title: Meal preparation and cleanup time and cardiometabolic risk over 14 years in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether baseline levels and longitudinal changes in meal preparation and cleanup time are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in midlife women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 2755 midlife women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multi-ethnic, longitudinal cohort study in the United States. The five diagnostic components of the metabolic syndrome and meal preparation/cleanup time were assessed repeatedly across 14 years of follow-up (spanning 1996-2011) at seven U.S. sites. Mixed-effects logistic and ordered logistic models tested associations between meal preparation/cleanup time and odds of meeting criteria for metabolic syndrome and its individual diagnostic components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who spent more time preparing and cleaning up meals at baseline, or demonstrated greater increases in this activity, had greater increases over time in their odds of having metabolic syndrome and in the number of metabolic syndrome components for which they met criteria. Adjusted associations were observed between meal preparation/cleanup time and hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not abdominal obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In midlife women, greater meal preparation/cleanup time is associated with the development of an adverse cardiometabolic risk profile. Public health interventions should place greater emphasis on cooking healthfully, not just cooking frequently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645W. Jackson Blvd. Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address: brad_appelhans@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Appelhans
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Segawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nackers
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1653W. Congress Parkway, Suite 301, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Rasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazlauskaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPHI room 1858, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645W. Jackson Blvd. Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645W. Jackson Blvd. Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1653W. Congress Parkway, Suite 301, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735W. Harrison Street, Suite 406, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Lynda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, 2150 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kravitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D062407:Meals / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055105:Waist Circumference; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL
keywords: Cardiovascular disease risk; Meal preparation; Metabolic syndrome; Midlife women; Type 2 diabetes; Waist circumference