title: Transparent soil microcosms allow 3D spatial quantification of soil microbiological processes in vivo.
abstract: The recently developed transparent soil consists of particles of Nafion, a polymer with a low refractive index (RI), which is prepared by milling and chemical treatment for use as a soil analog. After the addition of a RI-matched solution, confocal imaging can be carried out in vivo and without destructive sampling. In a previous study, we showed that the new substrate provides a good approximation of plant growth conditions found in natural soils. In this paper, we present further development of the techniques for detailed quantitative analysis of images of root-microbe interactions in situ. Using this system it was possible for the first time to analyze bacterial distribution along the roots and in the bulk substrate in vivo. These findings indicate that the coupling of transparent soil with light microscopy is an important advance toward the discovery of the mechanisms of microbial colonisation of the rhizosphere.
authors.affiliation: a The James Hutton Institute ; Invergowrie , Dundee , UK.
authors.forename: Helen F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Downie
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Wilfred
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Spiers
authors.forename: Lionel X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Dupuy
mesh_terms: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000254:growth & development; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: CFU, colony forming units; FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization; GFP; GFP, green fluorescent protein; Nafion; PGPR; PGPR, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria; Pseudomonas fluorescens; RI, refractive index; Rhizobia; T-RFLP, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism; confocal; lettuce, image analysis; plant roots; refractive index matching