title: Marines, medics, and machismo: lack of fit with masculine occupational stereotypes discourages men's participation.
abstract: Women have made substantial inroads into some traditionally masculine occupations (e.g., accounting, journalism) but not into others (e.g., military, surgery). Evidence suggests the latter group of occupations is characterized by hyper-masculine 'macho' stereotypes that are especially disadvantageous to women. Here, we explore whether such macho occupational stereotypes may be especially tenacious, not just because of their impact on women, but also because of their impact on men. We examined whether macho stereotypes associated with marine commandos and surgeons discourage men who feel that they are 'not man enough'. Study 1 demonstrates that male new recruits' (N = 218) perceived lack of fit with masculine commandos was associated with reduced occupational identification and motivation. Study 2 demonstrates that male surgical trainees' (N = 117) perceived lack of fit with masculine surgeons was associated with reduced identification and increased psychological exit a year later. Together, this suggests that macho occupational stereotypes may discourage the very men who may challenge them.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.|College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.|Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.|College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
authors.forename: S Alexander
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057228:Masculinity; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D066231:Surgeons / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gender stereotypes; masculinity; men; occupational engagement; occupational identification