title: Analysis of raw goat milk microbiota: impact of stage of lactation and lysozyme on microbial diversity.
abstract: To protect infants from infection, human milk contains high levels of the enzyme lysozyme, unlike the milk of dairy animals. We have genetically engineered goats to express human lysozyme (hLZ milk) in their milk at 68% the amount found in human milk to help extend this protection. This study looked at the effect of hLZ on bacteria in raw milk over time. As the microbial diversity of goats' milk has yet to be investigated in depth using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we applied NGS and clone library sequencing (CLS) to determine the microbiota of raw goat milk (WT milk) and hLZ milk at early, mid and late lactation. Overall, in WT milk, the bacterial populations in milk at early and mid lactation were similar to each other with a shift occurring at late lactation. Both methods found Proteobacteria as the dominant bacteria at early and mid lactation, while Actinobacteria surged at late lactation. These changes were related to decreases in Pseudomonas and increases in Micrococcus. The bacterial populations in hLZ milk were similar to WT milk at early and mid lactation with the only significant differences occurring at late lactation with the elevation of Bacillaceae, Alicyclobacillaceae, Clostridiaceae and Halomonadaceae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McInnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kalanetra
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: eamaga@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Maga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D064307:Microbiota; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009113:Muramidase
keywords: Goat milk; Lysozyme; Microbiota; Transgenic