title: Lupus nephritis in Egyptian children: a 16-year experience.
abstract: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical features, histo-pathological patterns, treatment modalities, and outcome of children and adolescents with lupus nephritis (LN), followed-up in Lupus Clinic, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital between January 1997 and December 2012. Out of 194 patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), LN was reported in 136 (70 %) patient, they were 27 males (20 %) and 109 females (80 %). The mean age at presentation was 12.5 ± 2.9 years, the mean duration of follow up was 4.1 years (range 2 months-12 years). Hematuria was present in 79 patients (58 %), proteinuria in 126 (92.6 %), 38 of them were in nephrotic range, while renal impairment was documented in 20 patients (15 %). Renal biopsy was done in 132 patients; diagnosis of class II, III, IV, V were 23, 25, 39, and 2 % respectively. Second renal biopsy was indicated in 58 patients (insufficient first biopsy 2, follow up in 45, lupus flare in 8, no response to therapy in 3 patients), while the third one was needed in only eight patients. Steroids were the commonest initial medications; used in 128 patients (63 alone and 65 with others) and cyclophosphamide was used in 64 patients. At the last follow-up visit; 19 % of patients lost follow-up, 45 % had complete remission, 21 % still had active disease, 1 % had end-stage renal disease, and 11 % died. In conclusion, in Egypt, childhood SLE is associated with frequent and severe nephritis at presentation, and this may be attributed to genetic, ethnic, or environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt. atef2075@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Atef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elmougy
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarhan
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Refaey
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zedan
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Riham
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laimon
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Limon
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf Abd
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elrahman
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elhussieni
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Enas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: El-Sherbeny
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends
keywords: Children; Egypt; Lupus nephritis; Renal biopsy; Systemic lupus erythematosus