title: Immigration, barriers to healthcare and transnational ties: A case study of South Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada.
abstract: The paper analyzes the healthcare-seeking behavior of South Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada, and how transnationalism shapes post-migration health and health-management strategies. Built upon largely separate research areas in ethnicity and health, health geography, and transnationalism, the paper conceptualizes immigrant health as influenced by individual characteristics, the migration and resettlement experience, and place effects at both a local and a transnational scale. A mixed-method approach is used to capture insights into health status and experiences in accessing local and transnational healthcare among South Korean immigrants - a fast growing visible minority group in Canada. Statistical analysis of data from the Canadian Community Health Survey discloses patterns and trends in health and healthcare use among the Korean Canadian, overall foreign-born, and native-born populations. Focus groups reveal in-depth information on the decline of Korean immigrants' health status and the array of sociocultural, economic and geographic barriers in accessing healthcare in Canada, which gave rise to their transnational use of health resources in the home country. The transnational strategies included traveling to South Korea for medical examinations or treatment, importing medications from South Korea to Canada, and consulting health resources in South Korea by phone or email. The results provide timely knowledge on how a recent immigrant group adapts to Canada in the domain of health and adds a transnational perspective to the literature on ethnicity and health.
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University, Department of Geography, 305 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada. Electronic address: luwang@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Min-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000639:trends*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D011203:Poverty; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Healthcare access; Immigrant health; Korean immigrants; Toronto, Canada; Transnationalism