title: Smoking dependence across the levels of cigarette smoking in a multiethnic sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) is a multi-dimensional smoking dependence measure that assesses primary dependence motives (PDM; e.g., core dependence marked by tolerance, craving) and secondary dependence motives (SDM; e.g., auxiliary dependence motives such as cognitive enhancement, weight control). However, the relationship between PDM, SDM, and smoking level remains unclear. Thus, we examined these scales across smoking levels in a diverse sample of smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 2376 African American, Latino, and non-Hispanic White smokers recruited using an online panel research company. The sample included 297 native nondaily smokers (never smoked daily), 297 converted nondaily smoker (previously smoked daily for ≥six months), 578 light daily smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day [cpd]), and 597 moderate to heavy daily smokers (>10cpd).
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of a multinomial logistic regression showed that for each unit increase in SDM, after controlling for PDM, the odds of being a native nondaily, converted nondaily or light smoker vs. moderate to heavy smoker increased by 29% to 56% (ps<0.001). In the model, higher PDM scores were associated with lower odds of being a native nondaily, converted nondaily, or light smoker vs. a moderate to heavy daily smoker (ps<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nondaily and light smokers endorse higher secondary dependence motives relative to their primary dependence motives. Smoking cessation trials for nondaily and light smokers might address these secondary motives within the context of counseling intervention to enhance abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA. Electronic address: tscheuermann@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Taneisha S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Scheuermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Nollen
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa Sanderson
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Lorraine R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Carla J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Jasjit S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D066249:Craving; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Daily smoking; Nondaily smoking; Smoking dependence