title: Estimation of daily aluminum intake in Japan based on food consumption inspection results: impact of food additives.
abstract: Dietary aluminum (Al) intake by young children, children, youths, and adults in Japan was estimated using the market basket method. The Al content of food category (I-VII) samples for each age group was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The Al content in processed foods and unprocessed foods ranged from 0.40 to 21.7 mg/kg and from 0.32 to 0.54 mg/kg, respectively. For processed foods in all age groups, the Al content in food category VI samples, sugar and confections/savories, was the highest, followed by those in category II, cereals. The daily dietary Al intake from processed foods was much larger than that from unprocessed foods. The mean weekly percentages of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, established by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2011) from processed foods for all age groups are 43.1, 22.4, 17.6 and 15.1%, respectively. Only the highest consumer Al exposure value (>P 95) of the young children group exceeded the PTWI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ippei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.affiliation: Japan Frozen Foods Inspection Kansai Office 3-2-6 Minatojima, Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Japan Frozen Foods Inspection Kansai Office 3-2-6 Minatojima, Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasukouchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
keywords: Aluminum; ICP-AES; dietary intake; food additive; provisional tolerable weekly intake