title: Oxygen and relative humidity monitoring with films tailored for enhanced photoluminescence.
abstract: Approaches to generate porous or doped sensing films, which significantly enhance the photoluminescence (PL) of oxygen optical sensors, and thus improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, are presented. Tailored films, which enable monitoring the relative humidity (RH) as well, are also presented. Effective porous structures, in which the O2-sensitive dye Pt octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) or the Pd analog PdOEP was embedded, were realized by first generating blend films of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with polystyrene (PS) or with ethyl cellulose (EC), and then immersing the dried films in water to remove the water-soluble PEG. This approach creates pores (voids) in the sensing films. The dielectric contrast between the films' constituents and the voids increases photon scattering, which in turn increases the optical path of the excitation light within the film, and hence light absorption by the dye, and its PL. Optimized sensing films with a PEG:PS ratio of 1:4 (PEG's molecular weight Mw ∼8000) led to ∼4.4× enhancement in the PL (in comparison to PS films). Lower Mw ∼200 PEG with a PEG:EC ratio of 1:1 led to a PL enhancement of ∼4.7×. Film-dependent PL enhancements were observed at all oxygen concentrations. The strong PL enhancement enables (i) using lower dye (luminophore) concentrations, (ii) reducing power consumption and enhancing the sensor's operational lifetime when using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as excitation sources, (iii) improving performance when using compact photodetectors with no internal gain, and (iv) reliably extending the dynamic range. The effect of RH on O2 sensing is also presented. Dye:EC films are sensitive to the RH, as shown by the change of the dye's PL decay time with RH at a given O2 concentration. Surprisingly, this RH sensitivity vanishes by adding PEG to EC, including by washing PEG off. In contrast, doping EC with TiO2 nanoparticles maintains the RH effect with the advantage of significant PL enhancement. This enhancement enables differentiation of <10% changes in the RH, which is unattained with the dye:EC sensing films. The results are discussed in terms of the composition, thickness, and microstructure, whether porous or nanoparticle doped, of the composite films.
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States.
authors.forename: Weipan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States; Microelectronics Research Center, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
authors.forename: Eeshita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manna
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States.
authors.forename: Joong-Mok
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States.
authors.forename: Fadzai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fungura
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory - USDOE and Physics & Astronomy Department, United States. Electronic address: jshinar@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shinar
authors.affiliation: Microelectronics Research Center, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States. Electronic address: rshinar@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinar
keywords: Light scattering; O(2) sensor; Photoluminescence enhancement; Porous sensing films; Relative humidity effect