title: Unusual excess free energies of mixing in mixtures of partially fluorinated and hydrocarbon surfactants at the air-water interface: correlation with the structure of the layer.
abstract: The air-water interface of three mixtures of partially fluorinated surfactants and hydrocarbon surfactants, C4F9C11H22N(CH3)3Br (fC4hC11TAB) with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB), (CF3)2C3F6C10H20N(CH3)3Br (fC5hC10TAB) with C16TAB, and C8F17C6H12N(CH3)3Br (fC8hC6TAB) with C18TAB, have been investigated using surface tension (ST) and neutron reflection (NR). Using the composition of the layer determined by NR, the pseudophase separation model was used to fit the variation of concentration for a specific ST to a free energy of mixing, G(E), that included adjustable quadratic, cubic and quartic terms. In all three cases, G(E) was found to be highly unsymmetrical, being approximately ideal at low surface fractions of hydrocarbon surfactant and repulsive at high fractions with a maximum value of 0.2-0.3RT. The corresponding structure of the layer was also determined by NR and showed that the initial ideal behavior of G(E) probably results from a balance of a gain in energy from a reduced immersion of the fluorocarbon chain, brought about by screening of the fluorocarbon from water by the hydrocarbon surfactant, and a loss from increased fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon repulsion. At higher concentration, there is no space in the layer for further screening and the fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon repulsion leads to the expected positive G(E). The calculated G(E) also indicated that there should be phase separation of the two components in the interface over a bulk composition range of about 60-95% hydrocarbon surfactant. However, experiment indicates no phase separation. It is suggested that there are a number of possible additional negative contributions to G(E) close to a phase transition, which are not possible for a true bulk phase separation, and which prevent surface phase separation unless it is strongly favored.
authors.affiliation: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Chu Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penfold