title: Multidirectional and simultaneous evaluation of gastroschisis-related intestinal damage in chick embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a chick model of gastroschisis, we aimed to investigate the morphological/cellular, molecular, and ultrastructural changes taking place in gastroschisis-related intestinal damage (GRID).
  
  
  METHODS
  13-Day fertilized eggs were divided into two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  chorio-amnio-allontoic membranes opened and abdominal wall exposed. Gastroschisis group: an anterior abdominal wall defect created after opening membranes. Embryos from both groups were surgically removed on post-fertilization day 19. Intestinal samples were obtained for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histopathological grade of intestinal damage which primarily involved mucosal structures was significantly higher in the gastroschisis group when compared to the control group (p<0.001). Immunohistochemically, E-cadherin and synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the gastroschisis group was significantly lower than control group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in laminin and type-4 collagen immunoreactivity between the groups (p>0.05). Molecular analyses indicated a significant decrease in NFκB and IκB expression in the gastroschisis group (p<0.05 and p=0.001, respectively). Electron microscopy showed that the gastroschisis group had considerable ultrastructural damage, manifested by apoptosis in all layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GRID affected all layers but was more prominent in mucosa. The damage may depend on E-cadherin and synaptophysin downregulation. Increased apoptotic activity, associated with decreased NFκB and IκB expression, may be an important component of this multifactorial damaging process.
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caglar
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Antalya, Turkey. Electronic address: gkaraguzel@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Gungor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karaguzel
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Guzide
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gokhan-Ocak
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yasar
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berker-Karauzum
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tekinalp
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gelen
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Nur
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Necdet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melikoglu
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D016708:Synaptophysin
keywords: Chick embryo; Electron microscopy; Gastroschisis; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular biology