title: Provider responses to patients controlling access to their electronic health records: a prospective cohort study in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Applying Fair Information Practice principles to electronic health records (EHRs) requires allowing patient control over who views their data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a program that captures patients' preferences for provider access to an urban health system's EHR. Patients could allow or restrict providers' access to all data (diagnoses, medications, test results, reports, etc.) or only highly sensitive data (sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, drugs/alcohol, mental or reproductive health). Except for information in free-text reports, we redacted EHR data shown to providers according to patients' preferences. Providers could "break the glass" to display redacted information. We prospectively studied this system in one primary care clinic, noting redactions and when users "broke the glass," and surveyed providers about their experiences and opinions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of nine eligible clinic physicians and all 23 clinic staff participated. All 105 patients who enrolled completed the preference program. Providers did not know which of their patients were enrolled, nor their preferences for accessing their EHRs. During the 6-month prospective study, 92 study patients (88 %) returned 261 times, during which providers viewed their EHRs 126 times (48 %). Providers "broke the glass" 102 times, 92 times for patients not in the study and ten times for six returning study patients, all of whom had restricted EHR access. Providers "broke the glass" for six (14 %) of 43 returning study patients with redacted data vs. zero among 49 study patients without redactions (p = 0.01). Although 54 % of providers agreed that patients should have control over who sees their EHR information, 58 % believed restricting EHR access could harm provider-patient relationships and 71 % felt quality of care would suffer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients frequently preferred restricting provider access to their EHRs. Providers infrequently overrode patients' preferences to view hidden data. Providers believed that restricting EHR access would adversely impact patient care. Applying Fair Information Practice principles to EHRs will require balancing patient preferences, providers' needs, and health care quality.
authors.affiliation: Regenstrief Institute, Inc, 410 West Tenth Street, Suite HS2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA, wtierney@regenstrief.org.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Sheri A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byrket
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meslin
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D033283:Patient Access to Records; D057240:Patient Preference; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies