title: Comparison of the anti-ulcer activity between the crude and bran-processed Atractylodes lancea in the rat model of gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (AL, Compositae, Chinese name: Cangzhu; Japanese name: Sou-ju-tsu) has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases such as digestive disorders, rheumatic diseases, and influenza in China, Korea and Japan. The crude AL and AL bran-processed are both listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the differences between the effects of the crude and AL bran-processed on gastric ulcer were poorly understood, and the mechanisms for the treatment of gastric ulcer were not clear. This study aimed at comparing the anti-ulcer effects between the crude AL and AL processed in acetic acid induced model in rats and evaluating the mechanisms of action involved in the anti-ulcer properties of AL.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model of gastric ulcer was imitated by acetic acid in rats, and AL was gavaged. The serum and gastric tissues were collected. The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), trefoil factor2 (TFF2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6, 8 (IL-6, 8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum and gastric tissues were determined by the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 in stomach were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Meanwhile, histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. The protein expressions of EGF, TFF2, TNF-α, and IL-8 were examined by immunohistochemistry in stomach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that the damage of gastric tissue was obviously alleviated and the productions of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, and PGE2 and the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, and IL-8 were notably inhibited. Furthermore, the productions of EGF and TFF2 and the mRNA expressions of EGF and TFF2 were significantly stimulated by both crude AL and AL processed in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the crude AL, the processed AL was more effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AL processed had more satisfactory effects in treatment of gastric-ulcer than the crude AL. The anti-ulcer effects of AL could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties via down-regulating TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and PGE2 and to the gastroprotective effects via up-regulating EGF and TFF2.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China. Electronic address: 95142012@qq.com.
authors.forename: Tian-Zhu
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China. Electronic address: liuyuqiang@126.com.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Yue
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110034, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031174:Atractylodes / Q000737:chemistry*; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D010455:Peptides; D011208:Powders; C000604008:Tff2 protein, rat; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Atractylodes lancea (AL); Compositae; Gastric ulcer; Mechanism; Processing; Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)