title: Positive effects of ceftriaxone on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion model in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many drugs have been associated with seizures as a side effect. Although they are defined as safe for nervous system. The effect on proconvulsant activity of beta lactam antibiotics have been also reported. We aimed to investigate whether ceftriaxone has an anticonvulsant effect on PTZ-induced seizures in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 18 of them for EEG recording and 18 of them are for behavioral studies, were randomly divided in two groups: group A for EEG recordings and group B for behavioral assesment. About 70 mg/kg PTZ was used for behavioral studies after Ceftriaxone administiration. About 35 mg/kg PTZ were used for EEG recording after ceftriaxone administiration. The electrodes were implanted on dura over the left frontal cortex and the reference electrode was implanted over the cerebellum for EEG recording. The Racine convulsion scale, first myoclonic jerk onset time, spike percentages, brain MDA and SOD levels were evaluated between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First myoclonic jerk onset time was significantly shorter in saline group than both 200 and 400 mg/kg ceftriaxone groups (p < 0.05). Racine's convulsion scale was significantly lower in 200 and 400 mg/kg ceftriaxone groups than saline group (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001). Both of two ceftriaxone groups have lower spike percentages than the saline group (p < 0.05). Significantly lower MDA levels and higher SOD activity were determined in 200 mg/kg ceftriaxone group compared with the saline group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that ceftriaxone has protective effects on PTZ-induced convulsions and on oxidative damage associated with PTZ.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology &Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.|b Cord blood, Cell and Tissue Research and Application Center, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yigit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uyanikgil
authors.affiliation: c Department of Neurology, Yozgat State Hospital, Yozgat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kübra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Özkeşkek
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology &Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.|b Cord blood, Cell and Tissue Research and Application Center, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Türker
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Çavuşoğlu
authors.affiliation: d Department of Neurology, Turhal State Hospital, Turhal, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solmaz
authors.affiliation: e Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Dentistry, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Kemal
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tümer
authors.affiliation: f Department of Physiology, Gaziosmanpasa University Medical Faculty, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oytun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erbas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003292:Convulsants / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D009207:Myoclonus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003292:Convulsants; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: ceftriaxone; malondialdehyde; pentylenetetrazol; superoxide dismutase