title: Risk of manic switch associated with antidepressant therapy in pediatric bipolar depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of manic switch associated with antidepressants in Medicaid-enrolled pediatric patients with bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study involved 2003-2007 Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data from four geographically diverse states. The study sample included children and adolescents (ages 6-18 years) who had received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder on two or more separate occasions or during a hospital discharge, followed by a diagnosis of depression. According to the pharmacotherapy received by these patients in the 30 days around the index bipolar depression diagnosis, patients were categorized into five mutually exclusive groups. Manic switch was defined as having received a diagnosis of mania within 6 weeks after the initiation of bipolar depression treatment. Relative risks of manic switch between antidepressant monotherapy/polytherapy and their alternatives were assessed using Cox proportional hazards model. The robustness of the conventional Cox proportional hazards model toward possible bias caused by unobserved confounders was tested using instrumental variable analysis, and the uncertainty regarding manic switch definition was tested by altering the duration of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After applying all the selection criteria, 179 antidepressant monotherapy, 1047 second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) monotherapy, 570 mood stabilizer monotherapy, 445 antidepressant polytherapy, and 1906 SGA-mood stabilizer polytherapy users were identified. In Cox proportional hazard analyses, both antidepressant monotherapy and polytherapy exhibited higher risk of manic switch than their alternatives (antidepressant monotherapy vs. SGA monotherapy, hazard ratio [HR]=2.87 [95% CI: 1.10-7.49]; antidepressant monotherapy vs. mood stabilizer monotherapy, HR=1.41 [95% CI: 0.52-3.80); antidepressant polytherapy vs. SGA-mood stabilizer polytherapy, HR=1.61 [95% CI: 0.90-2.89]). However, only the comparison between antidepressant monotherapy and SGA monotherapy was statistically significant. The instrumental variable analysis did not detect endogeneity of the treatment variables. Extending the follow-up period from 6 weeks to 8 and 12 weeks generated findings consistent with the main analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings indicated a higher risk of manic switch associated with antidepressant monotherapy than with SGA monotherapy in pediatric patients with bipolar depression. The finding supported the clinical practice of cautious prescribing of antidepressants for brief periods.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Debajyoti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhowmik
authors.forename: Rajender R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Aparasu
authors.forename: Suja S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Perez
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents