title: Source-specific fine particulate air pollution and systemic inflammation in ischaemic heart disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare short-term effects of fine particles (PM2.5; aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm) from different sources on the blood levels of markers of systemic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed a panel of 52 ischaemic heart disease patients from 15 November 2005 to 21 April 2006 with clinic visits in every second week in the city of Kotka, Finland, and determined nine inflammatory markers from blood samples. In addition, we monitored outdoor air pollution at a fixed site during the study period and conducted a source apportionment of PM2.5 using the Environmental Protection Agency's model EPA PMF 3.0. We then analysed associations between levels of source-specific PM2.5 and markers of systemic inflammation using linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified five source categories: regional and long-range transport (LRT), traffic, biomass combustion, sea salt, and pulp industry. We found most evidence for the relation of air pollution and inflammation in LRT, traffic and biomass combustion; the most relevant inflammation markers were C-reactive protein, interleukin-12 and myeloperoxidase. Sea salt was not positively associated with any of the inflammatory markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that PM2.5 from several sources, such as biomass combustion and traffic, are promoters of systemic inflammation, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siponen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yli-Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aurela
authors.affiliation: Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences, Kotka, Finland.
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dufva
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hillamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Maija-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennanen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Kymenlaakso Hospital Services, Carea, Kotka, Finland.
authors.forename: Iiris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tiittanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Raimo O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanki
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015984:Causality; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D049449:Luminescence; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: cardiovascular health; inflammation; particulate air pollution