title: Development of a 6DOF robotic motion phantom for radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of medical technology capable of tracking patient motion or positioning patients along 6 degree-of-freedom (6DOF) has steadily increased in the field of radiation therapy. However, due to the complex nature of tracking and performing 6DOF motion, it is critical that such technology is properly verified to be operating within specifications in order to ensure patient safety. In this study, a robotic motion phantom is presented that can be programmed to perform highly accurate motion along any X (left-right), Y (superior-inferior), Z (anterior-posterior), pitch (around X), roll (around Y), and yaw (around Z) axes. In addition, highly synchronized motion along all axes can be performed in order to simulate the dynamic motion of a tumor in 6D. The accuracy and reproducibility of this 6D motion were characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-house designed and built 6D robotic motion phantom was constructed following the Stewart-Gough parallel kinematics platform archetype. The device was controlled using an inverse kinematics formulation, and precise movements in all 6 degrees-of-freedom (X, Y, Z, pitch, roll, and yaw) were performed, both simultaneously and separately for each degree-of-freedom. Additionally, previously recorded 6D cranial and prostate motions were effectively executed. The robotic phantom movements were verified using a 15 fps 6D infrared marker tracking system and the measured trajectories were compared quantitatively to the intended input trajectories. The workspace, maximum 6D velocity, backlash, and weight load capabilities of the system were also established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of the 6D platform demonstrated translational root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.14, 0.22, and 0.08 mm over 20 mm in X and Y and 10 mm in Z, respectively, and rotational RMSE values of 0.16°, 0.06°, and 0.08° over 10° of pitch, roll, and yaw, respectively. The robotic stage also effectively performed controlled 6D motions, as well as reproduced cranial trajectories over 15 min, with a maximal RMSE of 0.04 mm translationally and 0.04° rotationally, and a prostate trajectory over 2 min, with a maximal RMSE of 0.06 mm translationally and 0.04° rotationally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 6D robotic phantom has proven to be accurate under clinical standards and capable of reproducing tumor motion in 6D. Such functionality makes the robotic phantom usable for either quality assurance or research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Belcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Grelewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470.
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D056888:Patient Positioning; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D012886:Skull