title: Health effects related to wind turbine noise exposure: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wind turbine noise exposure and suspected health-related effects thereof have attracted substantial attention. Various symptoms such as sleep-related problems, headache, tinnitus and vertigo have been described by subjects suspected of having been exposed to wind turbine noise.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review was conducted systematically with the purpose of identifying any reported associations between wind turbine noise exposure and suspected health-related effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the scientific literature concerning the health-related effects of wind turbine noise was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and various other Internet sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies investigating suspected health-related outcomes associated with wind turbine noise exposure were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wind turbines emit noise, including low-frequency noise, which decreases incrementally with increases in distance from the wind turbines. Likewise, evidence of a dose-response relationship between wind turbine noise linked to noise annoyance, sleep disturbance and possibly even psychological distress was present in the literature. Currently, there is no further existing statistically-significant evidence indicating any association between wind turbine noise exposure and tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo or headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection bias and information bias of differing magnitudes were found to be present in all current studies investigating wind turbine noise exposure and adverse health effects. Only articles published in English, German or Scandinavian languages were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to wind turbines does seem to increase the risk of annoyance and self-reported sleep disturbance in a dose-response relationship. There appears, though, to be a tolerable level of around LAeq of 35 dB. Of the many other claimed health effects of wind turbine noise exposure reported in the literature, however, no conclusive evidence could be found. Future studies should focus on investigations aimed at objectively demonstrating whether or not measureable health-related outcomes can be proven to fluctuate depending on exposure to wind turbines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of ENT Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper Hvass
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klokker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012890:Sleep; D014919:Wind