title: Genomic insights into intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms in Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
abstract: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an opportunistic pathogen known to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics; however, the knowledge about the drug resistance mechanisms is limited. We used a high-throughput sequencing approach to sequence the genomes of the A. xylosoxidans type strain ATCC 27061 and a clinical isolate, A. xylosoxidans X02736, and then we used different bioinformatics tools to analyze the drug resistance genes in these bacteria. We obtained the complete genome sequence for A. xylosoxidans ATCC 27061 and the draft sequence for X02736. We predicted a total of 50 drug resistance-associated genes in the type strain, including 5 genes for β-lactamases and 17 genes for efflux pump systems; these genes are also conserved among other A. xylosoxidans genomes. In the clinical isolate, except for the conserved resistance genes, we also identified several acquired resistance genes carried by a new transposon embedded in a novel integrative and conjugative element. Our study provides new insights into the intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms in A. xylosoxidans, which will be helpful for better understanding the physiology of A. xylosoxidans and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yongfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China School of Life Science, Anhui University, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China zhubaoli@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D042441:Achromobacter denitrificans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents