title: Emerging and endemic types of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 were detected in bivalves in China.
abstract: Viral infection caused by Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is one of the proximate causes of mass mortalities of cultivated bivalves around the world. The emergence and spread of different variants of OsHV-1 accompanied by different epidemiological characteristics have been reported frequently in different countries around the world. In this paper, we present a study of the detection of OsHV-1 DNA and their variations from 1599 samples over 18 species collected in 27 aquaculture sites and two food markets during 2001-2013 in China. All of the samples were examined by a nested PCR assay targeting the C2/C6 fragment of OsHV-1 followed by sequencing. Our results showed 338 individuals (21.1%) of seven species sampled from 14 (14/27=51.9%) sites and the two food markets were positive for viral DNA. Sequencing of 289 PCR products revealed 24 virus types. No shared virus type was found among different countries with 47 types (23 in Japan, 16 in France, 2 in South Korea and 1 in each country of Australia, USA, Ireland, New Zealand, Mexico and China) identified in previous studies. As previously reported, two main phylogenetic groups were identified by phylogenetic analysis based on the 71 virus types; within which 6 separate clades were identified. Our results also demonstrated that two clades were associated with abnormal mortalities of the scallop, Chlamys farrier and the calm, Scapharca broughtonii in China. These findings indicated that cultivated bivalves may face potential threats from OsHV-1 types found in our study.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Changming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: wangcm@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chongming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Junyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Changdao County Oceanic and Fishery Administration, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000821:virology*; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: Chlamys farreri; Crassostrea gigas; Mass mortality; Molecular epidemiology; OsHV-1; Ostreid herpesvirus 1