title: Plasmodium infection reduces the volume of the viral reservoir in SIV-infected rhesus macaques receiving antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicated that Plasmodium infection activates the immune system, including memory CD4+ T cells, which constitute the reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Therefore, we postulated that co-infection with malaria might activate the reservoir of HIV-1. To test this hypothesis, we used a rhesus macaque model of co-infection with malaria and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), along with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that Plasmodium infection reduced both the replication-competent virus pool in resting CD4+ T cells and the integrated virus DNA (iDNA) load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the monkeys. This reduction might be attributable to malaria-mediated activation and apoptotic induction of memory CD4+ T cells. Further studies indicated that histone acetylation and NF-kappaB (NF-κB) activation in resting CD4+ T cells may also play an important role in this reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this work expand our knowledge of the interaction between these two diseases. As more HIV-1-infected individuals in malaria-endemic areas receive ART, we should explore whether any of the patients co-infected with Plasmodium experience virologic benefits.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. zhan_xiaoyong@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yong
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. wang_nina@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. liu_guangjie@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guangjie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. qin_limei@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. xu_wanwan@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wanwan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. zhao_siting@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Siting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. qin_li@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luogang District, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, Guangdong Province, China. chen_xiaoping@gibh.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents