title: Negative events in childhood predict trajectories of internalizing symptoms up to young adulthood: an 18-year longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common negative events can precipitate the onset of internalizing symptoms. We studied whether their occurrence in childhood is associated with mental health trajectories over the course of development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the TEMPO study, a French community-based cohort study of youths, we studied the association between negative events in 1991 (when participants were aged 4-16 years) and internalizing symptoms, assessed by the ASEBA family of instruments in 1991, 1999, and 2009 (n = 1503). Participants' trajectories of internalizing symptoms were estimated with semi-parametric regression methods (PROC TRAJ). Data were analyzed using multinomial regression models controlled for participants' sex, age, parental family status, socio-economic position, and parental history of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative childhood events were associated with an increased likelihood of concurrent internalizing symptoms which sometimes persisted into adulthood (multivariate ORs associated with > = 3 negative events respectively: high and decreasing internalizing symptoms: 5.54, 95% CI: 3.20-9.58; persistently high internalizing symptoms: 8.94, 95% CI: 2.82-28.31). Specific negative events most strongly associated with youths' persistent internalizing symptoms included: school difficulties (multivariate OR: 5.31, 95% CI: 2.24-12.59), parental stress (multivariate OR: 4.69, 95% CI: 2.02-10.87), serious illness/health problems (multivariate OR: 4.13, 95% CI: 1.76-9.70), and social isolation (multivariate OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.00-5.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common negative events can contribute to the onset of children's lasting psychological difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melchior
authors.affiliation: Groupe de Recherche en Inadaptation Psychosociale (GRIP), Laval University, School of Psychology, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Évelyne
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Touchette
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prokofyeva
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chollet
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fombonne
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, F-75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gulizar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elidemir
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Pôle Pédopsychiatrie Universitaire, Hôpital Charles-Perrens, INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galéra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult