title: Genetic and functional studies of the intervertebral disc: a novel murine intervertebral disc model.
abstract: Intervertebral disc (IVD) homeostasis is mediated through a combination of micro-environmental and biomechanical factors, all of which are subject to genetic influences. The aim of this study is to develop and characterize a genetically tractable, ex vivo organ culture model that can be used to further elucidate mechanisms of intervertebral disc disease. Specifically, we demonstrate that IVD disc explants (1) maintain their native phenotype in prolonged culture, (2) are responsive to exogenous stimuli, and (3) that relevant homeostatic regulatory mechanisms can be modulated through ex-vivo genetic recombination. We present a novel technique for isolation of murine IVD explants with demonstration of explant viability (CMFDA/propidium iodide staining), disc anatomy (H&E), maintenance of extracellular matrix (ECM) (Alcian Blue staining), and native expression profile (qRT-PCR) as well as ex vivo genetic recombination (mT/mG reporter mice; AdCre) following 14 days of culture in DMEM media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. IVD explants maintained their micro-anatomic integrity, ECM proteoglycan content, viability, and gene expression profile consistent with a homeostatic drive in culture. Treatment of genetically engineered explants with cre-expressing adenovirus efficaciously induced ex vivo genetic recombination in a variety of genetically engineered mouse models. Exogenous administration of IL-1ß and TGF-ß3 resulted in predicted catabolic and anabolic responses, respectively. Genetic recombination of TGFBR1fl/fl explants resulted in constitutively active TGF-ß signaling that matched that of exogenously administered TGF-ß3. Our results illustrate the utility of the murine intervertebral disc explant to investigate mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Grand Rapids Medical Education Partners, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dominic W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Pelle
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jacqueline D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kampfschulte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Surgery, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scholten
authors.affiliation: Section of Spine Surgery, Orthopaedic Associates of Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Section of Spine Surgery, Orthopaedic Associates of Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Surgery, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Surgery, Spectrum Health Medical Group/Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Steensma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I