title: Lead in school children from Morelos, Mexico: levels, sources and feasible interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lead is a pervasive pollutant, associated at low levels to many adverse health effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate lead levels, exposure pathways and intervention possibilities in school children from Alpuyeca, in Morelos, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood lead concentrations (BPb) were measured in 226 children in 2011. Exposure pathways were assessed through a questionnaire, lead measurements in different environmental matrices and spatial aggregation analysis of lead concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BPb ranged from 1.5 to 36.5 ìg/dL, with a mean (SD) of 7.23 (4.9) ìg/dL. Sixty-four and 18% of the children had BPb > 5 ìg/dL and > 10 ìg/dL, respectively. The use of lead glazed ceramics was reported in almost half of the households; it was the main BPb determinant and it was associated with an increased risk of having BPb > 5 g/dL by 2.7 times (p = 0.001). Environmental samples were within US EPA’s lead recommended limits, and blood lead levels were randomly distributed in the community.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lead remains a public health problem in Alpuyeca, Mexico. Unlike other local pollutant lead exposure prevention can be achieved inexpensively and in a short term. Interventions should make mothers aware of lead's health effects and empower them to safeguard their children's health by avoiding the culturally ingrained use of lead glazed pottery.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P., Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. paulina.farias@insp.mx
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farías
authors.forename: Urinda
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Álamo-Hernández
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mancilla-Sánchez
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Texcalac-Sangrador
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrizales-Yáñez
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riojas-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead