title: Increased proinflammatory markers and lipoperoxidation in obese individuals: Inicial inflammatory events?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic inflammation associated to obesity increases the risk for developing insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The initial factors involved in generating the inflammatory events in the obesity remain unclear. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine inflammatory and oxidative markers in the blood of obese individuals with normal clinical and biochemical parameters and with or without IR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen obese non-diabetic and nine lean subjects were studied for serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, adiponectin, angiotensin II, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expressions of RAGE (advanced glycation end product receptor), AT1 (Ang II receptor), s100A12 protein (RAGE ligand) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in circulating mononuclear cells (CMC) by available antibodies and commercial kits. CMC were also cultured to determine pro-inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin was increased in obese subjects with IR. Decreased serum adiponectin in obese individuals and increased TNF-α, IL-1β and CMC bearing RAGE, AT1 and s100A12 in obese individuals without IR were found. High values of serum MDA in obese subjects were observed. Similar TNF-content in cultures from obese and controls, increased cellular IL-1β content in cultures from obese individuals without IR and high content of MDA in supernatants from obese individual cultures were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inflammatory events were mainly observed in obese individuals without IR. The absent of inflammatory events and high levels of insulin in obese subjects with IR, suggest a protector role of insulin for developing inflammatory events. These data can represent initial aspects of the chronic inflammation observed in the obesity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bionanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedreañez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Genética, Escuela de Bionanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diez-Ewald
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Electronic address: mosquera99ve@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mosquera
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Oxidative stress