title: A comparison of three different methodologies for evaluating Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus susceptibility to topical spray compounds.
abstract: This study aimed to compare three different methodologies (Adult Immersion Tests, field trials with naturally infected animals, and a Stall Test using artificially infested cattle) to evaluate the efficacy of two topical formulations that we administered as whole body sprays (15% Cypermethrin+30% Chlorpyriphos+15% Fenthion-Colosso(®) FC 30, Ouro Fino Agronegócios; and 60% Dichlorvos+20% Chlorpyriphos-Ectofós(®), Vallée Saúde Animal Ltd.), against a susceptible strain of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. To achieve this objective, two natural infestation trials were conducted, as well as two artificial infestation trials (Stall Tests) and two Adult Immersion Tests (AIT). The AIT results showed that both spray formulations achieved 100% efficacy against R. (B.) microplus fully engorged females. However, when observing results obtained by field trials (natural infestations) and Stall Tests, none of these topically applied compounds reached 100% efficacy or affected the reproductive capacity of the fully engorged female ticks. Additional studies must be conducted to compare these in vivo methodologies with different in vitro techniques, such as the Larval Packet Test. However, based on results obtained here, we can conclude that depending on the spray formulations used, the AIT can overestimate acaricidal efficacy and values of reproductive efficiency of such compounds against R (B.) microplus. Specifically, when dealing with spray formulations in the Stall Tests, the period of residual action can increase because these animals are sheltered from contact with environmental factors that might interfere with the efficacy of the products tested. It may be necessary to take in vivo trial results into consideration (such as field trials with naturally infested animals or Stall Tests) to standardize a specific in vitro assay, such as the Adult Immersion Test.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional de Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. Electronic address: wdzlopes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Welber Daniel Zanetti
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Weslen Fabricio Pires
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Breno Cayeiro
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Vinicius Costa
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felippelli
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Willian Giquelin
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Carolina
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Fávero
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buzzulini
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Murilo Abud
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bichuette
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; UNICASTELO - Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vando Edésio
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alvimar José
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: da Costa
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004006:Dichlorvos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005284:Fenthion / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D000336:Aerosols; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D004006:Dichlorvos; D005284:Fenthion; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Adult immersion test; Artificial infestations; Natural infestation; Spray formulations; Stall test