title: Utilization and adverse outcomes of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation in the United States: influence of hospital volume.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safety data on percutaneous left atrial appendage closure arises from centers with considerable expertise in the procedure or from clinical trial, which might not be reproducible in clinical practice. We sought to estimate the frequency and predictors of adverse outcomes and costs of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure procedure in the US.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data were obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the years 2006 to 2010. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample is the largest all-payer inpatient data set in the US. Complications were calculated using patient safety indicators and International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Annual hospital volume was calculated using unique hospital identifiers. Weights provided by the Nationwide Inpatient Sample were used to generate national estimates. A total of 268 (weighted=1288) procedures were analyzed. The overall composite rate of mortality or any adverse event was 24.3% (65), with 3.4% patients required open cardiac surgery after procedure. Average length of stay was 4.61±1.05 days and cost of care was 26,024±34,651. Annual hospital procedural volume was significantly associated with reduced complications and mortality (every unit increase: odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-0.94; P<0.001), decrease in length of stay (every unit increase: hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.98; P<0.001) and cost of care (every unit increase: hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.98; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the frequency of inhospital adverse outcomes associated with percutaneous left atrial appendage closure is higher in the real-world population than in clinical trials. We also demonstrate that higher annual hospital volume is associated with safer procedures, with lower length of stay and cost.
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Apurva O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Badheka
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chothani
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Kathan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Nileshkumar J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoosien
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Peeyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Ghanshyambhai T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Savani
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Sidakpal S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Panaich
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Shilpkumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Vipulkumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhalara
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makkar
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Grines
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.).
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.affiliation: From the Detroid Medical Center, Detroit, MI (A.O.B., S.S.P., N.P., S.A., V.B., C.L.G., T.S.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.C.); UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (K.M.); Staten Island University Hospital, NY (N.J.P., N.S.); University of Arkansas, Little Rock (A.D.); University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (M.H., V.S., P.G., G.T.S., J.O.C., J.F.V.-G.); Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (A.R., R.M.); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.O'N.); and Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.). j.vilesgonzalez@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Viles-Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017046:Cost Savings; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D061847:Hospitals, High-Volume; D061846:Hospitals, Low-Volume; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics; D061214:Patient Safety; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: atrial fibrillation; left atrial appendage; percutaneous closure; stroke prevention