title: Obesity, albuminuria, and gamma-glutamyl transferase predict incidence of hypertension in indigenous Australians in rural and remote communities in northern Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the incidence of hypertension in a cohort of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A follow-up study conducted among 1831 indigenous population aged 15 years and over without hypertension at baseline from 19 communities in North Queensland during 1997-2008. Main measurements included baseline and follow-up weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol), gamma-glutamyl transferase, urinary albumin creatinine ratio, self-reported tobacco smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hundred cases of hypertension developed over 2633.4 person-years giving a crude incidence of hypertension of 22.6 (16.2-31.4) per 1000 person-years in females and 60.0 (47.1-76.6) per 1000 person-years for males. Age standardized overall incidence was 51.9 per 1000 person-years. Aboriginal participants were twice as likely as Torres Strait Islanders to develop hypertension, which increased with age. Obesity (BMI >30) strongly predicted incident hypertension independently of age or sex (adjusted hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.8). Albuminuria and elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase increased the risk of hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio 1.4-1.7) in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidence of hypertension in indigenous Australian adults is nearly double than that of the general Australian population. High background prevalence of obesity, diabetes and albuminuria contributes to this excess. As well as early detection and management of high blood pressure, albuminuria and diabetes in primary care settings, attention should be equally focused on community-level prevention and management of obesity.
authors.affiliation: aSchool of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Public Health Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide bFaculty of Medicine, Health & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011793:Queensland; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; C554782:gamma-glutamyltransferase, human