title: Differential protective effects of polyphenol extracts from apple peels and fleshes against acute CCl₄-induced liver damage in mice.
abstract: The present study reports the phenolic profiles and antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Red Fuji apple peel polyphenolic extract (APP) and its flesh polyphenolic extract (AFP) against CCl4-induced acute hepatic damage in mice. It was found that the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of APP were significantly higher than those of AFP. APP was shown to exhibit stronger in vitro antioxidant activities than AFP in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of APP at 250 and 500 mg per kg bw to mice ahead of CCl4 injection was further shown to exhibit stronger in vivo protective effects than those of AFP and could observably antagonize the CCl4-induced increase in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities and hepatic malondialdehyde levels, and prevent the CCl4-caused decrease in antioxidant superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, compared to CCl4-treated mice (p < 0.05). This finding demonstrates that the polyphenolic extract from apple, particularly its peel, can be explored as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent against oxidative-stress-related liver disorders.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China. xbyang@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Daoyuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Xinshan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xingbin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase