title: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE) in patients with type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced glycation end (AGE) products play a role in the progression of diabetic complications. Gluten-free diet (GFD) might affect AGE levels in patients who adhere to a GFD because of coeliac disease (CD). The aim of our study was to compare skin AGE levels and soluble receptor AGE levels (sRAGE) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) with (T1DM + CD) and without CD (T1DM - CD) and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 25 T1DM + CD and 25 T1DM - CD patients, matched for age, gender, diabetes duration, and glycaemic control alongside 25 healthy controls. We collected demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics, including skin autofluorescence (AF), sRAGE and hs-CRP levels. The duration of T1DM in patients was 30 ± 14 (+CD) and 29 ± 14 years (-CD), whereas CD duration in T1DM + CD patients was 14 ± 10 years. Skin AF levels in T1DM patients were higher compared to healthy controls (2.5 ± 0.6 versus 1.9 ± 0.4, p < 0.01) and skin AF was independently associated with age (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). sRAGE levels were higher in T1DM - CD patients compared to healthy controls (1554 ± 449 versus 1309 ± 400, p = 0.049) and independently associated with creatinine levels (r = 0.32, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that skin AGE and sRAGE levels are elevated in T1DM patients compared with healthy controls. No difference in skin AF or sRAGE levels between T1DM patients with or without CD were observed. The present study suggests that differences in microvascular complications between T1DM and T1DM + CD patients are not due to differences in skin AF or sRAGE levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tushuizen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gözütok
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Çiftci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gelderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.simsek@mca.nl.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simsek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; C000593871:AGER protein, human
keywords: AGE; Advanced glycation end products; Autofluorescence; Coeliac disease; Gluten-free diet; Soluble receptor-AGE; Type 1 diabetes