title: 3-dimensional analysis of regenerative endodontic treatment outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing body of evidence supports the regeneration potential of dental tissues after regenerative endodontic treatment (RET). Nevertheless, a standard method for the evaluation of RET outcome is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized quantitative method for RET outcome analysis based on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) volumetric measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five human teeth embedded in mandibular bone samples were scanned using both an Accuitomo 170 CBCT machine (Morita, Kyoto, Japan) and a SkyScan 1174 micro-computed tomographic (μCT) system (SkyScan, Antwerp, Belgium). For subsequent clinical application, clinical data and low-dose CBCT scans (preoperatively and follow-up) from 5 immature permanent teeth treated with RET were retrieved. In vitro and clinical 3-dimensional image data sets were imported into a dedicated software tool. Two segmentation steps were applied to extract the teeth of interest from the surrounding tissue (livewire) and to separate tooth hard tissue and root canal space (level set methods). In vitro and clinical volumetric measurements were assessed separately for differences using Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Pearson correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the relation and agreement between the segmented CBCT and μCT volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no statistical differences and strong agreement between CBCT and μCT volumetric measurements. Volumetric comparison of the root hard tissue showed significant hard tissue formation. (The mean volume of newly formed hard tissue was 27.9 [±10.5] mm(3) [P < .05]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of 3-dimensional data for teeth treated with RET offers valuable insights into the treatment outcome and patterns of hard tissue formation.
authors.affiliation: OIC, OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Paediatric Dentistry and Special Dental Care, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: mostafa.ezeldeen@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: EzEldeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Paediatric Dentistry and Special Dental Care, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gertrude
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Gorp
authors.affiliation: OIC, OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dessel
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vandermeulen
authors.affiliation: OIC, OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004708:Endodontics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D012038:Regeneration; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cone-beam computed tomographic imaging; MeVislab; regenerative endodontic treatment; teeth segmentation