title: Labour market trajectories and early retirement due to permanent disability: a study based on 14 972 new cases in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyse the impact of labour market trajectory indicators on early retirement, measured by age at onset of permanent disability (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four labour market trajectory indicators were reconstructed in 14 972 new cases of PD recognized between 2004 and 2010: (1) number of employment contracts, (2) number of unemployment periods, (3) number of periods without social security affiliation and (4) percentage of time spent in inactivity. The outcome was measured as the age at onset of PD. Median differences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were compared using a median regression. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for occupational category and total time elapsed between the beginning of working life and the age at onset of PD: separately for each labour market indicator, and adjusted for each other.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, the age at the onset of PD for workers with 15 or more employment contracts decreased by 4.8 years; and for workers with five or more periods without affiliation it decreased by 4.6 years. In women, the corresponding decreases were 5.8 years for 15 or more contracts and 7.2 years for five or more unaffiliated periods. The results for four indicators slightly changed when they were mutually adjusted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor employment conditions, such as having a high number of periods without affiliation, a high number of contracts (in men) and a higher percentage of inactive time (in women) are associated with early retirement due to PD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 2 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain 3 IMIM Parc Salut Mar, Social epidemiology and occupational health group, Barcelona, Spain fernando.benavides@upf.edu.
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 2 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain 3 IMIM Parc Salut Mar, Social epidemiology and occupational health group, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 2 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain 4 The University of Texas School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, San Antonio Campus, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.affiliation: 5 Interface Demography, Department of Sociology, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium 6 Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium 7 Health Inequalities Research Group (GREDS), Department of Political and Social Sciences, Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (EMCONET), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanroelen
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 2 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain 3 IMIM Parc Salut Mar, Social epidemiology and occupational health group, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012943:Social Security / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data