title: Motor imagery: effects of age, task complexity, and task setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Mental training may potentially enhance motor performance and self-efficacy in older adults. However, several studies revealed an age-related decay of motor imagery (MI), which suggests that mental training might be too challenging for older adults. Recognizing that laboratory results are often not transferable to real-life situations, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate imagery performance in the elderly with a more real-life-like approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  MI performance of 21 older (70.28 ± 4.65 years) and 19 younger adults (24.89 ± 3.16 years) was estimated by mental chronometry from the first-person perspective. Subjects were asked to walk in a supermarket scenario straight ahead (A), or with two changes of direction (B), or with two changes of direction while retrieving products (C). The three tasks were completed first in the subjects' imagination and then in reality, with time required as the dependent measure. MI ability was also assessed by the Controllability of Motor Imagery (CMI) test, in which subjects are required to mentally assume a sequence of body postures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-related alterations of MI were observed for walking only in Tasks B and C, and only in terms of intersubject variability, not in terms of across-subject means. This is in contrast to earlier studies that used a less realistic walking scenario and found an age-related decay even for MI means. Age-related alterations of CMI were observed as well, but they correlated little with those of walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that MI is not a global phenomenon, as it decays in old age independently in the temporal and in the spatial domain, decays less with simple than with complex tasks, and less in an everyday-like than in a typical laboratory setting. These characteristics of MI should be taken into account when assessing its decay in old age, and when designing mental training for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalicinski
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kempe
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult