title: Intraoperative optical coherence tomography imaging to identify parathyroid glands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive high-resolution imaging technique that permits characterization of microarchitectural features in real time. Previous ex vivo studies have shown that the technique is capable of distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the practicality of OCT during open and minimally invasive parathyroid and thyroid surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  During parathyroid and thyroid surgery, OCT images were generated from parathyroid glands, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue. The images were immediately assessed by the operating team using the previously defined criteria. Second, the OCT images were blinded with respect to their origin and analyzed by two investigators. Whenever possible the OCT findings were matched to the corresponding histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 227 OCT images from 27 patients undergoing open or minimally invasive thyroid or parathyroid surgery were analyzed. Parathyroid glands were correctly identified in 69.2%, thyroid tissue in 74.5%, lymph nodes in 37.5%, and adipose tissue in 69.2%. 43 OCT images (18.9%) could not be allocated to one of the tissue types (Table 2). Sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing parathyroid tissue from the other entities were 69% (63 true positive, 13 false negative findings, 15 images where an allocation was not possible) and 66%, respectively (71 true negative, 9 false positive, 28 images where an assessment was not possible).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCT is capable of distinguishing between parathyroid, thyroid, and adipose tissue. An accurate differentiation between parathyroid tissue and lymph nodes was not possible. The disappointing results compared to the previous ex vivo study are related to problems handling the endoscopic probe intraoperatively. However, further refinement of this new technology may lead to OCT systems with higher resolution and intraoperative probes that are easier to handle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Innenstadt Medical Campus, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 20, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sommerey
authors.forename: Norah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al Arabi
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ladurner
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiapponi
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: Klaus K J
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hallfeldt
authors.forename: Julia K S
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gallwas
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult