title: Simulation models applied to practical learning and skill enhancement in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy: a review.
abstract: The purpose of this review was to analyze and describe simulation methods for practical learning and training of the ophthalmoscopy exam and to organize them into specific topics relative to each principle of operation, while evaluating their preliminary results. A critical review of articles that described and evaluated simulated models for ophthalmoscopy published in the last ten years (2004-2014) was performed. One hundred articles about ophthalmology and simulation were found in national and international periodicals, but only a few discussed the examination of the posterior pole of the eye. For this study, 25 articles were considered; those articles described simulation methods, general concepts, and its actual use in ophthalmoscopy. There were many different simulation methods described, but only few articles proved their efficacy or performed a comparison between models. Review of this topic may give information for the critical analysis of the simulation devices and ideas for the development of new ones.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Laureate International Universities, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Holderegger
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Laureate International Universities, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Amaral
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ferraz