title: Temporal framing and consideration of future consequences: effects on smokers' and at-risk nonsmokers' responses to cigarette health warnings.
abstract: This research examines the influence of temporal framing (long-term vs. short-term) and individual difference in consideration of future consequences (CFC) on the effectiveness of cigarette health warnings among smokers and at-risk nonsmokers in a college population. An online experiment (N = 395) revealed a three-way interaction among temporal framing, CFC, and smoking status. The results among at-risk nonsmokers supported the temporal fit hypothesis--those high in CFC responded more favorably to long-term framing, whereas those low in CFC responded more positively to short-term framing. The findings among smokers revealed a different pattern in which short-term framing was more effective among high-CFC smokers, whereas among low-CFC smokers the framing effect was not distinct. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Communication , George Mason University.
authors.forename: Xiaoquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Irina Alexandra
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Iles
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D058015:Health Communication / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D062789:Tobacco Products; D055815:Young Adult