title: Water used to moisten vegetables is a source of Escherichia coli and protozoan parasite contamination at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam.
abstract: The study was done to assess the level of fecal (Escherichia coli) and protozoan parasite (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) contamination in water used by traders to moisten vegetables at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 200 splashing water samples from markets located within eight districts were analyzed for E. coli and Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts. Giardia cysts were found in 17 splashing water samples and Cryptosporidium oocysts in nine samples, with median values of 20 cysts ml(-1) and 10 oocysts ml(-1), respectively. E. coli was found with a median concentration of 636 cfu ml(-1) and its occurrence was negatively correlated with the numbers of protozoan parasites. The splashing water was kept in buckets that were rarely cleaned and often used for handwashing. The finding of these pathogens in splashing water is likely to represent real food safety hazards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam E-mail: tram@nihe.org.vn.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thuy
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Tram
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diseases Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016266:Food Parasitology; D005872:Giardia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D033661:Oocysts; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014744:Vietnam; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D014867:Water