title: What we know about ocular manifestations of Ebola.
abstract: Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a deadly disease caused by several species of ebolavirus. The current outbreak of 2014 is unique in that it has affected a greater number of people than ever before. It also has an unusual geographic distribution. Nonspecific findings such as fever and generalized weakness have traditionally been very common early in the acute phase. Ophthalmic manifestations have also been reported in significant numbers. Conjunctival injection has been identified in both the acute and late phases. Subconjunctival hemorrhage and excessive lacrimation have also been reported. Various forms of uveitis have been associated with the convalescent phase of the disease. When identified in conjunction with other signs such as fever, acute findings such as conjunctivitis may contribute to the diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Ideally, serologic testing should be performed prior to isolation and treatment of these individuals. Considering the prevalence of the current outbreak and the threat of transcontinental spread, ophthalmic health professionals need to be aware of the ocular manifestations of Ebola hemorrhagic fever as well as the associated signs and symptoms in order to prevent further spread.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moshirfar
authors.affiliation: John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Carlton R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fenzl
authors.affiliation: University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Ebola hemorrhagic fever; conjunctivitis; ebolavirus; subconjunctival hemorrhage; uveitis