title: Extent of podoconiosis-related stigma in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: Studies have indicated that social stigma related to podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) has a major impact on the psychosocial wellbeing of patients. However, little effort has been made so far to quantify the level of both felt and enacted stigma in a range of domains of life. We used a recently developed podoconiosis stigma assessment scale to measure levels of stigma as recalled over the previous 12 months. One hundred and fifty patients with podoconiosis rated the levels of stigma they perceived and experienced in 'interpersonal interactions', 'major life areas' and 'community, social and civic life'. High levels of stigma were observed on both felt and enacted stigma scales. The overall average stigma score was 40.7 (range 0 to 96). Enacted stigma was scored higher than felt stigma (mean score 21.2 vs. 19.5, respectively). The mean enacted stigma score was higher in 'major life areas', and 'community, social and civic life' than 'interpersonal interactions', while felt stigma was experienced most at the interpersonal level. Over half of patients reported that they had considered suicide in response to discrimination and prejudice, particularly in interpersonal interactions. Forced divorce, dissolution of marriage plan, insults and exclusion at social events were some of the most commonly mentioned forms of enacted stigma reported by affected individuals. Scores for overall level of stigma and enacted stigma increased significantly with stage of podoconiosis while the association observed in relation to felt stigma was only marginally significant (p = 0.085). Appropriate stigma reduction strategies must be identified and implemented in communities highly endemic for podoconiosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abebayehu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tora
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Kebede
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deribe
authors.affiliation: Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, 68 Waterman St, Providence, RI USA.
authors.forename: Ayalu A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey
keywords: Enacted stigma; Ethiopia; Felt stigma; Podoconiosis