title: Autophagy facilitates secretion and protects against degeneration of the Harderian gland.
abstract: The epithelial derived Harderian gland consists of 2 types of secretory cells. The more numerous type A cells are responsible for the secretion of lipid droplets, while type B cells produce dark granules of multilamellar bodies. The process of autophagy is constitutively active in the Harderian gland, as confirmed by our analysis of LC3 processing in GFP-LC3 transgenic mice. This process is compromised by epithelial deletion of Atg7. Morphologically, the Atg7 mutant glands are hypotrophic and degenerated, with highly vacuolated cells and pyknotic nuclei. The mutant glands accumulate lipid droplets coated with PLIN2 (perilipin 2) and contain deposits of cholesterol, ubiquitinated proteins, SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) positive aggregates and other metabolic products such as porphyrin. Immunofluorescence stainings show that distinct cells strongly aggregate both proteins and lipids. Electron microscopy of the Harderian glands reveals that its organized structure is compromised, and the presence of large intracellular lipid droplets and heterologous aggregates. We attribute the occurrence of large vacuoles to a malfunction in the formation of multilamellar bodies found in the less abundant type B Harderian gland cells. This defect causes the formation of large tertiary lysosomes of heterologous content and is accompanied by the generation of tight lamellar stacks of endoplasmic reticulum in a pseudo-crystalline form. To test the hypothesis that lipid and protein accumulation is the cause for the degeneration in autophagy-deficient Harderian glands, epithelial cells were treated with a combination of the proteasome inhibitor and free fatty acids, to induce aggregation of misfolded proteins and lipid accumulation, respectively. The results show that lipid accumulation indeed enhanced the toxicity of misfolded proteins and that this was even more pronounced in autophagy-deficient cells. Thus, we conclude autophagy controls protein and lipid catabolism and anabolism to facilitate bulk production of secretory vesicles of the Harderian gland.
authors.affiliation: a Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology ; Medical University of Vienna ; Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fobker
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lengauer
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brandstetter
authors.forename: Guenter P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Resch
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gröger
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plenz
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pammer
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barresi
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Heidemarie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rossiter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006243:Harderian Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors
keywords: Atg12, autophagy related 12; Atg7, autophagy related 7; BCA, bicinchoninic acid assay; BODIPY, boron-dipyrromethene fluorescent dye; BSA, bovine serum albumin; Cre, Cre recombinase; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ER, edoplasmic reticulum; FC, free cholesterol; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HaGl, Harderian gland; Harderian gland; KLICK, keratosis lineariz with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma; KRT14, Keratin 14; LD, Lipid drops; LSM, laser scanning microscope; MAP1LC3A/B (LC3), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 α/β; MG132; MG312, synthetic peptide Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al; ORO, oil red O; PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PLIN2, perilipin 2; RFU, relative fluorecent units; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1/p62; SQSTM1/p62; TBS-T, Tris buffered saline with Tween 20; TLC, thin layer chromatography; UV, ultraviolet; aggregates; aggresome; autophagy; cholesterol; degenerative diseases; f, floxed; keratinocytes; lipotoxicity; lysosome; multilamellar bodies; palmitate; perilipin 2/adipophilin; proteasome inhibitor