title: Composite sampling of a Bacillus anthracis surrogate with cellulose sponge surface samplers from a nonporous surface.
abstract: A series of experiments was conducted to explore the utility of composite-based collection of surface samples for the detection of a Bacillus anthracis surrogate using cellulose sponge samplers on a nonporous stainless steel surface. Two composite-based collection approaches were evaluated over a surface area of 3716 cm2 (four separate 929 cm2 areas), larger than the 645 cm2 prescribed by the standard Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention cellulose sponge sampling protocol for use on nonporous surfaces. The CDC method was also compared to a modified protocol where only one surface of the sponge sampler was used for each of the four areas composited. Differences in collection efficiency compared to positive controls and the potential for contaminant transfer for each protocol were assessed. The impact of the loss of wetting buffer from the sponge sampler onto additional surface areas sampled was evaluated. Statistical tests of the results using ANOVA indicate that the collection of composite samples using the modified sampling protocol is comparable to the collection of composite samples using the standard CDC protocol (p  =  0.261). Most of the surface-bound spores are collected on the first sampling pass, suggesting that multiple passes with the sponge sampler over the same surface may be unnecessary. The effect of moisture loss from the sponge sampler on collection efficiency was not significant (p  =  0.720) for both methods. Contaminant transfer occurs with both sampling protocols, but the magnitude of transfer is significantly greater when using the standard protocol than when the modified protocol is used (p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that composite surface sampling, by either method presented here, could successfully be used to increase the surface area sampled per sponge sampler, resulting in reduced sampling times in the field and decreased laboratory processing cost and turn-around times.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America; National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jenia A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tufts
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America; National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael Worth
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Calfee
authors.affiliation: National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sang Don
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006813:Humidity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose