title: The AIMAR recommendations for early diagnosis of chronic obstructive respiratory disease based on the WHO/GARD model*.
abstract: Respiratory diseases in Italy already now represent an emergency (they are the 3(rd) ranking cause of death in the world, and the 2(nd) if Lung cancer is included). In countries similar to our own, they result as the principal cause for a visit to the general practitioner (GP) and the second main cause after injury for recourse to Emergency Care. Their frequency is probably higher than estimated (given that respiratory diseases are currently underdiagnosed). The trend is towards a further increase due to epidemiologic and demographic factors (foremost amongst which are the widespread diffusion of cigarette smoking, the increasing mean age of the general population, immigration, and pollution). Within the more general problem of chronic disease care, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) constitute one of the four national priorities in that they represent an important burden for society in terms of mortality, invalidity, and direct healthcare costs. The strategy suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is an integrated approach consisting of three goals: inform about health, reduce risk exposure, improve patient care. The three goals are translated into practice in the three areas of prevention (1-primary, 2-secondary, 3-tertiary) as: 1) actions of primary (universal) prevention targeted at the general population with the aim to control the causes of disease, and actions of Predictive Medicine - again addressing the general population but aimed at measuring the individual's risk for disease insurgence; 2) actions of early diagnosis targeted at groups or - more precisely - subgroups identified as at risk; 3) continuous improvement and integration of care and rehabilitation support - destined at the greatest possible number of patients, at all stages of disease severity. In Italy, COPD care is generally still inadequate. Existing guidelines, institutional and non-institutional, are inadequately implemented: the international guidelines are not always adaptable to the Italian context; the document of the Agency for Regional Healthcare Services (AGE.NA.S) is a more suited compendium for consultation, and the recent joint statement on integrated COPD management of the three major Italian scientific Associations in the respiratory area together with the contribution of a Society of General Medicine deals prevalently with some critical issues (appropriateness of diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, rehabilitation, continuing care); also the document "Care Continuity: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)" of the Global Alliance against chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD)-Italy does not treat in depth the issue of early diagnosis. The present document - produced by the AIMAR (Interdisciplinary Association for Research in Lung Disease) Task Force for early diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease based on the WHO/GARD model and on available evidence and expertise -after a general examination of the main epidemiologic aspects, proposes to integrate the above-mentioned existing documents. In particular: a) it formally indicates on the basis of the available evidence the modalities and the instruments necessary for carrying out secondary prevention at the primary care level (a pro-active,'case-finding'approach; assessment of the individual's level of risk of COPD; use of short questionnaires for an initial screening based on symptoms; use of simple spirometry for the second level of screening); b) it identifies possible ways of including these activities within primary care practice; c) it places early diagnosis within the "systemic", consequential management of chronic respiratory diseases, which will be briefly described with the aid of schemes taken from the Italian and international reference documents.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and TB Unit, Vittorio Veneto General Hospital, Vittorio Veneto, TV, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardini
authors.affiliation: EPAR, INSERM UMRS-1136 IPLESP, Paris, France ; EPAR, Paris Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMRS-1136 IPLESP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Annesi-Maesano
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Unit, "G. Rummo" Hospital, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Donno
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Unit , Saluzzo Hospital, ASL CN1 Regione Piemonte, Saluzzo, CN, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delucchi
authors.affiliation: General Practitioner, Brescia, SIMG Area Respiratoria, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Germano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bettoncelli
authors.affiliation: Sport Medicine, ULSS 7 Regione Veneto, Vittorio Veneto TV, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lamberti
authors.affiliation: General Practitioner, Regione Veneto, San Donà di Piave, VE, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patera
authors.affiliation: Provincial Respiratory Pole, ASL Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polverino
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Unit, "G. Rummo" Hospital, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Function Unit, Polla Hospital, ASL Salerno Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santoriello
authors.affiliation: General Practitioner, Naples, SIMG Area Respiratoria, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soverina
keywords: COPD; Early diagnosis; Guidelines; Prevention; Respiratory diseases