title: American trends in expectant management utilization for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The overtreatment of early prostate cancer has become a major public health concern. Expectant management (EM) is a strategy to minimize overtreatment, but little is known about its pattern of use. We sought to examine national EM utilization over the preceding decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined prostate cancer treatment utilization from 2000 to 2009 using the National Cancer Database. EM use was analyzed in relation to other treatments and by cancer stage, age group, Charlson score, and hospital practice setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 109 997 (8.2%) men were managed initially with EM. EM usage remained stable at 7.6% to 9.5% from 2000 to 2009 with no appreciable increase for low-stage cancers. Usage was only slightly higher in elderly patients and in patients with multiple comorbidities. Veterans Affairs and low-volume hospitals had a much higher and increasing EM rate (range: 18.8%-29.8% and 15.1%-24.2%, respectively), compared to community hospitals, comprehensive cancer centres, and teaching hospitals, which showed no increased adoption. On further analysis, EM use remained high for low-stage cancers at Veterans Affairs and low-volume hospitals (24.0% and 19.1%, respectively), regardless of age or comorbidity, a pattern not shared by other practice settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EM utilization remained low and stable last decade, regardless of disease or patient characteristics. Conversely, Veterans Affairs and low-volume hospitals led the trend in national EM adoption, particularly in men with low-stage cancers and limited life expectancies. The limitations of this dataset preclude any determination of the appropriateness of EM utilization. Nonetheless, further study is needed to identify factors influencing EM adoption to ensure its proper use in the future.
authors.affiliation: Urological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH;
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maurice
authors.affiliation: Urological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH;
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abouassaly
authors.affiliation: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu