title: Visual-motor integration skills: accuracy of predicting reading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article investigated the contribution of visual-motor integration (VMI) to reading ability when known predictors of later reading outcomes were also present in the data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 778 first and second grade students from a large diverse urban district in Texas. The data were analyzed using multiple regression models with a forced entry of predictors for each regression model, and each model was run separately for each outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that VMI drops out of the prediction models once more reading- and language-specific skills are introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although VMI skills make a statistically significant contribution in some aspects of the regression model, the reduction in contribution reduces the predictive validity of VMI skills. Therefore, a VMI skill measure will not sufficiently determine if a child has a reading disability.
authors.affiliation: *PhD †OD, MS, FAAO College of Education (KLS, QW), Department of Psychology (DJF), and College of Optometry (DC), University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Kristi L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students; D014505:Urban Population; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000592:standards*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*