title: Surgical treatment of children with hyperparathyroidism: single centre experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in children is rare and surgical management is supported only by limited evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of all children under the age of 16 years who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTx) between 1978 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 29 children who had surgery for HPT. Six were neonates with neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) and 23 older children (age range 7-16 years) with sporadic (16) or familial (7) HPT and 93% were symptomatic. Accuracy of ultrasound and MIbi in localising solitary parathyroid adenomas was 96%, but less helpful in hyperplasia and neonates. Children with NSHPT underwent 5 curative total and 1 subtotal PTx (no reoperations). Children with familial HPT underwent 3 total and 4 subtotal PTx. One child with subtotal PTx required a reoperation. Children with sporadic HPT underwent subtotal PTx prior to 1980 (2), exploration and removal of enlarged glands 1980-2002 (5) and minimally invasive PTx since 2002 (9) and all cured by the first operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study documents that HPT in children is predominantly symptomatic on presentation and genetically determined in 46% of cases. Imaging is accurate in localising parathyroid adenomas, but not hyperplasias. Total PTx for familial HPT was curative and minimally invasive PTx is the operation of choice for older children with sporadic HPT.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospitals NHS Trust, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alagaratnam
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spoudeas
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dattani
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allgrove
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van't Hoff
authors.affiliation: Centre of Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospitals NHS Trust, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: tom.kurzawinski@uclh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kurzawinski
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000601:surgery*; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000601:surgery; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000379:methods; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Calcium sensing receptors; Hyperparathyroidism; Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy; Parathyroid glands; Parathyroid surgery in children; Parathyroidectomy