title: Virulence determinants of Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from grasses in the context of a small type III effector repertoire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudomonas syringae is pathogenic to a large number of plant species. For host colonization and disease progression, strains of this bacterium utilize an array of type III-secreted effectors and other virulence factors, including small secreted molecules such as syringolin A, a peptide derivative that inhibits the eukaryotic proteasome. In strains colonizing dicotyledonous plants, the compound was demonstrated to suppress the salicylic-acid-dependent defense pathway. Here, we analyze virulence factors of three strains colonizing wheat (Triticum aestivum): P. syringae pathovar syringae (Psy) strains B64 and SM, as well as P. syringae BRIP34876. These strains have a relatively small repertoire of only seven to eleven type III secreted effectors (T3Es) and differ in their capacity to produce syringolin A. The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of various known virulence factors in the context of a small T3E repertoire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that syringolin A production enhances disease symptom development upon direct infiltration of strains into wheat leaves. However, it is not universally required for colonization, as Psy SM, which lacks syringolin biosynthesis genes, reaches cell densities comparable to syringolin A producer P. syringae BRIP34876. Next, we show that despite the small set of T3E-encoding genes, the type III secretion system remains the key pathogenicity determinant in these strains, and that phenotypic effects of deleting T3E-coding genes become apparent only when multiple effectors are removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas production of syringolin A is not required for successful colonization of wheat leaves by P. syringae strains, its production results in increased lesion formation. Despite the small number of known T3Es encoded by the analyzed strains, the type III secretion system is essential for endophytic growth of these strains.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland. adud@biosustain.dtu.dk.|Present address: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 4, Hørsholm, 2970, Denmark. adud@biosustain.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dudnik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland. rdudler@botinst.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dudler
mesh_terms: D060026:Endophytes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; D037521:Virulence Factors; C407267:syringolin A