title: Dynamics and function of the tear film in relation to the blink cycle.
abstract: Great strides have recently been made in quantitative measurements of tear film thickness and thinning, mathematical modeling thereof and linking these to sensory perception. This paper summarizes recent progress in these areas and reports on new results. The complete blink cycle is used as a framework that attempts to unify the results that are currently available. Understanding of tear film dynamics is aided by combining information from different imaging methods, including fluorescence, retroillumination and a new high-speed stroboscopic imaging system developed for studying the tear film during the blink cycle. During the downstroke of the blink, lipid is compressed as a thick layer just under the upper lid which is often released as a narrow thick band of lipid at the beginning of the upstroke. "Rippling" of the tear film/air interface due to motion of the tear film over the corneal surface, somewhat like the flow of water in a shallow stream over a rocky streambed, was observed during lid motion and treated theoretically here. New mathematical predictions of tear film osmolarity over the exposed ocular surface and in tear breakup are presented; the latter is closely linked to new in vivo observations. Models include the effects of evaporation, osmotic flow through the cornea and conjunctiva, quenching of fluorescence, tangential flow of aqueous tears and diffusion of tear solutes and fluorescein. These and other combinations of experiment and theory increase our understanding of the fluid dynamics of the tear film and its potential impact on the ocular surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: braun@math.udel.edu.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, 338 W 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: king-smith.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: King-Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, Indiana University, 800 East Atwater Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. Electronic address: cbegley@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Electronic address: longfei@math.udel.edu.
authors.forename: Longfei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Electronic address: ngewecke@daltonstate.edu.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gewecke
mesh_terms: D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: Lipid layer; Tear break-up; Tear film; Tear film dynamics; Tear hyperosmolarity