title: Dendritic cell vaccines containing lymphocytes produce improved immunogenicity in patients with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dendritic cells are currently under investigation for their ability to generate anti-cancer immune responses. No consensus has been reached as to the optimal method of dendritic cell vaccine preparation and is a barrier to success in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a course of three separate dendritic cell vaccine studies to treat cancer, we tested two different methods for preparing dendritic cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells: adherence and antibody-selected CD14+ cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surprisingly, we found that patients who received dendritic cell vaccines generated by the adherence method mounted increased T cell proliferation in response to vaccination. This difference could not be accounted for by dendritic cell vaccine dose, cell surface phenotype or dendritic cell function in vitro. One notable difference between the two vaccine preparation methods was that the dendritic cell vaccine cultures generated by the adherence method contained up to 10% lymphocytes, and these lymphocytes were proliferating and producing IFNγ in response to antigen in vitro at the time of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced immunogenicity of adherence dendritic cell vaccinations may be due to the presence of lymphocytes during dendritic cell culture.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT00289341, NCT00345293, and NCT00893945.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. frankm@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Mayu O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. juliak9@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. sparveen@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Salina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parveen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. blachen@rockefeller.edu.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA. blachen@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Nathalie E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Blachère
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. dorange@rockefeller.edu.|Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA. dorange@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Dana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Orange
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. darnelr@rockefeller.edu.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA. darnelr@rockefeller.edu.|New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA. darnelr@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Darnell
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines