title: Inventory on the dietary assessment tools available and needed in africa: a prerequisite for setting up a common methodological research infrastructure for nutritional surveillance, research, and prevention of diet-related non-communicable diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out an inventory on the availability, challenges, and needs of dietary assessment (DA) methods in Africa as a pre-requisite to provide evidence, and set directions (strategies) for implementing common dietary methods and support web-research infrastructure across countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inventory was performed within the framework of the "Africa's Study on Physical Activity and Dietary Assessment Methods" (AS-PADAM) project. It involves international institutional and African networks. An inventory questionnaire was developed and disseminated through the networks. Eighteen countries responded to the dietary inventory questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various DA tools were reported in Africa; 24-Hour Dietary Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire were the most commonly used tools. Few tools were validated and tested for reliability. Face-to-face interview was the common method of administration. No computerized software or other new (web) technologies were reported. No tools were standardized across countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of comparable DA methods across represented countries is a major obstacle to implement comprehensive and joint nutrition-related programmes for surveillance, programme evaluation, research, and prevention. There is a need to develop new or adapt existing DA methods across countries by employing related research infrastructure that has been validated and standardized in other settings, with the view to standardizing methods for wider use.
authors.affiliation: a Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO) , Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Pedro T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.affiliation: a Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO) , Lyon , France.|b Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 204 Nutripass, IRD-UM2-UM1 , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: Edwige
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Landais
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK , and World Public Health Nutrition.
authors.forename: Barrie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Margetts
authors.affiliation: d Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa , and African Nutrition Leadership Programme.
authors.forename: Hester H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Vorster
authors.affiliation: e Department of Population Health Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services , and Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Friedenreich
authors.affiliation: a Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO) , Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: b Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 204 Nutripass, IRD-UM2-UM1 , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Martin-Prevel
authors.affiliation: f Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization (WHO) Headquarter , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Branca
authors.affiliation: g Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Warren T K
authors.initials: WTK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: g Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.affiliation: d Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa , and African Nutrition Leadership Programme.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jerling
authors.affiliation: h University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, and African Nutrition Society (ANS) , Accra , Ghana.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zotor
authors.affiliation: i Department of Life Sciences , University of Greenwich , Kent , UK , and African Nutrition Society (ANS), Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amuna
authors.affiliation: j Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), World Health Organization (WHO) , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayoub
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Jawaldeh
authors.affiliation: k National Horticultural Research Institute , Ibadan , Oyo State , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olaide Ruth
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Aderibigbe
authors.affiliation: l Département de Nutrition et de Sciences Alimentaires , Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi , Cotonou , Bénin.
authors.forename: Waliou Hounkpatin
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Amoussa
authors.affiliation: m Department of Family and Preventive Medicine , San Diego School of Medicine, University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl A M
authors.initials: CAM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: n National Institute of Public Health, and Research Laboratory SURVEN (Nutritional Surveillance and Epidemiology in Tunisia) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hajer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aounallah-Skhiri
authors.affiliation: o National Institute of Public Health (INSP) , Algiers , Algeria.
authors.forename: Madjid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atek
authors.affiliation: p Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Chakare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benhura
authors.affiliation: q Physiology Department, College of Health Sciences , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Jephat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chifamba
authors.affiliation: r Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa.
authors.forename: Namukolo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.affiliation: s Abt Associates , Cambridge , Uganda.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dary
authors.affiliation: t TRANSNUT, WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delisle
authors.affiliation: u National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INNTA), and Research Laboratory SURVEN (Nutritional Surveillance and Epidemiology in Tunisia) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Jalila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El Ati
authors.affiliation: v Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation (URAC 39), Université Ibn Tofaïl - CNESTEN , Rabat-Kénitra , Morocco.
authors.forename: Asmaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Hamdouchi
authors.affiliation: w Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Fès, Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie , Recherche Clinique et Santé Communautaire , Fès , Morocco.
authors.forename: Karima
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Rhazi
authors.affiliation: x Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: y Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Lilongwe , Malawi.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalimbira
authors.affiliation: z Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korkalo
authors.affiliation: aa Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa.
authors.forename: Annamarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: ab DietPlus , Tema , Ghana.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ledo
authors.affiliation: q Physiology Department, College of Health Sciences , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Tatenda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Machiweni
authors.affiliation: q Physiology Department, College of Health Sciences , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahachi
authors.affiliation: ac Alliance for Canadian Health Outcomes Research in Diabetes, School of Public Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.
authors.forename: Nonsikelelo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mathe
authors.affiliation: ad John Snow Inc. (JSI), Research and Training Institute , Kampala , Uganda.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokori
authors.affiliation: b Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 204 Nutripass, IRD-UM2-UM1 , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mouquet-Rivier
authors.affiliation: ae Ministry of Education, Science and Technology , Nairobi , Kenya.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mutie
authors.affiliation: af Ministry of Health and Social Services, Non-Communicable Diet-Related Diseases and Nutrition in HIV, Food and Nutrition Subdivision , Windhoek , Namibia.
authors.forename: Hilde Liisa
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nashandi
authors.affiliation: ag MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: ah Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics , Federal University of Agriculture , Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluseye Olusegun
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Onabanjo
authors.affiliation: ai FHI 360, North Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Zo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rambeloson
authors.affiliation: aj Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Yaoundé I , Yaoundé , Cameroon.
authors.forename: Foudjo Brice U
authors.initials: FBU
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: ak Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences , Nnamdi Azikiwe University , Awka , Anambra State , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kingsley Ikechukwu
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Ubaoji
authors.affiliation: al National Nutrition Institute , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaghloul
authors.affiliation: a Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO) , Lyon , France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: AS-PADAM; Africa; Inventory; dietary assessment; tools