title: Adversity in early and mid-adolescence is associated with elevated startle responses to safety cues in late adolescence.
abstract: Elevated responding to safety cues in the context of threat is associated with anxiety disorder onset, but pathways underlying such responding remain unclear. This study examined whether childhood/adolescent adversity was associated with larger startle reflexes during safe phases of a fear potentiation startle paradigm (following delivery of an aversive stimulus) that predict anxiety disorders. Participants (N = 104) came from the Youth Emotion Project, a longitudinal study of risk factors for emotional disorders. Participants with no baseline psychopathology underwent a startle modulation protocol and were assessed for childhood and adolescent adversities using a validated interview. Adolescent adversity was associated with larger startle reflexes during the safe phases following an aversive stimulus. Neither child nor adolescent adversities were associated with responding during any other phase of the protocol. These findings suggest a pathway between adolescent adversity and a risk factor for anxiety disorders wherein adolescent adversity contributes to impaired responding to safety cues.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolitzky-Taylor
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vrshek-Schallhorn
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mineka
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zinbarg
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ornitz
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naliboff
authors.forename: Michelle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Craske
keywords: anxiety disorders; childhood adversity; safety signals; startle