title: Inhalation of fine particulate matter during pregnancy increased IL-4 cytokine levels in the fetal portion of the placenta.
abstract: This study aimed to verify the development of placental and systemic inflammation in rats exposed to fine particulate matter before or during pregnancy. Wistar rats were exposed to filtered air (control) or to a load of 600 μg/m(3) of fine particles in the air. The gene expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, TNF-α and Toll-like receptor 4 in the placenta was evaluated. The serum and placental concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α were measured. The total and differential blood leukocyte and blood platelet count was assessed. Compared to control animals, IL-4 content was elevated in the fetal portion of the placenta in rats exposed to air pollution before and during pregnancy. Increased IL-4 suggests that a placental inflammatory reaction may have occurred in response to exposure to fine particulate matter and that this cytokine was responsible, among possibly others factors, for resolution of the inflammatory reaction.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Oliveira
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sônia Fátima
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isis Akemi
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camilla Ferreira
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wenceslau
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular, Genetics and Molecular Nephrology - Department of Internal Medicine, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Gonçalves
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Matera
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Veras
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luzia N S
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Hilário Nascimento
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: jheimann@usp.br.
authors.forename: Joel Claudio
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Heimann
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D015847:Interleukin-4
keywords: Air pollution; Decidua; Inflammation; Placenta and pregnancy