title: MiR-210 expression reverses radioresistance of stem-like cells of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of miR-210 and the role it plays in the cell cycle to regulate radioresistance in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  MiR-210 expression was evaluated in 37 pairs of ESCC tissues and matched para-tumorous normal oesophageal tissues from surgical patients who had not received neoadjuvant therapy, and in the cells of two novel radioresistant cell lines, TE-1R and Eca-109R, using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The transient up-regulation of miR-210 expression in TE-1R and Eca-109R cells was studied using liposomes and was confirmed using qRT-PCR. The rate of cell survival after a series of radio-treatment doses was evaluated using the clone formation assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes to the cell cycle patterns due to radiation treatment. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) after irradiation, and the cell sphere formation assay was used to evaluate the proliferative ability of the cancer stem-like cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of miR-210 expression was significantly decreased, by 21.3% to 97.2%, with the average being 39.2% ± 16.1%, in the ESCC tissues of most patients (81.1%, 30 of 37 vs patients with high miR-210 expression, P < 0.05). A low level of expression of miR-210 was correlated with a poorly differentiated pathological type (P < 0.01) but was not correlated with the T-stage or lymph node infiltration (both P > 0.05). Early local recurrences (< 18 mo, n = 19) after radiotherapy were significantly related with low miR-210 expression (n = 13, P < 0.05). The level of miR-210 was decreased by approximately 73% (vs TE-1, 0.27 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) in the established radioresistant TE-IR cell line and by 52% (vs Eca-109, 0.48 ± 0.17, P < 0.05) in the corresponding Eca-109R line. Transient transfection with a miR-210 precursor increased the level of miR-210 expression, leading to a significant increase in cell survival after radiotherapy (P < 0.05). Twenty-four hours after radiation, the proportion of pmiR-210 cells in S phase was increased (vs control cells, 30.4% ± 0.4%, and vs untreated TE-1R cells, 23.3% ± 0.7%, P < 0.05 for both). The levels of DNA-PKcs (0.21 ± 0.07) and ATM (0.12 ± 0.03, P < 0.05) proteins were significantly lower in the PmiR-210 cells than in control cells, but no differences were found in the levels of the corresponding mRNAs in the two cell types (P > 0.05 for all). Exogenous miR-210 expression decreased the diameter of pmiR-210 cell spheres (vs control cells, 0.60 ± 0.14, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MiR-210 expression is negatively correlated with the pathological type and the local survival rate after radiotherapy, and high expression of miR-210 may reverse the radioresistance of ESCC stem-like cells.
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Ru-Xing
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Fei-Yang
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Xin Chen, Jia Guo, Ru-Xing Xi, Yu-Wei Chang, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Radiation Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Provence, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Cell cycle arrest; MiR-210; Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Radiation resistance; Stem-like cells