title: Family history density of alcoholism relates to left nucleus accumbens volume in adolescent girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A family history of alcoholism is a significant risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Because common structural abnormalities are present in reward and affective brain regions in alcoholics and those with familial alcoholism, the current study examined the relationship between familial loading of AUDs and volumes of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in largely alcohol-naive adolescents, ages 12-16 years (N = 140).
  
  
  METHODS
  The amygdala and NAcc were delineated on each participant's T1-weighted anatomical scan, using FMRIB Software Library's FMRIB Integrated Registration & Segmentation Tool, and visually inspected for accuracy and volume outliers. In the 140 participants with accurate segmentation (75 male/65 female), subcortical volumes were represented as a ratio to intracranial volume (ICV). A family history density (FHD) score was calculated for each adolescent based on the presence of AUDs in first- and second-degree relatives (range: 0.03-1.50; higher scores represent a greater prevalence of familial AUDs). Multiple regressions, with age and sex controlled for, examined the association between FHD and left and right amygdala and NAcc volume/ICV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant positive relationship between FHD and left NAcc volume/ICV (ΔR² = .04, p = .02). Post hoc regressions indicated that this effect was only significant in females (ΔR² = .11, p = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding suggests that the degree of familial alcoholism, genetic or otherwise, is associated with alterations in reward-related brain structure. Further work will be necessary to examine whether FHD is related to future alcohol-related problems and reward-related behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cservenka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.affiliation: School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nagel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism*; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors