title: Needs-based human resources for health planning in Jamaica: using simulation modelling to inform policy options for pharmacists in the public sector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Planning for human resources for health (HRH) is central to health systems strengthening around the world, including in the Caribbean and Jamaica. In an effort to align Jamaica's health workforce with the changing health needs of its people, a partnership was established between Jamaican and Canadian partners. The purpose of the work described in this paper is to describe the development and application of a needs-based HRH simulation model for pharmacists in Jamaica's largest health region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guided by a Steering Committee of Jamaican stakeholders, a simulation modelling approach originally developed in Canada was adapted for the Jamaican context. The purpose of this approach is to promote understanding of how various factors affect the supply of and/or requirements for HRH in different scenarios, and to identify policy levers for influencing each of these under different future scenarios. This is done by integrating knowledge of different components of the health care system into a single tool that shows how changes to different parameters affect HRH supply or requirements. Data to populate the model were obtained from multiple administrative databases and key informants. Findings were validated with the Steering Committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model estimated an initial shortage of 110 full-time equivalent (FTE) pharmacists in the South East Region that, without intervention, would increase to a shortage of about 150 FTEs over a 15-year period. In contrast to the relatively small impact of a large enrollment increase in Jamaica's pharmacy training programme, interventions to increase recruitment of pharmacists to the public sector, or improve productivity - through, for example, the use of support staff and/or new technologies - may have much greater impact on reducing this shortage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model represents an improvement on the HRH planning tools previously used in Jamaica in that it supports the estimation of HRH requirements based directly on measures of population health need. Both the profession (pharmacists) and country (Jamaica) considered here are under-studied. Further investments by Jamaica's MoH in continuing to build capacity to use such models, in combination with their efforts to enhance health information systems, will support better informed HRH planning in Jamaica.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomblin Murphy
authors.affiliation: WHO/PAHO Collaborating Centre on Health Workforce Planning and Research, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. adrian.mackenzie@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guy-Walker
authors.forename: Claudette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006285:Health Planning / Q000379:methods*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007563:Jamaica; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017150:Public Sector