title: External ventricular drain infections: risk factors and outcome.
abstract: External ventricular drainage (EVD) is frequently used in neurosurgery to drain cerebrospinal fluid in patients with raised intracranial pressure. We performed a retrospective single center study in order to evaluate the incidence of EVD-related infections and to identify underlying risk factors. 246 EVDs were placed in 218 patients over a 30-month period. EVD was continued in median for 7 days (range 1-44). The cumulative incidence of EVD-related infections was 8.3% (95% CI, 5.3-12.7) with a device-associated infection rate of 10.4 per 1000 drainage days (95% CI, 6.2-16.5). The pathogens most commonly identified were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (62%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (19%). Patients with an EVD-related infection had a significantly longer ICU (11 versus 21 days, P < 0.01) and hospital stay (20 versus 28.5 days, P < 0.01) than patients without. Median total duration of external drainage was twice as long in patients with EVD-related infection (6 versus 12 days, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the duration between first EVD placement and the occurrence of EVD-related infection and EVD removal in patients without EVD-related infection (6 versus 7 days, P = 0.87), respectively. Interestingly no risk factor for EVD-related infection could be identified in our cohort of patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany ; Center for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagel
authors.affiliation: Center for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany ; Center for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pletz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ewald