title: Application of low-cost methodologies for mobile phone app development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The usage of mobile phones and mobile phone apps in the recent decade has indeed become more prevalent. Previous research has highlighted a method of using just the Internet browser and a text editor to create an app, but this does not eliminate the challenges faced by clinicians. More recently, two methodologies of app development have been shared, but there has not been any disclosures pertaining to the costs involved. In addition, limitations such as the distribution and dissemination of the apps have not been addressed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this research article are to: (1) highlight a low-cost methodology that clinicians without technical knowledge could use to develop educational apps; (2) clarify the respective costs involved in the process of development; (3) illustrate how limitations pertaining to dissemination could be addressed; and (4) to report initial utilization data of the apps and to share initial users' self-rated perception of the apps.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we will present two techniques of how to create a mobile app using two of the well-established online mobile app building websites. The costs of development are specified and the methodology of dissemination of the apps will be shared. The application of the low-cost methodologies in the creation of the "Mastering Psychiatry" app for undergraduates and "Déjà vu" app for postgraduates will be discussed. A questionnaire survey has been administered to undergraduate students collating their perceptions towards the app.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the Mastering Psychiatry app, a cumulative total of 722 users have used the mobile app since inception, based on our analytics. For the Déjà vu app, there has been a cumulative total of 154 downloads since inception. The utilization data demonstrated the receptiveness towards these apps, and this is reinforced by the positive perceptions undergraduate students (n=185) had towards the low-cost self-developed apps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the few studies that have demonstrated the low-cost methodologies of app development; as well as student and trainee receptivity toward self-created Web-based mobile phone apps. The results obtained have demonstrated that these Web-based low-cost apps are applicable in the real life, and suggest that the methodologies shared in this research paper might be of benefit for other specialities and disciplines.
authors.affiliation: National HealthCare Group, Singapore, Singapore. melvynzhangweibin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8385-2345
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Enquan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-333X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cheow
authors.forename: Cyrus Sh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-9566
authors.initials: CSh
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Beng Yeong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4219-5841
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Roger
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-5461
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Christopher Cheng Soon
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4462-6585
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cheok
keywords: cost-effectiveness; education; mobile phone apps; technology