title: Development, genetic and cytogenetic analyses of genetic sexing strains of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anastrepha ludens is among the pests that have a major impact on México's economy because it attacks fruits as citrus and mangoes. The Mexican Federal government uses integrated pest management to control A. ludens through the Programa Nacional Moscas de la Fruta [National Fruit Fly Program, SAGARPA-SENASICA]. One of the main components of this program is the sterile insect technique (SIT), which is used to control field populations of the pest by releasing sterile flies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To increase the efficiency of this technique, we have developed a genetic sexing strain (GSS) in which the sexing mechanism is based on a pupal colour dimorphism (brown-black) and is the result of a reciprocal translocation between the Y chromosome and the autosome bearing the black pupae (bp) locus. Ten strains producing wild-type (brown pupae) males and mutant (black pupae) females were isolated. Subsequent evaluations for several generations were performed in most of these strains. The translocation strain named Tapachula-7 showed minimal effect on survival and the best genetic stability of all ten strains. Genetic and cytogenetic analyses were performed using mitotic and polytene chromosomes and we succeeded to characterize the chromosomal structure of this reciprocal translocation and map the autosome breakpoint, despite the fact that the Y chromosome is not visible in polytene nuclei following standard staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that mitotic and polytene chromosomes can be used in cytogenetic analyses towards the development of genetic control methods in this pest species. The present work is the first report of the construction of GSS of Anastrepha ludens, with potential use in a future Moscafrut operational program.
authors.forename: Cristina Silvia
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zepeda-Cisneros
authors.forename: José Salvador
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meza Hernández
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibañez-Palacios
authors.forename: Antigone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zacharopoulou
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D005260:Female; D042822:Genomic Instability; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D008938:Mitosis; D009154:Mutation; D059007:Polytene Chromosomes; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014998:Y Chromosome