title: Role of reconstructive surgery in the management of head and neck cancer: a national outcomes analysis of 11,841 reconstructions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of head and neck cancer reconstruction in England is not known. Hospital administrative data provides details of treatment within the English National Health Service and may be used for national outcomes analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm for identifying head and neck surgery with flap-based reconstruction from administrative data was constructed and validated against information from three cancer units. The validated algorithm was applied to 2003-2013 national activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was 91% sensitive and over 99% specific. Its application to administrative data identified 11,841 patients and demonstrated an increase of 52% in reconstruction-containing head and neck cancer surgery in the past decade. There were 7776 males and mean treatment age was 62 years. Oral cavity was the commonest primary site (n = 7567; 64%) and 7575 patients (64%) underwent primary surgery. The commonest procedure was floor-of-mouth excision (n = 3614) and 9749 patients had a neck dissection. The most commonly used flap was the radial forearm (n = 4429). Flap failure occurred in 496 (4.2%) patients. It increased the mean length of stay from 22 to 41 days (P < 0.00001), and the odds ratio of in-hospital death to 2.37 [95% confidence interval 1.66-3.38; P < 0.0001]. Lethality of reconstructive failure was not uniform and was highest when a pharyngolaryngeal flap failed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstructive surgery is central to the multidisciplinary management of head and neck cancer. Its quality directly influences patient morbidity and survival. We recommend that analysis of hospital administrative data should be periodically carried out as part of an over-arching quality assurance programme and, particularly for pharyngolaryngeal reconstructions, surgery should be undertaken in units with the best reconstructive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (2013) Scholar, 10 Spring Gardens, London, SW1A 2BU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: RN@cantab.net.
authors.forename: S A R
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.affiliation: Dr Foster Intelligence Ltd, 3 Dorset Rise, Ground Floor, London, EC4Y 8EN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Coding, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hudovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Branford
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Dr Foster Unit at Imperial College, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Reynolds Building, St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aylin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jallali
authors.affiliation: Academic Surgical Unit, Dept. of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Flap failure; Head and neck cancer; Health informatics; Outcomes management; Reconstructive surgery