title: Trends in long head biceps tenodesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps tendon has become a popular surgical treatment option for patients with pain or instability attributed to a diseased or unstable biceps tendon. No previous studies have characterized the practice patterns of surgeons performing biceps tenodesis in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate current trends in both arthroscopic and open biceps tenodesis across time, sex, age, and region of the United States as well as associated charges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiology study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent biceps tenodesis (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 23430 and 29828) for the years 2008 through 2011 were identified using the PearlDiver Patient Record Database, including both private-payer and Medicare data. These cohorts were then assessed for associated diagnoses using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes and concomitant procedures using CPT codes. These searches yielded procedural volumes, sex and age distribution, regional volumes, and average per-patient charges. A χ(2) linear-by-linear association analysis, Student t test, and linear regression were used for comparisons, with P < .05 considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 44,932 biceps tenodesis procedures were identified from 2008-2011. The incidence of biceps tenodesis procedures per 100,000 database patients increased 1.7-fold over the study period, from 8178 in 2008 to 14,014 in 2011 (P < .0001). An increase in the overall percentage volume was noted in patients aged 60-69 years (P = .039) and 20-29 years (P = .016). The overall charges for arthroscopic tenodesis increased at a rate significantly greater than that of open tenodesis (P < .0001). Rotator cuff tear or sprain, bicipital tenosynovitis, biceps tendon rupture, superior labral lesion, and osteoarthritis were the most common diagnoses associated with biceps tenodesis procedures. A significant increase in isolated biceps tenodesis was also observed over the study period, from 1967 patients in 2008 to 3565 patients in 2011, representing a 1.8-fold increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of biceps tenodesis has increased yearly from 2008-2011. Arthroscopic tenodesis has emerged as a more popular technique. Charges associated with the procedure have increased significantly. Significant regional variations in procedural incidences exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Brockmeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA fwg7d@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: F Winston
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Gwathmey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D005249:Fees and Charges / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000601:surgery; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000601:surgery; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D053656:Tenodesis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000601:surgery; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: arthroscopic tenodesis; long head biceps; open tenodesis; procedure charge; regional analysis; tenodesis