title: Lard-based high-fat diet increases secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor expression and attenuates the inflammatory response of acute lung injury in endotoxemic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute lung injury (ALI) is less severe in obese than in nonobese patients, but the mechanism is unclear. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is the key anti-inflammatory protein in various lung diseases. We have previously reported changes of the surgical stress in obese rats using lard-based high-fat diet (HFD). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of lard-based HFD on the pathophysiology of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, and the role of SLPI expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were fed lard-based HFD (60 kcal% fat) or control diet (CD) for either 4 or 12 weeks and were killed after intraperitoneal LPS injection. Analyses included messenger RNA expression of TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-10 and SLPI in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and histology of the lungs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats fed HFD for 12 weeks showed suppression of the lung injury and oxidative stress after LPS injection, as indicated by reduction of pulmonary TNF-α, MIP-2 and iNOS mRNA expression and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine immunostaining. The increased pulmonary SLPI caused by lard was associated with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which eventually resulted in the prevention of ALI. Those effects of lard on LPS-induced ALI were greater after 12 weeks than after 4 weeks feeding, as indicated by the reduction of TNF-α, MIP-2 and iNOS levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeding lard-based HFD for 12 weeks attenuated LPS-induced ALI with increased pulmonary SLPI expression in rats.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishiokada
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoyama-Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeshige
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.affiliation: Departments of Therapeutic Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan; Department of Nutrition, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. Electronic address: musa@kobe-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; C506816:Slpi protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C029310:lard
keywords: Acute lung injury; High-fat diet; Lard; Lipopolysaccharide; Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; Sepsis