title: Effective identification of (NH4)2CO3 and NH4HCO3 concentrations in NaHCO3 regeneration process from desulfurized waste.
abstract: This work describes the quantitative analysis of (NH4)2CO3 and NH4HCO3 using a simple solution phase titration method. Back titration results at various (NH4)2CO3-NH4HCO3 ratios demonstrated that 6:4 ratio caused a 3% error in their differentiation, but very high errors were found at other ratios. A similar trend was observed for the double indicator method, especially when strong acid HCl was used as a titrant, where still less errors (2.5%) at a middle ratio of (NH4)2CO3-NH4HCO3 was found. Remaining ratios with low (NH4)2CO3 (2:8, 4:6) show high +ve error (found concentration is less) and high (NH4)2CO3 (7:3, 8:2, and 9:1) show high -ve error (found concentration is higher) and vice versa for NH4HCO3. In replacement titration using Na2SO4, at both higher end ratios of (NH4)2CO3-NH4HCO3 (2:8 and 9:1), both -ve and +ve errors were minimized to 75% by partial equilibrium arrest between (NH4)2CO3 and NH2COONH4, instead of more than 100% observed in back titration and only double indicator methods. In the presence of (NH4)2SO4 both -ve and +ve error% are completely reduced to 3±1 at ratios 2:8, 4:6, and 6:4 of (NH4)2CO3-NH4HCO3, which demonstrates that the equilibrium transformation between NH2COONH4 and (NH4)2CO3 is completely controlled. The titration conducted at lower temperature (5 °C) in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 at higher ratios of (NH4)2CO3-NH4HCO3 (7:3, 8:2,and 9:1) shows complete minimization of both -ve and +ve errors to 2±1%, which explains the complete arresting of equilibrium transformation. Finally, the developed method shows 2±1% error in differentiation of CO3(2-) and HCO3(-) in the regeneration process of NaHCO3 from crude desulfurized sample. The developed method is more promising to differentiate CO3(2-) and HCO3(-) in industrial applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Muthuraman
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kannan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karunakaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Palanisami
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nallasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok Dong, Suncheon 540-742, Chonnam, South Korea. Electronic address: ismoon@sunchon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Il Shik
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Moon
keywords: Ammonium bicarbonate; Ammonium carbonate; Ammonium sulfate; Flue Gas Desulfurization; Sodium sulfate; Titration