title: The future burden of CKD in the United States: a simulation model for the CDC CKD Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined by kidney damage or reduced glomerular filtration rate, remains low in the United States, and few estimates of its future burden exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the CKD Health Policy Model to simulate the residual lifetime incidence of CKD and project the prevalence of CKD in 2020 and 2030. The simulation sample was based on nationally representative data from the 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current US population.
  Simulation model following up individuals from current age through death or age 90 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residual lifetime incidence represents the projected percentage of persons who will develop new CKD during their lifetimes. Future prevalence is projected for 2020 and 2030.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development and progression of CKD are based on annual decrements in estimated glomerular filtration rates that depend on age and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For US adults aged 30 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years or older with no CKD at baseline, the residual lifetime incidences of CKD are 54%, 52%, and 42%, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in adults 30 years or older is projected to increase from 13.2% currently to 14.4% in 2020 and 16.7% in 2030.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to limited data, our simulation model estimates are based on assumptions about annual decrements in estimated glomerular filtration rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For an individual, lifetime risk of CKD is high, with more than half the US adults aged 30 to 64 years likely to develop CKD. Knowing the lifetime incidence of CKD may raise individuals' awareness and encourage them to take steps to prevent CKD. From a national burden perspective, we estimate that the population prevalence of CKD will increase in coming decades, suggesting that development of interventions to slow CKD onset and progression should be considered.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Electronic address: tjh@rti.org.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hoerger
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Benjamin O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Yarnoff
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Meda E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pavkov
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Nilka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ríos Burrows
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Sharon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Saydah
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Desmond E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhuo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. / Q000639:trends*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: CKD Health Policy Model; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CKD Initiative; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); United States; disease burden; disease trajectory; lifetime incidence; prevalence; public health; simulation model