title: Abuse liability of the dietary supplement dimethylamylamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a component of many dietary supplements and has recently been associated with numerous adverse effects, prompting the US military and World Anti-Doping Agency to ban its use as a supplement. The current study aimed to elucidate the abuse liability profile of DMAA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose-response studies of DMAA were performed with Swiss-Webster mice in locomotor and conditioned place-preference assays. The discriminative stimulus effects of DMAA were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate either cocaine or methamphetamine from saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DMAA produced dose-dependent locomotor depression and fully substituted for cocaine and partially substituted for methamphetamine. In the conditioned place-preference assay, DMAA produced an inverted-U-shaped dose-response curve, with intermediate doses producing significant place preference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cocaine- and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects and the conditioned place preference produced by DMAA suggest that is has potential for abuse. These findings in combination with reports of substantial adverse effects of DMAA in humans suggest that control of DMAA may warrant further consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States. Electronic address: sean.dolan@live.unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Sean B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, United States. Electronic address: michael.gatch@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gatch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001378:Azasteroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001378:Azasteroids; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D008694:Methamphetamine; C031563:17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Abuse liability; Conditioned place preference; Dimethylamylamine; Drug discrimination; Locomotor activity