title: Multiple cellular cascades participate in long-term potentiation and in hippocampus-dependent learning.
abstract: Since its discovery by Bliss and Lomo, the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) has been extensively studied, as it was viewed as a potential cellular mechanism of learning and memory. Over the years, many signaling cascades have been implicated in its induction, consolidation and maintenance, raising questions regarding its real significance. Here, we review several of the most commonly studie signaling cascades and discuss how they converge on a common set of mechanisms likely to be involved in the maintenance of LTP. We further argue that the existence of cross-talks between these different signaling cascades can not only account for several discrepancies in the literature, but also account for the existence of different forms of LTP, which can be engaged by different types of stimulus parameters under different experimental conditions. Finally, we discuss how the understanding of the diversity of LTP mechanisms can help us understand the diversity of the types of learning and memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
authors.affiliation: Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA. Electronic address: mbaudry@westernu.edu.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baudry
authors.affiliation: Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
authors.forename: Guoqi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
authors.forename: Yubin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Briz
authors.affiliation: College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoning
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D049229:Dendritic Spines / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D002154:Calpain
keywords: Actin polymerization; Calpain; CamKII; PKA; PTEN