title: Epigenetic modifications in human thyroid cancer.
abstract: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy of the endocrine organs, and its incidence rate has steadily increased over the last decade. Over 95% of thyroid carcinoma is derived from follicular cells that have a spectrum of differentiation to the most invasive malignancy. The molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer remains to be clarified, although activating theRET, RASandBRAFoncogenes have been well characterized. Increasing evidence from previous studies demonstrates that acquired epigenetic abnormalities participating with genetic alteration results in altered patterns of gene expression/function. Aberrant DNA methylation has been established in the CpG regions and microRNAs (miRNAs) expression profile recognized in cancer development. In the present review, a literature review was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed with the terms 'epigenetic patterns in thyroid cancer [or papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC)]', 'DNA methylation in thyroid cancer (or PTC, FTC, MTC, ATC)', 'miRNA expression in thyroid cancer (or PTC, FTC, MTC, ATC)', 'epigenetic patterns in cancer' and the current understanding of epigenetic patterns in thyroid cancer was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faam
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghadiri
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
keywords: DNA methylation; epigenetic; microRNA; thyroid cancer