title: Dietary vitamin D intake and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the relationship between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms has been explored, the results are inconsistent. Epidemiologic evidence concerning the relationship between dietary vitamin D intake and depressive symptoms in pregnancy is nonexistent. The aim of this current cross-sectional study was to examine this issue in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 1745 pregnant women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when women had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education, body mass index, intake of saturated fatty acids, and intake of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. Higher dietary vitamin D intake was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, independent of potential dietary and nondietary confounding factors. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of assessed intake of vitamin D were 1 (reference), 0.79 (0.55-1.11), 0.73 (0.49-1.07), and 0.52 (0.30-0.89), respectively (P for trend = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current cross-sectional study in Japan suggests that higher vitamin D intake may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan. Electronic address: miyake.yoshihiro.ls@ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Health Tourism Research Center, Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Intake; Japanese; Pregnancy; Vitamin D