title: Clinical significance and phylogenetic background of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from extra-intestinal infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL), particularly CTX-M type ESBLs, have rapidly spread worldwide and pose a serious threat for healthcare-associated infections. We performed a molecular detection and characterization study of ESBL-related bla genes, including blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaCTX-M15, and also assessed the relationship between the phylogenetic background of strains carrying ESBL genes and the patient's clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 non-repeated, clinically significant isolates were investigated. The molecular types of ESBL genes were determined using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using triplex PCR methods. Antibiograms and the patient's clinical outcome were collected in a structured pro forma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 300 isolates, 212 (70.5%) isolates were found to carry ESBL genes. A total of 186 (62%) strains were positive for the blaCTX-M gene, and 171 isolates (approximately 92%) of these blaCTX-M producers were positive for blaCTXM-15. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates indicated that 41 (67%) Group A, 22 (81.50%) group B1, 67 (64.5%) group B2 and 82 (76%) group D isolates carried different ESBL genes. Appropriate antibiotic therapy helped to resolve infection in 66.5% patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study documented the high prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli isolates, with CTX-M-15 as the predominant ESBL gene in the region, and these isolates predominantly belonged to commensal phylo-groups. Thus, an appropriate antibiotic and hospital policy is required to reduce the horizontal spread of ESBL genes among various bacterial strains, whereas in the near future, the spread of ESBL producers may result in therapeutic dead ends.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 224122, India. Electronic address: arindam_cy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Arindam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka 575001, India.
authors.forename: Prabha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka 575001, India.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka 575001, India.
authors.forename: Vishwas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saralaya
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058889:Molecular Typing; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: CTXM15; E. coli; ESBL; Outcome; Phylogroup