title: Picking up the pieces--applying the DISEASE FILTER to health data.
abstract: This contribution presents systematic biases in the process of generating health data by using a step-by-step explanation of the DISEASE FILTER, a heuristic instrument that we designed in order to better understand and evaluate health data. The systematic bias in health data generally varies by data type (register versus survey data) and the operationalization of health outcomes. Self-reported subjective health and disease assessments, for instance, underlie a different selectivity than do data based on medical examinations or health care statistics. Although this is obvious, systematic approaches used to better understand the process of generating health data have been missing until now. We begin with the definitions and classifications of diseases that change (e.g. over time), describe the selective nature of access to and use of medical health care (e.g. depending on health insurance and gender), present biases in diagnoses (e.g. by gender and professional status), report these biases in relation to the decision for or against various treatment (e.g. by age and income), and finally outline the determinants of the treatments (ambulant versus stationary, e.g. via mobility and age). We then show how to apply the DISEASE FILTER to health data and discuss the benefits and shortcomings of our heuristic model. Finally, we give some suggestions on how to deal with biases in health data and how to avoid them.
authors.affiliation: University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Faculty of Law and Economics, Findelgasse 7, 90402 Nuremberg, Germany. Electronic address: christiane.gross@fau.de.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Nockherstr. 2, 81541 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.schuebel@fau.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schübel
authors.affiliation: European University Institute, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Via dei Roccettini 9, 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy. Electronic address: rasmus.hoffmann@eui.eu.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D000068598:Data Accuracy; D004194:Disease / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D055991:Health Records, Personal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Bias; Health data; Register data; Survey data