title: Finnish version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia: Reference values in the Finnish general population and associations with leisure-time physical activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create reference values for the general Finnish population using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-FIN), to study gender differences in the TSK-FIN, to assess the internal consistency of the TSK-FIN, to estimate the prevalence of high levels of kinesiophobia in Finnish men and women, and to examine the association between kinesiophobia and leisure-time physical activity and the impact of co-morbidities on kinesiophobia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 455 men and 579 women. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about their socio-demographic factors, leisure-time physical activity, co-morbidities and kinesiophobia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean TSK-FIN score was significantly higher for men (mean 34.2, standard deviation (SD) 6.9) compared with women (mean 32.9, SD 6.5), with an age-adjusted p = 0.004 for the difference between men and women. Cronbach's alpha was 0.72, indicating substantial internal consistency. Men over 55 years of age and women over 65 years of age had a higher (p < 0.001) TSK score compared with younger people. There was a significant (p < 0.001) inverse association between kinesiophobia and leisure-time physical activity among both sexes. The presence of cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease or a mental disorder was associated with a higher TSK-FIN score compared with the absence of the aforementioned disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present here the reference values for the TSK-FIN. The reference values and prevalence among the general population may help clinicians to define the level of kinesiophobia among patients. Disorders other than musculoskeletal diseases were associated with kinesiophobia, which should be noted in daily practice.
authors.affiliation: ORTON Rehabilitation Centre, ORTON Foundation, Tenholiante 10, FI-00280 Helsinki, Finland. petteri.koho@orton.fi.
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koho
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borodulin
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Urho
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kujala
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohjolainen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hurri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires