title: Protein synthesis and consolidation of memory-related synaptic changes.
abstract: Although sometimes disputed, it has been assumed for several decades that new proteins synthesized following a learning event are required for consolidation of subsequent memory. Published findings and new results described here challenge this idea. Protein synthesis inhibitors did not prevent Theta Bust Stimulation (TBS) from producing extremely stable long-term potentiation (LTP) in experiments using standard hippocampal slice protocols. However, the inhibitors were effective under conditions that likely depleted protein levels prior to attempts to induce the potentiation effect. Experiments showed that induction of LTP at one input, and thus a prior episode of protein synthesis, eliminated the effects of inhibitors on potentiation of a second input even in depleted slices. These observations suggest that a primary role of translation and transcription processes initiated by learning events is to prepare neurons to support future learning. Other work has provided support for an alternative theory of consolidation. Specifically, if the synaptic changes that support memory are to endure, learning events/TBS must engage a complex set of signaling processes that reorganize and re-stabilize the spine actin cytoskeleton. This is accomplished in fast (10 min) and slow (50 min) stages with the first requiring integrin activation and the second a recovery of integrin functioning. These results align with, and provide mechanisms for, the long-held view that memories are established and consolidated over a set of temporally distinct phases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Electronic address: ga.s.lynch@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Enikö A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kramár
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gall
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D039641:Integrin beta Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D039641:Integrin beta Chains; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
keywords: Actin; Anisomycin; Hippocampus; Integrin; Long term potentiation; Synaptic plasticity