title: Effect of glutamine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess clinical relevance of long-term oral glutamine supplementation on lipid profile and inflammatory and metabolic factors in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 18 and 65 y were randomized to receive glutamine 30 g/d (10 g powder, three times a day) or placebo, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during a 6-wk treatment period. Fifty-three patients completed the trial. Independent samples t test and analysis of covariance were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a 6-wk treatment period, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in body fat mass (P = 0.01) and percentage of body fat (P = 0.008). Moreover, a significant reduction in waist circumference (P < 0.001) and a tendency for an increase in fat-free mass (P = 0.03), with no change in body weight and body mass index (BMI) was found. Enhancement in body fat-free mass was mainly attributed to trunk (P = 0.03). There was a downward trend in systolic blood pressure (P = 0.005) but not diastolic. Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) concentration significantly decreased after the 6-wk intervention (P = 0.04). Mean hemoglobin A1c was significantly different between the groups at week 6 (P = 0.04). No significant difference was detected for fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and quantitative insulin sensitivity index between groups (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. No treatment effect on C-reactive protein was found (P = 0.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that the 6-wk supplementation with 30 g/d glutamine markedly improved some cardiovascular risk factors, as well as body composition, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Future glutamine dose-response studies are warranted in these areas.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Asieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mohajeri-Tehrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.affiliation: Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heshmat
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: saeedhmdphd@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosseini
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005973:Glutamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Body composition; GLP-1; Glutamine supplementation; Insulin; Type 2 diabetes