title: [Distribution of manganese, cobalt and molybdenum in blood and urine among general population in 8 provinces of China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluated the manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) levels in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby to analyze their prevalent features.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2010, a total of 18 120 subjects of general population aged 6-60 years were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland, by cluster random sampling method. The information about their living environment and health status were collected by questionnaire, and their blood and urine samples were also collected.Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to test the Mn, Co and Mo levels of blood and urine samples, and the Mn, Co, Mo distribution in blood and urine among groups of population in different ages and genders were then analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of Mn concentration in blood was 8.98 µg/L. The Mn concentration in blood among males and females were separately 8.14 µg/L and 9.88 µg/L (Z = -18.84, P < 0.01). The GM of Mn concentration in urine was 0.63 µg/L. The Mn concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.62 µg/L and 0.63 µg/L (Z = -0.67, P > 0.05). The geometric mean (GM) of Co concentration in blood was 0.194 µg/L. The Co concentration in blood among males and females were separately 0.166 µg/L and 0.225 µg/L (Z = -23.04, P < 0.01). The GM of Co concentration in urine was 0.282 µg/L. The Co concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.260 µg/L and 0.307 µg/L (Z = -7.35, P < 0.01). The GM of Mo concentration in blood was 0.25 µg/L. The Mo concentration in blood among male and female group were separately 0.27 µg/L and 0.23 µg/L (Z = -5.03, P < 0.01). The GM of Mo concentration in urine was 27.7 µg/L. The Mo concentration in urine among males and females were 29.8 µg/L and 25.6 µg/L (Z = -6.31, P < 0.01), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Mn, Co and Mo levels in blood and urine varied by gender and area among general population in China, the study provided basic data evidence for the following Mn, Co and Mo biological monitoring studies in near future.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Chunguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Banghua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hanlin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Deye
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Shanzhuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Xianlong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chunxiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Changcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hongrong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Shanfa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaoxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Longlian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Email: yan_huifang@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Huifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003035:Cobalt; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese; D008875:Middle Aged; D008982:Molybdenum
chemical_list: D003035:Cobalt; D008345:Manganese; D008982:Molybdenum