title: Ongoing challenges for pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While increasing evidence has led to lipid-modifying therapy achieving an important role in the treatment guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, these agents are suboptimally used and there remains a considerable risk of clinical events. Accordingly, there is a need to develop more effective lipid-modifying approaches in many patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed of topical manuscripts focusing on factors influencing use of established therapies and new agents in development that target a range of lipid factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More intensive efforts are required to ensure that statin use is maximized in higher risk patients. A range of novel therapies, including proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-type 9 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, may provide additional protection, although this remains to be established by clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA, 5001 , Australia +61 8 8128 4510 ; stephen.nicholls@sahmri.com.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pisaniello
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058607:Fibric Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D009525:Niacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
chemical_list: D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D058607:Fibric Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D009525:Niacin; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
keywords: atherosclerosis; cardiovascular risk; lipid-modifying therapy; lipids