title: The orthotopic xenotransplant of human glioblastoma successfully recapitulates glioblastoma-microenvironment interactions in a non-immunosuppressed mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and the most aggressive glial tumor. This tumor is highly heterogeneous, angiogenic, and insensitive to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we have investigated the progression of GBM produced by the injection of human GBM cells into the brain parenchyma of immunocompetent mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Xenotransplanted animals were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that two weeks after injection, the produced tumor presents histopathological characteristics recommended by World Health Organization for the diagnosis of GBM in humans. The tumor was able to produce reactive gliosis in the adjacent parenchyma, angiogenesis, an intense recruitment of macrophage and microglial cells, and presence of necrosis regions. Besides, MRI showed that tumor mass had enhanced contrast, suggesting a blood-brain barrier disruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that the xenografted tumor in mouse brain parenchyma develops in a very similar manner to those found in patients affected by GBM and can be used to better understand the biology of GBM as well as testing potential therapies.
authors.forename: Celina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Luiz Gustavo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Anna Lenice
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Luiz Henrique
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Geraldo
authors.forename: Anna Carolina Carvalho
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: da Fonseca
authors.forename: Ana Helena
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meirelles
authors.forename: Grasiella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.forename: Nathalie Henriques Silva
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Canedo
authors.forename: Jorge Marcondes
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: João Ricardo Lacerda
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.forename: Vivaldo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moura-Neto
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tovar-Moll
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS - Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. flima@icb.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Flavia Regina Souza
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment