title: Using enhanced-mitophagy to measure autophagic flux.
abstract: Macroautophagy (hereafter termed autophagy) is a cellular membrane-trafficking process that functions to deliver cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy operates at basal levels to turn over damaged and misfolded proteins and it is the only process for the turnover of organelles. The process is therefore critically important for the preservation of cellular integrity and viability. Autophagy is also highly adaptable and the rate and cargoes of autophagy can be altered to bring about desired cellular responses to intracellular and environmental cues, disease states and a spectrum of pharmaceutical drugs. As a result, there is much interest in understanding the dynamics of autophagy in a variety of situations. To date, the majority of assays to monitor autophagy either measure changes in a parameter of the process at a set point in time or use markers/tracers to monitor flow of membrane-bound proteins from one point in the process to another. As such, these assays do not measure changes in endogenous cargo degradation which is the ultimate end-point of the autophagy process. We describe here an assay to measure autophagic cargo degradation by engineering cells to degrade mitochondria en masse. We show that this 'enhanced-mitophagy' assay can be used to measure differences in the rate of autophagy between different cells or in response to agents which are known to promote or inhibit autophagic flux. We consider therefore that this assay will prove to be a valuable resource for investigations in which autophagy is considered important and is believed to be modulated.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
authors.forename: Alice D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Baudot
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrschtik
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK. Electronic address: stephen.tait@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stephen W G
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK. Electronic address: k.ryan@beatson.gla.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D063306:Mitophagy; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein
keywords: Autophagic flux; Macroautophagy; Mitophagy; Parkin