title: Educational technologies in problem-based learning in health sciences education: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a modern pedagogical philosophy, problem-based learning (PBL) is increasingly being recognized as a major research area in student learning and pedagogical innovation in health sciences education. A new area of research interest has been the role of emerging educational technologies in PBL. Although this field is growing, no systematic reviews of studies of the usage and effects of educational technologies in PBL in health sciences education have been conducted to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to review new and emerging educational technologies in problem-based curricula, with a specific focus on 3 cognate clinical disciplines: medicine, dentistry, and speech and hearing sciences. Analysis of the studies reviewed focused on the effects of educational technologies in PBL contexts while addressing the particular issue of scaffolding of student learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive computerized database search of full-text articles published in English from 1996 to 2014 was carried out using 3 databases: ProQuest, Scopus, and EBSCOhost. Eligibility criteria for selection of studies for review were also determined in light of the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) guidelines. The population was limited to postsecondary education, specifically in dentistry, medicine, and speech and hearing sciences, in which PBL was the key educational pedagogy and curriculum design. Three types of educational technologies were identified as interventions used to support student inquiry: learning software and digital learning objects; interactive whiteboards (IWBs) and plasma screens; and learning management systems (LMSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 470 studies, 28 were selected for analysis. Most studies examined the effects of learning software and digital learning objects (n=20) with integration of IWB (n=5) and LMS (n=3) for PBL receiving relatively less attention. The educational technologies examined in these studies were seen as potentially fit for problem-based health sciences education. Positive outcomes for student learning included providing rich, authentic problems and/or case contexts for learning; supporting student development of medical expertise through the accessing and structuring of expert knowledge and skills; making disciplinary thinking and strategies explicit; providing a platform to elicit articulation, collaboration, and reflection; and reducing perceived cognitive load. Limitations included cumbersome scenarios, infrastructure requirements, and the need for staff and student support in light of the technological demands of new affordances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This literature review demonstrates the generally positive effect of educational technologies in PBL. Further research into the various applications of educational technology in PBL curricula is needed to fully realize its potential to enhance problem-based approaches in health sciences education.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-138X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-8397
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bridges
mesh_terms: D001298:Audiology / Q000193:education*; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D018961:Educational Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000193:education*
keywords: digital learning object; educational technologies; health sciences; interactive whiteboard; learning management system; medical education; problem-based learning; software; systematic review