title: Preliminary Testing of a Compact, Bone-Attached Robot for Otologic Surgery.
abstract: Otologic surgery often involves a mastoidectomy procedure, in which part of the temporal bone is milled away in order to visualize critical structures embedded in the bone and safely access the middle and inner ear. We propose to automate this portion of the surgery using a compact, bone-attached milling robot. A high level of accuracy is required to avoid damage to vital anatomy along the surgical path, most notably the facial nerve, making this procedure well-suited for robotic intervention. In this study, several of the design considerations are discussed and a robot design and prototype are presented. The prototype is a 4 degrees-of-freedom robot similar to a four-axis milling machine that mounts to the patient's skull. A positioning frame, containing fiducial markers and attachment points for the robot, is rigidly attached to the skull of the patient, and a CT scan is acquired. The target bone volume is manually segmented in the CT by the surgeon and automatically converted to a milling path and robot trajectory. The robot is then attached to the positioning frame and is used to drill the desired volume. The accuracy of the entire system (image processing, planning, robot) was evaluated at several critical locations within or near the target bone volume with a mean free space accuracy result of 0.50 mm or less at all points. A milling test in a phantom material was then performed to evaluate the surgical workflow. The resulting milled volume did not violate any critical structures.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Neal P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Ramya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balachandran
authors.affiliation: Université Catholique de Louvain, Ecole Polytechnique, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Antoine Motte
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dit Falisse
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Wanna
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Labadie
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Withrow
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, USA ; Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webster
keywords: Robotic surgery; acoustic neuroma; bone milling; mastoidectomy; otologic surgery