title: Dacryocystocele on prenatal ultrasonography: diagnosis and postnatal outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence of dacryocystoceles detected by prenatal ultrasonography (US) and their postnatal outcomes and to determine the factors associated with the postnatal persistence of dacryocystoceles at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the prenatal US database at our institution for the period between January 2012 and December 2013. The medical records of women who had fetuses diagnosed with dacryocystocel larger than 5 mm were reviewed for maternal age, gestational age (GA) at detection, size and side of the dacryocystoceles, delivery, and postnatal information, such as GA at delivery, delivery mode, and gender of the neonate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 singletons were diagnosed with a dacryocystocele on prenatal US, yielding an overall incidence of 0.43%. The incidence of dacryocystoceles was the highest at the GA of 27 weeks and decreased toward term. Of the 49 fetuses including three of undeter mined gender, 25 (54%) were female. The mean GA at first detection was 31.2 weeks. The dacryocystocele was unilateral in 29 cases, with a mean maximum diameter of 7 mm. Spontaneous resolution at birth was documented in 35 out of 46 neonates (76%), including six with prenatal resolution. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that GA at delivery was a significant predictor of the postnatal persistence of dacryocystoceles (P=0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall incidence of prenatal dacryocystoceles was 0.43%; the incidence was higher in the early third trimester and decreased thereafter. Prenatal dacryocystoceles resolved in 76% of the patients at birth, and the GA at delivery was a significant predictor of postnatal persistence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hwa
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0517-9559
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4535-5484
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4853-3167
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Hee
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5449-7014
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4183-690X
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Sang
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8524-6891
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Congenital abnormalities; Fetus; Lacrimal duct obstruction; Ultrasonography