title: Quantitative description of eustachian tube movements during swallowing as visualized by transnasal videoendoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction predisposes ears to otitis media, tympanic membrane retraction, retraction pocket and perforation, or cholesteatoma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method to quantitatively measure the eustachian tube (ET) component movements and their interactions captured by transnasal videoendoscopy of the ET during swallowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded analysis of ET mechanics in 33 adults, aged 18 to 54 years, with no middle ear disease at present but without (group 1 [n = 16]) or with (group 2 [n = 17]) history of disease, conducted at a clinical research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Videoendoscopy of the ET orifice at the nasopharynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eustachian tube component translations and structural interactions during a swallow and the between-group differences in those variables. After topical anesthesia of the nose, a 45° telescope was introduced unilaterally and focused on the ipsilateral ET orifice. A video recording of ET component movements was made during 3 swallows. Swallow and ET opening durations and times to selected events were calculated. Images at 3 time points were analyzed by measuring the apex angle, the medial-lateral luminal width, and the medial angles between a frame-normal horizontal line through the apex and fixed points on the torus and medial and lateral luminal walls. Linear and angular variables during a swallow were expressed as change from baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Luminal opening was driven by soft palate elevation-related medial rotation of the torus and medial wall, coupled with lateral wall fixedness. The magnitude of the change from baseline for most variables was statistically greater than 0. Swallow time, palatal elevation time, time interval between maximum palatal elevation, and maximum eustachian tube opening time were not different between groups 1 and 2. Opening time was longer (mean [SD], 0.49 [0.28] vs 0.67 [0.51] seconds; P = .03) in group 2. Higher magnitude of torus rotation (mean [SD], 36.05° [12.96°] vs 27.72° [9.45°]; P = .002) with maximum soft palate elevation in group 1 resulted in greater degree of eustachian tube orifice widening (mean [SD], 0.34% [0.47%] vs -0.02% [0.49%]; P = .001) compared with the resting position in that group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This methodology has application in developing quantitative descriptions of ET mechanics in groups of persons without and with history or suspected ET dysfunction. A lesser degree of soft palate elevation during swallow that derives the ET medial lamina rotation and widening of the ET orifice may be associated with poor ET function and higher risk for otitis media. Videoendoscopic evaluation of the ET orifice may assist in diagnosing presence and mechanism of ET dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Cuneyt M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Miriam S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Swarts
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult