title: Direct measurement of time-dependent anesthetized in vivo human pulp temperature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human intrapupal tooth temperature is considered to be similar to that of the body (≈37 °C), although the actual temperature has never been measured. This study evaluated the in vivo, human, basal, coronal intrapulpal temperature of anesthetized upper first premolars.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval of the local Ethics Committee was obtained (protocol no. 255,945), upper right and left first premolars requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons from 8 volunteers, ranging from 12 to 30 years old, received infiltrative and intraligamental anesthesia. The teeth (n=15) were isolated using rubber dam and a small, occlusal preparation was made using high-speed handpiece, under constant air-water spray, until a minute pulp exposure was attained. The sterile probe from a wireless, NIST-traceable, temperature acquisition system (Thermes WFI) was inserted directly into the coronal pulp. Once the probe was properly positioned and stable, real-time temperature data were continuously acquired for approximately 25 min. Data (°C) were subjected to 2-tailed, paired t-test (α=0.05), and the 95% confidence intervals for the initial and 25-min mean temperatures were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial pulp temperature value (31.8±1.5 °C) was significantly lower than after 25-min (35.3±0.7 °C) (p<0.05). The 95% confidence interval for the initial temperature ranged from 31.0 to 32.6 °C and from 35.0 to 35.7 °C after 25 min. A slow, gradual temperature increase was observed after probe insertion until the pulp temperature reached a plateau, usually after 15 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent coronal, human, in vivo temperature values were observed and were slightly, but significantly below that of body core temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrício
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Runnacles
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar Augusto Galvão
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Arrais
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Thais
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pochapski
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio André
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ulisses
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials, Piracicaba Dental School, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mário Fernando
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: De Goes
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Osnara Maria Mongruel
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Section, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Room GC 4344, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: FRUEGGEB@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Frederick Allen
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rueggeberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D014081:Tooth Extraction
keywords: Body temperature; Dental high-speed technique; Dental pulp; LED dental curing lights; Organ temperature; Premolar