title: Method validation of the biochip array technology for synthetic cannabinoids detection in urine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are widely-abused cannabimimetic drugs that do not screen positive in traditional cannabinoids immunoassays, making detection difficult.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first commercially-available immunoassay for urinary SC was validated. Limits of detection (5-20 µg/L), imprecision (<13.1% intra-, <37.7% inter-assay), and cross-reactivity profiles of 22 SC and 37 metabolites were obtained. A large negative bias (-80.8 to -28.0%) was observed. Sensitivity (98.3%), specificity (48.1%) and efficiency (53.9%) were determined from screening 20,017 urine specimens and confirming 1432 presumptive positive and 1069 selected negative specimens by LC-MS/MS. Cutoff optimization improved performance to 87.6% sensitivity, 85.2% specificity, and 85.4% efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This high-throughput urine SC assay has good sensitivity and improved specificity and efficiency at modified cutoff concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry & Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD. USA.
authors.forename: Marisol S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Castaneto
authors.forename: Nathalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Desrosiers
authors.forename: Kayla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ellefsen
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anizan
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klette
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine*; D003429:Cross Reactions; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D057230:Limit of Detection; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids