title: Insights into epigenetic regulation of microRNA-155 expression in multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MiR-155 plays a critical role in the development of B-cell malignancies. Previous studies have shown a deregulation of miR-155 in specific cytogenetic subtypes of multiple myeloma (MM). However, the mechanisms that regulate miR-155 expression in MM are not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we explored the regulation of miRNA-155 in MM by DNA methylation mechanisms and the impact of miR-155 expression in survival of MM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary samples were obtained from 95 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Methylation was analyzed by Methylation Specific PCR, sequencing of bisulfite treated DNA and luciferase assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  qRT-PCR analysis revealed that miR-155 was differentially expressed in MM and its upregulation was associated with longer survival. DNA methylation of CpG island present in the first exon of miR-155 host gene was associated with its low expression in MM cell lines and patient samples. Our results showed for the first time that in vitro methylation of part of the promoter and first exon abrogated the miR-155 expression. We further showed that miR-155 expression in MM cell lines was increased by demethylating 5-aza-dC treatment and decreased by RNA-directed DNA methylation. Additionally, we found that LPS "immunological challenge" was insufficient to induce miR-155 expression in MM cell lines with methylated DNA around transcription start site (TSS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that DNA methylation contributes to miR-155 expression in myeloma cells. Interestingly, the survival data showed an association between miR-155 expression and outcome of MM.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain. Electronic address: patrykk@usal.es.
authors.forename: Patryk
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krzeminski
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sarasquete
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain; National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Misiewicz-Krzeminska
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corral
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Corchete
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Sanz
authors.affiliation: Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: San Miguel
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain. Electronic address: normagu@usal.es.
authors.forename: Norma C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D024721:E-Box Elements; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: C524942:MIRN155 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: DNA methylation; LPS; MicroRNA; Multiple myeloma