title: Effect of Bungee-carcass enrichment on behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in two species of zoo-housed Felids.
abstract: Enrichment can improve animal physiological and psychological well-being. This study sought to promote more natural felid behavior and prevent development or incidence of stereotypies through the use of a feeding enrichment. Our objectives are to use fecal glucocorticoid metabolites values and behavioral observations to quantify the effectiveness of the enrichment device for two species of large cats, Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris; n = 2) and cougar (Felis concolor; n = 2). The feeding enrichment, a white-tailed deer carcass flank securely attached to an AussieDog Products(©) Felid 120-cm bungee, was implemented twice for each individual separated by 1 month. Fecal samples were obtained from each felid and analyzed for pre- and post-enrichment fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) concentrations using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay. An ethogram with 12 mutual exclusive behavioral categories was utilized to record behavioral responses to the enrichment. Results demonstrate that: 1) there were no differences (P > 0.05) in FGMs for either species between pre- and post-enrichment; 2) pacing decreased (P = 0.025) and walking increased (P = 0.017) after exposure to enrichment in both cougars; and 3) tigers reduced (P = 0.025) 'other' behavioral category after the first enrichment exposure and laid down more (P = 0.025) after the second enrichment exposure. The neutral hormonal impact on the animals coupled with the behavioral changes indicates that this enrichment is successful at altering the animals' behavior without adding physiological stress to their environments. These findings, combined with the low cost and versatility of the enrichment, promote the use of this enrichment to enhance large felid enclosures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Southeastern Community College, Keokuk, Iowa.
authors.forename: Amber D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ruskell
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Meiers
authors.forename: Sean E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santymire
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D046011:Puma / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D046010:Tigers / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: Bengal tiger; Cortisol; Felis concolor; Panthera tigris tigris; cougar; enrichment; stereotypy