title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the early period after kidney transplantation predicts long-term allograft function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time contrast-enhanced sonography (CES) can assess microvascular tissue perfusion using gas-filled microbubbles. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of early CES in predicting long-term kidney allograft function in comparison to color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 68 consecutive kidney transplant recipients using CES and conventional CDUS investigation 1 week after transplantation. Transplant tissue perfusion imaging was performed by low-power imaging during intravenous administration of the sonocontrast SonoVue. Renal tissue perfusion was assessed quantitatively using flash replenishment kinetics of microbubbles to estimate renal blood flow (RBF). The obtained sonography values were correlated with clinical data 1 week up to 1 year after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast with conventional CDUS resistive indices, RBF estimated by CES 1 week posttransplantation significantly correlated with kidney function after 1 year (r = 0.67; P < .001). Determination of RBF by CES revealed a significant correlation with donor age but not recipient age, whereas conventional CDUS resistive index was significantly correlated to recipient age (r = 0.54; P < .001) but not donor age. Furthermore RBF was associated with vascular fibrosis and intimal thickening of the engraftment biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first prospective study demonstrating the prognostic value of CES early after kidney transplantation. In contrast with CDUS, CES reveals information about kidney allograft perfusion independent of recipient vascular compliance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schwenger
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hankel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seckinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macher-Göppinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morath
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeisbrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: lars.kihm@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kihm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts; D051799:Delayed Graft Function / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride