title: Immunological biomarkers identifying natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients at risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
abstract: Natalizumab-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy appears to be unleashed by complex interactions between viral and immunological host factors leading the latent form of JC virus to become pathogenic. Positive anti-JC virus antibody status, prior use of immunosuppressants, and increasing duration of natalizumab treatment have been proposed as risk factors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients, but while they may help to identify the most appropriate patients for natalizumab, their use have some limitations. Therefore, a large body of studies is ongoing to identify alternative, reliable immunological markers capable to improve the safety and efficacy of therapy, and to guide tailored clinical decisions.
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Serana
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiarini
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sottini
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertoli
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giustini
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marion Vaglio
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Tessitore
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caimi
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: limberti@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Imberti
mesh_terms: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007577:JC Virus / Q000276:immunology; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000069442:Natalizumab; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D015415:Biomarkers; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000069442:Natalizumab
keywords: K-deleting recombination excision circles; Multiple sclerosis; Natalizumab; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; T-cell receptor excision circles; T-cell receptor repertoire