title: Pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials: a critical comparison of published in vitro assays and in vivo inhalation or instillation studies.
abstract: To date, guidance on how to incorporate in vitro assays into integrated approaches for testing and assessment of nanomaterials is unavailable. In addressing this shortage, this review compares data from in vitro studies to results from in vivo inhalation or intratracheal instillation studies. Globular nanomaterials (ion-shedding silver and zinc oxide, poorly soluble titanium dioxide and cerium dioxide, and partly soluble amorphous silicon dioxide) and nanomaterials with higher aspect ratios (multiwalled carbon nanotubes) were assessed focusing on the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) reference nanomaterials for these substances. If in vitro assays are performed with dosages that reflect effective in vivo dosages, the mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity can be assessed. In early tiers of integrated approaches for testing and assessment, knowledge on mechanisms of toxicity serves to group nanomaterials thereby reducing the need for animal testing.
authors.affiliation: BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landsiedel
authors.forename: Ursula G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma-Hock
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnekenburger
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiemann
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002563:Cerium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: cytotoxicity; inflammation; intratracheal instillation; metal oxide nanomaterials; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; particle dissolution; short-term inhalation study