title: Endomyocardial biopsy technique for orthotopic heart transplantation and cardiac stem-cell harvesting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is performed using the bicaval and pulmonary venous anastomoses or the standard (biatrial) anastomoses. The special considerations of endomyocardial biopsy after OHT using the bicaval technique, and after myocardial infarction for harvesting of cardiac stem cells, have not been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  When approached via the right or left internal jugular vein, important technical considerations were ultrasound guidance for vascular access; a soft, 80-cm, 0.035-inch, J-tipped guidewire; a long (23-cm), 7-Fr sheath; and a flexible 7-Fr, 50-cm bioptome. These technical aspects were helpful to avoid disruption of the superior vena cava suture line, avoid entry into the right atrial appendage or coronary sinus, avoid right ventricular free wall perforation, and provide ready access to the right ventricular septal wall. We used the same principles and technical considerations when obtaining the cardiac stem cells after myocardial infarction in patients enrolled in the CADUCEUS trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 2002 to December 2005, 754 biopsy procedures were performed in 179 patients after OHT with the bicaval technique, using bioptome A. There was 1 occurrence of ventricular fibrillation requiring cardioversion, and no occurrence of cardiac tamponade during the procedure. From January 2006 to September 2013, 2818 biopsy procedures were performed in 1064 patients using bioptome B. No patient developed ventricular fibrillation or cardiac tamponade during the procedure. In 2010 and 2011, 23 biopsy procedures were performed in 23 patients after acute myocardial infarction, using bioptome B. No immediate complications occurred while performing these biopsies. The late occurrence of tricuspid regurgitation was not evaluated in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endomyocardial biopsy procedures can be safely performed after OHT with the bicaval technique and after myocardial infarction for harvesting of cardiac stem cells. Ultrasound guidance for vascular access, a long guidewire and sheath, and a flexible bioptome are important features for the safe conduct of the biopsy procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruzza
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinzás
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marban
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trento
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: lawrence.czer@cshs.org.
authors.forename: L S C
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Czer
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*