title: Investigation of the reactions of acrylamide during in vitro multistep enzymatic digestion of thermally processed foods.
abstract: This study investigated the fate of acrylamide in thermally processed foods after ingestion. An in vitro multistep enzymatic digestion system simulating gastric, duodenal and colon phases was used to understand the fate of acrylamide in bakery and fried potato products. Acrylamide levels gradually decreased through gastric, duodenal and colon phases during in vitro digestion of biscuits. At the end of digestion, acrylamide reduction was between 49.2% and 73.4% in biscuits. Binary model systems composed of acrylamide and amino acids were used to understand the mechanism of acrylamide reduction. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses confirmed Michael addition of amino acids to acrylamide during digestion. In contrast to bakery products, acrylamide levels increased significantly during gastric digestion of fried potatoes. The Schiff base formed between reducing sugars and asparagine disappeared rapidly, whereas the acrylamide level increased during the gastric phase. This suggests that intermediates like the Schiff base that accumulate in potatoes during frying are potential precursors of acrylamide under gastric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey. vgokmen@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Aytül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamzalıoğlu
authors.forename: Vural
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gökmen
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001216:Asparagine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003296:Cooking; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005506:Food Contamination; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D012545:Schiff Bases / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D012545:Schiff Bases; D020106:Acrylamide; D003553:Cystine; D001216:Asparagine; D008239:Lysine