title: Effects of stachydrine on norepinephrine-induced neonatal rat cardiac myocytes hypertrophy and intracellular calcium transients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leonurus heterophyllus sweet has been suggested to have cardioprotective effects against heart diseases, including ischemic diseases and ventricular remodeling. However, the active ingredients of the herb and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of stachydrine (STA), a major constituent of Leonurus heterophyllus sweet, on norepinephrine (NE) induced hypertrophy and the changes of calcium transients in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventricular myocytes from 1-day-old Wistar rats were isolated and cultured in DMEM/F12 with 1 μmol/L norepinephrine in the presence or absence of 10 μmol/L STA for 72 h. Cardiomyocytes hypertrophy was evaluated by cell surface area, total protein/DNA content, β/α-MHC mRNA ratio. While calcium handling function was evaluated by Ca2+-transient amplitude and decay, SERCA2a activity and expression, PLN expression and phosphorylation. β1-adrenergic receptor system activation was evaluated by the content of cAMP and the activation of PKA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NE treatment increases the cell surface area, protein synthesis, the expression level of β-MHC and β/α-MHC ratio. These effects were attenuated by STA. NE-induced hypertrophy was associated with increased Ca2+-transient amplitude, accelerated decay of the Ca2+-transient, increased phospholamban expression, hyper-phosphorylation at both the serine-16 and threonine-17 residues, increased intracellular cAMP level, and PKA overactivation. All of which were significantly inhibited by STA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that STA attenuates norepinephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and has potential protective effects against β-adrenergic receptor induced Ca2+ mishandling.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Yue-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Hong-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. lurong@shutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000188:drug therapy; D031332:Leonurus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011392:Proline; C003342:stachydrine; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine