title: The biogeochemical role of baleen whales and krill in Southern Ocean nutrient cycling.
abstract: The availability of micronutrients is a key factor that affects primary productivity in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the Southern Ocean. Nutrient supply is governed by a range of physical, chemical and biological processes, and there are significant feedbacks within the ecosystem. It has been suggested that baleen whales form a crucial part of biogeochemical cycling processes through the consumption of nutrient-rich krill and subsequent defecation, but data on their contribution are scarce. We analysed the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, phosphorus and carbon in baleen whale faeces and muscle, and krill tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metal concentrations in krill tissue were between 20 thousand and 4.8 million times higher than typical Southern Ocean HNLC seawater concentrations, while whale faecal matter was between 276 thousand and 10 million times higher. These findings suggest that krill act as a mechanism for concentrating and retaining elements in the surface layer, which are subsequently released back into the ocean, once eaten by whales, through defecation. Trace metal to carbon ratios were also higher in whale faeces compared to whale muscle indicating that whales are concentrating carbon and actively defecating trace elements. Consequently, recovery of the great whales may facilitate the recycling of nutrients via defecation, which may affect productivity in HNLC areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Lavenia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ratnarajah
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bowie
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lannuzel
authors.affiliation: Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Klaus M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Meiners
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014907:Whales / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D018977:Micronutrients; D014131:Trace Elements; D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon