title: Intravenous lidocaine for cancer pain without electrocardiographic monitoring: a retrospective review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous lidocaine infusion has been clearly demonstrated as effective for pain in randomized controlled trials, but the belief that cardiac monitoring is required for safe administration is a barrier to access in the palliative care setting. There are also multiple infusion protocols reported in the literature. We have been administering lidocaine infusions for severe cancer pain at the BC Cancer Agency (BCCA) since 2003, without electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. Our simple protocol is for 5 mg/kg to be infused over 1 hour, with the option for subsequent doses to be increased if necessary, up to a maximum of 10 mg/kg. Our aim with this study is to share 11 years of our experience with this protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective case series. Records of patients who received at least one lidocaine infusion for pain between 2003 and 2013 at the BCCA were reviewed. The primary end points were the documentation of clinical benefit and adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 122 lidocaine infusions were administered in 51 individual patients. Twenty-five (49%) had a major response, 12 (23.5%) had a minor response, and 14 (27.5%) were considered nonresponders. Twenty-two (43.1%) patients were noted to have some adverse effect during at least one of the infusions, but only 1 (1.9%) patient had the infusion permanently discontinued. The most common side effects were drowsiness (30.7%), perioral numbness (13.4%), nausea (5.7%), and minor fluctuations of blood pressure (3.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series demonstrates that our protocol of infusional lidocaine can be beneficial to patients with cancer with severe opioid-refractory pain, and can safely be administered with close observation and vital sign monitoring, without ECG monitoring. Lidocaine infusion is a useful option to consider when other pain treatments have not been successful. Although only approximately half of patients will respond well, there is little harm to be expected from a trial of lidocaine infusion and responders can be repeatedly treated. This treatment could be delivered in palliative care units, hospices, or even patients' homes, providing suitable nursing supervision can be provided.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Cancer Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Renata D'Alpino
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hawley
mesh_terms: D002173:Cancer Care Facilities; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D006172:Guyana; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000592:standards; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D061567:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D061567:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers; D008012:Lidocaine