title: Effects of input shaping on manual control of flexible and time-delayed systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study the performance of a manual tracking task with system flexibility and time delays in the input channel and to examine the effects of input shaping the human operator's commands.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has long been known that low-frequency, lightly damped vibration hinders performance of a manually controlled system. Recently, input shaping has been shown to improve the performance of such systems in a compensatory-display tracking task. It is unknown if similar improvements are seen with pursuit-display tasks, or how the improvement changes when time delays are added to the system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18 novice participants performed a pursuit-view tracking experiment with a spring-centered joystick. Controlled elements included an integrator, an integrator with a lightly damped flexible mode, and an input-shaped integrator with a flexible mode. The input to these controlled elements was delayed between 0 and 1 s. Tracking performance was quantified by root mean square tracking error, and subjective difficulty was quantified by ratings on a Cooper-Harper scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance was best with the undelayed integrator. Both time delay and flexibility degraded performance. Input shaping improved control of the flexible element, with a diminishing benefit as the time delay increased. Tracking error and subjective rating were significantly related. Some operators used a pulsive control strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Input shaping can improve the performance of a manually controlled system with flexibility, even when time delays are present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is useful to designers of human-controlled systems, especially those with problematic flexibility and/or time delays.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Singhose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014732:Vibration; D055815:Young Adult