title: Immune responses in relation to the type and time of thermal injury: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermal injuries are followed by a complex immune response, but the relationship between the severity of burn injury and the time exposure to the thermal injury on the extent of the immune response is still not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study focuses on characterising the effect of temperature and time exposure on the post-burn immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 120 C57BL/6 male mice divided equally in 5 burn groups and one sham operated group (groups A-E and sham). Ten mice per group were sacrificed at 24 and 48 h after burn injury and whole blood was collected; specimens of liver, lung, spleen, kidney and bowel were excised. Apoptosis and TREM-1 expression on circulating blood cells were measured. Splenocytes were isolated and stimulated for cytokine production; the rate of apoptosis of splenocytes was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Production of IL-17 from splenocytes of mice group D was enhanced. Considerable effects were shown on the apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes and of spleen cells. The apoptotic rates varied between groups and also evolved after 24 and 48 h. To examine the origin of this differential response, quantitative bacterial cultures of liver, lung and kidney were made but no differences were observed compared with sham-operated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was based on an experimental murine model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a unique response for each type of injury depending on the temperature of the thermal source and the exposure time.
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece; Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Hospital Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 322 rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: alexandrosalexis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexis
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: n_carrer@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dionyssia-Pinelopi
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Carrer
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: stonecityndr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dionyssia-Irini
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Droggiti
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: kostaslouiss@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: aipistiki@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistiki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.Netea@aig.umcn.nl.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Hospital Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 322 rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Institut for Medical immunology (IMI), 8 Adrienne Bolland str., 6041, Gosselies, Belgium. Electronic address: Panayota_KAPESSIDOU@stpierre-bru.be.
authors.forename: Yota
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kapessidou
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: egiamarel@med.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Evangelos J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Apoptosis; IFNγ; IL-10; IL-17; TNFα; TREM-1; Thermal injury