title: Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide inhibits trophoblast invasion in the presence of nicotine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease associated with Gram-negative subgingival microflora. In pregnant women, periodontitis is thought to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, although the pathophysiology is unknown. Additionally, smoking is an established risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the present study, we examined the direct effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (PGLPS) and nicotine on a trophoblast cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  HTR-8/SVneo cells were plated on Matrigel chambers with or without PGLPS and nicotine. The invasive activity of the cells was directly evaluated using microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PGLPS alone did not reduce the invasive activity of the HTR-8/SVneo cells. The co-administration of nicotine with PGLPS significantly reduced the invasive activity of the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that although the direct pathogenic effects of P. gingivalis alone on trophoblast invasion may be limited, concurrent smoking reduces trophoblast invasion into the myometrium and inhibits maternal vascular reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: aizawa.shihoko@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komine-Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Oral Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: mena12006@g.nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirohata
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: aizawa.sohichi@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: abiko.yoshimitsu@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abiko
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: hayakawa.satoshi@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Nicotine; Periodontitis; Trophoblast invasion