title: Execution of Activities of Daily Living in Persons with Parkinson Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscular weakness and the motor difficulties associated with Parkinson disease (PD) often impair the performance of activities of daily living (ADL). However, little is known about the magnitude and distribution of relative muscular effort of persons with PD during ADL. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative magnitude of lower extremity moment production that persons with PD use to perform common ADL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen participants with mild-to-moderate PD and 14 age/sex-matched controls volunteered. Participants performed a series of ADL tasks, as follows: gait initiation (GI), gait, and stair ascending tasks. Participants were then asked to perform maximal-effort isokinetic tests of hip and knee extension and ankle plantarflexion at speeds of 90° per second and 120° per second. Relative effort was quantified as a percentage of the maximal isokinetic value produced by a joint during performance of the ADL. Relative effort and peak isokinetic joint moments were analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA with repeated measures. All other comparisons were evaluated using independent t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons with PD produced smaller ankle plantarflexion moment at both 90° per second and 120° per second (P < 0.05). Relative effort during GI (271% vs 189%, P < 0.05) and gait (270% vs 161%, P < 0.05) was significantly greater at the ankle in persons with PD. Contribution of the ankle to the support moment was lower in PD during stair ascending (24% vs 34%) and GI (63% vs 57%) compared with that in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduced ankle moments during ADL are indicative of deficits in muscular capabilities in those with PD. Moreover, PD caused a redistribution of joint torques, such that PD participants used their hip extensors more and ankle plantarflexors less.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; 2Motion Analysis Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; 3Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; 4Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens OH; and 5Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Jared W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Hyo Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Roemmich
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hass
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019415:Torque