title: Characterization of the developing small intestine in the absence of either GATA4 or GATA6.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of adult mice lacking either GATA4 or GATA6 in the small intestine demonstrate roles for these factors in small intestinal biology. Deletion of Gata4 in the adult mouse intestine revealed an essential role for GATA4 in jejunal function. Deletion of Gata6 in the adult mouse ileum alters epithelial cell types and ileal enterocyte gene expression. The effect of deletion of Gata4 or Gata6 alone during embryonic small intestinal development, however, has not been examined. We recently demonstrated that loss of both factors in double conditional knockout embryos causes severe defects in jejunal development. Therefore, the goal of this study is to provide phenotypic analysis of the small intestine of single Gata4 and Gata6 conditional knockout embryos.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Villin-Cre was used to delete Gata4 or Gata6 in the developing intestinal epithelium. Elimination of either GATA4 or GATA6 in the jejunum, where these factors are co-expressed, caused changes in enterocyte and enteroendocrine cell gene expression. Ectopic expression of markers of the ileal-specific bile acid metabolism pathway was induced in GATA4-deficient jejunum but not in GATA6-deficient jejunum. A subtle increase in goblet cells was also identified in jejunum of both mutants. In GATA6-deficient embryonic ileum, villus length was altered, and enterocyte gene expression was perturbed including ectopic expression of the colon marker Car1. Goblet cells were increased, and enteroendocrine cells were decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we show that aspects of the phenotypes observed in the small intestine of adult Gata4 and Gata6 conditional knockout mice emerge during development. The effect of eliminating GATA6 from the developing ileum was greater than that of eliminating either GATA4 or GATA6 from the developing jejunum likely reflecting functional redundancy between these factors in the jejunum. Although GATA4 and GATA6 functions overlap, our data also suggest unique functions for GATA4 and GATA6 within the developing intestine. GATA4 likely operates independently of GATA6 within the jejunum to regulate jejunal versus ileal enterocyte identity and consequently jejunal physiology. GATA6 likely regulates enteroendocrine cell differentiation cell autonomously whereas GATA4 affects this population indirectly.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Cayla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Bridget M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kohlnhofer
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. mbattle@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Battle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout
chemical_list: D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; C484171:Gata4 protein, mouse; C494760:Gata6 protein, mouse