title: Does high intelligence improve prognosis? The association of intelligence with recurrence and mortality among Swedish men with coronary heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower intelligence early in life is associated with increased risks for coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality. Intelligence level might affect compliance to treatment but its prognostic importance in patients with CHD is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 1923 Swedish men with a measure of intelligence from mandatory military conscription in 1969-1970 at age 18-20, who were diagnosed with CHD 1991-2007, were followed to the end of 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  recurrent CHD event. Secondary outcome: case fatality from the first event, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. National registers provided information on CHD events, comorbidity, mortality and socioeconomic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fully adjusted HRs for recurrent CHD for medium and low intelligence, compared with high intelligence, were 0.98, (95% CIs 0.83 to 1.16) and 1.09 (0.89 to 1.34), respectively. The risks were increased for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with lower intelligence, but were attenuated in the fully adjusted models (fully adjusted HRs for cardiovascular mortality 1.92 (0.94 to 3.94) and 1.98 (0.89 to 4.37), respectively; for all-cause mortality 1.63 (1.00 to 2.65) and 1.62 (0.94 to 2.78), respectively). There was no increased risk for case-fatality at the first event (fully adjusted ORs 1.06 (0.73 to 1.55) and 0.97 (0.62 to 1.50), respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we found lower intelligence to be associated with increased mortality in middle-aged men with CHD, there was no evidence for its possible effect on recurrence in CHD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sörberg Wallin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falkstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Melin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Public Health and General Practice, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Imre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Janszky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hemmingsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification; D011379:Prognosis; D065840:Protective Factors; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CORONARY HEART DISEASE; HEALTH BEHAVIOUR; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS; Social and life-course epidemiology