title: [Factors that influence bone mass of healthy children and adolescents measured by quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanges: a systematic review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the main factors that influence bone mass in children and teenagers assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the phalanges.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was performed according to the PRISMA method with searches in databases Pubmed/Medline, SciELO and Bireme for the period 2001-2012, in English and Portuguese languages, using the keywords: children, teenagers, adolescent, ultrasound finger phalanges, quantitative ultrasound of phalanges, phalangeal quantitative ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 articles were included. Girls had, in QUS, Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound (AD-SoS) values higher than boys during pubertal development. The values of the parameters of QUS of the phalanges and dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) increased with the increase of the maturational stage. Anthropometric variables such as age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), lean mass showed positive correlations with the values of QUS of the phalanges. Physical activity has also been shown to be positively associated with increased bone mass. Factors such as ethnicity, genetics, caloric intake and socioeconomic profile have not yet shown a conclusive relationship and need a larger number of studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QUS of the phalanges is a method used to evaluate the progressive acquisition of bone mass during growth and maturation of individuals in school phase, by monitoring changes that occur with increasing age and pubertal stage. There were mainly positive influences in variables of sex, maturity, height, weight and BMI, with similar data when compared to the gold standard method, the DXA.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil. Electronic address: tathy04n@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tathyane
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krahenbühl
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ezequiel Moreira
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Tavares
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Antonio de Azevedo
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Barros Filho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Adolescent; Adolescente; Bone density; Bone development; Children; Criança; Densidade óssea; Desenvolvimento ósseo; Falanges dos dedos da mão; Finger phalanges; Ultrasonography; Ultrassonografia