title: Estimation of the burden of chronic and allergic pulmonary aspergillosis in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It would be of considerable interest to clinicians if the burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in India were known. Herein, we estimate the burden of CPA following pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and ABPA (and severe asthma with fungal sensitization [SAFS]) complicating asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the population estimates for India from the 2011 census data. The burden of asthma was estimated using three different methods (Global Initiative against Asthma [GINA] report statement, World Health Survey [WHS] estimates, Indian study on the epidemiology of asthma and chronic bronchitis [INSEARCH]). Global and India-specific figures were used for calculating the prevalence of ABPA and SAFS. The World Health Organization estimates were used for calculating PTB rates while the frequency of CPA was assessed from a previously published scoping review. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the burden in various scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total Indian population in 2011 was 1.2 billion. The asthma prevalence in adults was estimated at about 27.6 (range, 17-30) million. The burden of ABPA ranged from 0.12-6.09 million with different assumptions (best estimate, 1.38 [range, 0.86-1.52] million). The prevalence of SAFS was approximated at about 0.52-1.21 million (best estimate, 0.96 [range, 0.6-1.06] million). The incident TB cases were about 2.1 million while the annual incidence of CPA varied 27,000-0.17 million cases, with different estimates. If the mortality of CPA is estimated as 15% annually, the 5-year prevalence of CPA was placed at 290,147 cases with 5-year prevalence rate being 24 per 100,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant burden of ABPA, SAFS and CPA in India. Prospective community-based studies are required to accurately determine the prevalence of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Ritesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Education & Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Arunaloke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
mesh_terms: D001229:Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D055732:Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology