title: Effects of age, parity, and pregnancy abnormalities on foal birth weight and uterine blood flow in the mare.
abstract: Color Doppler sonography has become routine for the evaluation of high-risk pregnancies in human medicine. Previous studies documenting uterine blood flow parameters in the pregnant mare have found a decrease in peripheral blood flow resistance in the first pregnancy weeks and an increase in uterine blood flow, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy. However, these studies involved only a small number of mares. No naturally occurring pregnancy abnormalities occurred that would allow blood flow changes to be retrospectively examined and analyzed. The objective of the present study was to monitor the diameter of the uterine artery, uterine blood flow, and the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) throughout gestation in a large number of pregnant mares of different age and parity. In the present study, 51 warmblood mares were examined by ultrasonography on Days 16 and 30, at monthly intervals until Day 300, and then every 10 days from Day 300 until parturition. After localization of the uterine artery ipsilateral and contralateral to the conceptus, the diameter of each artery, the uterine blood flow (pulsatility index [PI], blood flow volume [BFV], and the presence of early diastolic notch), and the CTUP were measured and correlated to placental and foal birth weight after delivery. Furthermore, the effect of age (3-7 years [n = 16], 8-11 years [n = 17], 12-16 years [n = 18]) and parity (0-2 foals [n = 22], 3-4 foals [n = 15], 5-8 foals [n = 14]) on these parameters were analyzed. The diameter of the uterine artery increased more than threefold in the ipsilateral artery (0.40 ± 0.07-1.33 ± 0.08 cm) and 2.7-fold in the contralateral artery (0.39 ± 0.07-1.07 ± 0.08 cm [P < 0.0001]). The early diastolic notch disappeared in the pulse waves in 98% of the ipsilateral arteries and 85.7% in the contralateral arteries on Day 150 when placentation is complete. Blood flow volume increased 50-fold in the ipsilateral artery during pregnancy and increased dramatically in the last trimester. The median foal weight was 52.6 kg. Mares with heavier foals (>52.6 kg) had a 1.38-fold higher BFV in the last 2 months (P < 0.05) compared with lighter foals. Pulsatility index decreased 2-fold until completion of placentation at around Day 150 and continued to decline until Day 240 where it then stayed constant and at a low level until delivery. Age predominantly influenced PI, whereas the diameter of the uterine arteries, which is correlated to BFV (r ipsilateral = 0.919, P < 0.0001 and r contralateral = 0.909, P < 0.000), was strongly affected by parity. Four mares spontaneously aborted (Days 200, 208, 213, and 246) and four mares spontaneously developed placentitis that was diagnosed by the presence of an increased CTUP and/or placental pathology after delivery. Although not statistically relevant, the aborting mares showed a slightly increased total BFV, but no differences in PI were seen compared with mares without abnormalities of pregnancy. Mares that developed placentitis had a late (Days 150-210) disappearance of the early diastolic notch and an increased PI in the first half of pregnancy. In conclusion, the study documented differences in uterine artery diameter and blood flow in a large number of pregnant mares. Furthermore, this is the first known report to document uteroplacental blood flow changes associated with naturally occurring placentitis and abortion in mares.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses-Reproductive Unit for Reproductive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany; Veterinary Clinic Domaene Karthaus, Duelmen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klewitz
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses-Reproductive Unit for Reproductive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Struebing
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rohn
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses Muehlen, Muehlen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goergens
authors.affiliation: State Stud Celle, Celle, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinsson
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses-Reproductive Unit for Reproductive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orgies
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses-Reproductive Unit for Reproductive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: Matamata Veterinary Services, Matamata, Waikato, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hollinshead
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine Zuerich, Zuerich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bollwein
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Horses-Reproductive Unit for Reproductive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany. Electronic address: harald.sieme@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sieme
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*
keywords: Combined thickness of the uterus and placenta; Doppler sonography; Foal weight; Placentitis; Pregnancy; Uterine blood flow