title: Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant effects of the edible plant Anoda cristata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some studies refer that the entire plant of Anoda cristata is consumed as food and medicine; in particular for treating diabetes, inflammation, fever, cough, and wounds. The aim of this study was to establish the preclinical efficacy of Anoda cristata as hypoglycemic and/or antihyperglycemic agent using well-known animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute toxicity was analyzed by the Lorke method. Acute hypoglycemic as well as oral glucose and sucrose tolerance tests were used to determine the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic action of Anoda cristata. Several preparations of the plant, including a mucilage (M), an aqueous (T-AE), a free mucilage aqueous (FM-AE), and an organic (OE) extracts, were tested in healthy and NA-STZ-hyperglycemic mice. Glibenclamide (15mg/kg), acarbose (5mg/kg ) and metformin (200mg/kg) were used as positive controls. The major compounds acacetin (1) and diosmetin (2), isolated from an infusion of the plant applying chromatographic methods, were evaluated as hypoglycemic agents using the same assays. The FM-AE was tested also in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fructose fed. Finally some assays were performed to determine the antioxidant capacity of the FM-AE in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that the extracts and compounds from Anoda cristata were effective for reducing blood glucose levels in healthy and NA-STZ-hyperglycemic mice when compared with vehicle groups (p<0.05). The FM-AE exerted also positive effect over different biochemical parameters altered in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose diet. FM-AE has also antioxidant action effectively trapping ONOO(-) and ROO(•) radicals. The major flavonoids isolated from the plant, namely acacetin (1) and diosmetin (2), caused significant hypoglycemic effect and possessed antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anoda cristata is effective to diminish glucose levels in vivo and to ameliorate different disorders related with the metabolic syndrome in rats. According to the results, the efficacy of Anoda cristata preparations could be due to the presence of active principles with different mode of actions at the molecular level, including α-glycosidases inhibitors, insulin secretagogues, glucose entrapment and radical trapping agents.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Krutzkaya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Juárez-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Omar N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Medina-Campos
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Chaverri
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bye
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edelmira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: rachel@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D047309:Flavones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019660:Malvaceae; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010945:Plants, Edible; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D005609:Free Radicals; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D028321:Plant Preparations; D014527:Uric Acid; D006003:Glycogen; C023717:acacetin; C039602:diosmetin
keywords: Acacetin; Acacetin (PubChem CID: 480-44-4); Anoda cristata; Antihyperglycemic; Diosmetin; Diosmetin (PubChem CID: 530-34-3); Hypoglycemic