title: On optimization of a composite bone plate using the selective stress shielding approach.
abstract: Bone fracture plates are used to stabilize fractures while allowing for adequate compressive force on the fracture ends. Yet the high stiffness of conventional bone plates significantly reduces compression at the fracture site, and can lead to subsequent bone loss upon healing. Fibre-reinforced composite bone plates have been introduced to address this drawback. However, no studies have optimized their configurations to fulfill the requirements of proper healing. In the present study, classical laminate theory and the finite element method were employed for optimization of a composite bone plate. A hybrid composite made of carbon fibre/epoxy with a flax/epoxy core, which was introduced previously, was optimized by varying the laminate stacking sequence and the contribution of each material, in order to minimize the axial stiffness and maximize the torsional stiffness for a given range of bending stiffness. The initial 14×4(14) possible configurations were reduced to 13 after applying various design criteria. A comprehensive finite element model, validated against a previous experimental study, was used to evaluate the mechanical performance of each composite configuration in terms of its fracture stability, load sharing, and strength in transverse and oblique Vancouver B1 fracture configurations at immediately post-operative, post-operative, and healed bone stages. It was found that a carbon fibre/epoxy plate with an axial stiffness of 4.6 MN, and bending and torsional stiffness of 13 and 14 N·m(2), respectively, showed an overall superiority compared with other laminate configurations. It increased the compressive force at the fracture site up to 14% when compared to a conventional metallic plate, and maintained fracture stability by ensuring the fracture fragments' relative motions were comparable to those found during metallic plate fixation. The healed stage results revealed that implantation of the titanium plate caused a 40.3% reduction in bone stiffness, while the composite plate lowered the stiffness by 32.9% as compared to the intact femur. This study proposed a number of guidelines for the design of composite bone plates. The findings suggest that a composite bone plate could be customized to allow for moderate compressive force on the fracture ends, while remaining relatively rigid in bending and torsion and strong enough to withstand external loads when a fracture gap is present. The results indicate that the proposed composite bone plate could be a potential candidate for bone fracture plate applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samiezadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Pouria
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tavakkoli Avval
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Zouheir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fawaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: habiba.bougherara@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Habiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bougherara
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005269:Femur / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Bone plate; Femoral fracture; Finite element method; Laminate optimization; Selective stress shielding