title: Sound pressure distribution within natural and artificial human ear canals: forward stimulation.
abstract: This work is part of a study of the interaction of sound pressure in the ear canal (EC) with tympanic membrane (TM) surface displacement. Sound pressures were measured with 0.5-2 mm spacing at three locations within the shortened natural EC or an artificial EC in human temporal bones: near the TM surface, within the tympanic ring plane, and in a plane transverse to the long axis of the EC. Sound pressure was also measured at 2-mm intervals along the long EC axis. The sound field is described well by the size and direction of planar sound pressure gradients, the location and orientation of standing-wave nodal lines, and the location of longitudinal standing waves along the EC axis. Standing-wave nodal lines perpendicular to the long EC axis are present on the TM surface >11-16 kHz in the natural or artificial EC. The range of sound pressures was larger in the tympanic ring plane than at the TM surface or in the transverse EC plane. Longitudinal standing-wave patterns were stretched. The tympanic-ring sound field is a useful approximation of the TM sound field, and the artificial EC approximates the natural EC.
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ravicz
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao Cheng
authors.affiliation: Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rosowski
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology*