title: Differential spatio-temporal expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases regulates apocarotenoid fluxes during AM symbiosis.
abstract: Apocarotenoids are a class of compounds that play important roles in nature. In recent years, a prominent role for these compounds in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has been shown. They are derived from carotenoids by the action of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) enzyme family. In the present study, using tomato as a model, the spatio-temporal expression pattern of the CCD genes during AM symbiosis establishment and functioning was investigated. In addition, the levels of the apocarotenoids strigolactones (SLs), C13 α-ionol and C14 mycorradicin (C13/C14) derivatives were analyzed. The results suggest an increase in SLs promoted by the presence of the AM fungus at the early stages of the interaction, which correlated with an induction of the SL biosynthesis gene SlCCD7. At later stages, induction of SlCCD7 and SlCCD1 expression in arbusculated cells promoted the production of C13/C14 apocarotenoid derivatives. We show here that the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids during AM symbiosis is finely regulated throughout the entire process at the gene expression level, and that CCD7 constitutes a key player in this regulation. Once the symbiosis is established, apocarotenoid flux would be turned towards the production of C13/C14 derivatives, thus reducing SL biosynthesis and maintaining a functional symbiosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain. Electronic address: juan.lopezraez@eez.csic.es.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-Ráez
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain; Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berrio
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonfante
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell & Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pozo
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots; D011090:Polyenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D007783:Lactones; D011090:Polyenes; C458517:mycorradicin; D002338:Carotenoids; D049308:Dioxygenases
keywords: Apocarotenoids; Arbuscular mycorrhiza; Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases; Mycorradicin; Strigolactones; α-Ionols