title: Person-centred health care: a critical assessment of current and emerging research approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Person-centred health care is prominent in international health care reforms. A shift to understanding and improving personal care at the point of delivery has generated debates about the nature of the person-centred research agenda. This paper purviews research paradigms that influence current person-centred research approaches and traditions that influence knowledge foundations in the field. It presents a synthesis of the emergent approaches and methodologies and highlights gaps between static academic research and the increasing accessibility of evaluation, informatics and big data from health information systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paradigms in health services research range from theoretical to atheoretical, including positivist, interpretive, postmodern and pragmatic. Interpretivist (subjective) and positivist (objectivist) paradigms have been historically polarized. Yet, integrative and pragmatic approaches have emerged. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to reductionism, and to reduce personal experiences to metrics in the positivist paradigm. Integrating personalized information into clinical systems is increasingly driven by the pervasive health information technology, which raises many issues about the asymmetry and uncertainty in the flow of information to support personal health journeys. The flux and uncertainty of knowledge between and within paradigmatic or pragmatic approaches highlights the uncertainty and the 'unorder and disorder' in what is known and what it means. Transdisciplinary, complex adaptive systems theory with multi-ontology sense making provides an overarching framework for making sense of the complex dynamics in research progress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A major challenge to current research paradigms is focus on the individualizing of care and enhancing experiences of persons in health settings. There is an urgent need for person-centred research to address this complex process. A transdisciplinary and complex systems approach provides a sense-making framework.
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Co Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Félix-Bortolotti
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D013598:Systems Theory
keywords: complex systems; health services research; individualized care; multimorbidity; paradigm; person-centred health care; systems medicine transdisciplinary research