title: Expression of intraocular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is recognized as a component of the exosomes circulating in plasma, is expressed intraocularly in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentrations of PPARγ and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the aqueous humor and vitreous of 50 eyes with PDR and 38 control eyes were determined by ELISA. The levels of the mRNA and protein of PPARγ were determined in proliferative membranes from 12 PDR and 5 control eyes by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARγ was detected in the culture media of human umbilical vein endothelial cells indicating that PPARγ can be released into the extracellular fluid. The PPARγ concentrations in the aqueous humor and vitreous fluid were significantly higher in PDR patients than in controls (P<0.0005). There was a significant positive correlation between the PPARγ and VEGF concentrations (P<0.0005). The level of PPARγ increased as the clinical stage advanced. The expressions of the mRNA and protein of PPARγ were higher in the membranes of PDR than those of controls. Anti-VEGF therapy significantly reduced the VEGF concentration (P<0.0001) but not the PPARγ concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPARγ may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PDR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katome
authors.affiliation: Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Namekata
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. Electronic address: ymitaymitaymita@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D047495:PPAR gamma; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab
keywords: Angiogenesis; Diabetic retinopathy; Exosomes; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Vascular endothelial growth factor