title: Parkinson's disease: carbidopa, nausea, and dyskinesia.
abstract: When l-dopa use began in the early 1960s for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nausea and reversible dyskinesias were experienced as continuing side effects. Carbidopa or benserazide was added to l-dopa in 1975 solely to control nausea. Subsequent to the increasing use of carbidopa has been the recognition of irreversible dyskinesias, which have automatically been attributed to l-dopa. The research into the etiology of these phenomena has identified the causative agent of the irreversible dyskinesias as carbidopa, not l-dopa. The mechanism of action of the carbidopa and benserazide causes irreversible binding and inactivation of vitamin B6 throughout the body. The consequences of this action are enormous, interfering with over 300 enzyme and protein functions. This has the ability to induce previously undocumented profound antihistamine dyskinesias, which have been wrongly attributed to l-dopa and may be perceived as irreversible if proper corrective action is not taken.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, NeuroResearch Clinics, Cape Coral, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.affiliation: Stein Orthopedic Associates, Plantation, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Cole Center for Healing, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cole
keywords: PLP; irreversible; pyridoxal 5’-phosphate; vitamin B6