title: Cone beam computed tomographic analyses of alveolar bone anatomy at the maxillary anterior region in Chinese adults.
abstract: To provide an anatomical basis for clinical implant esthetics, we evaluated the morphology of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) and analyzed labial and interproximal bone anatomy at the maxillary anterior region. We sought to investigate the effect of maxillary protrusion and tooth labiolingual inclination on labial bone anatomy in Chinese adults. Three dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from 80 Chinese subjects and by SimPlant 11.04. The dimensions of the NPC, the thickness and profile of the labial bone, the width and height of the interproximal bone, angle sella-nasion-subspinale (SNA) and angle upper central incisor-nasion,subspinale (U1-NA) were measured. The incisive foramen of the NPC was markedly wider than its nasal foramen. The dimension of its labial bone wall demonstrated an increasing width from the crestal to apical measurements. The labial bone at the maxillary anterior region was rather thin, especially at 3 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and the mid-root level; the profile of the labial bone was more curved at the central incisor, and the interproximal bone became wider and shorter posteriorly. There were significant relationships between maxillary protrusion and labial bone profile, tooth labiolingual inclination and labial bone thickness (P < 0.02). To achieve optimal esthetic outcome of implant, bone augmentation is necessary at the maxillary anterior region. For immediate or early placement at the maxillary anterior region, the implant should be located palatally to reduce labial bone resorption and marginal recession; its apex should be angulated palatally to avoid labial perforation at the apical region. To protect the NPC, implants at the central incisor region should be placed away from NPC.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Zhixuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: alveolar bone; cone beam computed tomography (CBCT); implant esthetics; maxillary anterior region; nasopalatine canal (NPC)