title: Identification of odorants in frankincense (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) by aroma extract dilution analysis and two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry.
abstract: Frankincense has been known, traded and used throughout the ages for its exceptional aroma properties, and is still commonly used in both secular and religious settings to convey a pleasant odor. Surprisingly, the odoriferous principle(s) underlying its unique odor profile have never been published. In this study, resin samples of Boswellia sacra Flueck. from both Somalia and Oman were investigated by aroma extract dilution analysis. In a comprehensive, odor-activity guided approach both chemo-analytical and human-sensory parameters were used to identify odor active constituents of the volatile fraction of B. sacra. Among the key odorants found were α-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, p-cresol and two unidentified sesquiterpenoids. Overall, a total of 23 odorants were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry and heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry. The majority of the identified odorant compounds were oxygenated monoterpenes, along with some relevant mono- and sesquiterpenes and only one diterpenoid substance. Several of these compounds were reported here for the first time as odorous constituents in B. sacra. Identifying bioactive compounds might support a better understanding with regard to the potential benefits of frankincense, for example in aromatherapy or ecclesial settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niebler
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: andrea.buettner@fau.de.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buettner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D029743:Boswellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D065260:Frankincense / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D064367:Olfactometry; D009850:Oman; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D012998:Somalia; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D039821:Monoterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D065260:Frankincense
keywords: Aroma extract dilution analysis; Boswellia carteri Birdw.; Boswellia sacra Flueck.; Burseraceae; Frankincense; Gas chromatography–olfactometry; Heart-cut two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry; Odorants; Terpenes