title: Optimizing contrast media injection protocols in state-of-the art computed tomographic angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Very short acquisition times and the increasing use of low-kilovolt protocols in standard computed tomographic (CT) angiography (CTA) examinations demand modifications in the contrast media (CM) injection regimen. The aim of this study was to optimize the use of tube voltage-adjusted CM delivery parameters, especially injection duration and iodine delivery rate (IDR), in thoracoabdominal CTA in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pigs (53-72 kg) were examined with a third-generation dual-source CT system with a dynamic CTA protocol (4-dimensional spiral, 454-mm scan length, 2.5-second temporal resolution, 70-second total acquisition time). Six CM injection protocols were applied in randomized order and intraindividually compared. The standard CTA protocol was performed at 120 kV, with an injection of 300 mg iodine/kg body weight and a flow of 5 mL/s (IDR, 1.5 g/s). On the basis of phantom measurements for the low-kilovolt CTA protocols, the iodine dosage was adjusted to 150 mg iodine/kg (70 kV) and 210 mg iodine/kg (90 kV). Therefore, either the IDR was kept constant and the injection time was reduced, or the injection time was kept constant and the IDR was reduced by modifying the CM flow or concentration. Time attenuation curves, time to peak, and peak enhancement were calculated for different locations within the aorta, renal arteries, and large veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heart rates were comparable among the different injection protocols (66.9-78.1 beats per minute). The average injection peak pressure depended on the flow rate and CM concentration and ranged from 42.9 to 114.7 psi. The average arterial peak enhancement was comparable for protocols with identical injection times and reduced IDR (362.4 HU [standard 120-kV protocol; 300 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 1.5 g/s], 360.0 HU [70 kV; 150 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 0.75 g/s], 365.4 HU [70 kV; 150 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 0.75 g/s; CM, 150 mg iodine/mL], 344.3 HU [90 kV; 210 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 1.1 g/s]). Higher peak enhancements could be achieved by applying protocols with identical IDR and a reduced injection time (502.5 HU [70 kV; 150 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 1.5 g/s] and 394.6 HU [90 kV; 210 mg iodine/kg; IDR, 1.5 g/s]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By adjusting the IDR, low-kilovolt CTA is able to achieve comparable aortic enhancement with a significant reduction in CM dosage. A shorter injection time at constant IDR results in higher enhancement and a narrower scan window and might be preferable for fast CTA acquisition techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimization of CM injection protocols is mandatory to achieve state-of the art CTA at low kilovolt and can reduce CM doses to patients.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen; †Imaging Science Institute Erlangen, Erlangen; ‡MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer Healthcare, Berlin; §Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim; and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lell
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: Johannes Georg
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Korporaal
authors.forename: Andreas Horst
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mahnken
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Flohr
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uder
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pietsch
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide