title: Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-dependent adverse effects on paraoxonase activity and fibrinogen in young women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is associated with increased fibrinogen and decreased paraoxonase (PON) activity, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, in patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the adverse effect of smoking on these biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress would be detectable in otherwise healthy young female habitual smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight young women participated in the study (n = 20 habitual smokers, n = 18 non-smokers). Fibrinogen, PON-1 activity and HDL oxidant index (HOI) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values of fibrinogen, PON-1 activity and log HOI were not different between the groups. Importantly, however, decreased PON-1 activity (rs = -0.51, p = 0.03) and increased fibrinogen (rs = 0.49, p = 0.04) were significantly correlated with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day in habitual smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is associated with a dose-dependent adverse effect on PON-1 activity and fibrinogen in young women, which may have implications for future cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, A2-237 CHS, 650 Charles Young Drive South , Los Angeles, CA , USA , and.
authors.forename: Gajalakshmi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Jesus A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gornbein
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Holly R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Middlekauff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005340:Fibrinogen; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human
keywords: Fibrinogen; paraoxonase activity; smoking; women