title: Solitary living in Alzheimer's disease over 3 years: association between cognitive and functional impairment and community-based services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) live alone, and this figure is expected to increase. This study aimed to describe the cognitive and functional abilities of solitary-living AD patients, and the potential predictors of their usage of community-based services.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 3-year, prospective, multicenter study included 1,021 participants with mild-to-moderate AD (Mini-Mental State Examination score, 10-26) treated with a cholinesterase inhibitor in a routine clinical setting. At baseline and every 6 months, patients were assessed using cognitive, instrumental, and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales, and service utilization was recorded. Logistic regression models were used to predict the usage of community-based services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the start of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy (time of AD diagnosis), 355 individuals (35%) were living alone. They were mainly female, older, had more impaired basic ADL capacity, and had a larger number of concomitant medications when compared with those living with family. Regarding the solitary-living patients, lower instrumental ADL (IADL) ability and more medications were independent predictors of usage of home-help services, whereas more impaired IADL at baseline and faster IADL deterioration were predictors of nursing home admission. For those living with family, older age, lower basic ADL, and a greater number of medications predicted home-help services, whereas a larger amount of home help predicted nursing home placement. In addition, female sex was a risk factor for both the utilization of home-help services and nursing home placement. Cognitive ability was not significantly associated with the usage of community-based services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large number of AD patients, predominantly females, live alone with severe cognitive and functional impairment. The amount of home-help services used did not reflect cognitive severity, suggesting that home help did not meet the needs related to cognitive deterioration. Increased knowledge of how community-based services can better accommodate the care needs of solitary-living individuals with AD is essential.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wattmo
authors.affiliation: Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Londos
authors.affiliation: Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minthon
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D018576:Home Health Aides / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors
keywords: activities of daily living; cognition; home-help services; living status; longitudinal study; nursing home placement