title: Fine-scale genetic assessment of sex-specific dispersal patterns in a multilevel primate society.
abstract: Like humans, hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) are unusual among primates in having a multilevel social system and stable pair bonds, and are thus a useful model for the evolution of human sociality. While the kinship structure and sex-biased dispersal patterns that underlie human social organization have been extensively elucidated, the impact of these factors on the social system of hamadryas baboons is currently unclear. Here we use genetic analysis of individuals to elucidate the patterns of male and female dispersal across multiple levels of society in a wild population of hamadryas baboons. We characterized 244 members of five hamadryas bands at Filoha, Ethiopia by genotyping one Y-linked and 23 autosomal microsatellite loci and sequencing part of the mitochondrial hypervariable control region I. We found both male and female dispersal to be limited at the level of the band, with more movement of females than males among bands. By integrating long-term behavioral data for Band 1, we also found evidence for male and female philopatry at the clan level. We speculate that male philopatry at the clan level and female dispersal across one-male units and clans may enable both kin-based cooperation among males and the maintenance of kin bonds among females after dispersal. This would mean that, as in humans, kin bonds within both sexes are a core feature of the hamadryas social system, thus contributing to our understanding of the evolution of social organization in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: veronika_staedele@eva.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Städele
authors.affiliation: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: vanessa.vandoren@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Van Doren
authors.affiliation: Filoha Hamadryas Project, Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Electronic address: mat2pines@yahoo.com.au.
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pines
authors.affiliation: Filoha Hamadryas Project, Awash National Park, Ethiopia; Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: larissaswedell@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Swedell
authors.affiliation: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: vigilant@eva.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vigilant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D048529:Papio hamadryas / Q000235:genetics*; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Genotyping; Noninvasive sampling; Papio hamadryas; Philopatry; Social system