title: Seroprevalence and vaccination coverage of vaccine-preventable diseases in perinatally HIV-1-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-infected subjects are at higher risk of complications from vaccine-preventable diseases than those uninfected. The current international guidelines strongly recommend that these patients should receive all the routine childhood vaccinations. Although these children represent an appropriate target for immunization, the available data indicate suboptimal coverage rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate seroprotection/seropositivity rates and vaccination coverage against the common vaccine-preventable diseases, all patients with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection who attended San Martino Hospital were enrolled. Blood samples were collected for testing antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and B viruses by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and polioviruses by microneutralization test. In order to assess immunization coverage, retrospectively was recorded the vaccination history collecting data from Regional Immunization Database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 perinatally HIV-1 infected patients were included in the study. At the time of serum was obtained, the mean age was 18,1 years (range: 6-28). The median CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 702 cells/mm(3) (2-1476 cells/mm(3)). Twenty-nine (74.4%) patients were found with HIV RNA load < 50 copies/mL. The proportion of subjects with protective anti-tetanus and anti-HBs were 43.6% and 30.8%, respectively. Seroprotection rates about 20% against rubella and measles were found, less than 20% against all the other antigens investigated. In particular, all patients resulted susceptible to mumps. High immunization rates were observed for polio and HBV (100% and 92.3%, respectively) and suboptimal for diphtheria-tetanus (84.6%). For the other recommended vaccines the rates were generally low. None of the patients received varicella vaccine doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in the HAART era the vertically acquired HIV infection has become a chronic treatable disease, the vaccine-induced long-term protection plays an increasingly significant role; despite good initial response to primary vaccination, subsequent decline and loss of detectable antibodies may be prevented by additional strategies for booster doses of vaccines in adolescents and young adults.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Sciences (DiSSal); University of Genoa; Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sticchi
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bruzzone
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rappazzo
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lo Casto
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Hoffer
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gustinetti
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viscoli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Biagio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000276:immunology*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013742:Tetanus / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies
keywords: HIV; Vaccination; immunization coverage; routine immunization; seroprevalence; vaccine-preventable diseases