title: An assessment of boiling as a method of household water treatment in South India.
abstract: This article scrutinizes the boiling of water in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. Boiling, as it is commonly practiced, improves water quality, but its full potential is not being realized. Thus, the objective is to refine the method in practice, promote acceptability, and foster the scalability of boiling and household water treatment (HWT) writ large. The study is based on bacteriological samples from 300 households and 80 public standposts, 14 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 74 household interviews. Collectively, the data fashion both an empirical and ethnographic understanding of boiling. The rate and efficacy of boiling, barriers to and caveats of its adoption, and recommendations for augmenting its practice are detailed. While boiling is scientifically proven to eliminate bacteria, data demonstrate that pragmatics inhibit their total destruction. Furthermore, data and the literature indicate that a range of cultural, economic, and ancillary health factors challenge the uptake of boiling. Fieldwork and resultant knowledge arrive at strategies for overcoming these impediments. The article concludes with recommendations for selecting, introducing, and scaling up HWT mechanisms. A place-based approach that can be sustained over the long-term is espoused, and prolonged exposure by the interveners coupled with meaningful participation of the target population is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Tech, 125 Major Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA E-mail: ljuran@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juran
authors.affiliation: Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Sir Samuel Griffith Centre, Office 4.11NATHAN QLD 4111 Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Morgan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D005191:Family Characteristics; D007194:India; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply