title: Context counts: solitary drinking explains the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related problems in undergraduates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to theory, depressed individuals self-medicate their negative affect with alcohol. Due to isolation and interpersonal difficulties, undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms may do much of their drinking alone and/or in intimate contexts (e.g., with family or romantic partners) rather than at normative social events (e.g., parties). Evidence suggests drinking in these contexts leads to heavy use and alcohol-related problems. Accordingly, context may be an explanatory mechanism linking depressive symptoms to problematic drinking. This pathway remains understudied in the literature. Our study aimed to examine solitary and intimate drinking as distinct mediators of the depression-problematic drinking association. We hypothesized that depressive symptoms would be positively associated with solitary and intimate drinking which in turn would be associated with elevated alcohol use and related problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduates (N=295; 72% women) completed online self-reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with hypotheses, path analyses supported depressive symptoms as a positive predictor of solitary drinking, which in turn was a positive predictor of alcohol-related problems, but not of alcohol use. Counter to hypotheses, depressive symptoms were unrelated to intimate drinking. Interestingly, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with drinking at parties, which in turn led to reduced risk for elevated alcohol use and related problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results shed new light on the depression pathway to problematic drinking in undergraduates by considering the role of drinking context. Our findings suggest undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms are at risk for potentially problematic drinking because they are drinking alone. Solitary drinking represents a malleable target for clinical interventions aimed at reducing risky depression-related alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: m_keough@live.concordia.ca.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Roisin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University (6299 South St. Halifax, B3H 3J5, Nova Scotia, Canada).
authors.forename: Simon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University (6299 South St. Halifax, B3H 3J5, Nova Scotia, Canada).
authors.forename: Sherry H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Drinking context; Problematic drinking