title: Detection of multi drug resistant bacteria in major hospitals in Kano, North-West, Nigeria.
abstract: Two major hospitals in Kano, North West Nigeria have recorded increasing resistance of clinical pathogens to broad spectrum β lactams, mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) and non ESBLs. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the occurrence and prevalence of plasmid and chromosomal mediated AmpC βL and carbapenemase in addition to already known ESBL due to increasing resistance of pathogens from the two hospitals to carbapenems, cephamycins and flouroquinolones. Antibiogram tests and ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase production tests were performed on all the isolates. AmpC and carbapenemase producers were further screened for AmpC inducibility and metallo beta lactamase production respectively. Majority of the isolates (> 80%) were resistant to both β-lactam and non β-lactam antibiotics. Reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin among the isolates were observed with the exception of P. aeruginosa which is totally resistant to imipenem and levofloxacin. An overall prevalence of 14.4%, 11.9% and 11.9.3% for ESβL, AmpC and carbapenemase was observed respectively. About 7.9% of the AmpC producers can over expressed the chromosomally mediated AmpC and 85.8% of the carbapenemase producers require metal for their action. Co-production of either of two and/or all of the enzymes was observed in E. coli, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic resistance among isolates from the two hospitals is increasing and the major cause of this resistance in the pathogens studied are production of AmpC, carbapenemase (especially Metallo β-lactamase) in addition to already known ESBL enzymes by the pathogens. Some of the isolates also possess the capacity to elaborate two or more of the enzymes concurrently, which would renders them resistant to a multitude of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Arzai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil, Kano Nigeria Department of Biology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haruna
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Getso
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006761:Hospitals; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009549:Nigeria; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: AmpC β-lactamases; Gram negative bacteria; coexistence; extended spectrum β-lactamases; prevalence