title: Parsing glucose entry into the brain: novel findings obtained with enzyme-based glucose biosensors.
abstract: Extracellular levels of glucose in brain tissue reflect dynamic balance between its gradient-dependent entry from arterial blood and its use for cellular metabolism. In this work, we present several sets of previously published and unpublished data obtained by using enzyme-based glucose biosensors coupled with constant-potential high-speed amperometry in freely moving rats. First, we consider basic methodological issues related to the reliability of electrochemical measurements of extracellular glucose levels in rats under physiologically relevant conditions. Second, we present data on glucose responses induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by salient environmental stimuli and discuss the relationships between local neuronal activation and rapid glucose entry into brain tissue. Third, by presenting data on changes in NAc glucose induced by intravenous and intragastric glucose delivery, we discuss other mechanisms of glucose entry into the extracellular domain following changes in glucose blood concentrations. Lastly, by showing the pattern of NAc glucose fluctuations during glucose-drinking behavior, we discuss the relationships between "active" and "passive" glucose entry to the brain, its connection to behavior-related metabolic activation, and the possible functional significance of these changes in behavioral regulation. These data provide solid experimental support for the "neuronal" hypothesis of neurovascular coupling, which postulates the critical role of neuronal activity in rapid regulation of vascular tone, local blood flow, and entry of glucose and oxygen to brain tissue to maintain active cellular metabolism.
authors.affiliation: In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States.
authors.forename: Eugene A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kiyatkin
authors.forename: Ken T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: Brain metabolism; amperometry; cerebral blood flow; enzyme-based glucose sensors; metabolic brain activation; neuronal activity