title: Validation of a Psycho-Sensory hAllucinations Scale (PSAS) in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  If hallucinations are the most common of schizophrenic symptoms, they have been described in other pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) but may differ considerably in their phenomenology. However, no multi-modal clinical scale with a transnosographic approach has been developed today. The purpose of this study was to create and validate a new tool for the hetero-assessment of all sensory modalities of hallucinations schizophrenia (SCZ) and in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scale items were generated by literature review and validated by medical board. A study was then made to evaluate psychometric properties of the Psycho-Sensory hAllucinations Scale (PSAS) that include four domains (auditory, visual, olfactory and gustatory, cenesthetic modalities) and one specific item 'guardian angel'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was then validated in 137 patients: 86 PD (53.5% male; mean age=53.3years) and 51 SCZ (64.7% male; mean age=38.5years). Factorial analysis of the PSAS found four factors. The PSAS showed good internal consistency [Kuder-Richardson alpha coefficient 0.49 to 0.77] and good test-retest reliability [Agreement %=0.75 to 0.97] and inter-rater reliability [Agreement %=0.78 to 1.0]. The convergent validity illustrates the concomitant evaluation of the concept between PSAS and PANSS P3 and UPDRS1 I2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSAS can be useful to describe the whole hallucination and its evolution during the course of the disease and treatment in schizophrenia and PD. Moreover, it can allow us to undertake a clinic-pathological comparison of hallucination modalities between these two diseases, to enhance our understanding of their precise neurological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001 France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: idechazeron@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Chazeron
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: bpereira@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: ichereau@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chereau-Boudet
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: gbrousse@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brousse
authors.affiliation: Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, CH Charles Perrens, cs 81285, 33000 Bordeaux cedex, France; CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA-"Neuroimagerie et cognition humaine", Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: david.misdrahi@u-bordeaux2.fr.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, Service de neurologie, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, Equipe 1, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France. Electronic address: gilles.fenelon@hmn.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fénelon
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: amtronche@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tronche
authors.affiliation: Pole hospitalier universitaire de psychiatrie du Grand Nancy, CPN, France; Chef de Service Maison des Addictions, CHU de Nancy, France. Electronic address: raymund.schwan@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwan
authors.affiliation: EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Disease, and Quality of Life Research Unit, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital, 13009 Marseille, France; Department of Addiction, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital, 13009 Marseille, France. Electronic address: Christophe.LANCON@ap-hm.fr.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lançon
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: ar_marques@chu-clemontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: bdebilly@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Debilly
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: fdurif@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durif
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France. Electronic address: pmllorca@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Hallucinations; Parkinson's disease; Scales; Schizophrenia