title: Rhesus monkey brain development during late infancy and the effect of phencyclidine: a longitudinal MRI and DTI study.
abstract: Early brain development is a complex and rapid process, the disturbance of which may cause the onset of brain disorders. Based on longitudinal imaging data acquired from 6 to 16 months postnatal, we describe a systematic trajectory of monkey brain development during late infancy, and demonstrate the influence of phencyclidine (PCP) on this trajectory. Although the general developmental trajectory of the monkey brain was close to that of the human brain, the development in monkeys was faster and regionally specific. Gray matter volume began to decrease during late infancy in monkeys, much earlier than in humans in whom it occurs in adolescence. Additionally, the decrease of gray matter volume in higher-order association regions (the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes) occurred later than in regions for primary functions (the occipital lobe and cerebellum). White matter volume displayed an increasing trend in most brain regions, but not in the occipital lobe, which had a stable volume. In addition, based on diffusion tensor imaging, we found an increase in fractional anisotropy and a decrease in diffusivity, which may be associated with myelination and axonal changes in white matter tracts. Meanwhile, we tested the influence of 14-day PCP treatment on the developmental trajectories. Such treatment tended to accelerated brain maturation during late infancy, although not statistically significant. These findings provide comparative information for the understanding of primate brain maturation and neurodevelopmental disorders.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, QLD 4072, Australia; Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Cirong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, Tuebingen, 72074, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of the Primate Model for Brain Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China.
authors.forename: Huilang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of the Primate Model for Brain Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of the Primate Model for Brain Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Yuanye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of the Primate Model for Brain Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China. Electronic address: wjh16@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jianhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D010622:Phencyclidine
keywords: Infant; Neurodevelopment; Phencyclidine; Primates; Template