title: Outcomes of singleton and twin pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes: A population-based study in Alberta, Canada, 2005-11.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the prevalence and pregnancy outcomes of pre-existing diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Alberta, Canada, 2005-11.
  
  
  METHODS
  327 198 singleton and 5552 twin pregnancies resulting in live births or stillbirths were included. The odds ratios of adverse outcomes were evaluated comparing pre-DM with no diabetes and GDM with no diabetes, controlling for maternal characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes complicated 6.3% of pregnancies, with 88% being GDM. In singleton pregnancies, pre-DM and GDM were associated with increased risks of pre-eclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.38 and 1.83, respectively), cesarean delivery (aOR 2.53, 1.55), spontaneous preterm (aOR 4.20, 1.71), and labor-induced preterm (aOR 3.82, 2.00) in the mother, and macrosomia (aOR 2.11, 1.30), shoulder dystocia (aOR 1.54, 1.32), congenital anomalies (aOR 1.61, 1.20), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions (aOR 3.81, 1.60) in the infants. In addition, pre-DM was associated with an increased likelihood of stillbirth (aOR 3.73) and neonatal death (aOR 2.00) compared with non-diabetic pregnancies. In twin pregnancies, pre-DM was associated with increased risks of spontaneous (aOR 3.54) and labor-induced (aOR 3.57) preterm births, large for gestational age (LGA) infants (aOR 3.73), congenital anomalies (aOR 3.05) and NICU admissions (aOR 2.91); GDM was associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia (aOR 1.54), cesarean delivery (aOR 1.57), and LGA infants (aOR 1.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-existing diabetes confers higher risks than GDM. Diabetes is associated with adverse outcomes in singleton and twin pregnancies, and the increased risks are generally similar or less in twins, probably due to their higher "baseline" risks and closer clinical monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Surveillance and Assessment, Ministry of Health, Alberta Government, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Florence Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Surveillance and Assessment, Ministry of Health, Alberta Government, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dover
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: epidemiology; gestatational diabetes; multiple pregnancies; pre-existing diabetes; 多胎妊娠; 妊娠前存在的糖尿病; 妊娠糖尿病; 流行病学