title: The disagreeable behaviour of the kappa statistic.
abstract: It is often of interest to measure the agreement between a number of raters when an outcome is nominal or ordinal. The kappa statistic is used as a measure of agreement. The statistic is highly sensitive to the distribution of the marginal totals and can produce unreliable results. Other statistics such as the proportion of concordance, maximum attainable kappa and prevalence and bias adjusted kappa should be considered to indicate how well the kappa statistic represents agreement in the data. Each kappa should be considered and interpreted based on the context of the data being analysed.
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistics Group, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flight
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Julious
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical
keywords: PABAK; agreement; concordance; kappa statistic