title: Faecal shedding of antimicrobial-resistant Clostridium difficile strains by dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To longitudinally assess the shedding of antimicrobial resistant Clostridium difficile strains by clinically healthy dogs raised at breeding facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 puppies from three different litters (#1, 2 and 3) were sampled weekly from parturition to day 20-55 postpartum. Faecal samples from the mothers of litters #2 and 3 were also available for analysis. Bacterial isolates were ribotyped, tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and further characterised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. difficile was recovered from all sampled animals of litters #1 and 2, and a third of puppies from litter #3, but marked differences in C. difficile recovery were detected in different age groups (0-100%). Recovered PCR ribotypes included 056 (22 isolates), 010 (6 isolates), 078 and 213 (2 isolates each), and 009 and 020 (1 isolate each). Different ribotypes were shed by four individual animals. Regardless of their origin and ribotype, all isolates demonstrated full resistance to levofloxacin. Additionally, all but one isolate (belonging to ribotype 078) were resistant to ertapenem, and all ribotype 010 isolates displayed high-level resistance to clindamycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin. A single ribotype 078 isolate showed metronidazole heteroresistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy dogs can shed antimicrobial-resistant C. difficile strains.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Pérez
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peláez
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lanzarot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harmanus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuijper
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D004285:Dogs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents