title: Ultrasound-assisted extraction of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves and its effect on insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gymnema sylvestre is an important anti-diabetic medicinal plant, hence it is necessary to study the effective extraction of its active medicinal components.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction method for anti-diabetic gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves and measure their effect on insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Box-Behnken's design and response surface methodology was applied to the ultrasound-assisted extraction of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Analysis of gymnemic acids was carried out by high-performance thin-layer chromatography by converting total gymnemic acids into gymnemagenin by alkali hydrolysis. Effects of extracts on insulin production were tested on cultured, insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The point prediction tool of the design expert software predicted 397.9 mg gymnemic acids per gram of the defatted G. sylvestre leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction, with ethanol at 60 °C for 30 min. The predicted condition shows 93.34% validity under experimental conditions. The ultrasound-assisted extract caused up to about four times more insulin production from RINm-5 F β cells than extracts obtained from Soxhlet extraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Response surface methodology was successfully used to improve the extraction of gymnemic acids from G. sylvestre leaves. The ultrasound-assisted extraction process may be a better alternative to prepare such herbal extracts because it saves time and may prevent excess degradation of the target analytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheoran
authors.forename: Bibhu Prasad
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Prasad S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Admane
authors.forename: Amulya Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wajid
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D031104:Gymnema sylvestre / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes; C007898:gymnemic acid; C517988:gymnemagenin
keywords: Gymnema sylvestre; RINm-5 F β cells; Ultrasound-assisted extraction; gymnemic acids; insulin production; response surface methodology