title: Management of a caseous lymphadenitis outbreak in a new Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) stock reservoir.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of clinical status. Once in captivity, 12 out of 14 ibexes (85.7%) seroconverted, preceding the emergence of clinical signs; moreover, TP, WBC, eosinophil and platelet cell counts increased while monocyte and basophil cell counts decreased. After treatment, casualties and fistulas disappeared and both packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration significantly increased. Hp, SAA and ASG values were under the limit of detection or showed no significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A role for captivity in contagion rate is suggested by the increase in antibody levels against C. pseudotuberculosis and the emergence of clinical signs. Although boosted by captivity, this is the first report of an outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis displaying high morbidity and mortality in wild ungulates. Treatment consisting of both vaccination and antibiotic therapy seemed to prevent mortality and alleviate disease severity, but was not reflected in the humoural response. Haematology and APP were not useful indicators in our study, perhaps due to the sampling frequency. Presumably endemic and irrelevant in the wild, this common disease of domestic small ruminants is complicating conservation efforts for the Iberian ibex in north-eastern Spain.
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. andreuccadena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andreu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colom-Cadena
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. roser.velarde@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velarde
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia (Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum"), Murcia, Spain. jsalinas@um.es.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba - Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain. sa2borom@uco.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borge
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba - Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain. v62garbo@uco.es.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Bocanegra
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. emmanuel.serrano@uab.cat.|CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. emmanuel.serrano@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. diana.gasso@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gassó
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. ester.bach@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. encarna.casas@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Encarna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casas-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. Jordi.lopez.olvera@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Jorge R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: López-Olvera
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. Santiago.Lavin@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavín
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia (Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum"), Murcia, Spain. lleonvi@um.es.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: León-Vizcaíno
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. gregorio.mentaberres@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mentaberre
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003354:Corynebacterium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016925:Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006041:Goats; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008199:Lymphadenitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines