title: Potential Association of Urinary N7-(2-Carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) Guanine with Dietary Acrylamide Intake of Smokers and Nonsmokers.
abstract: Acrylamide (AA), a rodent carcinogen, is widely used in industry and present in cigarette smoke as well as in foods processed at high temperatures. The metabolic activation of AA to glycidamide (GA) could be critical for AA carcinogenicity since GA causes DNA adduct formation in vivo. N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) guanine (N7-GAG), the most abundant DNA adduct of AA, is subjected to spontaneous and enzymatic depurination and excreted through urine. Urinary N7-GAG analysis can confirm AA genotoxicity and identify active species of AA metabolites in humans, thereby serving as a risk-associated biomarker for molecular epidemiology studies. This study aimed to develop an isotope-dilution solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to comparatively analyze urinary N7-GAG levels in nonsmokers and smokers. Urinary N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine (AAMA), a metabolite of AA, was also analyzed as a biomarker for current AA exposure. Urinary N7-GAG was quantified by monitoring m/z 239 → 152 for N7-GAG and m/z 242 → 152 for (13)C3-labeled N7-GAG under positive electron spray ionization and multiple reaction mode. The median urinary N7-GAG level was 0.93 μg/g creatinine in nonsmokers (n = 33) and 1.41 μg/g creatinine in smokers (n = 30). Multiple linear regression analysis of data revealed that N7-GAG levels were only significantly associated with AAMA levels. These results demonstrate that urinary N7-GAG of nonsmokers and smokers is significantly associated with a very low level of dietary AA intake, assessed by analyzing urinary AAMA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.|Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Chun Jean
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chung
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Syuan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Feng
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Saou-Hsing
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Sheng
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Su-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuen-Yuh
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D020106:Acrylamide / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; C093852:N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)guanine; D020106:Acrylamide; D006147:Guanine; C085597:N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)cysteine; D003367:Cotinine; D000111:Acetylcysteine