title: Enhanced degradation of Herbicide Isoproturon in wheat rhizosphere by salicylic acid.
abstract: This study investigated the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) residues in soil, where wheat was cultivated and sprayed with salicylic acid (SA). Provision of SA led to a lower level of IPU residues in rhizosphere soil compared to IPU treatment alone. Root exudation of tartaric acid, malic acid, and oxalic acids was enhanced in rhizosphere soil with SA-treated wheat. We examined the microbial population (e.g., biomass and phospholipid fatty acid), microbial structure, and soil enzyme (catalase, phenol oxidase, and dehydrogenase) activities, all of which are associated with soil activity and were activated in rhizosphere soil of SA-treated wheat roots. We further assessed the correlation matrix and principal component to figure out the association between the IPU degradation and soil activity. Finally, six IPU degraded products (derivatives) in rhizosphere soil were characterized using ultraperformance liquid chromatography with a quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS). A relatively higher level of IPU derivatives was identified in soil with SA-treated wheat than in soil without SA-treated wheat plants.
authors.forename: Yi Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shan Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Meng Tian
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D058441:Rhizosphere; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D012987:Soil; C028904:isoproturon; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D020156:Salicylic Acid