title: Synergistic effects of dimethyloxalylglycine and butyrate incorporated into α-calcium sulfate on bone regeneration.
abstract: Osteogenesis is closely related to angiogenesis, and the combined delivery of angiogenic and osteogenic factors has been suggested to enhance bone regeneration. Small molecules have been explored as alternatives to growth factors for tissue regeneration applications. In this study, we examined the effects of the combined application of angiogenic and osteogenic small molecules on bone regeneration using a prolyl hydroxylase, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate. In a critical size bone defect model in rats, DMOG and butyrate, which were incorporated into α calcium sulfate (αCS), resulted in synergistic enhancements in bone and blood vessel formation, eventually leading to bone healing, as confirmed by micro-CT and histological analyses. In MC4 pre-osteoblast cultures, DMOG and butyrate enhanced the pro-angiogenic responses and osteoblast differentiation, respectively, which were evaluated based on the levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein and the expression of pro-angiogenic molecules (VEGF, home oxidase-1, glucose transporter-1) and by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteoblast phenotype marker molecules (ALP, α1(I)col, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein). DMOG combined with butyrate synergistically improved osteoblast differentiation and pro-angiogenic responses, the levels of which were drastically increased in the cultures on αCS disks. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that αCS increased the level of HIF-1α and as a consequence VEGF expression, and supported osteoblast differentiation through the release of calcium ions from the αCS. Altogether, the results of this study provide evidence that a combination treatment with the small molecules DMOG and butyrate can expedite the process of bone regeneration and that αCS can be an efficient delivery vehicle for the small molecules for bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology & Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kmwoo@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Moon
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joung-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Saeed Ur
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology & Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology & Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ryoo
mesh_terms: D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004357:Drug Synergism; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic; D002087:Butyrates; C040947:oxalylglycine; D002133:Calcium Sulfate
keywords: Alpha calcium sulfate; Angiogenesis; Histone deacetylase inbibitors; Osteogenesis; Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors; Small molecules