title: Effects of aqueous stable fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Scenedesmus obliquus: evaluation of the sub-lethal photosynthetic responses and inhibition mechanism.
abstract: Understanding sub-lethal effects of nanomaterial may be particularly important to determining ecosystem responses as current levels of nanomaterial release are low compared to levels projected for the future. In this work, the sub-lethal effects of water stable, nanocrystalline fullerenes as C60 (termed nC60) were studied on Scenedesmusobliquus, a globally distributed phytoplankton. Sub-lethal concentration for S. obliquus was firstly determined as 0.09mgL(-1) using the standard 72h exposure tests (OECD Guideline 201). Subsequent sub-lethal experiment of nC60 on the S. obliquus was carried out for 60d and focused on the photosynthesis processes. The results demonstrate that upon sub-lethal exposure, the photosynthetic products of polysaccharide, soluble protein and total lipid were decreased with exposure time. The photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were negatively impacted. Further investigations indicate that the decrements in photosynthetic products and pigments were mainly due to the algal Mg(2+) decrement (by 40%) at the sub-lethal concentration (0.09mgL(-1)) of nC60. The decrement in Mg(2+) of S. obliquus was due to the inhibition of Mg(2+)-ATPase activity caused by nC60. Sum up, these results not only describe the sub-lethal effects but also provide the probably mechanism for sub-lethal effects of nC60 on exposed S. obliquus.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center in Shanghai Ocean University, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: xjtao@shou.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xianji
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center in Shanghai Ocean University, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Yanxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortner
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: ylhe@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yiliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002734:Chlorophyll; C037184:chlorophyll b; D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase; C069837:fullerene C60; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
keywords: C(60); Fullerene; Mg(2+)-ATPase; Photosynthesis; S. obliquus; Sub-lethal