title: An approach to improve the performance of subject-independent BCIs-based on motor imagery allocating subjects by gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the difficulties for the implementation of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems for motor impaired patients is the time consumed in the system design process, since patients do not have the adequate physical nor psychological conditions to complete the process. For this reason most of BCIs are designed in a subject-dependent approach using data of healthy subjects. The developing of subject-independent systems is an option to decrease the required training sessions to design a BCI with patient functionality. This paper presents a proof-of-concept study to evaluate subject-independent system based on hand motor imagery taking gender into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subject-Independent BCIs are proposed using Common Spatial Patterns and log variance features of two groups of healthy subjects; one of the groups was composed by people of male gender and the other one by people of female gender. The performance of the developed gender-specific BCI designs was evaluated with respect to a subject-independent BCI designed without taking gender into account, and afterwards its performance was evaluated with data of two healthy subjects that were not included in the initial sample. As an additional test to probe the potential use for subcortical stroke patients we applied the methodology to two patients with right hand weakness. T-test was employed to determine the significance of the difference between traditional approach and the proposed gender-specific approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most of the tested conditions, the gender-specific BCIs have a statistically significant better performance than those that did not take gender into account. It was also observed that with a BCI designed with log-variance features in the alpha and beta band of healthy subjects' data, it was possible to classify hand motor imagery of subcortical stroke patients above the practical level of chance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A larger subjects' sample test may be necessary to improve the performances of the gender-specific BCIs and to further test this methodology on different patients. The reduction of complexity in the implementation of BCI systems could bring these systems closer to applications such as controlling devices for the motor rehabilitation of stroke patients, and therefore, contribute to a more effective neurological rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Subdirection of Technological Research, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City 14389, Mexico. jcantillo@cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantillo-Negrete
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Martinez
authors.forename: Ruben I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Carino-Escobar
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Mora
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elias-Vinas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002138:Calibration; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult