title: The placental immune milieu is characterized by a Th2- and anti-inflammatory transcription profile, regardless of maternal allergy, and associates with neonatal immunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  How maternal allergy affects the systemic and local immunological environment during pregnancy and the immune development of the offspring is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of 40 genes was quantified by PCR arrays in placenta, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from 7 allergic and 12 non-allergic women and their offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placental gene expression was dominated by a Th2-/anti-inflammatory profile, irrespectively of maternal allergy, as compared to gene expression in PBMC. p35 expression in placenta correlated with fetal Tbx21 (ρ = -0.88, P < 0.001) and IL-5 expression in PBMC with fetal galectin1 (ρ = 0.91, P < 0.001). Increased expression of Th2-associated CCL22 in CBMC preceded allergy development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression locally and systemically during pregnancy was partly associated with the offspring's gene expression, possibly indicating that the immunological milieu is important for fetal immune development. Maternal allergy was not associated with an enhanced Th2 immunity in placenta or PBMC, while a marked prenatal Th2 skewing, shown as increased CCL22 mRNA expression, might contribute to postnatal allergy development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martina S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abelius
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janefjord
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ernerudh
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matthiesen
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duchén
authors.forename: Lennart J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jenmalm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010920:Placenta / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D011257:Pregnancy Proteins
keywords: Allergy; Th2; fetal programming of diseases; gene expression; placenta