title: Does menopausal hormone therapy reduce myocardial infarction risk if initiated early after menopause? A population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess whether the timing of menopausal hormone therapy initiation in relation to onset of menopause and hormone therapy duration is associated with myocardial infarction risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program, a population-based case-control study including 347 postmenopausal women who had experienced a nonfatal myocardial infarction and 499 female control individuals matched for age and residential area. Odds ratios (with 95% CIs) for myocardial infarction were calculated using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early initiation of hormone therapy (within 10 y of onset of menopause or before age 60 y), compared with never use, was associated with an odds ratio of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.58-1.30) after adjustments for lifestyle factors, body mass index, and socioeconomic status. For late initiation of hormone therapy, the corresponding odds ratio was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.53-1.76). For hormone therapy duration of 5 years or more, compared with never use, the adjusted odds ratio was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.35-1.18). For hormone therapy duration of less than 5 years, the odds ratio was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.63-1.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the timing of hormone therapy initiation nor the duration of therapy is significantly associated with myocardial infarction risk.
authors.affiliation: From the 1Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and 5Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Germán D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Carrasquilla
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Landgren
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallqvist
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens