title: Spatiotemporal analysis of particulate air pollution and ischemic heart disease mortality in Beijing, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have used spatially resolved ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm (PM10) to examine the impact of PM10 on ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in China. The aim of our study is to evaluate the short-term effects of PM10 concentrations on IHD mortality by means of spatiotemporal analysis approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected daily data on air pollution, weather conditions and IHD mortality in Beijing, China during 2008 and 2009. Ordinary kriging (OK) was used to interpolate daily PM10 concentrations at the centroid of 287 township-level areas based on 27 monitoring sites covering the whole city. A generalized additive mixed model was used to estimate quantitatively the impact of spatially resolved PM10 on the IHD mortality. The co-effects of the seasons, gender and age were studied in a stratified analysis. Generalized additive model was used to evaluate the effects of averaged PM10 concentration as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The averaged spatially resolved PM10 concentration at 287 township-level areas was 120.3 ± 78.1 μg/m3. Ambient PM10 concentration was associated with IHD mortality in spatiotemporal analysis and the strongest effects were identified for the 2-day average. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with an increase of 0.33% (95% confidence intervals: 0.13%, 0.52%) in daily IHD mortality. The effect estimates using spatially resolved PM10 were larger than that using averaged PM10. The seasonal stratification analysis showed that PM10 had the statistically stronger effects on IHD mortality in summer than that in the other seasons. Males and older people demonstrated the larger response to PM10 exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that short-term exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with increased IHD mortality. Spatial variation should be considered for assessing the impacts of particulate air pollution on mortality.
authors.forename: Meimei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Westerdahl
authors.forename: Yunzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Fengchao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China. xcpan@hsc.pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaochuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012621:Seasons; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide