title: A history of robots: from science fiction to surgical robotics.
abstract: Surgical robotics is an evolving field with great advances having been made over the last decade. The origin of robotics was in the science-fiction literature and from there industrial applications, and more recently commercially available, surgical robotic devices have been realized. In this review, we examine the field of robotics from its roots in literature to its development for clinical surgical use. Surgical mills and telerobotic devices are discussed, as are potential future developments.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE USA ; Family Ear, Nose, and Throat Physicians, 1941 Limestone Road, Suite 210, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Hockstein
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gourin
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Terris
keywords: Minimally invasive surgery; Robot; Robotic surgery; Robotics; Zeus; daVinci