title: Patients' and carers' experiences of interacting with home haemodialysis technology: implications for quality and safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about patients' and carers' experiences of interacting with home haemodialysis (HHD) technology, in terms of user experience, how the design of the technology supports safety and fits with home use, and how the broader context of service provision impacts on patients' use of the technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered through ethnographic observations and interviews with 19 patients and their carers associated with four different hospitals in the UK, using five different HHD machines. All patients were managing their condition successfully on HHD. Data were analysed qualitatively, focusing on themes of how individuals used the machines and how they managed their own safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings are organised by three themes: learning to use the technology, usability of the technology, and managing safety during dialysis. Home patients want to live their lives fully, and value the freedom and autonomy that HHD gives them; they adapt use of the technology to their lives and their home context. They also consider the machines to be safe; nevertheless, most participants reported feeling scared and having to learn through mistakes in the early months of dialysing at home. Home care nurses and technicians provide invaluable support. Although participants reported on strategies for anticipating problems and keeping safe, perceived limitations of the technology and of the broader system of care led some to trade off safety against immediate quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhancing the quality and safety of the patient experience in HHD involves designing technology and the broader system of care to take account of how individuals manage their dialysis in the home. Possible design improvements to enhance the quality and safety of the patient experience include features to help patients manage their dialysis (e.g. providing timely reminders of next steps) and features to support communication between families and professionals (e.g. through remote monitoring).
authors.forename: Atish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajkomar
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farrington
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: UCL Interaction Centre, University College London, London, UK. a.blandford@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blandford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers; D003142:Communication; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006437:Hemodialysis, Home / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult