title: The cardiorenal problem.
abstract: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes the reciprocally detrimental interaction between both acute and chronic cardiac and renal dysfunction. The syndrome is prevalent and carries a high mortality. CRS has five clinical subtypes, which share common pathogenetic mechanisms including neurohumoral and haemodynamic derangements. We describe several serum markers that offer improvements over traditional measurement of serum creatinine for the diagnosis of CRS. The mainstay of therapy of CRS is loop diuretics in the acute setting and ACE-inhibition in the chronic setting, the latter should in most cases continue despite therapy-associated increases in creatinine. Extracorporeal therapies remain second line treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Emiliy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Albina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000097:blood*; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents