title: Phylodynamic evidence of the migration of turnip mosaic potyvirus from Europe to Australia and New Zealand.
abstract: Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a potyvirus that is transmitted by aphids and infects a wide range of plant species. We investigated the evolution of this pathogen by collecting 32 isolates of TuMV, mostly from Brassicaceae plants, in Australia and New Zealand. We performed a variety of sequence-based phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of the complete genomic sequences and of three non-recombinogenic regions of those sequences. The substitution rates, divergence times and phylogeographical patterns of the virus populations were estimated. Six inter- and seven intralineage recombination-type patterns were found in the genomes of the Australian and New Zealand isolates, and all were novel. Only one recombination-type pattern has been found in both countries. The Australian and New Zealand populations were genetically different, and were different from the European and Asian populations. Our Bayesian coalescent analyses, based on a combination of novel and published sequence data from three non-recombinogenic protein-encoding regions, showed that TuMV probably started to migrate from Europe to Australia and New Zealand more than 80 years ago, and that distinct populations arose as a result of evolutionary drivers such as recombination. The basal-B2 subpopulation in Australia and New Zealand seems to be older than those of the world-B2 and -B3 populations. To our knowledge, our study presents the first population genetic analysis of TuMV in Australia and New Zealand. We have shown that the time of migration of TuMV correlates well with the establishment of agriculture and migration of Europeans to these countries.
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.|Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1-banchi, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yasaka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1-banchi, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.affiliation: New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Schwinghamer
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Investigation & Diagnostic Centre (IDC), Plant Health & Environment Laboratory (PHEL), Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry, 231 Morrin Road, St Johns, Auckland 1140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Corona
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon Y W
authors.initials: SYW
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.|Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1-banchi, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazusato
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohshima
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000821:virology*; D005060:Europe; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009029:Mosaic Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016865:Reassortant Viruses; D013997:Time Factors