title: Risk factors predictive of endogenous endophthalmitis among hospitalized patients with hematogenous infections in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify potential risk factors associated with endogenous endophthalmitis among hospitalized patients with hematogenous infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters, and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefit inpatient databases from the years 2007-2011 were obtained. Utilizing ICD-9 codes, logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors/comorbidities for developing endophthalmitis in patients with hematogenous infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among inpatients with hematogenous infections, the overall incidence rate of presumed endogenous endophthalmitis was 0.05%-0.4% among patients with fungemia and 0.04% among patients with bacteremia. Comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (OR = 4.27; CI, 1.55-11.8; P = .005), tuberculosis (OR = 8.5; CI, 1.2-61.5; P = .03), endocarditis (OR = 8.3; CI, 4.9-13.9; P < .0001), bacterial meningitis (OR = 3.8; CI, 1.2-12.0; P = .023), fungal meningitis (OR = 59.1; CI, 14.1-247.8; P < .0001), internal organ abscess (OR = 2.9; CI, 1.2-6.4; P = .02), lymphoma/leukemia (OR = 2.9; CI, 1.6-5.3; P < .0001), skin abscess/cellulitis (OR = 1.75; CI, 1.1-2.8; P = .02), pyogenic arthritis (OR = 4.2; CI, 1.8-9.6; P = .001), diabetes with ophthalmic manifestations (OR = 7.0; CI, 1.7-28.3; P = .006), and urinary tract infection (OR = 0.04; CI, 0.3-0.9; P = .023) were each significantly associated with a diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis. Patients aged 0-17 years (OR = 2.61; CI, 1.2-5.7; P = .02), 45-54 years (OR = 3.4; CI, 2.0-5.4; P < .0001), and 55-64 years (OR = 2.9; CI, 1.8-4.8; P < .0001); those having length of stay of 3-10 days (OR = 1.9; CI, 1.1-3.3; P = .01), 11-30 days (OR = 3.1; CI, 1.8-5.5; P < .0001), and 31+ days (OR = 5.3; CI, 2.7-10.4; P < .0001); and those with intensive care unit/neonatal intensive care unit (ICU/NICU) admissions (OR = 1.5; CI, 1.4-1.6; P < .0001) were all more likely to be diagnosed with endogenous endophthalmitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endogenous endophthalmitis is rare among hospitalized patients in the United States. Among patients with hematogenous infections, odds of endogenous endophthalmitis were higher for children and middle-aged patients, and for patients with endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, lymphoma/leukemia, HIV/AIDS, internal organ abscess, diabetes with ophthalmic manifestations, skin cellulitis/abscess, pyogenic arthritis, tuberculosis, longer hospital stays, and/or ICU/NICU admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calfornia. Electronic address: pershing@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Suzann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pershing
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Albini
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Darius M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moshfeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida; Retina Associates of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moshfeghi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016469:Fungemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology