title: Metabolic obesity, adipocytokines, and inflammatory markers in Asian Indians--CURES-124.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study looked at the association of adipokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in subjects with the following phenotypes: metabolically healthy, nonobese (MHNO), metabolically healthy, obese (MHO), metabolically obese, nonobese (MONO), and metabolically obese, obese (MOO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with MHNO (n=462), MHO (n=192), MONO (n=315), and MOO (n=335) were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. Adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of adiponectin were lowest in the MOO group, followed by the MONO, MHO, and the MHNO groups (P=0.042), whereas the levels of visfatin (P=0.042) and resistin (P=0.043) were highest in the MOO group, followed by the MONO, MHO, and the MHNO groups. Levels of hs-CRP (P=0.029), TNF-α (P=0.036), IL-6 (P=0.042), oxidized LDL (P=0.036), and MCP-1 (P=0.039) increased from the MHNO to MHO to MONO to MOO phenotypes. Linear regression analysis of the parameters with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome components showed that adiponectin is negatively associated with abdominal obesity (β=-0.060; P=0.039) and BMI (β=-0.076; P=0.009) and that TNF-α is negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein levels (β=0.114, P=0.049) even after adjusting for age and gender. hs-CRP (β=0.112, P=0.020) and oxidized LDL (β=0.114, P=0.050) showed a positive association with systolic blood pressure even after adjusting for age and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolically obese phenotype is characterized by altered adipokine and inflammatory profiles, which could make this phenotype at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education , Gopalapuram, Chennai, India .
authors.forename: Karunakaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Indulekha
authors.forename: Jayagopi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Surendar
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.forename: Loganathan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geetha
authors.forename: Kuppan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gokulakrishnan
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015995:Prevalence; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein