title: Assessing risk for drug overdose in a national cohort: role for both daily and total opioid dose?
abstract: Current research on the risk of opioid analgesics with drug overdose does not account for the total morphine equivalent dose (MED) of opioids filled by a patient. In this study, time from first opioid prescription until drug overdose was examined for 206,869 privately insured patients aged 18 to 64 with noncancer pain and ≥2 filled prescriptions for Schedule II or III opioids from January 2009 to July 2012. Opioid therapy was examined in 6-month intervals including 6 months before an overdose and categorized as mean daily MED (0, 1-19, 20-49, 50-99, ≥100 mg) and total MED divided at top quartile (0, 1-1,830, >1,830 mg). Survival analysis was used, adjusting for demographics, clinical conditions, and psychoactive drugs. Relative to no opioid therapy, persons at highest risk for overdose (adjusted hazard ratios of 2-3) received a daily MED of ≥100 mg regardless of total dose or a daily MED of 50 to 99 mg with a high total MED (>1,830 mg). The hazard ratio was significantly lower (1.43, 95% confidence interval = 1.15-1.79) for 50 to 99 mg daily MED with a lower total MED (≤1,830 mg), whereas hazard ratios for lower daily MEDs did not differ by total dose. This analysis suggests that clinicians should consider total MED to assess risk of overdose for persons prescribed 50 to 99 mg daily MED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When addressing risks for drug overdose, this analysis supports the need for clinicians, administrators, and policy makers to monitor not only daily opioid dose but also total dose for patients receiving 50 to 99 mg daily MED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Center for Research to Advance Community Health (ReACH), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Center for Research to Advance Community Health (ReACH), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: turner@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Analgesics; chronic pain; dose response relationship; drug; opioid; overdose