title: A potential role for endogenous microflora in dormancy release, cytokinin metabolism and the response to fluridone in Lolium rigidum seeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dormancy in Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) seeds can be alleviated by warm stratification in the dark or by application of fluridone, an inhibitor of plant abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis via phytoene desaturase. However, germination and absolute ABA concentration are not particularly strongly correlated. The aim of this study was to determine if cytokinins of both plant and bacterial origin are involved in mediating dormancy status and in the response to fluridone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seeds with normal or greatly decreased (by dry heat pre-treatment) bacterial populations were stratified in the light or dark and in the presence or absence of fluridone in order to modify their dormancy status. Germination was assessed and seed cytokinin concentration and composition were measured in embryo-containing or embryo-free seed portions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seeds lacking bacteria were no longer able to lose dormancy in the dark unless supplied with exogenous gibberellin or fluridone. Although these seeds showed a dramatic switch from active cytokinin free bases to O-glucosylated storage forms, the concentrations of individual cytokinin species were only weakly correlated to dormancy status. However, cytokinins of apparently bacterial origin were affected by fluridone and light treatment of the seeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is probable that resident microflora contribute to dormancy status in L. rigidum seeds via a complex interaction between hormones of both plant and bacterial origin. This interaction needs to be taken into account in studies on endogenous seed hormones or the response of seeds to plant growth regulators.
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia, Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough K9J7B8, Canada and Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A3K7, Canada danica.goggin@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Danica E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Goggin
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia, Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough K9J7B8, Canada and Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A3K7, Canada.
authors.forename: R J Neil
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia, Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough K9J7B8, Canada and Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A3K7, Canada.
authors.forename: Leonid V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Kurepin
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia, Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough K9J7B8, Canada and Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A3K7, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Powles
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000494:pharmacology; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D057445:Plant Dormancy; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D006540:Herbicides; D011728:Pyridones; D009536:Niacinamide; C013351:fluridone; C072847:diflufenican; D009288:Naproxen; D000040:Abscisic Acid
keywords: Bacteria; Lolium rigidum; cytokinins; fluridone; germination; microflora; ryegrass; seed dormancy.