title: Comparison of the Effects of Dexmedetomidine vs. Ketamine in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats - Preliminary Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following ischemia/reperfusion injury, antioxidant defense mechanisms may remain insufficient depending on the duration of ischemia which is caused by any reason (MI, after percutaneous coronary intervention, during cardiac surgery). After that, free oxygen radicals increasing within the cell cause structural deterioration. Cytokines which activate a series of reactions that cause tissue damage and inflammatory response are released during reperfusion of ischemic tissues. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 18 rats randomly divided into three groups. Group I/R (n = 6): control, Group I/R-K (n = 6): ketamine, and Group I/R-D (n = 6): dexmedetomidine. Before the 10 min surgery, after the 20 min ischemia and 20 min reperfusion period, hemodynamic parameters were compared among the three groups. After the 45 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion period, tissue samples were obtained from the rat hearts, and MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA and GSH-Px levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. However, both levels were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. SOD levels were significantly lower in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups compared to the control group, but they were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. IL-1β levels were similar in all groups. TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups compared to the control group. They were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our study, it can be concluded that dexmedetomidine and ketamine have similar effects on reducing myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Dexmedetomidine provides better heart rate control but causes hypotension, so, because of cardiac depression, we think that its clinical use may necessitate further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Leyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fusun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bozkirli
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nurdan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bedirli
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oztas
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balta
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demirkol
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zekeriya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unlu