title: Effective dose of cone beam CT (CBCT) of the facial skeleton: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate effective dose of cone beam CT (CBCT) of the facial skeleton with focus on measurement methods and scanning protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review, which adhered to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) Statement, of the literature up to April 2014 was conducted. Data sources included MEDLINE®, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A model was developed to underpin data extraction from 38 included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical specifications of the CBCT units were insufficiently described. Heterogeneity in measurement methods and scanning protocols between studies made comparisons of effective doses of different CBCT units and scanning protocols difficult. Few studies related doses to image quality. Reported effective dose varied across studies, ranging between 9.7 and 197.0 μSv for field of views (FOVs) with height ≤5 cm, between 3.9 and 674.0 μSv for FOVs of heights 5.1-10.0 cm and between 8.8 and 1073.0 μSv for FOVs >10 cm. There was an inconsistency regarding reported effective dose of studies of the same CBCT unit with the same FOV dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review reveals a need for studies on radiation dosages related to image quality. Reporting quality of future studies has to be improved to facilitate comparison of effective doses obtained from examinations with different CBCT units and scanning protocols. A model with minimum data set on important parameters based on this observation is proposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data important when estimating effective dose were insufficiently reported in most studies. A model with minimum data based on this observation is proposed. Few studies related effective dose to image quality.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Okshi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salé
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohlin
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000592:standards*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage