title: The effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and environmental tobacco smoke on risk for ADHD: a large population-based study.
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Among the 30,552 parents who responded to a survey, the answers of 19,940 who replied to questions on prenatal exposure to ETS, alcohol consumption, and completed the DuPaul Rating Scale were analyzed. Results revealed that risk of ADHD significantly increased as a result of exposure to alcohol by 1.55 times (95% CI 1.33-1.82), maternal smoking during pregnancy by 2.64 times (95% CI 1.45-4.80), and paternal smoking during pregnancy by 1.17 times (95% CI 1.98-1.39). When the subjects whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy were divided into 4 groups, the prevalence was 1.16 times higher (95% CI 1.02-1.33) in the group exposed to ETS but not alcohol, 1.19 times higher (95% CI 0.91-1.57) in the group exposed to alcohol but not ETS, and 1.58 times higher (95% CI 1.31-1.91) in the group exposed to ETS and alcohol. The differences between the groups were statistically significantly (P<0.0001). This result shows that simultaneous exposure to ETS and alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Hygiene, Baekseok Culture University, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea; The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea. Electronic address: hojangkwon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ho-Jang
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea; The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gyu Lee
authors.affiliation: The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: The Environmental Health Center (Neurodevelopment), Dankook University Medical Center, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: ADHD; Alcohol; Environmental tobacco smoke