title: Empty alcohol containers and breath alcohol analysis measures of alcohol consumption at a college volleyball championship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article provides information on the amount of alcohol consumed by students during college sports events. It examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and the rank of the match, sex of the players (male vs. female league), and sex of the spectators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out during an interdepartmental volleyball championship (cup system) at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland), which included 16 matches (in both male and female leagues). The research sample consisted of 2,683 students between ages 19 and 24 years (including 1,768 men and 915 women) who came to cheer on their peers at the matches. Two objective measurements of alcohol consumption were used: (a) the number of empty alcohol packages left behind by the spectators at the sports facilities after each match and (b) breath alcohol analysis tests given to volunteering spectators after each match (in which 323 persons consented to participate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male league games were accompanied by more alcohol consumption than were female league games, and male spectators drank more than female spectators. The most drinking occurred among men watching the male league, and the least amount of drinking occurred among women watching the female league. Alcohol intoxication increased with the rank of the match mostly among men watching the male league.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sex of players and spectators seems to be a mediating factor in the relationship between the rank of a match and the amount of alcohol consumed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Podstawski
authors.affiliation: Social Science Faculty, Chair of Psychology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wesołowska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Technical Sciences, Chair of Heavy Duty Machines and Research Methodology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choszcz
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014495:Universities; D054798:Volleyball; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol