title: Valeriana officinalis root extract suppresses physical stress by electric shock and psychological stress by nociceptive stimulation-evoked responses by decreasing the ratio of monoamine neurotransmitters to their metabolites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we investigate the effects of valerian root extracts (VE) on physical and psychological stress responses by utilizing a communication box.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-week-old ICR mice received oral administration of VE (100 mg/kg/0.5 ml) or equal volume of distilled water in every day for 3 weeks prior to being subjected to physical or psychological stress for 3 days, which are induced by communication box developed for physical electric shock and psychological stress by nociceptive stimulation-evoked responses. The stress condition was assessed by forced swimming test and serum corticosterone levels. In addition, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites such as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the hippocampus and amygdala at 1 h after final stress condition, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immobility time and corticosterone levels were significantly increased in both the physical and psychological stress groups compared to the control group. The administration of VE significantly reduced these parameters in both the physical and psychological stress groups. In addition, compared to the control group, physical and psychological stress groups showed significantly increased levels of MHPG-SO4 and 5-HIAA in the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively. The administration of VE significantly suppressed the increase of MHPG-SO4 and 5-HIAA in the two stress groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that VE can suppress physical and psychological stress responses by modulating the changes in 5-HT and NE turnover in the hippocampus and amygdala.
authors.forename: Hyo Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Dae Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Woosuk
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jong Whi
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Youn-Gil
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Yeo Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea. vetmed2@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: In Koo
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004597:Electroshock; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018517:Plant Roots; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming; D014632:Valerian
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C030284:3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate; D012701:Serotonin; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D003345:Corticosterone; D009638:Norepinephrine