title: Bedside ultrasonography as an adjunct to routine evaluation of acute appendicitis in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appendicitis is a common condition presenting to the emergency department (ED). Increasingly emergency physicians (EP) are using bedside ultrasound (BUS) as an adjunct diagnostic tool. Our objective is to investigate the test characteristics of BUS for the diagnosis of appendicitis and identify components of routine ED workup and BUS associated with the presence of appendicitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients four years of age and older presenting to the ED with suspected appendicitis were eligible for enrollment. After informed consent was obtained, BUS was performed on the subjects by trained EPs who had undergone a minimum of one-hour didactic training on the use of BUS to diagnose appendicitis. They then recorded elements of clinical history, physical examination, white blood cell count (WBC) with polymophonuclear percentage (PMN), and BUS findings on a data form. We ascertained subject outcomes by a combination of medical record review and telephone follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 125 subjects consented for the study, and 116 had adequate image data for final analysis. Prevalence of appendicitis was 40%. Mean age of the subjects was 20.2 years, and 51% were male. BUS was 100% sensitive (95% CI 87-100%) and 32% specific (95% CI 14-57%) for detection of appendicitis, with a positive predictive value of 72% (95% CI 56-84%), and a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI 52-100%). Assuming all non-diagnostic studies were negative would yield a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 81%. Subjects with appendicitis had a significantly higher occurrence of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a higher WBC and PMN count when compared to those without appendicitis. Their BUS studies were significantly more likely to result in visualization of the appendix, appendix diameter >6mm, appendix wall thickness >2 mm, periappendiceal fluid, visualization of the appendix tip, and sonographic Mcburney's sign (p<0.05). In subjects with diagnostic BUS studies, WBC, PMN, visualization of appendix, appendix diameter >6 mm, appendix wall thickness >2 mm, periappendiceal fluid were found to be predictors of appendicitis on logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BUS is moderately useful for appendicitis diagnosis. We also identified several components in routine ED workup and BUS that are associated with appendicitis generating hypothesis for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: Samuel H F
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grippo
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: Chistopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kerwin
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: P John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Konicki
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goodwine
authors.affiliation: Advocate Christ Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oak Lawn, Illinois.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001065:Appendix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography