title: Polar bodies in assisted reproductive technology: current progress and future perspectives.
abstract: During meiotic cell-cycle progression, unequal divisions take place, resulting in a large oocyte and two diminutive polar bodies. The first polar body contains a subset of bivalent chromosomes, whereas the second polar body contains a haploid set of chromatids. One unique feature of the female gamete is that the polar bodies can provide beneficial information about the genetic background of the oocyte without potentially destroying it. Therefore, polar body biopsies have been applied in preimplantation genetic diagnosis to detect chromosomal or genetic abnormalities that might be inherited by the offspring. Besides the traditional use in preimplantation diagnosis, recent findings suggest additional important roles for polar bodies in assisted reproductive technology. In this paper, we review the new roles of polar bodies in assisted reproductive technology, mainly focusing on single-cell sequencing of the polar body genome to deduce the genomic information of its sibling oocyte and on polar body transfer to prevent the transmission of mtDNA-associated diseases. We also discuss additional potential roles for polar bodies and related key questions in human reproductive health. We believe that further exploration of new roles for polar bodies will contribute to a better understanding of reproductive health and that polar body manipulation and diagnosis will allow production of a greater number of healthy babies.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schatten
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China sunqy@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Qing-Yuan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D059705:Polar Bodies; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000639:trends*
keywords: assisted reproductive technology; genomics; human reproduction; mitochondria; mitochondrial disease; oocyte; polar body; preimplantation genetic diagnosis; single-cell sequencing