title: Fabrication and optical characterization of silica optical fibers containing gold nanoparticles.
abstract: Gold nanoparticles have been used since antiquity for the production of red-colored glasses. More recently, it was determined that this color is caused by plasmon resonance, which additionally increases the material's nonlinear optical response, allowing for the improvement of numerous optical devices. Interest in silica fibers containing gold nanoparticles has increased recently, aiming at the integration of nonlinear devices with conventional optical fibers. However, fabrication is challenging due to the high temperatures required for silica processing and fibers with gold nanoparticles were solely demonstrated using sol-gel techniques. We show a new fabrication technique based on standard preform/fiber fabrication methods, where nanoparticles are nucleated by heat in a furnace or by laser exposure with unprecedented control over particle size, concentration, and distribution. Plasmon absorption peaks exceeding 800 dB m(-1) at 514-536 nm wavelengths were observed, indicating higher achievable nanoparticle concentrations than previously reported. The measured resonant nonlinear refractive index, (6.75 ± 0.55) × 10(-15) m(2) W(-1), represents an improvement of >50×.
authors.affiliation: Graphene and Nano-Materials Research Center (MackGraphe), Mackenzie Presbyterian University , São Paulo 01302-907, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael E P
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fokine
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Margulis
authors.forename: Christiano J S
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norin
keywords: gold nanoparticles; nanoparticles in glass; nonlinear optics; plasmonics; specialty optical fibers