title: Adverse effects of nickel in transosseous wires and surgical implants: literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transosseous wires used in the management of fractures are stainless steel alloys which contain nickel 14.5%, chromium 17.6%, iron 62.5% and molybdenum 2.8%. Gradual disintegration of the transosseous wires release nickel into the blood leading to increase nickel concentration in the blood. Nickel has been found to have some adverse systemic effects on the body. The aim of this paper is to discuss the sources of Nickel in the body as well as the systemic adverse effects of Nickel as a degradation product of stainless steel surgical implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of pertinent literature on nickel as a content of stainless steel alloy used in implant surgery was done, taking note also of other sources of nickel in the body, the toxicokinetics of nickel and the related adverse effects of this metal and its compound in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As outcome,the sources of human exposure to nickel,distribution and metabolism of nickel in the body, host responseto stainless steel wires and the adverse effects of nickel in the body are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be necessary to discourage the use of wires or implants containing nickel in the management of fractures.The need for removal of these implants after they have served their purposes is emphasized.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nwashindi
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dim
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001864:Bone Wires / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel