title: Moderators of the longitudinal relationship between the perceived physical environment and outside play in children: the KOALA birth cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Promoting unstructured outside play is a promising vehicle to increase children's physical activity (PA). This study investigates if factors of the social environment moderate the relationship between the perceived physical environment and outside play.
  
  
  METHODS
  1875 parents from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study reported on their child's outside play around age five years, and 1516 parents around age seven years. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to evaluate (moderating) relationships among factors of the social environment (parenting influences and social capital), the perceived physical environment, and outside play at age five and seven. Season was entered as a random factor in these analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accessibility of PA facilities, positive parental attitude towards PA and social capital were associated with more outside play, while parental concern and restriction of screen time were related with less outside play. We found two significant interactions; both involving parent perceived responsibility towards child PA participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we found a limited number of interactions, this study demonstrated that the impact of the perceived physical environment may differ across levels of parent responsibility.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. teun.remmers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remmers
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht, The Netherlands. d.vankann@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Kann
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jessica.gubbels@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gubbels
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. schmidt.swantje@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Swantje
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: TNO Department of Life Style, Leiden, The Netherlands. s.i.devries@hhs.nl.|The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands. s.i.devries@hhs.nl.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.f.ettema@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ettema
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht, The Netherlands. s.kremers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Stef P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University (Medical Center+), CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. c.thijs@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Carel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thijs
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009426:Netherlands; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010465:Perception; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment