title: Increased unilateral foot pronation affects lower limbs and pelvic biomechanics during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased unilateral foot pronation may cause biomechanical changes on the lower limbs during gait. We investigated the effects of increased unilateral foot pronation on the biomechanics of lower limbs and pelvis during gait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematic and kinetic data of 22 participants were collected while they walked wearing flat and laterally wedged sandals. Principal omponent analysis was used to compare differences between conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wearing the wedged sandal on the ipsilateral side increased ankle eversion moment (p<0.001; effect size=0.97); rearfoot eversion angle (p<0.001; effect size=0.76); shank internal rotation (p=0.009; effect size=0.53); increased and reduced knee internal rotation angle during early and late stance, respectively (p<0.001; effect size=0.89); increased femur internal rotation (p=0.005; effect size=0.90); reduced hip internal rotation moment during late stance (p=0.001; effect size=0.68); and increased pelvic ipsilateral drop (p=0.02; effect size=0.48) of the ipsilateral side. Wearing the wedged sandal on the contralateral side increased pelvic contralateral drop (p=0.001; effect size=0.63); hip adduction moment throughout stance (p=0.027; effect size=0.46); and increased and reduced the knee adduction moment in early and late stance, respectively (p<0.001; effect size=0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased lower limb internal rotation caused by the wedged sandal reinforces the assumption that rearfoot eversion is coupled with shank internal rotation. The increased pelvic contralateral drop caused by the wedged sandal on the contralateral side may explain the increased hip and knee adduction moments on the ipsilateral side. Increased unilateral foot pronation causes biomechanical changes on both lower limbs that are associated with the occurrence of injuries.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627 Campus Pampulha, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: renanresende@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Renan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, McLaughlin Hall, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ntarioKingston, ON, Canada. Electronic address: kevin.deluzio@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Deluzio
authors.affiliation: Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: renatakirkwood@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Renata N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, McLaughlin Hall, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, ntarioKingston, ON, Canada. Electronic address: elizabeth.hassan@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627 Campus Pampulha, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: sergioteixeirafonseca@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sérgio T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Biomechanics; Foot pronation; Gait; Lower limbs