title: Integration of non-oral bacteria into in vitro oral biofilms.
abstract: Biofilms are polymicrobial communities that grow on surfaces in nature. Oral bacteria can spontaneously form biofilms on the surface of teeth, which may compromise the health of the teeth, or their surrounding (periodontal) tissues. While the oral bacteria exhibit high tropism for their specialized ecological niche, it is not clear if bacteria that are not part of the normal oral microbiota can efficiently colonize and grow within oral biofilms. By using an in vitro "supragingival" biofilm model of 6 oral species, this study aimed to investigate if 3 individual bacterial species that are not part of the normal oral microbiota (Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecails) and one not previously tested oral species (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) can be incorporated into this established supragingival biofilm model. Staphylococcus aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans were able to grow efficiently in the biofilm, without disrupting the growth of the remaining species. They localized in sparse small aggregates within the biofilm mass. Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli were both able to populate the biofilm at high numbers, and suppressed the growth of A. oris and S. mutants. Enterococcus faecalis was arranged in a chain-like conformation, whereas E. coli was densely and evenly spread throughout the biofilm mass. In conclusion, it is possible for selected species that are not part of the normal oral microbiota to be introduced into an oral biofilm, under the given experimental micro-environmental conditions. Moreover, the equilibrated incorporation of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. aureus in this oral biofilm model could be a useful tool in the study of aggressive periodontitis and peri-implantitis, in which these organisms are involved, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich ; Zürich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thurnheer
authors.forename: Georgios N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Belibasakis
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000254:growth & development; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008954:Models, Biological; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; CFUs, colony forming units; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus mutans; biofilm; confocal laser scanning microscopy; oral; supragingival