title: Testosterone replacement therapy: who to evaluate, what to use, how to follow, and who is at risk?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypogonadism, defined as a low serum testosterone in the presence of signs and symptoms, is common, particularly in aging men. Testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) is the standard treatment for male hypogonadism. It has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, but there are concerns about the increase in TST and its potential adverse effects, particularly cardiovascular effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review presents health care providers with current information regarding the prevalence and impact of hypogonadism, as well as the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hypogonadism. The beneficial and potential adverse effects are reviewed with a discussion on the current cardiovascular controversy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed current and "landmark" articles in the English-language literature pertaining to hypogonadism, its prevalence, etiologies, presentation, evaluation, and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Authorities in the field have offered guidelines and recommendations regarding the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of hypogonadism. Although there is a consensus as to the definition of hypogonadism as the presence of a low serum testosterone with signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, there is variability in the definition of "low testosterone." Various testosterone formulations exist, differing in route and frequency of administration as well as in side-effect profiles. Testosterone supplementation therapy should be continued in individuals demonstrating an improvement in signs and symptoms, which may take 3 months to a year for maximum response. Individuals treated with TST require monitoring for adverse effects. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of TST on cardiovascular health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypogonadism is common, particularly in aging men. Symptomatic individuals who have no contraindications to TST should be offered treatment. A careful assessment of treatment response after adequate titration and duration of therapy as well as monitoring for adverse effects is essential in treating patients for hypogonadism. Although hypogonadism is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality, controversy exists regarding the impact of TST on cardiovascular risk, highlighting the need for further studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afiadata
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone