title: Dough performance, quality and shelf life of flat bread supplemented with fractions of germinated date seed.
abstract: Germinated palm date seeds were milled into two fractions: germ and residue. Dough rheological characteristics, baking (specific volume and sensory evaluation), and textural properties (at first day and during storage for 5 days) were determined in Barbari flat bread. Germ and residue fractions were incorporated at various levels ranged in 0.5-3 g/100 g of wheat flour. Water absorption, arrival time and gelatination temperature were decreased by germ fraction but accompanied by an increasing effect on the mixing tolerance index and degree of softening in most levels. Although improvement in dough stability was monitored but specific volume of bread was not affected by both fractions. Texture analysis of bread samples during 5 days of storage indicated that both fractions of germinated date seeds were able to diminish bread staling. Avrami non-linear regression equation was chosen as useful mathematical model to properly study bread hardening kinetics. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) allowed discriminating among dough and bread specialties. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were applied to determine the relationships between sensory and instrumental data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran.
authors.forename: Sudiyeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hejri-Zarifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmadian-Kouchaksaraei
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pourfarzad
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein Haddad
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Khodaparast
keywords: Barbari bread; Dough; Multivariate analysis; Sensory properties; Staling