title: Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Plasmodium ovale Malaria in Japanese Travellers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are used widely in the diagnosis of malaria. Although the effectiveness of RDTs for malaria has been described in many previous studies, the low performance of RDT particularly for Plasmodium ovale malaria in traveller has rarely been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study conducted on Japanese travellers diagnosed with malaria at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine between January 2004 and June 2013. The diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by microscopic examination, RDT, and polymerase chain reaction in all patients. The RDTs used in our study were Binax NOW Malaria (Binax Inc., Scarborough, Maine, USA) (BN) and SD Malaria Antigen Pf/Pan (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Korea) (SDMA). We compared the sensitivity of the RDTs to P. ovale malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 153 cases of malaria were observed, 113 of which were found among Japanese travellers. Nine patients with P. ovale malaria and 17 patients with P. vivax malaria undergoing RDTs were evaluated. The overall sensitivity of RDTs for P. ovale malaria and P. vivax malaria was 22.2% and 94.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of SDMA for P. ovale malaria and P. vivax malaria was 50% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of BN for P. vivax malaria was 90.0%, but it was ineffective in detecting the cases of P. ovale malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of RDTs was not high enough to diagnose P. ovale malaria in our study. In order not to overlook P. ovale malaria, therefore, microscopic examination is indispensable.
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanizaki
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Moritoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwagami
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kutsuna
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Mugen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ujiie
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Shuzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, JAPAN.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohmagari
keywords: Japanese; Plasmodium ovale; malaria; rapid diagnostic test; traveller