title: Pan-human coronavirus and human bocavirus SYBR Green and TaqMan PCR assays; use in studying influenza A viruses co-infection and risk of hospitalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Influenza A viruses, human coronaviruses (hCoV) and human bocavirus (hBoV) are emerging respiratory viruses. This study investigated the association between influenza A viruses co-infection with hBoV and hCoV and severity and the sensitivity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for identification of 15 coronaviruses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published sequences for the 15 human coronaviruses were used to design a consensus PCR targeting the replicase open reading frame 1b. A previously published PCR targeting the NS1 Gene of all known human bocavirus strains was also utilized. A series of 217 samples from patients aged 37.7 (SD ± 30.4)] with seasonal influenza A viruses (SeasFluA) identified between 06/2011 and 06/2012 in NW England were tested for hCoV and hBoV using RT-PCR. Association between co-infection and disease outcome was assessed using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The limit of detection of hCoV RT-PCR assay was 2 copies/µl of human coronavirus RNA template, a sensitivity comparable to a previously published SYBR green assay for human coronaviruses. A total of 12 hCoV and 17 hBoV were identified in the 217 influenza A positive samples. A higher proportion (61.5%; 8/13) of SeasFluA/hBoV co-infections were identified in patients that were admitted either to a general ward or the intensive care unit compared to 44.3% (66/149) of single SeasFlu A virus infections (OR 2.5 95% CI 0.67-9.34, p = 0.17). In a stratified analysis, there was a trend towards higher association between FluA, hCoV and hBoV with increasing age (especially in patients aged 24-45 years and >65 year old).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our hCoV RT-PCR protocol appeared to be of adequate analytical sensitivity for diagnosis. More and larger studies are needed to confirm the role of hCoV, hBoV in causing severe disease when they co-infect with influenza A viruses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, 1st Floor Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, edwardgo.ka@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Goka
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vallely
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mutton
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Klapper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000235:genetics*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult