title: Estrogen receptors as the novel therapeutic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Although a wide range of studies have addressed the relationship between estrogen receptor (ER) expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that relationship remains controversial. This is in large part because there is no consensus on the rate of ER expression in NSCLC or on the intracellular distribution of ER expression. This suggests that establishing the relationship between ER expression and prognosis will require standardization of the antibodies used as well as the definition of a positive response. For example, it is supposed from previous studies that ERs in the cytoplasm and nucleus have different relationships to prognosis than ERs in the cytoplasm. Moreover, ER signaling in NSCLC is known to be affected by aromatase, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. However, there has been little functional analysis these mutants and subtypes. This review will focus on what is known about the role of ERs in NSCLC and whether ER can be a useful prognostic marker or therapeutic target in NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Hideki Kawai, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Kamikitate, Akita 010-1495, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawai
keywords: Combined therapy; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Estrogen receptor; Fulvestrant; Non-small cell lung cancer