title: Moving-shot versus fixed electrode techniques for radiofrequency ablation: comparison in an ex-vivo bovine liver tissue model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the ablation characteristics of the moving-shot technique (MST) and the fixed electrode technique (FET) for radiofrequency (RF) ablation in an ex-vivo bovine liver tissue model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed RF ablation using FET in 110 bovine liver blocks using 11 different ablation times ranging from 5 seconds to 5 minutes (10 blocks per each time duration). Ten bovine liver blocks at each ablation time of 1- or 2-minute, were ablated with MST, which treated conceptual ablation units by moving the electrode tip. We evaluated the ablation volume obtained with FET across ablation time lengths. The results of FET and MST performed with the same ablation time lengths, i.e., 1- and 2-minute ablation time were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ablation volume achieved with FET gradually increased with increasing ablation time; however, the pair-wise statistical comparison between 2 neighboring ablation time lengths was not significant after 30 seconds. MST with either 1- or 2-minute ablation time achieved larger ablation volumes (1.1 ± 0.2 mL vs. 2.7 ± 0.3 mL, p < 0.001; and 1.4 ± 0.2 mL vs. 5.6 ± 0.4 mL, p < 0.001, respectively), longer true RF times (46.7 ± 4.6 seconds vs. 60 seconds, p < 0.001; and 64.8 ± 4.6 seconds vs. 120 seconds, p < 0.001, respectively), fewer numbers of RF cut-offs (1.6 ± 0.5 vs. 0, p < 0.001; and 5.5 ± 0.5 vs. 0, p < 0.001, respectively), and greater energy deposition (2050.16 ± 209.2 J vs. 2677.76 ± 83.68 J, p < 0.001; and 2970.64 ± 376.56 J vs. 5564.72 ± 5439.2 J, p < 0.001, respectively), than FET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MST can achieve a larger ablation volume by preventing RF cut-off, compared with the FET in an ex-vivo bovine liver model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea. ; Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000592:standards*; D002417:Cattle; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Fixed electrode technique; Intervention; Moving shot technique; Radiofrequency ablation; Thyroid nodule