title: Mixed-reality exercise effects on participation of individuals with spinal cord injuries and developmental disabilities: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effectiveness of a mixed-reality (MR) exercise environment on engagement and enjoyment levels of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six people participated in this cross-sectional, observational pilot study involving one MR exercise trial. The augmented reality environment was based on a first-person perspective video of a scenic biking/walking trail in Colorado. Males and females (mean age, 43.3 ± 13.7 years) were recruited from a research database for their participation in previous clinical studies. Of the 6 participants, 2 had SCI, 2 had IDD, and 2 were without disability. The primary outcome measurement of this pilot study was the self-reported engagement and enjoyment level of each participant after the exercise trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants reported increased levels of engagement, enjoyment, and immersion involving the MR exercise environment as well as positive feedback recommending this type of exercise approach to peers with similar disabilities. All the participants reported higher than normal levels of enjoyment and 66.7% reported higher than normal levels of being on a real trail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants' feedback suggested that the MR environment could be entertaining, motivating, and engaging for users with disabilities, resulting in a foundation for further development of this technology for use in individuals with cognitive and physical disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Heyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Services, Metropolitan State University of Denver , Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Baumgardner
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado ; Department of Bioengineering University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bodine
keywords: developmental disability; exercise; mixed-reality; rehabilitation; spinal cord injury