title: Magnetoreception in birds: I. Immunohistochemical studies concerning the cryptochrome cycle.
abstract: Cryptochrome 1a, located in the UV/violet-sensitive cones in the avian retina, is discussed as receptor molecule for the magnetic compass of birds. Our previous immunohistochemical studies of chicken retinae with an antiserum that labelled only activated cryptochrome 1a had shown activation of cryptochrome 1a under 373 nm UV, 424 nm blue, 502 nm turquoise and 565 nm green light. Green light, however, does not allow the first step of photoreduction of oxidized cryptochromes to the semiquinone. As the chickens had been kept under 'white' light before, we suggested that there was a supply of the semiquinone present at the beginning of the exposure to green light, which could be further reduced and then re-oxidized. To test this hypothesis, we exposed chickens to various wavelengths (1) for 30 min after being kept in daylight, (2) for 30 min after a 30 min pre-exposure to total darkness, and (3) for 1 h after being kept in daylight. In the first case, we found activated cryptochrome 1a under UV, blue, turquoise and green light; in the second two cases we found activated cryptochrome 1a only under UV to turquoise light, where the complete redox cycle of cryptochrome can run, but not under green light. This observation is in agreement with the hypothesis that activated cryptochrome 1a is found as long as there is some of the semiquinone left, but not when the supply is depleted. It supports the idea that the crucial radical pair for magnetoreception is generated during re-oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, FB Biowissenschaften, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nießner
authors.affiliation: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, FB Biowissenschaften, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denzau
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peichl
authors.affiliation: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, FB Biowissenschaften, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wiltschko
authors.affiliation: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, FB Biowissenschaften, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Wiltschko@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Roswitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiltschko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008027:Light; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D056931:Cryptochromes
keywords: Activated Cry1a; Cryptochrome 1a; Flavin cycle; Magnetic compass; Photoreduction; Radical pair mechanisms