title: Correlation between total vitamin D levels and psychotic psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia: therapeutic implications for add-on vitamin D augmentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency is one of the implicated factors in ethio-pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Low serum vitamin D levels have been reported in many schizophrenia studies. However, the question is still not answered: Is there a correlation between disease activity and serum vitamin D levels? This is the first study evaluating the relationship between serum total vitamin D levels and disease activity, by comparing total vitamin D levels in two schizophrenia groups abruptly different in terms of disease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  41 patients with schizophrenia in remission, 40 patients with schizophrenia those in an acute episode and 40 age- and sex -matched controls with no major psychopatology were recruited in this study. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression - Severety scale (CGI-S) were used to evaluate disease activity. A demographic data form that included entries on age, gender, ethnicity, weight, skin color, daily duration of sun exposure and nutritional assessment were used. Blood samples were taken from all patients and controls. Total vitamin D (D2+D3), calcium, phosphor, parathyroid hormone values were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in an acute episode had significantly lower vitamin D levels compared to patients in remission and to healthy controls (in terms of median values respectively, 7.18, 15.03, 15.02, p < 0.001). We observed negative and moderate correlations between vitamin D levels and CGI scores (r = -0.624, p < 0.001), vitamin D levels and PANNS scores (r = -0.508, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of serum P, Ca and PTH levels (p = 0.099, p = 0.943, p = 0.762). We could not detect any significant impact of weekly duration of sun exposure, skin color, ethnicity or nutrition on total vitamin D levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though important factors for vitamin D synthesis were similar, there was severe vitamin D deficiency in patients presenting with an acute episode, significantly different from those in remission. Is vitamin D deficiency the result or the cause of an acute episode? Our results contribute to the idea that vitamin D deficiency and schizophrenia may have interactions with an unknown pathway. Present data points out a possible influence at a genomic level. Future trials may investigate this association with longer follow up. We recommend that, serum vitamin D levels should be measured in patients with schizophrenia especially in long term care. Appropriate further treatment with add-on vitamin D supplements and diets that are rich in vitamin D should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Ankara Numune Eğitim ve Araştirma Hastanesi, D Blok, Psikiyatri Doktor odalari, Altindağ, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rabia Nazik
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Neslihan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altunsoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baise
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tikir
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Merve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cingi Külük
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kubranur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aydemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goka
keywords: 25-OH vitamin D; Schizophrenia; psychosis; total vitamin D; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency