title: Chemical composition and biological activity of Rubus idaeus shoots--a traditional herbal remedy of Eastern Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The young shoots of Rubus idaeus are traditionally used as a herbal remedy in common cold, fever and flu-like infections yet there is no research concerning this plant material. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of raspberry shoots from 11 cultivar varieties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methanol extracts were subjected to chromatographic analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, and two-dimensional 'comprehensive' LCxLC techniques. The biological activity of the shoot extract from the 'Willamette' cultivar variety was evaluated. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assay. Antimicrobial activity was estimated towards 15 strains of human pathogenic bacteria using broth microdilution method. Cytotoxic activity was tested using MTT cell viability assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dominating compounds identified in the shoots of R. idaeus were ellagic acid (26.1 - 106.8 mg/100 g) and sanguiin H-6 (139.2 - 633.1 mg/100 g). The best separation of compounds present in the analysed polyphenol complex, was achieved by 'comprehensive' LCxLC method using Nucleodur Sphinx RP column in the first dimension and Chromolith Performance column in the second dimension. The shoot extract was found to be a strong antioxidant (EC50 19.4 μg/ml, AAE 427.94 mg/g) and displayed the strongest bactericidal properties towards Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The extract revealed higher cytotoxic activity towards the HL-60 cells (IC50 110 μg/ml) than HeLa (IC50 300 μg/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The shoots of R. idaeus stand out as a valuable source of sanguiin H-6 and ellagic acid and possess a number of biological properties including antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen, J, Hallera Str, 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland. krauze@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Mirosława
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krauze-Baranowska
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Głód
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majdan
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hałasa
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matkowski
authors.forename: Weronika
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kozłowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawiak
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000187:drug effects; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D004610:Ellagic Acid; C081844:sanguiin H 6