title: Inhibition of phospholipase D2 induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal self-digestion process used for the breakdown of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles, and it is associated with a number of pathological processes, including cancer. Phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes are dysregulated in various cancers. Recently, we reported that PLD1 is a new regulator of autophagy and is a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, we investigated whether PLD2 is involved in the regulation of autophagy. A PLD2-specific inhibitor and siRNA directed against PLD2 were used to treat HT29 and HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, and both inhibition and genetic knockdown of PLD2 in these cells significantly induced autophagy, as demonstrated by the visualization of light chain 3 (LC3) puncta and autophagic vacuoles as well as by determining the LC3-II protein level. Furthermore, PLD2 inhibition promoted autophagic flux via the canonical Atg5-, Atg7- and AMPK-Ulk1-mediated pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that PLD2 might have a role in autophagy and that its inhibition might provide a new therapeutic basis for targeting autophagy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: 1] Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Yell
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea [2] Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do Sik
authors.initials: do S
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C585272:N-(2-(4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro(4,5)decan-8-yl)ethyl)quinoline-3-carboxamide; D011804:Quinolines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C105606:phospholipase D2; D010739:Phospholipase D