title: Looking a bit superficial to the pleura.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The internal thoracic artery (ITA) is a descendant branch of the subclavian artery. The former is located bilaterally in both internal sides of the thorax near the sternum and is accompanied by two internal thoracic veins (ITV). From a practical point of view, the ITA (and the ITV) identification is important because these vessels can be injured when pericardiocentesis with the parasternal approach is used. Other advantage of the ITA recognition is to check the patency of the ITA grafts in coronary artery revascularizated patients with new onset chest pain. The purpose of this article is to introduce a simple ultrasonographic technique for recognition of the aforementioned vessels and to highlight the utility of this finding in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With linear probe and along paraesternal line, the internal thoracic vessels are recognized on grayscale imaging as an anechoic tubular structure immediately anterior to pleural line. Color Doppler identifies a pulsatile (ITA) and a non-pulsatile (ITV) flow. Spectral Doppler normally shows a high resistance velocity profile in non-grafted ITA and a phasic flow in ITV. A biphasic low resistance velocity profile is normally expected in the grafted and permeable ITA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ITA (non-grafted) and ITV are recognized routinely along the parasternal line. The operators should identify these vessels when the parasternal approach pericardiocentesis is required and should also consider obtaining spectral Doppler images to check permeability of grafted ITA in coronary artery bypass graft patients with chest pain.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Dr. Emilio Ferreyra, 4801, 59 St, Necochea 7630, Argentina.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Turin 10043, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpicelli
keywords: CABG; Internal thoracic vessels; Pericardiocentesis; Ultrasonography