title: Community engagement and the human infrastructure of global health research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomedical research is increasingly globalized with ever more research conducted in low and middle-income countries. This trend raises a host of ethical concerns and critiques. While community engagement (CE) has been proposed as an ethically important practice for global biomedical research, there is no agreement about what these practices contribute to the ethics of research, or when they are needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, we propose an ethical framework for CE. The framework is grounded in the insight that relationships between the researcher and the community extend beyond the normal bounds of the researcher-research participant encounter and are the foundation of meaningful engagement. These relationships create an essential "human infrastructure" - a web of relationships between researchers and the stakeholder community-i.e., the diverse stakeholders who have interests in the conduct and/or outcomes of the research. Through these relationships, researchers are able to address three core ethical responsibilities: (1) identifying and managing non-obvious risks and benefits; (2) expanding respect beyond the individual to the stakeholder community; and (3) building legitimacy for the research project.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By recognizing the social and political context of biomedical research, CE offers a promising solution to many seemingly intractable challenges in global health research; however there are increasing concerns about what makes engagement meaningful. We have responded to those concerns by presenting an ethical framework for CE. This framework reflects our belief that the value of CE is realized through relationships between researchers and stakeholders, thereby advancing three distinct ethical goals. Clarity about the aims of researcher-stakeholder relationships helps to make engagement programs more meaningful, and contributes to greater clarity about when CE should be recommended or required.
authors.affiliation: Center for Ethical, Social, and Cultural Risk, LiKaShing Knowledge Institute, St, Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. kingka@smh.ca.
authors.forename: Katherine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolopack
authors.forename: Maria W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lavery
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics*; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research / Q000941:ethics*; D003906:Developing Countries; D032984:Ethics, Research; D014943:Global Health / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design