title: Human B cells produce chemokine CXCL10 in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of B cells in human host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is still controversial, but recent evidence suggest that B cell follicle like structures within the lung may influence host responses through regulation of the local cytokine environment. A candidate for such regulation could be the chemokine CXCL10. CXCL10 is mainly produced by human monocytes, but a few reports have also found CXCL10 production by human B cells. The objective of this study was to investigate CXCL10 production by human B cells in response to in vitro stimulation with Mtb antigens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed human blood samples from 30 volunteer donors using multiparameter flow cytometry, and identified a subgroup of B cells producing CXCL10 in response to in vitro stimulation with antigens. T cells did not produce CXCL10, but CXCL10 production by B cells appeared to be mediated via IFN-γ and dependent on contact with antigen-specific T cells recognizing the antigen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human B cells are able to produce CXCL10 in an IFN-γ and T cell contact-dependent manner. The present findings suggest a possible mechanism through which B cells in part may influence granuloma formation in human tuberculosis (TB) and participate in infection control.
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: SHO@ssi.dk.
authors.forename: Soren T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: amasy_salman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: MORU@ssi.dk.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruhwald
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen University Hospital Hillerød, Department of Infectious Diseases, Denmark. Electronic address: peravn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravn
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen University Hospital Hillerød, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Denmark. Electronic address: Inger.Brock@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: Al Azhar University, Molecular Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: bolbol47cairo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elsheikh
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: PA@ssi.dk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: EAG@ssi.dk.
authors.forename: Else Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Agger
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006099:Granuloma / Q000276:immunology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: B cells; CXCL10; Granuloma; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Peptides