title: Investigation of Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superior temporal cortices include brain regions dedicated to auditory processing and several lines of evidence suggest structural and functional abnormalities in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within this brain region. However, possible glutamatergic dysfunction within this region has not been investigated in adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with schizophrenia (38.67±12.46years of age), 28 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (35.32±9.12years of age), and 30 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired using a 3.0T Siemens MAGNETOM TIM Trio MR system and single voxel Point REsolved Spectroscopy Sequence (PRESS) in order to quantify brain metabolites within the left and right Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale of superior temporal cortices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant abnormalities in glutamate (Glu) (F(2,78)=8.52, p<0.0001), N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA) (F(2,81)=5.73, p=0.005), creatine (tCr) (F(2,83)=5.91, p=0.004) and inositol (Ins) (F(2,82)=8.49, p<0.0001) concentrations in the left superior temporal cortex. In general, metabolite levels were lower for bipolar disorder patients when compared to healthy participants. Moreover, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited significantly lower tCr and Ins concentrations when compared to schizophrenia patients. In addition, we have found significant correlations between the superior temporal cortex metabolites and clinical measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the left auditory cortices are associated with language and speech, left hemisphere specific abnormalities may have clinical significance. Our findings are suggestive of shared glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: miatagun@ybu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Atagün
authors.affiliation: Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Şıkoğlu
authors.affiliation: Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karakaş-Uğurlu
authors.affiliation: Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulusoy-Kaymak
authors.affiliation: Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey; Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Çayköylü
authors.affiliation: Ankara Atatürk Training and Education Hospital, Radiology, Ankara, Turkey; Bilkent University, National MR Research Center, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Algın
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, Psychotic Disorders Division, Belmont, MA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Öngür
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Glutamate; Glutamine; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Schizophrenia; Superior temporal cortex