title: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with end stage renal disease and relevance of biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) share many of the same risk factors and similar inflammatory pathogenesis, multiple studies have suggested a correlation between CKD and MetS.. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of MetS in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Furthermore, investigating metabolic biomarker levels in patients with ESRD may provide insight into the pathogenic processes and the development of associated comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under IRB approval, plasma samples were collected from 89 patients with ESRD prior to hemodialysis. Biochips purchased from RANDOX (Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland) were used to test C peptide, ferritin, IL-6, resistin, insulin, TNFα, IL-1α, leptin, PAI-1 on 82 ESRD and 17 normal samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All biomarkers, except insulin, were significantly elevated in patients with ESRD, suggesting an ongoing inflammatory process. Patients with ESRD+MetS, as compared to ESRD-MetS, had significantly elevated leptin. Furthermore, ESRD+MetS vs. normal was significant for leptin, but ESRD-MetS vs. normal was not. ESRD+MetS and ESRD-MetS populations were not statistically different for all other biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest elevated Leptin in ESRD may be attributed to MetS, which is highly prevalent in the ESRD population, rather than ESRD/CKD pathogenesis alone. Lack of a significant difference for all other biomarkers suggest biomarker elevation is due to ESRD pathogenesis, rather than due to MetS as a comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA - jfareed@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saluk
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: Daneyal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Schuarazad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abro
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers