title: Rice hull extracts inhibit proliferation of MCF-7 cells with G₁ cell cycle arrest in parallel with their antioxidant activity.
abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been a major dietary staple worldwide for centuries. Growing interest in the beneficial effects of antioxidants has inspired investigation of rice hulls as an attractive source of chemopreventive compounds for breast cancer intervention. We prepared methanol extracts from rice hulls of three Korean bred cultivars (japonica), Ilpum, Heugjinju, and Jeogjinju, and one japonica weedy rice, WD-3. We examined the antiproliferative potential of the hull extracts on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and the related mechanisms thereof. Hull extracts inhibited proliferation of the cells and mediated G0/G1 phase arrest by suppressing cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, where WD-3 extract showed the most potent. Blockage of p21 expression by small interfering RNA transfection attenuated G1 phase arrest induced by WD-3 extract. The WD-3 extract exhibited greater antioxidant potential and total phenolic compounds, compared with other rice hulls. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for the F4 fractioned from WD-3 extract revealed that cinnamic acid derivatives were the major active constituents. The F4 fraction most potently inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cells than WD-3 extract through the suppression of cell cycle regulatory factors. Collectively, our results suggest that the pigmented rice hulls possess greater antioxidant and chemopreventive activity against breast cancer than the other rice cultivars tested, demonstrating that WD-3 rice hulls are an attractive source of chemopreventive bioactive compounds.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, South Korea .
authors.forename: Nam-Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ki-Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seung-Ah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Jeong-Chae
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D016213:Cyclins; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
keywords: anti-proliferation; antioxidants; cancer cells; cell cycle arrest; phenolic compounds