title: Substance use outcomes in the Healthy School and Drugs program: results from a latent growth curve approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of the Healthy School and Drugs (HSD) program for secondary schools on the development of substance use among Dutch early adolescents and to explore whether boys, adolescents of lower educational backgrounds, or adolescents high on personality risk traits, would benefit more from the HSD program than others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clustered trial with two intervention conditions (i.e., lessons and integral) among a general population of adolescents in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3784 students of 23 Dutch secondary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured digital questionnaires were administered pre-intervention and at 8, 20, and 32months follow-ups. The outcome measure was the rate of change in substance use across follow-ups. Differential effectiveness of the HSD program was examined for sex, educational level, and personality traits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show no HSD intervention effects on the development of substance use. Sex, education level, and personality characteristics of the participants did not moderate the intervention effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of effects of the Healthy School and Drugs program on the development of substance use indicates that the program should be renewed and redeveloped.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.malmberg@pwo.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinjan
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geertjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Overbeek
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermulst
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monshouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010551:Personality; D012572:School Health Services; D012574:Schools; D012736:Sex Education; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
keywords: Early adolescents; Latent growth curve modeling; Prevention; Randomized clustered trial; Substance use