title: The rate ratio of injury and aggressive incident for alcohol alone, cocaine alone and simultaneous use before the event: a case-crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To estimate the rate ratio (RR) of use of alcohol alone, cocaine alone, and both substances simultaneously on acute injury or an aggressive incident, (ii) to compare the RRs for simultaneous use within 3 or 6h of the event; and (iii) to compare the RRs of two measures of exposure, "hours of feeling effects" vs estimates based on self-reported quantity and frequency of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study employed a case-crossover design with the frequency approach. Clients (N=616) in substance abuse treatment for alcohol or cocaine issues from 2009 to 2012 completed a self-administered questionnaire on their substance use within 3 and 6h before a recent injury or physically aggressive incident. Clients also reported detailed quantity and frequency information in relation to their typical substance use, as well as information on "feeling effects". The RR of acute harms due to substance use was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel estimator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 6-h window before the event, use of cocaine alone, alcohol alone and simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use were each significantly (P<0.05) related to a recent injury and aggressive incident. Simultaneous use was not significantly greater than use of either drug alone. Estimates of RR based on simultaneous use for a 3-h window before the event were consistently larger than those based on a 6-h window, and comparisons were significant (P<0.05) for an aggressive incident but not an injury. With reference to the two measures of exposure, three of eight comparisons of RRs were significantly larger for feeling the effects of the substance in comparison to quantity and frequency of substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with increased likelihood of harms related to the acute effects of alcohol alone, cocaine alone or simultaneous use. The results are suggestive that the acute effects of these drugs may be better measured within a 3-h time window than a 6-h window. Finally, we found that "hours of feeling effects" yielded higher estimates of RR than the quantity-frequency approach; however both measures support the overall findings.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada. Electronic address: zhaoj@uvic.ca.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia and School of Health Information Sciences, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Psychiatry and Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada.
authors.forename: Chantele
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joordens
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia and Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400 Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggression; Alcohol; Case–crossover; Cocaine; Injury