title: The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs.
abstract: Differences in breeding system are associated with correlated ecological and morphological changes in plants. In Ficus, dioecy and monoecy are strongly associated with different suites of traits (tree height, population density, fruiting frequency, pollinator dispersal ecology). Although approximately 30% of fig species are pollinated by multiple species of fig-pollinating wasps, it has been suggested that copollinators are rare in dioecious figs. Here, we test whether there is a connection between the fig breeding system and copollinator incidence and diversification by conducting a meta-analysis of molecular data from pollinators of 119 fig species that includes new data from 15 Asian fig species. We find that the incidence of copollinators is not significantly different between monoecious and dioecious Ficus. Surprisingly, while all copollinators in dioecious figs are sister taxa, only 32.1% in monoecious figs are sister taxa. We present hypotheses to explain those patterns and discuss their consequences on the evolution of this mutualism.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Li-Yuan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Yan-Qiong
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Da-Rong
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Da-Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wan-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D030681:Ficus / Q000502:physiology*; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D054817:Pollination; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013559:Symbiosis; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Breeding system; Ficus; cospeciation; fig-pollinating wasp; host specificity; host switching