title: Antibiotic-prescribing patterns for Iraqi patients during Ramadan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During Ramadan, Muslims fast throughout daylight hours. There is a direct link between fasting and increasing incidence of infections. Antibiotic usage for treatment of infections should be based on accurate diagnosis, with the correct dose and dosing regimen for the shortest period to avoid bacterial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the practices of physicians in prescribing suitable antibiotics for fasting patients and the compliance of the patients in using such antibiotics at regular intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study was carried out during the middle 10 days of Ramadan 2014 in two pharmacies at Baghdad. A total of 34 prescriptions (Rx) for adults who suffered from infections were examined. For each included Rx, the researchers documented the age and sex of the patient, the diagnosis of the case, and the name of the given antibiotic(s) with dose and frequency of usage. A direct interview with the patient was also done, at which each patient was asked about fasting and if he/she would like to continue fasting during the remaining period of Ramadan. The patient was also asked if the physician asked him/her about fasting before writing the Rx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than two-thirds of participating patients were fasting during Ramadan. Antibiotics were prescribed at a higher percentage by dentists and surgeons, for which a single antibiotic with a twice-daily regimen was the most commonly prescribed by physicians for patients during the Ramadan month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians fail to take patient fasting status into consideration when prescribing antibiotics for their fasting patients. Antibiotics with a twice-daily regimen are not suitable and best to be avoided for fasting patients in Iraq during Ramadan - especially if it occurs during summer months - to avoid treatment failure and provoking bacterial resistance.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ehab Mudher
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mikhael
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ali Lateef
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jasim
keywords: Ramadan; antibiotics; dosing regimen; fasting