title: Correlates of comorbid depression, anxiety and helplessness with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are at risk of experiencing comorbid psychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Studies of Chinese adolescents with OCD are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of depression, anxiety, and helplessness with the occurrence of OCD in Chinese adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of two stages. The first stage used a cross-sectional design involving a stratified clustered non-clinical sample of 3174 secondary school students. A clinical interview procedure was then employed to diagnose OCD in students who had a Leyton 'yes' score of 15 or above. The second phase used a case-control study design to examine the relationship of OCD to depression, anxiety and helplessness in a matched sample of 288 adolescents with clinically diagnosed OCD and 246 students without OCD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Helplessness, depression and anxiety scores were directly associated with the probability of OCD caseness. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that the OCD correlated significantly with depression, anxiety, and helplessness. Cluster analysis further indicated that the degree of the OCD is also associated with severity of depression and anxiety, and the level of helplessness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that depression, anxiety and helplessness are important correlates of OCD in Chinese adolescents. Future studies using longitudinal and prospective designs are required to confirm these relationships as causal.
authors.affiliation: Griffith Health Institute and School of Medicine, Griffith University, QLD Q4222, Australia. Electronic address: j.sun@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100088, China. Electronic address: Lizhj8@ccmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhanjiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, QLD Q4222, Australia. Electronic address: n.buys@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buys
authors.affiliation: All Children׳s Guild Endowed Chair and Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, USA; Rogers Behavioral Health - Tampa Bay, Tampa, FL, USA; All Children׳s Hospital - Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, USA. Electronic address: estorch@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Storch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Anxiety; Chinese adolescents; Depression; Helplessness; Obsessive–compulsive disorders