title: Effects of spray-drying on w/o/w multiple emulsions prepared from a stearic acid matrix.
abstract: The goal of this study was to explore the effects of spray-drying on w/o/w double emulsions of methyltestosterone (MT) loaded in a stearic acid matrix. MT-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion technique using 50, 75, and 100 mg of stearic acid, 2% and 3% w/v polyvinyl alcohol, 5% w/v lactose, and 0.2% w/v chitosan. The emulsions were immediately spray-dried based on an optimized model of inlet temperature and pump rate, and characterized for optimized responses with regard to particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, for both emulsion and powder samples. Dynamic light scattering analysis shown that the nanoparticles increased in size with increasing concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol and stearic acid. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the MT-loaded nanoparticles were spherical in shape, had a smooth surface, and were in an amorphous state, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. These MT-loaded nanoparticles are a promising candidate carrier for the delivery of MT; however, further studies are needed in order to establish the stability of the system and the cargo release profile under normal conditions of use.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Nichrous
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mlalila
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hulda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swai
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lonji
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalombo
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Askwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilonga
keywords: double emulsions; nanoparticles; pump rate; spray-drying; testosterone