title: Integration of oncology and palliative care: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Society for Medical Oncology strongly endorse integrating oncology and palliative care (PC); however, a global consensus on what constitutes integration is currently lacking. To better understand what integration entails, we conducted a systematic review to identify articles addressing the clinical, educational, research, and administrative indicators of integration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBase between 1948 and 2013. Two researchers independently reviewed each citation for inclusion and extracted the indicators related to integration. The inter-rater agreement was high (κ = 0.96, p < .001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 431 publications in our initial search, 101 were included. A majority were review articles (58%) published in oncology journals (59%) and in or after 2010 (64%, p < .001). A total of 55 articles (54%), 33 articles (32%), 24 articles (24%), and 14 articles (14%) discussed the role of outpatient clinics, community-based care, PC units, and inpatient consultation teams in integration, respectively. Process indicators of integration include interdisciplinary PC teams (n = 72), simultaneous care approach (n = 71), routine symptom screening (n = 25), PC guidelines (n = 33), care pathways (n = 11), and combined tumor boards (n = 10). A total of 66 articles (65%) mentioned early involvement of PC, 18 (18%) provided a specific timing, and 28 (28%) discussed referral criteria. A total of 45 articles (45%), 20 articles (20%), and 66 articles (65%) discussed 8, 4, and 9 indicators related to the educational, research, and administrative aspects of integration, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration was a heterogeneously defined concept. Our systematic review highlighted 38 clinical, educational, research, and administrative indicators. With further refinement, these indicators may facilitate assessment of the level of integration of oncology and PC.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA dhui@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yu Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ji Chan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cherny
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaasa
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mellar P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Oncological Palliative Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; European Palliative Care Research Centre, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruera
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010166:Palliative Care
keywords: Access; Health systems; Indicators; Integration; Neoplasms; Palliative care; Referral