title: Perceived mother and father acceptance-rejection predict four unique aspects of child adjustment across nine countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is generally believed that parental rejection of children leads to child maladaptation. However, the specific effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on diverse domains of child adjustment and development have been incompletely documented, and whether these effects hold across diverse populations and for mothers and fathers are still open questions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study assessed children's perceptions of mother and father acceptance-rejection in 1,247 families from China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States as antecedent predictors of later internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, school performance, prosocial behavior, and social competence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher perceived parental rejection predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and decreases in school performance and prosocial behavior across 3 years controlling for within-wave relations, stability across waves, and parental age, education, and social desirability bias. Patterns of relations were similar across mothers and fathers and, with a few exceptions, all nine countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection have small but nearly universal effects on multiple aspects of their adjustment and development regardless of the family's country of origin.
authors.affiliation: Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Putnick
authors.affiliation: Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Marc H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lansford
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pastorelli
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sorbring
authors.affiliation: Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sombat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tapanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.|Psychology Department, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellin, Colombia.
authors.forename: Liliana Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Uribe Tirado
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Psychology, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zelli
authors.affiliation: Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Liane Peña
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Alampay
authors.affiliation: Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
authors.forename: Suha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Hassan
authors.affiliation: Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bacchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Silvia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bombi
authors.affiliation: Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Kirby
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deater-Deckard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Giunta
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.affiliation: Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oburu
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012059:Rejection, Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
keywords: Parental acceptance-rejection; behavior problems; cross-cultural; prosocial behavior; school performance; social competence