title: Portuguese children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in the family car.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car; to compare exposure among children with smoking and non-smoking parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011, a self-administered questionnaire was applied to a 4th grade Portuguese children national sample (N=3187, mean age 9.5 ± 0.7, 51.1% boys). Prevalence rates and chi-square tests were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 52.0% reported having, at least, one smoking parent. Overall exposure in the car was 28.9% (95% CI 27.3-30.5). Children's exposure among those reporting smoking parents was 46.9% (95% CI 44.4-49.4); and 8.6% (95% CI 7.1-10.1) among those reporting non-smoking parents (p<.001). Therefore, children with smoking parents were 5.44 times more likely to be exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car is frequent, especially if one or both parents smoke. This highlights the need for effective tobacco control measures to prevent this severe health hazard.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; CIS-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Av. Das Forças Armadas, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: pvitoria@fcsaude.ubi.pt.
authors.forename: Paulo D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Vitória
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Cunha
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar da Cova da Beira, Unidade de Medicina Preventiva, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sofia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ravara
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, R. Das Taipas, 135, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samorinha
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital de Braga, Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (ICVS), Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Minho e ICVS/3B's-Laboratório Associado, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Henedina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Divisão da Promoção da Saúde, Câmara Municipal de Viana do Castelo, Passeio das Mordomas da Romaria, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Tabaquismo, Faculdade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Becoña
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Precioso
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Child health; Contaminación por humo de tabaco; Environmental health; Epidemiology; Epidemiología; Health policy; Health promotion; Humo Ambiental del Tabaco; Política de Salud; Promoción de la Salud; Salud ambiental; Salud del niño; Second hand smoke; Tobacco smoke pollution