title: Nucleolar stress with and without p53.
abstract: A veritable explosion of primary research papers within the past 10 years focuses on nucleolar and ribosomal stress, and for good reason: with ribosome biosynthesis consuming ~80% of a cell's energy, nearly all metabolic and signaling pathways lead ultimately to or from the nucleolus. We begin by describing p53 activation upon nucleolar stress resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The significance of this mechanism cannot be understated, as oncologists are now inducing nucleolar stress strategically in cancer cells as a potential anti-cancer therapy. We also summarize the human ribosomopathies, syndromes in which ribosome biogenesis or function are impaired leading to birth defects or bone narrow failures; the perplexing problem in the ribosomopathies is why only certain cells are affected despite the fact that the causative mutation is systemic. We then describe p53-independent nucleolar stress, first in yeast which lacks p53, and then in other model metazoans that lack MDM2, the critical E3 ubiquitin ligase that normally inactivates p53. Do these presumably ancient p53-independent nucleolar stress pathways remain latent in human cells? If they still exist, can we use them to target >50% of known human cancers that lack functional p53?
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, LA USA.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raje
authors.forename: Raphyel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosby
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DiMario
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000235:genetics; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2
keywords: cell cycle; nucleolar stress; p53; ribosomal proteins; ribosomopathies