title: Atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure induces liver autophagic response in common carp.
abstract: Under normal conditions, autophagy occurs at basal levels but can be induced rapidly in response to stress conditions and extracellular signals. Increasing experimental evidence indicates that the expression of autophagy-related genes play very important roles in toxicology. Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common agrochemical in the freshwater ecosystems of the world. This study assessed the effects of ATR, CPF and combined ATR/CPF exposure on the liver of common carp. Carp were sampled after a 40-d exposure to ATR and CPF, individually or in combination, followed by a 40-d recovery to measure the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy-related genes in the liver. In addition, we also investigated the change in ultrastructure in the liver. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3B) and dynein were significantly induced in the treated groups compared to the solvent control group. Transmission electron microscope assays indicated that autolysosomes were observed in the exposure and recovery groups. These results indicated that ATR and CPF could induce autophagy in carp liver. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to study the autophagy effects caused by sub-chronic exposure to ATR, CPF and the ATR/CPF combination in common carp. The information presented in the present study may provide new insights into the mechanisms used by fish to adapt to stressful environments.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China; Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Houjuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhilei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130032, PR China.
authors.forename: Xuejiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors.forename: Dechun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors.forename: Liangliang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China. Electronic address: lishu@neau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China. Electronic address: shiwenxu@neau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shiwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D001343:Autophagy; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004398:Dyneins; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Autophagy; Autophagy-related gene; Common carp; Pesticides; Western blot; mRNA