title: Climatic and geographical dependence of the H, C and O stable isotope ratios of Italian wine.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the relationship between (D/H)1, (D/H)2 and δ(13)C of ethanol and δ(18)O of water in wine, and variables describing the climate and the geography of the production area, using exploratory visualisation tools, regression analysis and linear modelling. For the first time, a large amount of data (around 4000 wine samples collected over 11 years in Italy) and all the official isotopic parameters, as well as a large number of significant climatic and geographical descriptors (date of harvest, latitude, longitude, elevation, distance from the sea, amount of precipitation, maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature, mean daily temperature, δ(18)O and δ(2)H of precipitation) were considered. δ(18)O, followed by (D/H)1, was shown to have the strongest relationship with climate and location. The dominant variables were latitude, with a negative relationship, δ(18)O and δ(2)H of precipitation and temperature, both with positive relationships. The identified correlations and models could be used to predict the isotopic composition of authentic wines, offering increased possibilities for detecting fraud and mislabelling.
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy. Electronic address: federica.camin@fmach.it.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camin
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy; Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dordevic
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wehrens
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neteler
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delucchi
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buydens
keywords: Climate; Geography; Isotope ratio mass spectrometry; Mislabelling; Prediction; Wine