title: Fracture risk in long term care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk factors associated with fractures have been well-characterized in community dwelling populations, but have not been clearly defined in long-term care (LTC) settings. The objective of this review was to identify risk factors for fractures in LTC settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL up to June 2014, scanned reference lists of articles and consulted with experts in the field to identify relevant prospective cohort studies that evaluated risk factors associated with fracture incidence in LTC. We included studies that assessed the association between risk factors included in the WHO-Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) or other predictors relevant to LTC (psychotropic medications, cognitive impairment, mobility, and falls). All articles were screened and extracted by two authors. Available data on the association between a given risk factor and fracture incidence were pooled when possible. We used the GRADE criteria to provide a summary of evidence. The GRADE approach defines the quality of a body of evidence as the extent to which one can be confident that an estimate of effect or association is close to the quantity of specific interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 13 prospective cohort studies which examined fracture incidence among LTC residents. Most predictors showed moderate increases in fracture risk, but the quality of the evidence was often low. Moderate quality evidence showed that prior fractures and falls may moderately increase the risk of fractures. Being a woman and cognitive impairment are probably associated with a small increase. The effect of mobility and psychotropic medication use is still uncertain primarily due to the various definitions used in the studies and difficulty summarising the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to criteria used in the FRAX assessment tool, such as a previous fracture and female gender, we found that falls and cognitive impairment are also associated with a small to moderate increases in the risk of fractures in LTC. Developing an assessment tool that includes risk factors that are specific to LTC may improve the identification of individuals who can benefit from fracture prevention programs in these settings.
authors.forename: Rasha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khatib
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santesso
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Lora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giangregorio
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada. papaioannou@hhsc.ca.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors