cognitive function and incident dementia. Whether cardiovascular disease prediction models, developed to predict an individual's risk of future cardiovascular disease or stroke, are also informative for predicting risk of cognitive decline and dementia is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to compare cohort studies examining the association between cardiovascular disease risk models and longitudinal changes in cognitive function or risk of incident cognitive impairment or dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, PsychINFO, and Embase were searched from inception to March 28, 2014. From 3,413 records initially screened, 21 were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between numerous different cardiovascular disease risk models and cognitive outcomes has been tested, including Framingham and non-Framingham risk models. Five studies examined dementia as an outcome; fourteen studies examined cognitive decline or incident cognitive impairment as an outcome; and two studies examined both dementia and cognitive changes as outcomes. In all studies, higher cardiovascular disease risk scores were associated with cognitive changes or risk of dementia. Only four studies reported model prognostic performance indices, such as Area Under the Curve (AUC), for predicting incident dementia or cognitive impairment and these studies all examined non-Framingham Risk models (AUC range: 0.74 to 0.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular risk prediction models are associated with cognitive changes over time and risk of dementia. Such models are easily obtainable in clinical and research settings and may be useful for identifying individuals at high risk of future cognitive decline and dementia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eugene Y H
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siervo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jagger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Blossom C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stephan
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013997:Time Factors