title: Cognitive contributions to theory of mind ability in children with a traumatic head injury.
abstract: The objective of the current study is to examine the contribution of intellectual abilities, executive functions (EF), and facial emotion recognition to difficulties in Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities in children with a traumatic head injury. Israeli children with a traumatic head injury were compared with their non-injured counterparts. Each group included 18 children (12 males) ages 7-13. Measurements included reading the mind in the eyes, facial emotion recognition, reasoning the other's characteristics based on motive and outcome, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, similarities and digit span (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised 95 subscales), verbal fluency, and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. Non-injured children performed significantly better on ToM, abstract reasoning, and EF measures compared with children with a traumatic head injury. However, differences in ToM abilities between the groups were no longer significant after controlling for abstract reasoning, working memory, verbal fluency, or facial emotion recognition. Impaired ToM recognition and reasoning abilities after a head injury may result from other cognitive impairments. In children with mild and moderate head injury, poorer performance on ToM tasks may reflect poorer abstract reasoning, a general tendency to concretize stimuli, working memory and verbal fluency deficits, and difficulties in facial emotion recognition, rather than deficits in the ability to understand the other's thoughts and emotions. ToM impairments may be secondary to a range of cognitive deficits in determining social outcomes in this population.
authors.affiliation: a The Department of Behavioural Sciences , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel.
authors.forename: Naomi Kahana
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: a The Department of Behavioural Sciences , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel.
authors.forename: Noach
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Milgram
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D056345:Theory of Mind
keywords: Cognitive; Executive functions; Israel; Theory of mind; Traumatic head injury