title: New generation super alloy candidates for medical applications: corrosion behavior, cation release and biological evaluation.
abstract: Three super alloy candidates (X1 CrNiMoMnW 24-22-6-3-2 N, NiCr21 MoNbFe 8-3-5 AlTi, CoNiCr 35-20 Mo 10 BTi) for a prolonged contact with skin are evaluated in comparison with two reference austenitic stainless steels 316L and 904L. Several electrochemical parameters were measured and determined (E(oc), E(corr), i(corr), b(a), b(c), E(b), R(p), E(crev) and coulometric analysis) in order to compare the corrosion behavior. The cation release evaluation and in vitro biological characterization also were performed. In terms of corrosion, the results reveal that the 904L steels presented the best behavior followed by the super austenitic steel X1 CrNiMoMnW 24-22-6-3-2 N. For the other two super alloys (NiCr and CoNiCr types alloys) tested in different conditions (annealed, work hardened and work hardened+age hardened) it was found that their behavior to corrosion was weak and close to the other reference stainless steel, 316L. Regarding the extraction a mixture of cations in relatively high concentrations was noted and therefore a cocktail effect was not excluded. The results obtained in the biological assays WST-1 and TNF-alpha were in correlation with the corrosion and extraction evaluation.
authors.affiliation: PX Group SA, R&D Department, CH 2304 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. Electronic address: lucien.reclaru@pxgroup.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reclaru
authors.affiliation: Cartier Horlogerie, Chemin des Aliziers, CH 2300 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziegenhagen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pathology, REPAIR Lab, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: PX Group SA, R&D Department, CH 2304 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Eschler
authors.affiliation: PX Group SA, R&D Department, CH 2304 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Constantin
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003343:Corrosion; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002412:Cations; C090509:Icam1 protein, mouse; D008670:Metals; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C426023:austenitic steel; D013193:Stainless Steel; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: 904L and 316L; Alloys X1 CrNiMoMnW 24-22-6-3-2 N, NiCr21 MoNbFe 8-3-5 AlTi, CoNiCr 35-20 Mo 10 BTi; Biological assays WST-1 and TNF-alpha; Cation release; Corrosion (generalized, crevice, pitting); Cytotoxic test; Hela cell line; ICAM-1 induction in HUVEC; L-929; Microstructures