title: Ultrasonographic quantification of intrinsic hand muscle cross-sectional area; reliability and validity for predicting muscle strength.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether ultrasonographic measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the intrinsic hand muscles can be used to predict muscle strength in a valid and reliable manner, and to determine if this method can be used for follow-up of patients with peripheral nerve injury between the wrist and elbow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated-measures cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adults (n=31) and patients with ulnar and median nerve injuries (n=16) between the wrist and elbow who were visiting the Erasmus Medical Center or Maasstad Hospital were included in the study (N=47).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation between measured muscle CSA and strength and assessment of inter- and intrarater reliability. Ultrasound and strength measurements of the intrinsic hand muscles were conducted bilaterally. To establish validity, the CSA of 4 muscles (abductor digiti minimi, first dorsal interosseus, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis) was compared with strength measurements of the same muscles conducted with the Rotterdam Intrinsic Hand Myometer. Repeated measures were conducted to assess inter- and intrarater reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The assessed CSA strongly correlated with strength measurements, with correlations ranging from 0.82 to 0.93 in healthy volunteers and from 0.63 to 0.94 in patients. Test-retest reliability showed excellent intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.99-1.00) in patients and volunteers and good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.88-0.95) in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that ultrasound is a valid and reliable method to assess the CSA of specific muscles in the hand. Therefore, this technique could be useful to monitor muscle reinnervation in patients suffering from peripheral nerve injury as a valuable addition to strength dynamometers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohseny
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.nijhuis@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Tim H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nijhuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hundepool
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruud W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Selles
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Henk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Coert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020423:Median Neuropathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020424:Ulnar Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Muscle strength dynamometer; Muscular atrophy; Peripheral nerve injuries; Rehabilitation; Ultrasonography