title: Oxygen consumption and heart rate responses to isolated ballet exercise sets.
abstract: Ballet stage performances are associated with higher cardiorespiratory demand than rehearsals and classes. Hence, new interest is emerging to create periodized training that enhances dancers' fitness while minimizing delayed exercise-induced fatigue and possible injuries. Finding out in what zones of intensity dancers work during different ballet movements may support the use of supplemental training adjusted to the needs of the individual dancer. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to describe dancers' oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) responses during the performance of nine isolated ballet exercise sets, as correlated with their first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Twelve female ballet dancers volunteered for the study. Their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), VT1, and VT2 were determined by use of an incremental treadmill test. Nine sets of ballet movements were assessed: pliés, tendus, jetés, rond de jambes, fondus, grand adage (adage), grand battements, temps levés, and sautés. The sets were randomly executed and separated by 5 minute rest periods. ANOVA for repeated measurements followed by the Bonferroni Post-hoc test were applied (p < 0.05). VO2 responses were as follows: pliés (17.6 ± 1.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)); tendus and adage were not significantly greater than VT1; rond de jambes (21.8 ± 3.1 ml·kg(-1) ·min(-1)); fondus and jetés were higher than VT1 and the previous exercises; grand battements (25.8 ± 2.9 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) was greater than all the other exercises and VT1; and VT2 was significantly higher than all ballet sets. This stratification followed closely, but not exactly, the variation in HR. For example, rond de jambes (156.8 ± 19 b·min(-1)) did not show any significant difference from all the other ballet sets, nor VT1 or VT2. It is concluded that the workloads of isolated ballet sets, based on VO2 responses, vary between low and moderate aerobic intensity in relation to dancers' VT1 and VT2. However, ballet set workloads may be higher when based on HR responses, due to the intermittent and isometric components of dance.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. josi_danca@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Josianne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Krause
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovani
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Cunha
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristine Lima
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alberton
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Follmer
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Physiology Department, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reischak-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003615:Dancing / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult