title: Freund's adjuvant, NOD2 and mycobacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis contributed to the discovery of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity. However, the biochemical basis for the immunogenicity of the mycobacterial cell wall has until recently remained unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) responds to bacterial peptidolycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Whereas most bacteria produce N-acetyl MDP, mycobacteria produce an unusual modified form of MDP, called N-glycolyl MDP. Disruption of N-glycolyl MDP synthesis in mycobacteria greatly diminishes the contribution of NOD2 to mycobacterial sensing. Additionally, N-glycolyl MDP is more potent and efficacious than N-acetyl MDP at inducing innate responses and T cell-mediated immunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of NOD2 to the mycobacterial peptidoglycan may link the natural history of both innate and adaptive immunity to mycobacterial infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada. Electronic address: marcel.behr@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada; Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal H2X 2P2, Canada.
authors.forename: Maziar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Divangahi
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000378:metabolism*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant