title: Surgery for urinary incontinence in women 65 years and older: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary incontinence (UI) is common among the elderly, but the literature is sparse on the surgical treatment of UI among the elderly. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of surgical interventions as treatment for urinary incontinence in the elderly population ≥65 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and prospective nonrandomized studies (NRS) were included. The databases PubMed (NLM), EMBASE (Elsevier), Cochrane Library (Wiley), and Cinahl (EBSCO) were searched for the period 1966 up to October 2013. The population had to be ≥65 years of age and had to have undergone urethral sling procedures, periurethral injection of bulking agents, artificial urinary sphincter surgery, bladder injection treatment with onabotulinumtoxin A or sacral neuromodulation treatment. Eligible outcomes were episodes of incontinence/urine leakage, adverse events, and quality of life. The studies included had to be at a moderate or low risk of bias. Mean difference (MD) or standard mean difference (SMD)as well as risk difference (RD) and the 95% CI were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies--all on the suburethral sling procedure in women-- that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were identified. The proportion of patients reporting persistent SUI after surgery ranged from 5.2 to 17.6%. One study evaluating quality of life (QoL) showed a significant improvement after surgery. The complication rates varied between 1 and 26%, mainly bladder perforation, bladder emptying disturbances, and de novo urge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suburethral sling procedure improves continence as well as QoL among elderly women with SUI; however, evidence is limited.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, karin.m.franzen@oru.se.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odeberg
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Midlöv
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stenzelius
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammarström
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D053825:Suburethral Slings / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000601:surgery*