title: Open ureteroneocystostomy after failed endoscopic injection with three different bulking agents for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the success rate of open ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) after failed endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children and to discuss the reasons for failure under the light of histopathological findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data of 371 patients who underwent endoscopic injection for VUR at our institution for the treatment of VUR between January 2008 and January 2014 were reviewed. Patients who were submitted to open ureteral reimplantation following failed endoscopic injection were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 371 patients, 34 (49 ureters) were submitted to open UNC (9.1%). There were 22 female and 12 male patients. Three different injection materials were used; dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in 29, carbon-coated beans in 7 and polyacrylate polyalchohol copolymer in 13. Histological study revealed that the injected material was identified in 34 ureters as malpositioned. Control VCUG 6 months after UNC showed complete resolution in 46 of 47 ureters (97.87%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous endoscopic injection, although causing difficulty in dissection to some degree, does not alter the success rate of UNC. According to the histopathological findings, the cause of failure of injection seems to be attributable to incorrect plane of injection or leakage of the agent after injection.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: arzusencan71@yahoo.com.tr.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sencan
authors.affiliation: Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yıldırım
authors.affiliation: Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Keramettin Uğur
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Başak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uçan
authors.affiliation: Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Münevver
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoşgör
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003559:Cystostomy / Q000379:methods*; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014519:Ureterostomy / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery*; D055675:Viscosupplements / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D055675:Viscosupplements; C013471:dextranomer; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: Carbon-coated beans; Dextaromer/hyaluronic acid; Endoscopic injection; Open ureteroneocystostomy; Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer; Vesicoureteral reflux