title: Drinking locations and alcohol-related harm: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in a sample of young Swiss men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol consumption--in particular drinking volume (DV) and risky single occasion drinking (RSOD)--has been related to a wide range of negative consequences and health problems. Previous studies also suggested that drinking in certain locations may be more strongly associated with the occurrence of alcohol-related harm than drinking in others. However, they were conducted in countries culturally and legally different from European countries and were limited to cross-sectional designs. This study investigates the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of alcohol-related harm with DVs in different locations in a sample of young Swiss men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 4536 young Swiss male drinkers completed baseline and 15-month follow-up questionnaires. These assessed DVs in 11 locations, alcohol-related harm (i.e. number of alcohol-related consequences and alcohol use disorder criteria) and frequency of RSOD. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of alcohol-related harm with DVs in each location were tested using regression models, with and without adjustment for frequency of RSOD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed significant positive associations between alcohol-related harm and DVs at friends' homes, in discos/nightclubs and in outdoor public places, when controlling for frequency of RSOD. In contrast, the contribution of DVs at one's own home and in restaurants was consistently not significant when adjusted for frequency of RSOD. When controlling for RSOD, associations between alcohol-related harm and DVs in bars/pubs, when playing sports, during other leisure activities, at cinemas/theatres, during sporting events, and during special events were not consistent between cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that prevention interventions should not only target reducing the overall volume of alcohol consumed and the frequency of RSOD in general, but they should additionally focus on limiting alcohol consumption in outdoor public places, discos/nightclubs, and in friends' homes in particular, or at least on preventing harm occurring in these occasions.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: joseph.studer@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Life Course and Social Inequality Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Geopolis Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deline
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: N'Goran
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Henchoz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social- and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Meichun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohler-Kuo
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Av. de Beaumont 21bis, Pavillon 2, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Addiction Switzerland, Case postale 870, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol use; Alcohol use disorders; Alcohol-related consequences; Drinking location; Switzerland; Young adults