title: Association of altered hemorheology with oxidative stress and inflammation in metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have shown increased whole blood viscosity (WBV), decreased erythrocyte deformability, and increased erythrocyte aggregation in metabolic syndrome (MetS) in our previous study. The objective of the study was to find out if the altered hemorheology shown in MetS in our previous study is associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the same subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred recruited participants were classified into three groups based on the number of the MetS components present following National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III definitions. WBV, erythrocyte aggregation, erythrocyte deformability, oxidative stress markers (erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and urinary isoprostanes), inflammatory markers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and thrombotic marker D-dimer were measured. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS 20 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant association of altered hemorheology with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in MetS. There was a linear increase in the level of hsCRP and a linear decrease in the level of SOD and GSH across the quartiles of erythrocyte aggregation. Similarly, the thrombotic marker D-dimer showed a linear increase and oxidative stress marker GSH showed a linear decrease trend across the quartiles of WBV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations of hemorheology in MetS are probably due to the effect of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The negative effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress on the cardiovascular system could be due to the resulting altered hemorheology.
authors.forename: Prajwal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gyawali
authors.forename: Ross S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Erythrocyte aggregation; Erythrocyte deformability; Glutathione; Metabolic syndrome; Whole blood viscosity