title: Perspective on the combined use of an independent transgenic sexing and a multifactorial reproductive sterility system to avoid resistance development against transgenic Sterile Insect Technique approaches.
abstract: The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an accepted species-specific genetic control approach that acts as an insect birth control measure, which can be improved by biotechnological engineering to facilitate its use and widen its applicability. First transgenic insects carrying a single killing system have already been released in small scale trials. However, to evade resistance development to such transgenic approaches, completely independent ways of transgenic killing should be established and combined.
  
  
  
  Most established transgenic sexing and reproductive sterility systems are based on the binary tTA expression system that can be suppressed by adding tetracycline to the food. However, to create 'redundant killing' an additional independent conditional expression system is required. Here we present a perspective on the use of a second food-controllable binary expression system - the inducible Q system - that could be used in combination with site-specific recombinases to generate independent transgenic killing systems. We propose the combination of an already established transgenic embryonic sexing system to meet the SIT requirement of male-only releases based on the repressible tTA system together with a redundant male-specific reproductive sterility system, which is activated by Q-system controlled site-specific recombination and is based on a spermatogenesis-specifically expressed endonuclease acting on several species-specific target sites leading to chromosome shredding.
  
  
  
  A combination of a completely independent transgenic sexing and a redundant reproductive male sterility system, which do not share any active components and mediate the induced lethality by completely independent processes, would meet the 'redundant killing' criteria for suppression of resistance development and could therefore be employed in large scale long-term suppression programs using biotechnologically enhanced SIT.
authors.forename: Kolja N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Eckermann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.forename: Eli M.
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carrami
authors.forename: Hassan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Curril
authors.forename: Ernst A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wimmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D005260:Female; D007246:Infertility / Q000235:genetics*; D007313:Insecta / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D012737:Sex Factors