title: Prevalence of antisocial personality disorder among Chinese individuals receiving treatment for heroin dependence: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies from Western countries consistently report very high rates of comorbid Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) among individuals with heroin addiction, but the reported proportion of Chinese individuals with heroin addiction who have co-morbid ASPD varies widely, possibly because Chinese clinicians do not consider personality issues when treating substance abuse problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Conduct a meta-analysis of studies that assessed the proportion of Chinese individuals with heroin dependence who have comorbid ASPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for relevant studies in both Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Taiwan Electronic Periodical Services) and western databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycInfo). Two authors independently retrieved the literature, identified studies that met pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed the quality of included studies, and extracted the data used in the analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using StatsDirect 3.0 and R software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 15 eligible studies with a total of 3692 individuals with heroin dependence. Only 2 of the studies were rated as high-quality studies. All studies were conducted in rehabilitation centers or hospitals. The pooled lifetime prevalence of ASPD in these subjects was 30% (95%CI: 23%-38%), but the heterogeneity of results across studies was great (I(2) =95%, p<0.001). Men had a higher prevalence than women (44% vs. 21%), and injection heroin users had higher prevalence than those who smoked heroin (44% vs. 27%). Studies that were methodologically stronger had higher reported prevalence of ASPD among heroin dependent individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are substantial methodological problems in the available literature about ASPD in Chinese individuals receiving treatment for heroin dependence, but we estimate that about one-third of them meet criteria for ASPD. Further work is needed to increase clinicians' awareness of this issue; to compare the pathogenesis, treatment responsiveness and recidivism of those with and without ASPD; and to develop and test targeted interventions for this difficult-to-treat subgroup of individuals with heroin dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Baoliang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China ; Mood Disorders Centre, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yutao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Junhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
keywords: Antisocial personality disorder; China; Heroin dependence; meta-analysis; prevalence