title: Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices.
abstract: Organolead trihalide perovskite (OTP) materials are emerging as naturally abundant materials for low-cost, solution-processed and highly efficient solar cells. Here, we show that, in OTP-based photovoltaic devices with vertical and lateral cell configurations, the photocurrent direction can be switched repeatedly by applying a small electric field of <1 V μm(-1). The switchable photocurrent, generally observed in devices based on ferroelectric materials, reached 20.1 mA cm(-2) under one sun illumination in OTP devices with a vertical architecture, which is four orders of magnitude larger than that measured in other ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. This field-switchable photovoltaic effect can be explained by the formation of reversible p-i-n structures induced by ion drift in the perovskite layer. The demonstration of switchable OTP photovoltaics and electric-field-manipulated doping paves the way for innovative solar cell designs and for the exploitation of OTP materials in electrically and optically readable memristors and circuits.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Yongbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Yuchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: 1] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0299, USA.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: 1] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0299, USA.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruverman
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA [2] Nebraska Center for Materials, Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang