title: Hydrothermal liquefaction of harvested high-ash low-lipid algal biomass from Dianchi Lake: effects of operational parameters and relations of products.
abstract: Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) allows a direct conversion of algal biomass into biocrude oil, not only solving the environmental issues caused by the over-growing algae but also producing renewable energy. This study reports HTL of algae after separation from eutrophicated Dianchi Lake in China. Conversion efficiency was studied under different operational conditions via an orthogonal design, including holding temperature (HT) (260-340 °C), retention time (RT) (30-90 min) and total solid (TS) (10-20%). A highest biocrude oil yield (18.4%, dry ash-free basis, daf) was achieved at 300 °C, 60 min, and 20% (TS), due to the low contents of lipids (1.9%, daf) and proteins (24.8%, daf), and high contents of ash (41.6%, dry basis) and carbohydrates (71.8%, daf). Operational parameters significantly affected the biocrude yields, and chemical distribution of HTL products. The biocrude production also related to other HTL products, and involved chemical reactions, such as deoxygenation and/or denitrogenation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. Electronic address: zdliu@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhidan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Yuanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Baoming
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D060106:Lakes; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D008055:Lipids; D009821:Oils; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014867:Water
keywords: Algal blooms; Biocrude oil; Deoxygenation and denitrogenation; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Product distribution