title: Phylogeny, classification, and fruit evolution of the species-rich Neotropical bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae).
abstract: •
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The species-rich Neotropical genera Centropogon, Burmeistera, and Siphocampylus represent more than half of the ∼1200 species in the subfamily Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae). They exhibit remarkable morphological variation in floral morphology and habit. Limited taxon sampling and phylogenetic resolution, however, obscures our understanding of relationships between and within these genera and underscores our uncertainty of the systematic value of fruit type as a major diagnostic character.•
  
  
  METHODS
  We inferred a phylogeny from five plastid DNA regions (rpl32-trnL, ndhF-rpl32, rps16-trnK, trnG-trnG-trns, rbcL) using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference. Ancestral character reconstructions were applied to infer patterns of fruit evolution.•
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that the majority of species in the genera Centropogon, Burmeistera, and Siphocampylus together form a primarily mainland Neotropical clade, collectively termed the "centropogonids." Caribbean Siphocampylus, however, group with other Caribbean lobelioid species. We find high support for the monophyly of Burmeistera and the polyphyly of Centropogon and mainland Siphocampylus. The ancestral fruit type of the centropogonids is a capsule; berries have evolved independently multiple times.•
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our plastid phylogeny greatly improves the phylogenetic resolution within Neotropical Lobelioideae and highlights the need for taxonomic revisions in the subfamily. Inference of ancestral character states identifies a dynamic pattern of fruit evolution within the centropogonids, emphasizing the difficulty of diagnosing broad taxonomic groups on the basis of fruit type. Finally, we identify that the centropogonids, Lysipomia, and Lobelia section Tupa form a Pan-Andean radiation with broad habitat diversity. This clade is a prime candidate for investigations of Neotropical biogeography and morphological evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA.
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Lagomarsino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B, P.O. Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, R428 Research Building, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muchhala
authors.affiliation: Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO National Facilities and Collections, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA.
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D029422:Campanulaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017691:Caribbean Region; D002965:Classification; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D017753:Ecosystem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005638:Fruit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018087:Plastids; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Andes; Burmeistera; Campanulaceae; Centropogon; Lobelioideae; Neotropics; Siphocampylus; fruit evolution; phylogenetic systematics; plastid