title: Evaluation of biochemical parameters and local and systemic levels of osteoactive and B-cell stimulatory factors in gestational diabetes in the presence or absence of gingivitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as varying glucose intolerance, with first onset or recognition in pregnancy. This study evaluates clinical and biochemical parameters in a possible association between GDM and gingivitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 167 pregnant females was included in the study. There were 101 females with GDM and 66 females without GDM. Subgroups were created according to the presence or absence of gingival inflammation. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth were recorded at four sites per tooth. Serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and anthropometric indices were higher in the GDM than non-GDM group (P <0.0001). Clinical periodontal recordings, serum BAFF, IL-8, and saliva sRANKL levels were higher in the GDM group (P <0.05). Saliva IL-6 level was higher in the GDM with gingivitis group than non-GDM with gingivitis group (P = 0.044). Serum and GCF BAFF (P <0.0001), serum, saliva, and GCF APRIL (P <0.0001; P <0.0001; P = 0.032, respectively), GCF OPG (P = 0.036), and serum and saliva sRANKL (P <0.0001) were higher in the GDM with gingivitis group than GDM without gingivitis group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inflammatory response seems to be more pronounced in females with GDM. The observed increase in both local and systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines may suggest an interaction between gingivitis and GDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.forename: Özgün
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Özçaka
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ceyhan-Öztürk
authors.forename: Aliye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akcali
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buduneli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis*; D008423:Maternal Age; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13
keywords: B-cell activating factor; diabetes, gestational; gingivitis; interleukins; osteoprotegerin; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13