title: A GPU-accelerated and Monte Carlo-based intensity modulated proton therapy optimization system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional spot scanning intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) treatment planning systems (TPSs) optimize proton spot weights based on analytical dose calculations. These analytical dose calculations have been shown to have severe limitations in heterogeneous materials. Monte Carlo (MC) methods do not have these limitations; however, MC-based systems have been of limited clinical use due to the large number of beam spots in IMPT and the extremely long calculation time of traditional MC techniques. In this work, the authors present a clinically applicable IMPT TPS that utilizes a very fast MC calculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-house graphics processing unit (GPU)-based MC dose calculation engine was employed to generate the dose influence map for each proton spot. With the MC generated influence map, a modified least-squares optimization method was used to achieve the desired dose volume histograms (DVHs). The intrinsic CT image resolution was adopted for voxelization in simulation and optimization to preserve spatial resolution. The optimizations were computed on a multi-GPU framework to mitigate the memory limitation issues for the large dose influence maps that resulted from maintaining the intrinsic CT resolution. The effects of tail cutoff and starting condition were studied and minimized in this work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For relatively large and complex three-field head and neck cases, i.e., >100,000 spots with a target volume of ∼ 1000 cm(3) and multiple surrounding critical structures, the optimization together with the initial MC dose influence map calculation was done in a clinically viable time frame (less than 30 min) on a GPU cluster consisting of 24 Nvidia GeForce GTX Titan cards. The in-house MC TPS plans were comparable to a commercial TPS plans based on DVH comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A MC-based treatment planning system was developed. The treatment planning can be performed in a clinically viable time frame on a hardware system costing around 45,000 dollars. The fast calculation and optimization make the system easily expandable to robust and multicriteria optimization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Jiasen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Hok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seum Wan Chan Tseung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000191:economics; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods