title: Cerebral autoregulation index at high altitude assessed by thigh-cuff and transfer function analysis techniques.
abstract: RESULTS
  What is the central question of this study? Whether cerebral autoregulation (CA) is impaired at high altitude and associated with acute mountain sickness remains controversial. We sought to compare two of the most common methods to assess dynamic CA in subjects who ascended to 3424 m and acclimatized. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that CA was reduced at 3424 m when assessed by the classic thigh-cuff inflation-deflation technique, but not when evaluated by transfer function analysis. These findings suggest that the cerebral vasculature of healthy individuals may become less able to buffer a large, abrupt drop in arterial blood pressure, while still maintaining the ability to regulate slow rhythmical oscillations, during periods of moderate hypoxaemia.
  The occurrence and implications of changes in cerebral autoregulation (CA) at high altitude are controversial and confounded by differences in methods used to assess CA. To compare two of the most common methods of dynamic CA assessment, we studied 11 young, healthy sea-level residents (six females and five males; 20.5 ± 2.3 years old) as they ascended to 3424 m and acclimatized over 13 days. A common autoregulation index (ARI) was calculated from the following: (i) transfer function analysis (TFA ARI) of resting oscillations in arterial blood pressure (ABP; finger plethysmography) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler); and (ii) MCAv responses following large, abrupt reductions in ABP using the classic thigh-cuff technique (Cuff ARI). Symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) were monitored using the Lake Louise AMS Questionnaire. Cuff ARI scores decreased (P = 0.021) as subjects ascended from low (4.7 ± 1.5) to high altitude (3.2 ± 1.6) and did not change after 13 days of acclimatization (2.9 ± 1.3). The TFA ARI scores were not affected by ascent or acclimatization to 3424 m. Neither Cuff nor TFA ARI scores were correlated with AMS symptoms. These findings suggest that the cerebral vasculature of healthy individuals may become less able to buffer large step changes in ABP, while still maintaining the ability to regulate slow rhythmical oscillations, during periods of moderate hypoxaemia. Given the inherent differences in the autoregulatory stimulus between methods, multiple assessment techniques may be needed to clarify the implications of changes in cerebrovascular regulation at high altitude.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Altitude Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Subudhi
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grajzel
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Langolf
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: Ronney B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Panerai
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult