title: Stemona tuberosa prevented inflammation by suppressing the recruitment and the activation of macrophages in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stemona tuberosa (ST) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment of various respiratory diseases in eastern Asia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a ST water extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation mouse models.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with the ST extract and stimulated by LPS. The expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated by using nitric oxide (NO) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. After the C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS, they were administrated with the ST extract. The accumulated inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted. Also, real-time polymerase chain reaction and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed in lung tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ST extract treatment reduced the production of NO via blocking the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, ST extract treatment decreased the secretions of inflammatory cytokines and regulated NF-κB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Also, ST extract administration to mice reduced the infiltrations of macrophages into BALF and the histological inflammatory changes in lung tissues. Furthermore, administration of the ST extract regulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinases-12 in the lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that ST extract attenuated pulmonary inflammatory responses by inhibiting the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dahae
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Euijeong
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: shdwer@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jinju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015208:Smoke Inhalation Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D041901:Stemonaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: 6-Hydroxycroomine (Tuberospironine); Cigarette smoke; Croomine (PubChem CID: 3085457); Lipopolysaccharide; Macrophages; N-Oxytuberostemonine; Neotuberostemonine (PubChem CID: 11667940); Pulmonary inflammation; Stemona tuberosa; Stemoninine (PubChem CID: 15983991); Tuberostemonine (PubChem CID: 100781); Tuberostemonine H; Tuberostemonine K; Tuberostemonone (PubChem CID: 6426912)