title: Feasibility of detecting aflatoxin B1 on inoculated maize kernels surface using Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging.
abstract: The feasibility of using a visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system with a wavelength range between 400 and 1000 nm to detect and differentiate different levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) artificially titrated on maize kernel surface was examined. To reduce the color effects of maize kernels, image analysis was limited to a subset of original spectra (600 to 1000 nm). Residual staining from the AFB1 on the kernels surface was selected as regions of interest for analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral image data, and then a stepwise factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) was performed on latent PCA variables. The results indicated that discriminant factors F2 can be used to separate control samples from all of the other groups of kernels with AFB1 inoculated, whereas the discriminant factors F1 can be used to identify maize kernels with levels of AFB1 as low as 10 ppb. An overall classification accuracy of 98% was achieved. Finally, the peaks of β coefficients of the discrimination factors F1 and F2 were analyzed and several key wavelengths identified for differentiating maize kernels with and without AFB1 , as well as those with differing levels of AFB1 inoculation. Results indicated that Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging technology combined with the PCA-FDA was a practical method to detect and differentiate different levels of AFB1 artificially inoculated on the maize kernels surface. However, indicated the potential to detect and differentiate naturally occurring toxins in maize kernel.
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, No. 17 Tsinghua East Rd., Beijing, 100083, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Heitschmidt
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feldner
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016604:Aflatoxin B1
keywords: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); factorial discriminant analysis (FDA); hyperspectral imaging; maize; principal components analysis (PCA)