title: Immune responses and interactions following simultaneous application of live Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and avian metapneumovirus vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chicks.
abstract: Interactions between live Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines following simultaneous vaccination of day old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks were evaluated. The chicks were divided into eight groups: seven vaccinated against NDV, aMPV and IBV (single, dual or triple) and one unvaccinated as control. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titres were similar across all groups but were above protective titres. aMPV vaccine when given with other live vaccines suppressed levels of aMPV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies. Cellular and local immunity induced by administration of NDV, aMPV or IBV vaccines (individually or together) showed significant increase in CD4+, CD8+ and IgA bearing B-cells in the trachea compared to the unvaccinated group. Differences between the vaccinated groups were insignificant. Simultaneous vaccination with live NDV, aMPV and IBV did not affect the protection conferred against aMPV or IBV.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Bayda, Libya.
authors.forename: Faez
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baylis
authors.affiliation: Merial S.A.S., 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69348 Lyon cedex 07, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemiere
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Electronic address: gana@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kannan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D002645:Chickens; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D001351:Infectious bronchitis virus / Q000276:immunology*; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology*; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014132:Trachea / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Chick; IBV; Immune responses; Interactions; NDV; Vaccines; aMPV