title: Effect of addition of clopidogrel to aspirin on subdural hematoma: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clopidogrel combined with aspirin is routinely prescribed after coronary artery stenting, in patients with acute coronary syndromes, and recently to prevent stroke in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke and TIA. Subdural hematomas are an important complication of antithrombotic treatment, but the risk associated with clopidogrel plus aspirin has not been previously defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the risk of subdural hematoma associated with dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel plus aspirin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trials comparing clopidogrel plus aspirin with aspirin alone were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1990 to 2014, and restricted to those with more than 7 days of treatment. Two reviewers independently extracted data about subdural hematomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 24 randomized trials testing clopidogrel added to aspirin, results for subdural hematoma were available for 11 trials, of which eight did not identify any subdural hematomas. The three trials reporting subdural hematomas were double-blind and included patients with recent lacunar stroke, acute coronary syndromes or atrial fibrillation with a total of 23,136 patients (mean age 66 years) and reported 39 subdural hematomas during a mean follow-up 2.1 years per patient. Clopidogrel plus aspirin was associated with a significantly increased risk of subdural hematoma compared with aspirin alone (risk ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.0, 3.8; P = 0.04; fixed effects model; I2 for heterogeneity of 0%, P = 0.51). The average absolute incidence of subdural hematoma averaged 1.1 (95% CI 0.7,1.6) per 1000 patient - years among those assigned clopidogrel plus aspirin in 11 randomized trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absolute rate of subdural hematoma during dual antiplatelet therapy is low, averaging 1.1 per 1000 patient-years. Chronic treatment with clopidogrel plus aspirin significantly increases the risk of subdural hematoma compared with aspirin alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ministry of Health, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Majid F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bakheet
authors.affiliation: Minot, North Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Lesly A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Department of Medicine (Neurology), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D059409:Stroke, Lacunar / Q000188:drug therapy; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: antiplatelet therapy; aspirin; clopidogrel; meta-analysis; subdural hematoma