title: Substance use and violence among youth: a daily calendar analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While researchers have identified factors that contribute to youth violence, less is known about the details of violent incidents. In addition, substance use has been linked to youth violence; however, little is known about actual substance use on days in which violence occurs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined reasons for peer violence and the association between substance use and violence using daily calendar-based analyses among at-risk urban youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from Emergency Department (ED) patients (ages 14-24; n = 599; 59% male, 65% African American) who screened positive for substance use in the past 6 months. Daily data regarding past 30-day substance use and violence and reasons for violent incidents were obtained via semi-structured interviews. Multi-level multinomial regression models were conducted to test the associations between substance use and peer violence incidents (i.e., none, moderate and severe).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conflict over 'personal belongings' was a common reason for violence among males; 'jealousy'/'rumors' were common reasons among females. Moderate victimization was more likely to be reported on days in which participants reported alcohol and cocaine use. Severe victimization was more likely to be reported on days in which participants reported alcohol use. Moderate or severe aggression was more likely to be reported on days in which participants reported alcohol and non-medical sedative use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS suggest that youth violence prevention that addresses differential reasons for violence among males and females as well as substance use would be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: 1University of Michigan, School of Nursing , 400 North Ingalls, Room 3344, Ann Arbor , USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Quyen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Epstein-Ngo
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chermack
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D019548:Crime Victims; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010379:Peer Group; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013995:Time; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; alcohol use; peer violence; substance use