title: Major depressive disorder and cardiometabolic disease risk among sub-Saharan African adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the extent to which major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 1924 employed adults in Ethiopia. Structured interview was used to collect sociodemographic data, behavioral characteristics and MDD symptoms using a validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scale. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, and lipid concentrations were measured using standard approaches. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 154 participants screened positive for MDD on PHQ-9 (8.0%; 95% CI: 6.7-9.2%). Among women, MDD was associated with more than 4-fold increased odds of diabetes (OR=4.14; 95% CI: 1.03-16.62). Among men the association was not significant (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.63-1.99). Similarly, MDD was not associated with metabolic syndrome among women (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 0.69-3.29) and men (OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.28-1.34). Lastly, MDD was not associated with increased odds of systemic inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study do not provide convincing evidence that MDD is associated with cardiometabolic diseases among Ethiopian adults. Future studies need to evaluate the effect of other psychiatric disorders on cardiometabolic disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: bgelaye@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Bizu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gelaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Seblewengel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemma
authors.affiliation: Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Yemane
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berhane
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fann
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vander Stoep
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua Andrew
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Africa; Cardiovascular diseases; Depression; Ethiopia