title: Development and validation of the German version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to develop the German version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES-G) and to assess its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The OES is an eight-item instrument with seven items directly addressing esthetic impacts of the orofacial region and an eighth item for a global assessment. It applies an 11-point ordinal rating scale, with summary scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 70 (best). The original OES items were translated into German using a forward-backward method. A de novo development of German items (n = 21 patients) and a cross-cultural adaptation after pilot testing (n = 15 patients) established content validity. Internal consistency and construct validity (structural, convergent, known-groups) of the OES-G were assessed in a sample of 165 prosthodontic patients. The OES was applied in 42 patients on two occasions, with a temporal distance of 2-4 weeks apart to determine test-retest reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency of the OES-G was considered as satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha 0.94; average inter-item correlation 0.64). Intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.95 (95 % confidence interval 0.92-0.98) indicated excellent test-retest reliability. Correlation matrix and exploratory factor analysis provided support for unidimensionality of the measured construct. The OES-G summary score was correlated with the patients' global assessment of their esthetics (r = 0.87) and external ratings of the expert group (r = 0.55) and discriminated patients with treatment need (39.4 points) from patients without (58.4 points; p < 0.001) and with a large effect size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OES-G has good psychometric properties and is a valuable instrument for the assessment of self-perceived orofacial esthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany, d.reissmann@uke.de.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Reissmann
authors.forename: Andreas W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Benecke
authors.forename: Ghazal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aarabi
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sierwald
mesh_terms: D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating