title: Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum in controlling the tick Rhipicephalus annulatus under field conditions.
abstract: High infectivity of entomopathogenic fungi to ticks under laboratory conditions has been demonstrated in many studies. However, the few reports on their use under field conditions demonstrate large variations in their success, often with no clear explanation. The present study evaluated the factors affecting the efficacy of the fungus Metarhizium brunneum against the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. It demonstrates how environmental conditions and ground cover affect the efficiency of the fungus under field conditions. During the summer, 93% of tick females exposed to fungus-contaminated ground died within 1 week, whereas during the winter, only 62.2% died within 6 weeks. Nevertheless, the hatchability of their eggs was only 6.1% during the summer and 0.0% during winter. Covering the ground with grass, leaves or gravel improved fungal performance. Aside from killing female ticks, the fungus had a substantial effect on tick fecundity. Fungal infection reduced the proportion of female ticks laying full-size egg masses by up to 91%, and reduced egg hatchability by up to 100%. To reduce the negative effect of outdoor factors on fungal activity, its conidia were mixed with different oils (olive, canola, mineral or paraffin at 10% v/v) and evaluated in both laboratory and field tests for efficacy. All tested oils without conidia sprayed on the sand did not influence tick survival or weight of the laid eggs but significantly reduced egghatchability. Conidia in water with canola or mineral oil spread on agarose and incubated for 18 h showed 57% and 0% germination, respectively. Comparing, under laboratory conditions, the effects of adding each of the four oils to conidia in water on ticks demonstrated no effect on female mortality or weight of the laid egg mass, but the percentage of hatched eggs was reduced. In outdoor trials, female ticks placed on the ground sprayed with conidia in water yielded an average of 175 larvae per female and there was no hatching of eggs laid by females placed on ground sprayed with conidia in water with canola or mineral oils.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samish
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rot
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ment
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Glazer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gindin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000502:physiology*; D008899:Mineral Oil; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D006109:Poaceae; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000382:microbiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D008899:Mineral Oil