title: MR fingerprinting using fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) with spiral readout.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores the possibility of using gradient echo-based sequences other than balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) in the magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) framework to quantify the relaxation parameters .
  
  
  METHODS
  An MRF method based on a fast imaging with steady-state precession (FISP) sequence structure is presented. A dictionary containing possible signal evolutions with physiological range of T1 and T2 was created using the extended phase graph formalism according to the acquisition parameters. The proposed method was evaluated in a phantom and a human brain. T1 , T2 , and proton density were quantified directly from the undersampled data by the pattern recognition algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1 and T2 values from the phantom demonstrate that the results of MRF FISP are in good agreement with the traditional gold-standard methods. T1 and T2 values in brain are within the range of previously reported values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRF-FISP enables a fast and accurate quantification of the relaxation parameters. It is immune to the banding artifact of bSSFP due to B0 inhomogeneities, which could improve the ability to use MRF for applications beyond brain imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seiberlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Griswold
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: FISP; MR fingerprinting; quantitative imaging; relaxation time; spiral