title: Identification of the impact of crime on physical activity depends upon neighbourhood scale: multilevel evidence from 203,883 Australians.
abstract: Equivocal findings on crime as a deterrent for physical activity may be due to effects of geographic scale on exposure measurement. To investigate this hypothesis, physical activity was measured in 203,883 Australians and linked to standardised crime counts within small ('Census Collection Districts'; approx. 330 residents) and larger areas ('Statistical Local Areas'; approx. 32,000 residents). A median rate ratio of 2.26 indicated substantive geographic variation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Adjusting for confounders, multilevel negative binomial regression reported lower MVPA with more crime consistently in small, but not in larger areas. Reducing small pockets of local crime may encourage more physically active lifestyles.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia; School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom. Electronic address: T.Astell-Burt@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Astell-Burt
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kolt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Crime; Geographic scale; Multilevel modelling; Physical activity