title: Polyphenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Eastern Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) Leaf Extracts.
abstract: Dry leaf extracts of eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) were evaluated as a source of bioactive phytocompounds through systematic activity testing and phytochemical profiling. The antioxidant efficiency was tested using five complementary in vitro models (DPPH; FRAP; linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation assay; O2•- and H2O2scavenging tests) in parallel with standard antioxidants. The 75% methanol extract and its diethyl ether, ethyl acetate (EAF), n-butanol and water fractions exhibited the dose-dependent responses in all assays, with the highest capacities found for EAF (DPPH EC50= 2.9 μg/mL; FRAP = 12.8 mmol Fe2+/g; IC50for LA-peroxidation = 123.9 μg/mL; O2•- SC50= 3.9 μg/mL; H2O2SC50= 7.2 μg/mL). The EAF had also the highest anti-inflammatory activity in the inhibition tests of lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase (60.14% and 21.83% effects, respectively, at the concentration of 100 μg/mL). Activity parameters of the extracts correlated strongly with the levels of total phenolics (72.4-270.7 mg GAE/g), procyanidins, and phenolic acids, whereas for flavonoids only moderate effects were observed. Comprehensive UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 and HPLC-PDA studies led to the identification of 35 polyphenols with a procyanidin A-type trimer, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, isomers of caffeoylquinic acids, and (‒)-epicatechin being the dominant components. Significant activity levels, high phenolic contents and high extraction yields (39.4%-42.5% DW for defatted and crude methanol extracts, respectively) indicate the value of eastern teaberry leaves as bioactive products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland. piotr.michel@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland. a.m.dobrowolska@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrowolska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland. agnieszka.kicel@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kicel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland. aleksandra.owczarek@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owczarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland. agnieszka.bazylko@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bazylko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland. sgranica@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granica
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha St., Warsaw 02-097, Poland. jakub.piwowarski@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jakub P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Piwowarski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego St., Lodz 90-151, Poland. monika.olszewska@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Monika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olszewska