title: Antibody response of cattle to vaccination with commercial modified live rabies vaccines in Guatemala.
abstract: Vampire bat rabies is a public and animal health concern throughout Latin America. As part of an ecological study of vampire bat depredation on cattle in southern Guatemala, we conducted a vaccine seroconversion study among three dairy farms. The main objectives of this cross sectional and cohort study were to understand factors associated with bat bites among cattle, to determine whether unvaccinated cattle had evidence of rabies virus exposure and evaluate whether exposure was related to bat bite prevalence, and to assess whether cattle demonstrate adequate seroconversion to two commercial vaccines used in Guatemala. In 2012, baseline blood samples were collected immediately prior to intramuscular inoculation of cattle with one of two modified live rabies vaccines. Post vaccination blood samples were collected 13 and 393 days later. Sera were tested for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Across two years of study, 36% (254/702) of inspected cattle presented gross evidence of vampire bat bites. Individual cattle with a bat bite in 2012 were more likely have a bat bite in 2013. Prior to vaccination, 12% (42/350) of cattle sera demonstrated rVNA, but bite status in 2012 was not associated with presence of rVNA. Vaccine brand was the only factor associated with adequate rVNA response of cattle by day 13. However, vaccine brand and rVNA status at day 13 were associated with an adequate rVNA titer on day 393, with animals demonstrating an adequate titer at day 13 more likely to have an adequate titer at day 393. Our findings support stable levels of vampire bat depredation and evidence of rVNA in unvaccinated cattle. Brand of vaccine may be an important consideration impacting adequate rVNA response and long-term maintenance of rVNA in cattle. Further, the results demonstrate that initial response to vaccination is associated with rVNA status over one year following vaccination.
authors.affiliation: National Wildlife Research Center, USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, 4101 La Porte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA. Electronic address: Amy.T.Gilbert@aphis.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: foe2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: dmoran@CES.UVG.EDU.GT.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: dalvarez@CES.UVG.EDU.GT.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Marlon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: int7@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Electronic address: czn1@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peruski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011819:Rabies Vaccines
keywords: Cattle; Modified live vaccine; Rabies; Rabies virus neutralizing antibody; Vampire bats