title: Simultaneous fMRI and EEG during the multi-source interference task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  fMRI and EEG are two non-invasive functional imaging techniques within cognitive neuroscience that have complementary advantages to obtain both temporal and spatial information. The multi-source interference task (MSIT) has been shown to generate robust activations of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) on both a single-subject level and in group averages, in fMRI studies. We have now simultaneously acquired fMRI and EEG during a cognitive interference task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers were tested in an MRI scanner with simultaneous EEG and fMRI recordings during the MSIT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interference condition significantly increased the reaction time in the task. The fMRI analyses revealed activation of dACC as expected, in all subjects at the individual level and in group analyses. The posterior cingulate cortex was de-activated. Simultaneous EEG showed the expected anterior distribution of the interference effect, as it was restricted to frontal sites within a time frame of 80-120 ms post response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MSIT task is a reliable task for interference evaluation. fMRI shows robust activation of dACC and by adding EEG, an interference effect can be noticed within a temporal interval of 80-120 ms after the response, as a CRN (correct response negativity). This means that EEG could add a more detailed temporal aspect to the fMRI data from an interference task, and that despite the hostile environment within an MRI scanner, EEG data could be used.
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada; Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Frank S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Prato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC D10, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nittby
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors