title: In vitro assessment of the gastrointestinal tolerance and immunomodulatory function of Bacillus methylotrophicus isolated from a traditional Korean fermented soybean food.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the potential of Bacillus methylotrophicus as a probiotic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Bacillus isolate designated strain C14 was isolated from Korean traditional fermented soybean paste (doenjang). The strain was identified, and its physiological and biochemical properties were characterized. The gastrointestinal tolerance and immunomodulatory function of strain C14 were also investigated. Strain C14 was identified as B. methylotrophicus by analysis of its biochemical properties using the API 50CHB system and by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence. Strain C14 showed >80% and >75% of survival for artificial gastric juices (pH 2.5 and 1% pepsin) and 0.5% (w/v) bile salt, respectively. Heat-killed B. methylotrophicus C14 inhibited the adhesion of various pathogens and enhanced the adhesion of probiotic bacteria to Caco-2 cells. The heat-killed cells also induced high levels of immune cell proliferation compared with the control and stimulated interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α production in mouse macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacillus methylotrophicus C14 could be used as a probiotic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recently identified B. methylotrophicus is a new potential probiotic with high gastrointestinal tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: D-J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000276:immunology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000382:microbiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Bacillus methylotrophicus; acid tolerance; bile tolerance; cytokines; immunomodulatory activity; probiotics