title: Preflight screening techniques for centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, space has been the venue of the healthy individual. With the advent of commercial spaceflight, we face the novel prospect of routinely exposing spaceflight participants (SPFs) with multiple comorbidities to the space environment. Preflight screening procedures must be developed to identify those individuals at increased risk during flight. We examined the responses of volunteers to centrifuge accelerations mimicking commercial suborbital spaceflight profiles to evaluate how potential SFPs might tolerate such forces. We evaluated our screening process for medical approval of subjects for centrifuge participation for applicability to commercial spaceflight operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  All registered subjects completed a medical questionnaire, physical examination, and electrocardiogram. Subjects with identified concerns including cardiopulmonary disease, hypertension, and diabetes were required to provide documentation of their conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 335 subjects who registered for the study, 124 who completed all prescreening, and 86 subjects who participated in centrifuge trials. Due to prior medical history, five subjects were disqualified, most commonly for psychiatric reasons or uncontrolled medical conditions. Of the subjects approved, four individuals experienced abnormal physiological responses to centrifuge profiles, including one back strain and three with anxiety reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The screening methods used were judged to be sufficient to identify individuals physically capable of tolerating simulated suborbital flight. Improved methods will be needed to identify susceptibility to anxiety reactions. While severe or uncontrolled disease was excluded, many subjects successfully participated in centrifuge trials despite medical histories of disease that are disqualifying under historical spaceflight screening regimes. Such screening techniques are applicable for use in future commercial spaceflight operations.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pattarini
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blue
authors.forename: Tarah L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Castleberry
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vanderploeg
mesh_terms: D019567:Back Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D002498:Centrifugation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013026:Space Flight; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation