title: Longer term impact of cigarette package warnings in Australia compared with the United Kingdom and Canada.
abstract: This study examines the effects of different cigarette package warnings in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom up to 5 years post-implementation. The data came from the International Tobacco Control Surveys. Measures included salience of warnings, cognitive responses, forgoing cigarettes and avoiding warnings. Although salience of the UK warnings was higher than the Australian and Canadian pictorial warnings, this did not lead to greater levels of cognitive reactions, forgoing or avoiding. There was no difference in ratings between the Australian and UK warnings for cognitive responses and forgoing, but the Canadian warnings were responded to more strongly. Avoidance of the Australian warnings was greater than to UK ones, but less than to the Canadian warnings. The impact of warnings declined over time in all three countries. Declines were comparable between Australia and the United Kingdom on all measures except avoiding, where Australia had a greater rate of decline; and for salience where the decline was slower in Canada. Having two rotating sets of warnings does not appear to reduce wear-out over a single set of warnings. Warning size may be more important than warning type in preventing wear-out, although both probably contribute interactively.
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA Lin.Li@cancervic.org.au.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thrasher
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hitchman
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA, Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada and Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Maansi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bansal-Travers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult