title: Fragmentation of human cleavage-stage embryos is related to the progression through meiotic and mitotic cell cycles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether fragmentation of human embryos is related to the progression through meiotic and mitotic cell cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report consists of two observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,943 oocytes from 297 patients and 372 embryos from 100 patients were imaged in the Polscope instrument and monitored in the Embryoscope, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Completion of the first meiotic division was determined by visualization of the meiotic metaphase II spindle in human oocytes, and the duration of the first three mitotic cell cycles was determined with time-lapse microscopy. The percentage of embryo fragmentation was recorded 42-45 hours after insemination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appearance of the meiotic spindle; durations of the first, second, and third mitoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human embryos with a low degree of fragmentation (<10%) at 42-45 hours after insemination originated from oocytes with an early appearance of the meiotic spindle (mean 35.5 hours after hCG injection), early first mitosis (28.2 hours after insemination), late start of the second mitosis (38.0 hours after insemination), and a shorter duration of the third mitosis (1.1 hours). Highly fragmented embryos (>50% fragmentation) originated from oocytes with a late-appearing meiotic spindle (36.5 hours after hCG injection), delayed initiation of the first mitosis (29.8 hours after insemination), early start of the second mitosis (36.4 hours after insemination), and a longer duration of the third mitotic cell cycle (4.1 hours).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed associations suggest that the process of fragmentation of in vitro-derived embryos was related to the progress of the meiotic and the mitotic cell cycles.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: mette.haug.stensen@fertilitetssenteret.no.
authors.forename: Mette Haug
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stensen
authors.affiliation: Section of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tom Gunnar
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Tanbo
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ritsa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Storeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Åbyholm
authors.affiliation: Section of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fedorcsak
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008540:Meiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology*; D054315:Oocyte Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Assisted reproduction; fragmentation; meiosis; meiotic spindle; mitosis