title: Status of simulation in health care education: an international survey.
abstract: Simulation is rapidly penetrating the terrain of health care education and has gained growing acceptance as an educational method and patient safety tool. Despite this, the state of simulation in health care education has not yet been evaluated on a global scale. In this project, we studied the global status of simulation in health care education by determining the degree of financial support, infrastructure, manpower, information technology capabilities, engagement of groups of learners, and research and scholarly activities, as well as the barriers, strengths, opportunities for growth, and other aspects of simulation in health care education. We utilized a two-stage process, including an online survey and a site visit that included interviews and debriefings. Forty-two simulation centers worldwide participated in this study, the results of which show that despite enormous interest and enthusiasm in the health care community, use of simulation in health care education is limited to specific areas and is not a budgeted item in many institutions. Absence of a sustainable business model, as well as sufficient financial support in terms of budget, infrastructure, manpower, research, and scholarly activities, slows down the movement of simulation. Specific recommendations are made based on current findings to support simulation in the next developmental stages.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Simulation Education and Innovation, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qayumi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pachev
authors.affiliation: Surgical Simulation Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Israel Center for Medical Simulation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Amitai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziv
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Simulation Education and Innovation, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Valentyna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Simulation Education and Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badiei
authors.affiliation: KidSIM-ASPIRE Simulation Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
keywords: health care education; innovation; medical; simulation; simulation center; technology-enabled learning