title: The effects of quinacrine, proglumide, and pentoxifylline on seizure activity, cognitive deficit, and oxidative stress in rat lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus.
abstract: The present data indicate that status epilepticus (SE) induced in adult rats is associated with cognitive dysfunctions and cerebral oxidative stress (OS). This has been demonstrated using lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pc) model of SE. OS occurring in hippocampus and striatum of mature brain following SE is apparently due to both the increased free radicals production and the limited antioxidant defense. Pronounced alterations were noticed in the enzymatic, glutathione-S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as in the nonenzymatic; thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GST), indices of OS in the hippocampus and striatum of SE induced animals. Quinacrine (Qcn), proglumide (Pgm), and pentoxifylline (Ptx) administered to animals before inducing SE, were significantly effective in ameliorating the seizure activities, cognitive dysfunctions, and cerebral OS. The findings suggest that all the drugs were effective in the order of Ptx < Pgm < Qcn indicating that these drugs are potentially antiepileptic as well as antioxidant; however, further studies are needed to establish this fact. It can be assumed that these antiepileptic substances with antioxidant properties combined with conventional therapies might provide a beneficial effect in treatment of epilepsy through ameliorating the cerebral OS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, King Saud University, P.O. Box 642, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1228-4445
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Dammam University, P.O. Box 2375, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Gasem M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Abu-Taweel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Administration and Education, College of Nursing, King Saud University, P.O. Box 642, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aboshaiqah
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jamaan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ajarem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010862:Pilocarpine; D011377:Proglumide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011796:Quinacrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018020:Lithium Compounds; D010862:Pilocarpine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D011377:Proglumide; D011796:Quinacrine; D010431:Pentoxifylline