title: Emotional and behavioral problems associated with attachment security and parenting style in adopted and non-adopted children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate and compare emotional and behavioral problems in Turkish adoptees and non-adopted peers raised by their biological parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 61 adopted children (34 female and 27 male) aged 6-18 years and 62 age- and gender-matched non-adopted children (35 female and 27 male). Parents rated their children's problem behaviors using the Child Behavior Checklist/6-18, temperament characteristics using the School Age Temperament Inventory, their own personality traits using the Basic Personality Traits Inventory, and their parenting styles using the Measure of Child Rearing Styles. Children rated their parents' availability and reliability as attachment figures using the Kerns Security Scale and parenting styles using the Measure of Child Rearing Styles. Adolescents aged 11-18 years self-rated their problem behaviors using the Youth Self Report. Group differences and correlations were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were non-significant differences in all scale scores between the adopted and non-adopted groups. In contrast to the literature, age of the children at the time of adoption was not associated with problem behaviors or attachment relationships. On the other hand, the findings indicate that as the age at which the children learned that they had been adopted increased emotional and behavioral problems increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adoption alone could not explain the problem behaviors observed in the adopted children; the observed problem behaviors should be considered within the context of the developmental process.
authors.forename: Ilkiz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Altınoğlu Dikmeer
authors.forename: Neşe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Tülin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gençöz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009769:Object Attachment; D016487:Parenting; D011594:Psychometrics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D014421:Turkey