title: Purpurogallin, a natural phenol, attenuates high-mobility group box 1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm in a rat model.
abstract: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was shown to be an important extracellular mediator involved in vascular inflammation of animals following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is of interest to examine the efficacy of purpurogallin, a natural phenol, on the alternation of cytokines and HMGB1 in a SAH model. A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested to examine HMGB1 mRNA and protein expression (Western blot). CSF samples were to examine IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (rt-PCR). Deformed endothelial wall, tortuous elastic lamina, and necrotic smooth muscle were observed in the vessels of SAH groups but were absent in the purpurogallin group. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the SAH only and SAH plus vehicle groups were significantly elevated (P < 0.01). Purpurgallin dose-dependently reduced HMGB1 protein expression. Likewise, high dose purpurogallin reduced TNF-α and HMGB1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, purpurogallin exerts its neuroinflammation effect through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reducing HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression. This study supports purpurogallin could attenuate both proinflammatory cytokines and late-onset inflammasome in SAH induced vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Zen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Lung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6716-2771
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Chuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Aij-Lie
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kwan