title: Does late childbearing increase the risk for behavioural problems in children? A longitudinal cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to examine the relationship between advanced parental age and behavioural outcomes in offspring in a longitudinal cohort of children in Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) is a prospective study of 2900 pregnancies. Offspring were followed up at ages 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years, and 1754 adolescents were available for follow-up at 17 years. The Child Behaviour Checklist was used to measure child behaviour, including internalising (e.g. anxious/withdrawn) and externalising (e.g. aggressive/destructive) behaviours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant linear relationship between maternal age and total internalising and externalising behaviour outcomes, but not paternal age. Increasing maternal age was associated with decreasing risk for problem behaviours in offspring. In the categorical models, young maternal age (20-24 years) was associated with significantly increased risk for problem behaviours in offspring relative to offspring of parents in the reference group (25-29 years), and a paternal age of 35-39 years was associated with decreased risk for total behaviour morbidity in offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed no evidence that late fatherhood is associated with adverse behavioural outcomes in offspring. Increasing maternal age was found to be a protective factor for child behaviour morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tearne
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D010331:Paternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CBCL; Raine study; behavioural development; late parenthood; mental health