title: 'Only systems thinking can improve family planning program in Pakistan': A descriptive qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family Planning (FP) program in Pakistan has been struggling to achieve the desired indicators. Despite a well-timed initiation of the program in late 50s, fertility decline has been sparingly slow. As a result, rapid population growth is impeding economic development in the country. A high population growth rate, the current fertility rate, a stagnant contraceptive prevalence rate and high unmet need remain challenging targets for population policies and FP programs. To accelerate the pace of FP programs and targets concerned, it is imperative to develop and adopt a holistic approach and strategy for plugging the gaps in various components of the health system: service delivery, information systems, drugs-supplies, technology and logistics, Human Resources (HRs), financing, and governance. Hence, World Health Organization (WHO) health systems building blocks present a practical framework for overall health system strengthening.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive qualitative study, through 23 in-depth interviews, explored the factors related to the health system, and those responsible for a disappointing FP program in Pakistan. Provincial representatives from Population Welfare and Health departments, donor agencies and non-governmental organizations involved with FP programs were included in the study to document the perspective of all stakeholders. Content analysis was done manually to generate nodes, sub-nodes and themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance of FP programs is not satisfactory as shown by the indicators, and these programs have not been able to deliver the desired outcomes. Interviewees agreed that inadequate prioritization given to the FP program by successive governments has led to this situation. There are issues with all health system areas, including governance, strategies, funding, financial management, service delivery systems, HRs, technology and logistic systems, and Management Information System (MIS); these have encumbered the pace of success of the program. All stakeholders need to join hands to complement efforts and to capitalize on each other's strengths, plugging the gaps in all the components of FP programming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All WHO health system building blocks are interrelated and need to be strengthened, if the demographic targets are to be achieved. With this approach, the health system shall be capable of delivering fair and responsive FP services.
authors.affiliation: Health Systems & Policy Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Health Systems & Policy Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Babar Tasneem
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Shaikh
keywords: Developing Countries; Family Planning (FP); Pakistan; Stakeholder Analysis; Systems Thinking