title: Aging time and brand determination of pasteurized milk using a multisensor e-nose combined with a voltammetric e-tongue.
abstract: A combined approach based on a multisensor system to get additional chemical information from liquid samples through the analysis of the solution and its headspace is illustrated and commented. In the present work, innovative analytical techniques, such as a hybrid e-nose and a voltammetric e-tongue were elaborated to differentiate between different pasteurized milk brands and for the exact recognition of their storage days through the data fusion technique of the combined system. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has shown an acceptable discrimination of the pasteurized milk brands on the first day of storage, when the two instruments were used independently. Contrariwise, PCA indicated that no clear storage day's discrimination can be drawn when the two instruments are applied separately. Mid-level of abstraction data fusion approach has demonstrated that results obtained by the data fusion approach outperformed the classification results of the e-nose and e-tongue taken individually. Furthermore, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised method was applied to the new subset and confirmed that all storage days were correctly identified. This study can be generalized to several beverage and food products where their quality is based on the perception of odor and flavor.
authors.affiliation: Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Physics Department, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Madiha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bougrini
authors.affiliation: Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Physics Department, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahri
authors.affiliation: Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Physics Department, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco; MINOS-EMaS, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Zouhair
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Haddi
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Agroalimentary and Biomedical Analysis Group, Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco.
authors.forename: Nezha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Bari
authors.affiliation: MINOS-EMaS, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Llobet
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jaffrezic-Renault
authors.affiliation: Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Physics Department, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco. Electronic address: benachir.bouchikhi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Benachir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouchikhi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D062609:Electronic Nose; D063427:Food Quality; D061353:Food Storage; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009812:Odorants; D061352:Pasteurization; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Chemometrics analysis; Data fusion; E-nose; E-tongue; Pasteurized milk; Storage days