title: Inter- and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: a case study using 2,4-dinitroanisole.
abstract: Insensitive munitions offer increased safety because of their "insensitivity" to unintended detonation relative to historically used formulations such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munition constituent, and its solubility and stability warrant investigations of potential toxicological hazard related to manufacturing discharges and training ranges. Although ecotoxicology data are available for other insensitive munition constituents, few data are available for DNAN. In the present study, acute and chronic exposures of a fish (Pimephales promelas) and 2 cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex) were conducted. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of DNAN ranged from 14.2 mg/L to 42.0 mg/L, depending on species. In chronic exposures, fish survival (LC50 = 10.0 mg/L) was more sensitive than cladoceran survival (LC50 = 13.7 to >24.2 mg/L). However, cladoceran reproduction was equally or more sensitive to DNAN (50% inhibition values 2.7-10.6 mg/L, depending on species) than fish endpoints. Daphnia pulex was the most sensitive species, with only slight differences between the 3 populations tested. Although the aquatic toxicity of DNAN was lower than previously reported in the literature for TNT, future research is needed to determine the potential synergistic toxicity of all the constituents in insensitive munition mixtures and the implications of photo-oxidation.
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lounds
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brasfield
authors.forename: Amber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D012016:Reference Values; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole
keywords: Dinitroanisole; Dinitrophenol; Insensitive munition; Species sensitivity; Toxicity