title: Conquests and perspectives of cardio-oncology in the field of tumor angiogenesis-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is fundamental for tumor development and progression. Hence, anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed to target VEGF and its receptors (VEGFRs). Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed over the years and others are still under investigation, each anti-VEGFR TKI showing a different cardiotoxic profile. Knowledge of the cardiac side-effects of each drug and the magnitude of their expression and frequency can lead to a specific approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work reviews the mechanism of action of anti-VEGFR TKIs and the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to cardiotoxicity, followed by close examination of the most important drugs individually. A literature search was conducted on PubMed selecting review articles, original studies and clinical trials, with a focus on Phase III studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Side-effects on the cardiovascular system could lead both to the worsening of general health status of cancer patients and to the discontinuation of the cancer treatment affecting its efficacy. Cardiologists often have to face new triggers of heart disease in these patients. They need a specific approach, which must be carried out in cooperation with oncologists. It must start before cancer treatment, continue during it and extend after its completion.
authors.affiliation: University of Palermo, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bronte
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronte
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pernice
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lo Vullo
authors.forename: Emmanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bronte
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gulotta
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rolfo
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silvestris
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bazan
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
keywords: VEGF; axitinib; cardio-oncology; cardiotoxicity; pazopanib; regorafenib; sorafenib; sunitinib; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; vandetanib