title: Case series discussion of cardiac and vascular events following carfilzomib treatment: possible mechanism, screening, and monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carfilzomib is a selective proteasome inhibitor approved in the United States in 2012 for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Although cardiopulmonary and vascular events have been reported infrequently, they can be potentially serious complications, and their incidence and pathophysiology following carfilzomib treatment remain poorly characterized in a real-world patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 67 patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma treated at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe 12 patients who experienced cardiac or vascular-related adverse events subsequent to carfilzomib-based treatment (median age, 59 years [range, 49-77]). Nine patients had prior autologous stem cell transplant, and three had prior anthracycline exposure. Detailed case reports are provided for five representative patients: (1) systemic hypertension in a 65-year-old Caucasian female with a history of hypertension, hypothyroidism, and stage III chronic kidney disease; (2) pulmonary hypertension in a 72-year-old Caucasian male with a history of recurrent respiratory infections and chronic right lower extremity deep venous thrombosis; (3) acute renal insufficiency with increased blood pressure in a 50-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and stage IV chronic kidney disease; (4) heart failure in a 64-year-old African American female with a history of hypertension; and (5) dyspnea and lung disease in a 58-year-old Asian American male with a history significant for hepatitis B virus infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While cardiac and vascular-related adverse events were reported in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma who were treated with carfilzomib, most patients had a history of the specific cardiac or vascular adverse event they exhibited and demonstrated an improvement or resolution in symptoms after the discontinuation of therapy. Appropriate screening and monitoring could potentially allow at-risk patients to benefit fully from treatment with carfilzomib.
authors.affiliation: Mt Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, USA. ajai.chari@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Ajai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chari
authors.forename: Daher
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hajje
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; C524865:carfilzomib