title: Ureter tracking and segmentation in CT urography (CTU) using COMPASS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors are developing a computerized system for automated segmentation of ureters in CTU, referred to as combined model-guided path-finding analysis and segmentation system (COMPASS). Ureter segmentation is a critical component for computer-aided diagnosis of ureter cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  COMPASS consists of three stages: (1) rule-based adaptive thresholding and region growing, (2) path-finding and propagation, and (3) edge profile extraction and feature analysis. With institutional review board approval, 79 CTU scans performed with intravenous (IV) contrast material enhancement were collected retrospectively from 79 patient files. One hundred twenty-four ureters were selected from the 79 CTU volumes. On average, the ureters spanned 283 computed tomography slices (range: 116-399, median: 301). More than half of the ureters contained malignant or benign lesions and some had ureter wall thickening due to malignancy. A starting point for each of the 124 ureters was identified manually to initialize the tracking by COMPASS. In addition, the centerline of each ureter was manually marked and used as reference standard for evaluation of tracking performance. The performance of COMPASS was quantitatively assessed by estimating the percentage of the length that was successfully tracked and segmented for each ureter and by estimating the average distance and the average maximum distance between the computer and the manually tracked centerlines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 124 ureters, 120 (97%) were segmented completely (100%), 121 (98%) were segmented through at least 70%, and 123 (99%) were segmented through at least 50% of its length. In comparison, using our previous method, 85 (69%) ureters were segmented completely (100%), 100 (81%) were segmented through at least 70%, and 107 (86%) were segmented at least 50% of its length. With COMPASS, the average distance between the computer and the manually generated centerlines is 0.54 mm, and the average maximum distance is 2.02 mm. With our previous method, the average distance between the centerlines was 0.80 mm, and the average maximum distance was 3.38 mm. The improvements in the ureteral tracking length and both distance measures were statistically significant (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COMPASS improved significantly the ureter tracking, including regions across ureter lesions, wall thickening, and the narrowing of the lumen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Lubomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hadjiiski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zick
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Heang-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Caoili
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5842.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D009929:Organ Size; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods