title: Promoting women's human rights: A qualitative analysis of midwives' perceptions about virginity control and hymen 'reconstruction'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore midwives' perceptions regarding virginity control and hymen 'reconstructions', and how these practices can be debated from a gender perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international group of 266 midwives answered an open-ended question in a Web survey. The great majority came from the Western world, among them, the majority were from Europe. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three themes emerged: misogynistic practices that cement the gender order, which revealed how the respondents viewed virginity control and hymen 'reconstructions'; raising public awareness and combatting practices that demean women, which were suggested as strategies by which to combat these practices; and promoting agency in women and providing culturally sensitive care, which were considered to improve health care encounters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virginity control and hymen 'reconstructions' are elements of patriarchy, whereby violence and control are employed to subordinate women. To counter these practices, macro and micro-level activities are needed to expand women's human rights in the private and the public spheres. Political activism, international debates, collaboration between sectors such as health care and law-makers may lead to increased gender equality. A women-centred approach whereby women are empowered with agency will make women more capable of combatting virginity control and hymen 'reconstruction'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006924:Hymen / Q000601:surgery*; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D016387:Women's Health; D014933:Women's Rights
keywords: Gender perspective; Human rights; Hymen reconstruction; Midwives; Qualitative study;; Virginity