title: Investigation of mortalities associated with Salmonella spp. infection in wildlife on Tiritiri Matangi Island in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand.
abstract: METHODS
  Salmonellosis was suspected as the cause of death in eight wild animals on Tiritiri Matangi Island, in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand, between November and September 2011, including three hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), a masked lapwing (Vanellus miles novaehollandiae), and a saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus). An outbreak investigation to identify the source and distribution of infection was undertaken over the summer of 2011-2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveillance of five species of forest bird (n=165) in December 2011 returned a single positive result for Salmonella spp. Environmental sampling of 35 key water sources and hihi supplementary feeding stations conducted in December 2011 and March 2012 returned isolates of S. enterica subspecies houtenae and S. enterica serovar Saintpaul from a stream, a dam and a supplementary feeding station. The same serotypes were identified in tissue samples collected from post mortem specimens of the affected birds, and their similarity was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality in wildlife associated with infection with S. enterica subspecies houtenae and S. enterica serovar Saintpaul.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first detection of these Salmonella spp. from wild birds in New Zealand. Our study highlights how active surveillance in response to observed disease emergence (here mortalities) can provide important insight for risk assessment and management within populations of endangered species and inform risk assessment in translocation planning.
authors.affiliation: a Ministry for Primary Industries , Wellington , New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Andel
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Midwinter
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ewen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakob Hoff
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D001717:Birds; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D062312:Islands; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: Salmonella; disease outbreak; environmental sampling; surveillance; wildlife disease