title: Impact of singlehood during pregnancy on dietary intake and birth outcomes- a study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little attention has been given to the impact of singlehood during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of marital status on diet during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 62,773 women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Marital status was categorised into singles living alone, singles living with parents and married/cohabiting (reference group). Participants answered a general health questionnaire in gestational week 15-17 and a food frequency questionnaire in gestational week 22. We used nonparametric tests to compare dietary intakes by marital status, and multiple logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for infants being small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and preterm delivery (defined as delivery before gestational week 37).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single women living with parents had lower intakes of fruits and vegetables, higher intake of total energy, higher proportion of energy from added sugar, and lower intake of fibre than the reference group. Singles living alone also had a higher intake of added sugar. In both of the single groups, daily smoking was more prevalent than in women living with a partner. In analyses adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, energy intake, energy contributed by protein, education, income, parity and nausea, single women living alone had increased risk of SGA with OR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.55). When smoking was included among the confounding variables, the association was no longer significant. Likewise, singles living alone had increased risk of preterm delivery, with OR = 1.32 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.72) in a partly adjusted model, but the association did not remain significant in a model fully adjusted for confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single mothers had lower dietary quality and included more smokers than women who lived with a partner. Single mothers living alone had higher prevalence of SGA and preterm delivery, but the associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes were confounded by other variables. This study shows that single mothers should be given special attention during antenatal care and counselling.
authors.forename: Jorunn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farbu
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Helle Margrete
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: Anne Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brantsæter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009035:Mothers; D009664:Norway; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000523:psychology*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult