title: Fast and simple screening for the simultaneous analysis of seven metabolites derived from five volatile organic compounds in human urine using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Recently, the International Agency for Research on cancer classified outdoor air pollution and particulate matter from outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 1), based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and experimental animals and strong mechanistic evidence. In particular, a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are volatized or released into the atmosphere and can become ubiquitous, as they originate from many different natural and anthropogenic sources, such as paints, pesticides, vehicle exhausts, cooking fumes, and tobacco smoke. Humans may be exposed to VOCs through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, which may increase the risk of leukemia, birth defects, neurocognitive impairment, and cancer. Therefore, the focus of this study was the development of a simple, effective and rapid sample preparation method for the simultaneous determination of seven metabolites (6 mercaptic acids+t,t-muconic acid) derived from five VOCs (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and xylene) in human urine by using automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An aliquot of each diluted urinary sample was directly injected into an autosampler through a trap column to reduce contamination, and then the retained target compounds were eluted by back-flush mode into an analytical column for separation. Negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was utilized for quantification. The coefficients of correlation (r(2)) for the calibration curves were greater than 0.995. Reproducibility was assessed by the precision and accuracy of intra-day and inter-day precision, which showed results for coefficient of variation (CV) that were low 0.9 to 6.6% and 3.7 to 8.5%, respectively, and results for recovery that ranged from 90.8 to 108.9% and 92.1 to 107.7%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined to within 0.010 to 0.769 ng mL(-1) and 0.033 to 2.564 ng mL(-1) in this study. A stability study test included 3 freeze/thaw cycles during short-term storage at room temperature for 36 h and long-term storage at -20 °C for 1 month, and the CV (coefficient of variation) showed less than 8.4, 7.4 and 9.7%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide simple, small injection volumes (40 µL) and a rapid LC-MS/MS method combined with an on-line SPE step for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of seven metabolites derived from five VOCs in human urine for evaluation of the future risk of human exposure to volatile organic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chieh
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ting-Chen
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan. Electronic address: 076308@mail.fju.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000652:urine; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000652:urine; D002070:Butadienes / Q000652:urine; D002208:Caproates / Q000652:urine; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D055442:Metabolome; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000393:Air Pollutants; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D002070:Butadienes; D002208:Caproates; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Human urine; LC–MS/MS; On-line SPE; Seven metabolites derived from five VOCs