title: MR safety issues particular to women.
abstract: Because of its lack of ionizing radiation, MR imaging is increasingly used for patients with cardiovascular disease, including young women. However, the risks related to the MR environment need to be acknowledged and prevented. For women, there are unique gender-related safety issues that are important to address in cardiovascular MR examinations. This article familiarizes radiologists with MR safety issues and current, evidence-based recommendations for specific situations such as pregnancy or lactation and imaging of women who have pelvic gynecologic devices such as intrauterine devices. Practical algorithms to minimize risk and increase MR safety for these women are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciet
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: dlitmano@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Diana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Litmanovich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007759:Labyrinth Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D061214:Patient Safety; D011247:Pregnancy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiovascular; Fetal; IUD; MR; Pregnancy