title: The dissolution and solid-state behaviours of coground ibuprofen-glucosamine HCl.
abstract: The cogrinding technique is one of most effective methods for improving the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs and it is superior to other approaches from an economical as well as an environmental standpoint, as the technique does not require any toxic organic solvents. Present work explores the role of d-glucosamine HCl (GL) as a potential excipient to improve dissolution of a low melting point drug, ibuprofen (Ibu), using physical mixtures and coground formulations. The dissolution of the poorly soluble drug has been improved by changing the ratio of Ibu:GL and also grinding time. The results also showed that although GL can enhance the solubility of Ibu, it also reduces pH around the Ibu particles which led to poor dissolution performance when the concentration of GL is high. The effect of GL on the solubility of Ibu could be misleading if the pH of the final solution was not measured. Grinding reduced the particle size of GL significantly but in case of Ibu it was less effective. Solid state analysis (XRPD, DSC, and FT-IR) showed that ibuprofen is stable under grinding conditions, but the presence of high concentration of GL in samples subjected to high grinding times caused changes in FT-IR spectrum of Ibu which could be due to intermolecular hydrogen bond or esterification between the carboxylic acid group in the ibuprofen and hydroxyl group in the GL.
authors.affiliation: a Medway School of Pharmacy , Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Kent , UK .
authors.forename: Hiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Hamidi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Science , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , UK .
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asare-Addo
authors.affiliation: a Medway School of Pharmacy , Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Kent , UK .
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: a Medway School of Pharmacy , Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Kent , UK .
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitson
authors.affiliation: c School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex, Falmer , Brighton , UK , and.|d Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nokhodchi
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005944:Glucosamine; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Cogrinding; dissolution enhancement; glucosamine HCl; solid state; solubility