title: How membranes organize during seed germination: three patterns of dynamic lipid remodelling define chilling resistance and affect plastid biogenesis.
abstract: Imbibitional chilling injury during germination causes agricultural losses, but this can be overcome by osmopriming. It remains unknown how membranes reorganize during germination. Herein, we comparatively profiled changes of membrane lipids during imbibition under normal and chilling temperatures in chilling-tolerant and -sensitive soybean seeds. We found three patterns of dynamic lipid remodelling during the three phases of germination. Pattern 1 involved a gradual increase in plastidic lipids during phases I and II, with an abrupt increase during phase III. This abrupt increase was associated with initiation of photosynthesis. Pattern 3 involved phosphatidic acid (PA) first decreasing, then increasing, and finally decreasing to a low level. Patterns 1 and 3 were interrupted in chilling-sensitive seeds under low temperature, which lead a block in plastid biogenesis and accumulation of harmful PA, respectively. However, they were rescued and returned to their status under normal temperature after polyethylene glycol osmopriming. We specifically inhibited phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated PA formation in chilling-sensitive seeds of soybean, cucumber, and pea, and found their germination under low temperature was significantly improved. These results indicate that membranes undergo specific and functional reorganization of lipid composition during germination and demonstrate that PLD-mediated PA causes imibibitional chilling injury.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.|Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.
authors.forename: Weiqi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000378:metabolism; D018525:Germination; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018087:Plastids / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004983:Ethanolamines; D008563:Membrane Lipids; C022203:N-acylethanolamines; D014867:Water; D002734:Chlorophyll; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C060833:butanol dehydrogenase
keywords: Imbibitional chilling injury; membrane lipid remodelling; osmopriming; phospholipase D