title: Patient discomfort following catheter ablation and rhythm device surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proper management of post-interventional pain relieves unwarranted patient distress and enhances patient satisfaction. There have been only a limited number of investigations into patient discomfort following electrophysiological interventions. This study aims to quantify pain after interventional procedures, including ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT), as well as implant or explant of pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-hundred and two consecutive patients (mean age 66 years, 70 men) were asked to quantify post-interventional pain on a numeric rating scale (NRS 0-10) every 2 h during a period of 24 h after their intervention (49 ablations in deep propofol sedation, 53 device surgeries in local anaesthesia with mepivacaine 1%) and to specify the type of pain. Pain was classified as moderate to severe in case of NRS > 3. Post-operative pain medication included non-opioid and opioid analgesics as per the treating physicians' discretion. Sixty-one patients (60%) suffered from moderate-to-severe pain within the first 24 h after the procedure, despite the use of analgesics in 47 patients (46%). Pain was present in an early period (0-6 h) in 54% and in a late period (8-24 h) in 40% of patients. Patients complained of back pain (44%), pain at the site of the device pocket (39%), pain at the groin after puncture (7%), and pericarditic pain (5%). Multivariate analysis identified female gender (P = 0.046) associated with early post-interventional pain while age, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, type of intervention, and procedure time were not related to early or late post-interventional pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight the high prevalence and the poor predictability of moderate-to-severe post-interventional pain within the first 24 h after catheter ablation and cardiac device surgery procedures, despite the use of peri-interventional analgesics. These findings highlight the need for more careful pain assessment and management programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany kerstin.bode@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Ole-A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreuzhuber
authors.affiliation: Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Meinhard
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mende
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Borislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dinov
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.affiliation: Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dagres
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hindricks
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Struempellstrasse 39, Leipzig 04289, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bollmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Cardiac device surgery; Catheter ablation; Pain; Patient discomfort; Ventricular tachycardia