title: Efficacy and safety of a novel submucosal lifting gel used for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a study in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is technically demanding. A viscous gel for submucosal lifting might induce mechanical submucosal dissection facilitating easier and safer ESD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 female pigs (median 64 kg), ESDs of simulated lesions were performed at the posterior wall and greater curvature in the gastric body (one ESD per location) with randomly assigned injection fluids: gel or control fluid (0.9% saline with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 3 mg/ml [7:1] and indigo carmine droplets). Additionally, 10 cc gel was injected into the submucosa at the anterior wall without ESD to assess effects of inappropriate injection. Pigs were euthanized at day 0, 3 or 28. In four additional pigs (euthanized day 3 or 28) 10 cc gel was injected into the muscularis propria (MP) after four endoscopic mucosal resections in the gastric body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both fluid groups showed equal ESD-procedure times (28 [gel] vs. 26 min [control]) and complications. Gel-ESDs required less accessory interchanges (3.5 vs. 5.5; p = 0.01). Mechanical dissection after circumferential incision was achieved in 25% of gel-ESDs; none in control-ESDs. The severity of inflammation and fibrosis was equal in both fluid groups. Normal architecture and vital mucosa were found after inappropriate submucosal injection. MP-injections resulted in one transmural hematoma (day 3), and intramuscular encapsulation in 25% of the sites (day 28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pig's stomach differs from the human stomach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical dissection properties of the gel may reduce the need for submucosal dissection during ESD. The gel is safe when advertently injected in the submucosa and MP. The porcine model appeared suboptimal to evaluate the true mechanical dissection properties of the gel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, d.scholvink@antoniusziekenhuis.nl.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Schölvinck
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez Herrero
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: J J G H M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: B L A M
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Weusten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000601:surgery*; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007267:Injections; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D055675:Viscosupplements / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D055675:Viscosupplements