title: Cardiovascular disease risk management for Māori in New Zealand general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Māori are overrepresented in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity statistics in New Zealand (NZ).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine cardiovascular risk (CVR) assessment and management for Māori, utilising Caring Does Matter (CDM) initiative data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 16 general practices' electronic medical records—which include ethnicity data—the rate of CVR screening, CVD medication treatment and adherence levels, and physiological measures for Māori patients at high CVR (≥15% five-year risk of a cardiovascular event) were compared to findings for Pacific and non-Māori/non-Pacific patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Records for 72,351 adults (10,358 Māori; 14%) showed that Māori patients have a poorer CVR assessment rate (46% at guideline-indicated age) than Pacific and non-Māori/non-Pacific groups; when assessed, a greater proportion of Māori patients (38%) were at high CVR. The proportion of high-CVR Māori patients being treated with oral antidiabetic medication (42%) was lower than for Pacific patients but higher than for non-Māori/non-Pacific patients. Lower rates of antihypertensive adherence were found for high-CVR Māori patients than for non-Māori/non-Pacific patients (although higher than for Pacific patients). The high-CVR Māori patients who adhered to CVD medications had lower blood pressure, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and HbA1c than non-adherers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between higher medication adherence and better control of risk factors suggests that adherence should be further promoted by clinicians. More active CVR assessment, treatment and support of medication adherence in Māori attending general practices is justified, given their high mortality rate from CVD in comparison to the overall NZ population.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, PB 92019 Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. h.gu@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kennelly
authors.affiliation: Te Kupenga Hauora Maori (Department of Maori Health), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuwelt
authors.affiliation: Te Kupenga Hauora Maori (Department of Maori Health), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matire
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008055:Lipids