title: Unravelling the complexity of domestication: a case study using morphometrics and ancient DNA analyses of archaeological pigs from Romania.
abstract: Current evidence suggests that pigs were first domesticated in Eastern Anatolia during the ninth millennium cal BC before dispersing into Europe with Early Neolithic farmers from the beginning of the seventh millennium. Recent ancient DNA (aDNA) research also indicates the incorporation of European wild boar into domestic stock during the Neolithization process. In order to establish the timing of the arrival of domestic pigs into Europe, and to test hypotheses regarding the role European wild boar played in the domestication process, we combined a geometric morphometric analysis (allowing us to combine tooth size and shape) of 449 Romanian ancient teeth with aDNA analysis. Our results firstly substantiate claims that the first domestic pigs in Romania possessed the same mtDNA signatures found in Neolithic pigs in west and central Anatolia. Second, we identified a significant proportion of individuals with large molars whose tooth shape matched that of archaeological (likely) domestic pigs. These large 'domestic shape' specimens were present from the outset of the Romanian Neolithic (6100-5500 cal BC) through to later prehistory, suggesting a long history of admixture between introduced domestic pigs and local wild boar. Finally, we confirmed a turnover in mitochondrial lineages found in domestic pigs, possibly coincident with human migration into Anatolia and the Levant that occurred in later prehistory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France a.evin@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Allowen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evin
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Linus Girdland
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Flink
authors.affiliation: National History Museum of Romania, Calea Victoriei no. 12, District 3, 030026 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bălăşescu
authors.affiliation: National History Museum of Romania, Calea Victoriei no. 12, District 3, 030026 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Dragomir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popovici
authors.affiliation: National History Museum of Romania, Calea Victoriei no. 12, District 3, 030026 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Radian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreescu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal and Creative Arts, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, Science 377, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Teleorman County Museum, str. 1848, no. 1, 140033 Alexandria, Romania.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirea
authors.affiliation: National History Museum of Romania, Calea Victoriei no. 12, District 3, 030026 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Cătălin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lazăr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology 'Vasile Pârvan' of the Romanian Academy, 11 Henri Coandă St., Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Adina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boroneanţ
authors.affiliation: School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonsall
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Una Strand
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Vidarsdottir
authors.affiliation: CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brehard
authors.affiliation: CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tresset
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cucchi
authors.affiliation: Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
authors.forename: Greger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D005580:Fossils; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D010163:Paleontology / Q000379:methods*; D012383:Romania; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Sus scrofa; ancient DNA; domestication; morphometrics; neolithization