title: Ultrasonication-assisted preparation and characterization of emulsions and emulsion gels for topical drug delivery.
abstract: The current study describes the use of ultrasonication for the preparation of biphasic emulsions and emulsion gels for topical drug delivery. Sorbitan monostearate (SMS) was used as the surfactant for stabilizing the interface of sesame oil (apolar phase) and water (polar phase). Emulsions were formed at lower concentrations of SMS, whereas emulsion gels were formed at higher concentrations of SMS. The formulations were characterized by fluorescent microscopy, X-ray diffraction, viscosity, stress relaxation, spreadability, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Fluorescence microscopy suggested formation of oil-in-water type of formulations. There was an increase in the viscosity, bulk resistance, and firmness of the formulations as the proportions of SMS was increased. The emulsion gels were viscoelastic in nature. Thermal studies suggested higher thermodynamic stability at higher proportions of either SMS or water. Metronidazole, a model antimicrobial drug, was incorporated within the formulations. The release of the drug from the formulations was found to be diffusion mediated. The drug-loaded formulations showed sufficient antimicrobial efficiency to be used as carriers for topical antimicrobial drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Baikuntha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Behera
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004058:Diffusion; D004355:Drug Stability; D004548:Elasticity; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012715:Sesame Oil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D006601:Hexoses; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D008795:Metronidazole; D012715:Sesame Oil; C009298:sorbitan monostearate
keywords: Biocompatibility; Calorimetry; Emulsions; FTIR; Ultrasound