title: The Smoking Outcome Expectation Scale and Anti-Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale for Early Adolescents: Instrument Development and Validation.
abstract: Smoking-related outcome expectation and self-efficacy have been found to be associated with adolescent smoking initiation. There is, however, a lack of appropriate instruments to investigate early adolescents' smoking outcome expectations and antismoking self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Smoking Outcome Expectation Scale (SOES) and Anti-Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale (ASSES). A total of 232 fifth and sixth graders from four elementary schools in Taiwan participated in the study. Both scales had good content validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. On the basis of exploratory factor analysis, the 6-item SOES with two factors accounted for 54.72% of total variance and the 15-item ASSES with three factors accounted for 56.49% of total variance. The SOES had convergent and discriminant validity and ASSES had convergent validity. The two scales could help school nurses to understand early adolescents' smoking outcome expectation and antismoking self-efficacy and to develop more appropriate antismoking curricula.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-In
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan yushu@ym.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013624:Taiwan
keywords: antismoking self-efficacy; early adolescents; scale development; school nursing; smoking outcome expectation