title: Reliability, construct and discriminative validity of clinical testing in subjects with and without chronic neck pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reliability of clinical tests for the cervical spine has not been adequately evaluated. Six cervical clinical tests, which are low cost and easy to perform in clinical settings, were tested for intra- and inter-examiner reliability, and two performance tests were assessed for test-retest reliability in people with and without chronic neck pain. Moreover, construct and between-group discriminative validity of the tests were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one participants with chronic neck pain and 21 asymptomatic participants were included. Intra- and inter-reliability were evaluated for the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test (CCFT), Range of Movement (ROM), Joint Position Error (JPE), Gaze Stability (GS), Smooth Pursuit Neck Torsion Test (SPNTT), and neuromuscular control of the Deep Cervical Extensors (DCE). Test-retest reliability was assessed for Postural Control (SWAY) and Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) over tibialis anterior, infraspinatus and the C3-C4 segment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for intra- and inter-examiner reliability was highest for ROM (range: 0.80 to 0.94), DCE (0.75 to 0.90) and CCFT (0.63 to 0.86). JPE had the lowest ICC (0.02 to 0.66). Intra- and inter-reliability for GS and SPNTT showed kappa ranging from 0.66 to 0.92, and 0.57 to 0.78 (prevalence adjusted), respectively. For the test-retest study, ICC was 0.83 to 0.89 for PPT and 0.39 to 0.79 for SWAY. Construct validity was satisfactory for all tests, except JPE. Significant between group discriminative validity was found for CCFT, ROM, GS, SPNTT and PPT, however, differences were within the limits of the minimal detectable change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the tests evaluated showed satisfactory reliability and construct validity supporting their use in the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic neck pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University College South Denmark, Esbjerg Ø, Denmark. rejo@ucsyd.dk.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falla
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Juul-Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards; D016037:Single-Blind Method