title: Analysis of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in decomposed skeletal tissues by microwave assisted extraction, microplate solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (MAE-MPSPE-GCMS).
abstract: Analysis of decomposed skeletal tissues for dextromethorphan (DXM) and dextrorphan (DXT) using microwave assisted extraction (MAE), microplate solid-phase extraction (MPSPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Rats (n = 3) received 100 mg/kg DXM (i.p.) and were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation roughly 20 min post-dose. Remains decomposed to skeleton outdoors and vertebral bones were recovered, cleaned, and pulverized. Pulverized bone underwent MAE using methanol as an extraction solvent in a closed microwave system, followed by MPSPE and GC-MS. Analyte stability under MAE conditions was assessed and found to be stable for at least 60 min irradiation time. The majority (>90%) of each analyte was recovered after 15 min. The MPSPE-GCMS method was fit to a quadratic response (R(2)  > 0.99), over the concentration range 10-10 000 ng⋅mL(-1) , with coefficients of variation <20% in triplicate analysis. The MPSPE-GCMS method displayed a limit of detection of 10 ng⋅mL(-1) for both analytes. Following MAE for 60 min (80 °C, 1200 W), MPSPE-GCMS analysis of vertebral bone of DXM-exposed rats detected both analytes in all samples (DXM: 0.9-1.5 µg⋅g(-1) ; DXT: 0.5-1.8 µg⋅g(-1) ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3L 1C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Candice D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3L 1C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cornthwaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3L 1C6, Canada.|Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3L 1C6, Canada.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Watterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003917:Dextrorphan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D003917:Dextrorphan; D003915:Dextromethorphan
keywords: bone; dextromethorphan; dextrorphan; forensic toxicology; microwave assisted extraction