title: Feedback-related negativity is enhanced in adolescence during a gambling task with and without probabilistic reinforcement learning.
abstract: Feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a negative deflection that appears around 250 ms after the gain or loss of feedback to chosen alternatives in a gambling task in frontocentral regions following outcomes. Few studies have reported FRN enhancement in adolescents compared with adults in a gambling task without probabilistic reinforcement learning, despite the fact that learning from positive or negative consequences is crucial for decision-making during adolescence. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to identify differences in FRN amplitude and latency between adolescents and adults on a gambling task with favorable and unfavorable probabilistic reinforcement learning conditions, in addition to a nonlearning condition with monetary gains and losses. Higher rate scores of high-magnitude choices during the final 30 trials compared with the first 30 trials were observed during the favorable condition, whereas lower rates were observed during the unfavorable condition in both groups. Higher FRN amplitude in all conditions and longer latency in the nonlearning condition were observed in adolescents compared with adults and in relation to losses. Results indicate that both the adolescents and the adults improved their performance in relation to positive and negative feedback. However, the FRN findings suggest an increased sensitivity to external feedback to losses in adolescents compared with adults, irrespective of the presence or absence of probabilistic reinforcement learning. These results reflect processing differences on the neural monitoring system and provide new perspectives on the dynamic development of an adolescent's brain.
authors.affiliation: aNeuroscience Institute, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico bUniversity of Lille I & Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences and Pathologies, France.
authors.forename: Eduardo S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Martínez-Velázquez
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos-Loyo
authors.forename: Andrés A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: González-Garrido
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sequeira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011337:Probability Learning; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward