title: Stage-dependent responses to emergent habitat heterogeneity: consequences for a predatory insect population in a coffee agroecosystem.
abstract: Interactions among members of biological communities can create spatial patterns that effectively generate habitat heterogeneity for other members in the community, and this heterogeneity might be crucial for their persistence. For example, stage-dependent vulnerability of a predatory lady beetle to aggression of the ant, Azteca instabilis, creates two habitat types that are utilized differently by the immature and adult life stages of the beetle. Due to a mutualistic association between A. instabilis and the hemipteran Coccus viridis - which is A. orbigera main prey in the area - only plants around ant nests have high C. viridis populations. Here, we report on a series of surveys at three different scales aimed at detecting how the presence and clustered distribution of ant nests affect the distribution of the different life stages of this predatory lady beetle in a coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. Both beetle adults and larvae were more abundant in areas with ant nests, but adults were restricted to the peripheries of highest ant activity and outside the reach of coffee bushes containing the highest densities of lady beetle larvae. The abundance of adult beetles located around trees with ants increased with the size of the ant nest clusters but the relationship is not significant for larvae. Thus, we suggest that A. orbigera undergoes an ontogenetic niche shift, not through shifting prey species, but through stage-specific vulnerability differences against a competitor that renders areas of abundant prey populations inaccessible for adults but not for larvae. Together with evidence presented elsewhere, this study shows how an important predator is not only dependent on the existence of two qualitatively distinct habitat types, but also on the spatial distribution of these habitats. We suggest that this dependency arises due to the different responses that the predator's life stages have to this emergent spatial pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of the South 735 University Ave, Sewanee, Tennessee, 37383.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liere
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Michigan 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.
authors.forename: Ivette
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Perfecto
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Michigan 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan 830 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandermeer
keywords: Agroecology; Azteca instabilis; Azya orbigera; Coccus viridis; ant–hemipteran mutualism; myrmecophilous predator; ontogenetic niche shift; population persistence; stage-structured populations