title: Induced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera through exogenous application of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Induced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera through exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) was studied in groundnut genotypes (ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271 and ICG 1697) with different levels of resistance to insects and the susceptible check JL 24 under greenhouse conditions. Activities of oxidative enzymes and the amounts of secondary metabolites and proteins were quantified at 6 days after JA and SA application/insect infestation. Data were also recorded on plant damage and H. armigera larval weights and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of enzymatic activities and amounts of secondary metabolites were observed in the insect-resistant genotypes pretreated with JA and then infested with H. armigera than in JL 24. The insect-resistant genotypes suffered lower insect damage and resulted in poor survival and lower weights of H. armigera larvae than JL 24. In some cases, JA and SA showed similar effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JA and SA induced the activity of antioxidative enzymes in groundnut plants against H. armigera, and reduced its growth and development. However, induced response to application of JA was greater than to SA, and resulted in reduced plant damage, and larval weights and survival, suggesting that induced resistance can be used as a component of pest management in groundnut.
authors.affiliation: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India; Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Abdul Rashid
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: War
authors.forename: Michael Gabriel
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Paulraj
authors.forename: Savarimuthu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
authors.forename: Hari Chand
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010367:Arachis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D060434:Herbivory / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009036:Moths; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005419:Flavonoids; D054883:Oxylipins; D010636:Phenols; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013634:Tannins; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C011006:jasmonic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Helicoverpa armigera; antioxidant enzymes; groundnut; induced resistance; jasmonic acid; salicylic acid; secondary metabolites