title: Assays for the biochemical and ultrastructural measurement of selective and nonselective types of autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Autophagy is a conserved intracellular catabolic pathway that degrades unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components. Components destined for degradation are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with the vacuole/lysosome delivering their cargo into the interior of this organelle for turnover. Autophagosomes are generated through the concerted action of the autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been key in the identification of the corresponding genes and their characterization, and it remains one of the leading model systems for the investigation of the molecular mechanism and functions of autophagy. In particular, it is still pivotal for the study of selective types of autophagy. The objective of this review is to present detailed protocols of the methods available to monitor the progression of both nonselective and selective types of autophagy, and to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The ultimate aim is to provide researchers with the information necessary to select the optimal approach to address their biological question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Soares
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Guimaraes
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delorme-Axford
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Klionsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.m.reggiori@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reggiori
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Autophagic bodies; Autophagosome; Autophagy; Baker’s yeast; Cvt pathway; Mitophagy; Pexophagy