title: A taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of Penicillium section Aspergilloides.
abstract: Species belonging to Penicillium section Aspergilloides have a world-wide distribution with P. glabrum, P. spinulosum and P. thomii the most well-known species of this section. These species occur commonly and can be isolated from many substrates including soil, food, bark and indoor environments. The taxonomy of these species has been investigated several times using various techniques, but species delimitation remains difficult. In the present study, 349 strains belonging to section Aspergilloides were subjected to multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses using partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences. Section Aspergilloides is subdivided into 12 clades and 51 species. Twenty-five species are described here as new and P. yezoense, a species originally described without a Latin diagnosis, is validated. Species belonging to section Aspergilloides are phenotypically similar and most have monoverticillate conidiophores and grow moderately or quickly on agar media. The most important characters to distinguish these species were colony sizes on agar media, growth at 30 °C, ornamentation and shape of conidia, sclerotium production and stipe roughness.
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Visagie
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Busby
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Louis-Seize
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Turkey.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Botany Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samson
keywords: Eurotiales; ITS barcoding; Multigene phylogeny; Soil fungi