title: Flow Augmentation in Acute Ischemic Stroke.
abstract: There is an urgent need for additional therapeutic options for acute ischemic stroke considering the major pitfalls of the options available. Herein, we briefly review the role of cerebral blood flow, collaterals, vasoreactivity, and reperfusion injury in acute ischemic stroke. Then, we reviewed pharmacological and interventional measures such as volume expansion and induced hypertension, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, partial aortic occlusion, extracranial-intracranial carotid bypass surgery, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation, and transcranial laser therapy with regard to their effects on flow augmentation and neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Golnaz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yadollahikhales
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran Neurology Department, Namazi hospital, Shiraz, Fars, Iran aborhani@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borhani-Haghighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torabi-Nami
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edgell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cruz-Flores
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006801:Humans; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: cerebral blood flow; cerebrovascular accident; extracranial–intracranial carotid bypass surgery; induced hypertension; intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; ischemic stroke; neuroprotection; partial aortic occlusion; sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation; transcranial laser therapy