title: Effects of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim on two generations of Daphnia magna.
abstract: Multigenerational tests on Daphnia magna were performed exposing two subsequent generation to enrofloxacin (EFX) and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CPX), and to trimethoprim (TMP). Mortality rate of 100% and 50% was detected in F0 at concentrations of ≥ 13 mgL(-1) (EFX) and 50 mgL(-1) (TMP), respectively. In F1 with respect to F0, both for growth and reproduction, a worsening trend of the response with EFX, a similar response with CPX and an attenuating trend with TMP was observed. Furthermore, the lowest EC20 for reproduction inhibition (1.3 mgL(-1)) was calculated for F1 exposed to EFX. However, other experimentations, longer and more complex, are necessary in order to confirm that EFX is more hazardous to daphnids than CPX and TMP. EC50 measured for the three assayed antibacterials were in the 6.5-37 mgL(-1) range therefore environmental unrealistic, except in case of exceptional contaminations that may occur in relation to poorly controlled wastewaters from pharmaceutical factories or excessive use of prophylactic treatments in aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy. Electronic address: mircodb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mirco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalla Bona
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zounková
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merlanti
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ludek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Liguoro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D014295:Trimethoprim
keywords: Daphnia magna; Fluoroquinolones; Transgenerational toxicity; Trimethoprim