title: Diagnostic clinical relevance of developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (DPPA2) in colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important common causes of cancer-related death globally and reorganization of regulatory mechanisms controlling initiation, progression and metastasis of the CRC is critical to improve the prognosis, diagnosis and effective therapeutic treatment of the patients. One of the newly identified pluripotency genes which is expressed specifically in pluripotent stem cells is developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (DPPA2). It may play important roles in the maintenance of pluripotency of ESCs and is associated with abnormal cell growth and cancer formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein expression of DPPA2 was specifically analyzed in tumors and their margin normals of colorectal epithelium in 50 new cases CRC patients by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DPPA2 protein was significantly overexpressed in 60% of samples (30 of 50, P<0.01). This level of protein expression was significantly correlated to the depth of tumor invasion (p=0.047) and the stage of tumor progression (p=0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to existence of transcriptional linkage between DPPA2/Nanog and OCT4 in mouse ESCs, our results suggest that a pluripotency transcriptional network consisting of SALL4/OCT4/DPPA2/Nanog, as similar as ESCs, is activated in CRC which not only play essential roles in maintenance of stemness state and self-renewal characteristics of tumor cells, but also in progression of CRC cells through advanced stages leading to increase depth of tumor cell invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPPA2 protein expression is correlated with different indices of poor prognosis and may be introduced as a new therapeutic marker in adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center of Pathological and Medical Diagnostic Services, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghodsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jafarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Emam-Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montazer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hadi
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sadeghian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran. Electronic address: forghanifard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Forghanifard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C502836:DPPA2 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Colorectal cancer; DPPA2; Immunohistochemistry; Tumor invasion