title: Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes Part 6: the impact of ingredients added to kretek cigarettes on smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity.
abstract: Mainstream smoke (MS) from experimental kretek cigarettes with three ingredient mixes at low (typical use level) and high (2.5 or 3 times that level) inclusion rates was compared to a control kretek cigarette of identical construction (cloves and humectants), but without the addition of ingredients. 350 ingredients, commonly used in various combinations and in a limited number in a given brand in the manufacture of marketed kretek cigarettes were assessed. The MS composition of the kretek cigarettes was characterized by a comprehensive set of analytes (55 smoke constituents). Furthermore, the smoke was assessed in vitro for its cytotoxicity in the Neutral Red Uptake assay (particle phase and gas/vapor phase separately) in mouse embryo BALB/c 3T3 cells, and for mutagenicity/genotoxicity in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay and the mammalian cell mouse lymphoma TK assay in L5178Y cells, the latter with and without metabolic activation. There were some statistically significant differences in the yield of smoke constituents (increases as well as decreases, nearly all of them less than ± 20%) as a result of the addition of the ingredient mixes. However, the addition of the three different mixes of ingredients to the experimental kreteks did not change the in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity/genotoxicity of the smoke, when compared to the control kretek cigarette.
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roemer
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Ruth.Dempsey@pmi.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirter
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deger Evans
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ode
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittke
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schorp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D027842:Syzygium; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke
keywords: Clove cigarette; Flavor; In vitro toxicology; Ingredient; Kretek; Smoke chemistry