title: Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and drug resistance in different provinces of Papua New Guinea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country of the WHO Western Pacific Region, but so far research on drug resistance (DR) and genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) was only conducted in few provinces in the country. The aim of the present study was to obtain baseline data on the level of drug resistance and the genotypic diversity of circulating M. tuberculosis in additional provinces and to investigate the differences between three selected sites across PNG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotyping of 147 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates collected in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, in Alotau, Milne Bay Province and in Madang, Madang Province revealed three main lineages of M. tuberculosis: Lineage 4 (European-American lineage), Lineage 2 (East-Asian lineage) and Lineage 1 (Indo-Oceanic lineage). All three lineages were detected in all three sites, but the individual lineage compositions varied significantly between sites. In Madang Lineage 4 was the most prevalent lineage (76.6%), whereas in Goroka and Alotau Lineage 2 was dominating (60.5% and 84.4%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Overall, phenotypic drug susceptibility testing showed 10.8% resistance to at least one of the first-line drugs tested. Of all resistant strains (23/212) 30.4% were Streptomycin mono-resistant, 17.4% were Isoniazid mono-resistant and 13% were Rifampicin mono-resistant. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB was found in 2.8% of all tested cases (6/212). The highest amount of MDR TB was found in Alotau in Milne Bay Province (4.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large number of drug resistant TB infections are present in the country and MDR TB has already been detected in all three surveyed regions of PNG, highlighting the importance of monitoring drug resistance and making it a high priority for the National Control Program. Due to the high prevalence of Lineage 2 in Milne Bay Province and given the frequent association of this lineage with drug resistance, monitoring of the latter should especially be scaled up in that province.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. serej.ley@unibas.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. serej.ley@unibas.ch.|Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. serej.ley@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Serej D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. nuen09@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harino
authors.affiliation: Goroka Provincial Hospital, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Kilagi.Vanuga@oktedi.com.
authors.forename: Kilagi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanuga
authors.affiliation: Alotau Provincial Hospital, Alotau, Papua New Guinea. ruben.kamus@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamus
authors.affiliation: Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Robyn.Carter@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Chris.Coulter@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.affiliation: Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Sushil.Pandey@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: Sushil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. julia.feldmann@unibas.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. julia.feldmann@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. mballif@ispm.unibe.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. mballif@ispm.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballif
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. peter.siba@pngimr.org.pg.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. suparatp@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Suparat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phuanukoonnon
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. sebastien.gagneux@unibas.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. sebastien.gagneux@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagneux
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. hans-peter.beck@unibas.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. hans-peter.beck@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents