title: The Association Between Supportive High School Environments and Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality Among Sexual Minority Students.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if sexual minority students in supportive school environments experienced fewer depressive symptoms and lower rates of suicide ideation, plans and attempts ("suicidality") than sexual minority students in less supportive school environments. In 2007, a nationally representative sample (N = 9,056) of students from 96 high schools in New Zealand used Internet tablets to complete a health and well-being survey that included questions on sexual attractions, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Students reported their experience of supportive environments at school and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) bullying, and these items were aggregated to the school level. Teachers (n = 2,901) from participating schools completed questionnaires on aspects of school climate, which included how supportive their schools were toward sexual minority students. Multilevel models were used to estimate school effects on depressive symptoms and suicidality controlling for background characteristics of students. Sexual minority students were more likely to report higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidality than their opposite-sex attracted peers (p < .001). Teacher reports of more supportive school environments for GLBT students were associated with fewer depressive symptoms among male sexual minority students (p = .006) but not for female sexual minority students (p = .09). Likewise in schools where students reported a more supportive school environment, male sexual minority students reported fewer depressive symptoms (p = .006) and less suicidality (p < .001) than in schools where students reported less favorable school climates. These results suggest that schools play an important role in providing safe and supportive environments for male sexual minority students.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychological Medicine , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Mathijs F G
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.affiliation: c The Roy McKenzie Centre for the Study of Families , Victoria University of Wellington.
authors.forename: Jaimee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.affiliation: a Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: d School of Learning, Development, and Professional Practice , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bullen
authors.affiliation: e Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Roshini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peiris-John
authors.affiliation: f Department of Social and Community Health , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Fiona V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Rossen
authors.affiliation: e Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology; D058445:Bullying; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D009520:New Zealand; D010379:Peer Group; D012574:Schools; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology*