title: Gingival labial recessions and the post-treatment proclination of mandibular incisors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prerequisite for development of gingival recession is the presence of alveolar bone dehiscence. Proclination of mandibular incisors can result in thinning of the alveolus and dehiscence formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess an association between proclination of mandibular incisor and development of gingival recession.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventeen subjects who met the following inclusion criteria were selected: 1. age 11-14 years at start of orthodontic treatment (TS), 2. bonded retainer placed immediately after treatment (T0), 3. dental casts and lateral cephalograms available pre-treatment (TS), post-treatment (T0), and 5 years post-treatment (T5), and 4. post-treatment (T0) lower incisor inclination (Inc_Incl) <95° or >100.5°. Two groups were formed: non-proclined (N = 57; mean Inc_Incl = 90.8°) and proclined (N = 60; mean Inc_Incl = 105.2°). Clinical crown heights of mandibular incisors and the presence of gingival recession sites in this region were assessed on plaster models. Fisher's exact tests, t-tests, and regression models were computed for analysis of inter-group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean increase of clinical crown heights (from T0 to T5) of mandibular incisors ranged from 0.75 to 0.83mm in the non-proclined and proclined groups, respectively (P = 0.273). At T5, gingival recession sites were present in 12.3% and 11.7% patients from the non-proclined and proclined groups, respectively. The difference was also not significant (P = 0.851).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proclination of mandibular incisors did not increase a risk of development of gingival recession during five-year observation in comparison non-proclined teeth.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Renkema
authors.affiliation: **Department of Orthodontics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic and.
authors.forename: Zuzanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Navratilova
authors.affiliation: **Department of Orthodontics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic and.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mazurova
authors.affiliation: ***Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.affiliation: **Department of Orthodontics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic and ***Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Piotr.Fudalej@zmk.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Piotr S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fudalej
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000209:etiology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D003765:Models, Dental; D009811:Odontometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000473:pathology; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000473:pathology; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*