title: Sleep in university students across years of university education and gender influences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of the influence of gender and increasing years at university on sleep health of students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and eighteen students from different streams across years of undergraduate to postgraduate courses participated. Descriptive statistics, test of differences, and correlation were used. The sleep health data comprised of subjective evaluation using a questionnaire and personal interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 43.1% had sleep problems, females were more affected (51.67% vs. 48.33% in males) but were early bed goers. The prevalence of circadian rhythm sleep disorder (11.6% vs. 9.5%) and delayed sleep phase syndrome (4.5% vs. 2.7%) was slightly higher in males. The daytime dysfunction and hypnotic use significantly differed in students of the same class among gender. Bedtime got significantly delayed along years [H(2)=29.769, p<0.001], and hypnotic use [H(2)=8.807, p=0.012] differed significantly among them. The moderate-very strong correlational statistics among sleep health elements was very similar across gender and years of university education. However, more pronounced influence of years of university education than gender was seen in the significant differences for correlated correlation among sleep health parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender and years of university education influence sleep among university students both separately and concomitantly.
authors.forename: Md Dilshad
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Manzar
authors.forename: Wassilatul
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zannat
authors.forename: Manpreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: M Ejaz
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives