title: The relationship of physical performance with HIV disease and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether HIV infection was associated with reduced physical performance, and to examine if reduced physical performance predicted mortality in our aging cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational cohort of current and former injection drug users in the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience study in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used as an objective measure of physical performance and measured semiannually along with behavioral and demographic data. Correlates of reduced physical performance (SPPB score ≤10) were identified and the relationship between reduced physical performance, HIV infection and mortality was analyzed by Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 12 270 person-visits contributed by 1627 participants, the median age was 51, 30.3% were HIV-infected and 32.6% had an SPPB score 10 or less. In multivariable models, HIV infection was independently associated with 30% increased odds of reduced physical performance [odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.12-1.52]. Reduced physical performance predicted mortality in a dose-response manner and within all HIV disease strata. Whereas reduced physical performance alone (hazard ratio 2.52, 95% CI: 1.59-4.00) and HIV infection alone (hazard ratio 2.78, 95% CI: 1.70-4.54) increased mortality, HIV-infected participants with reduced physical performance had a six-fold increased mortality risk (hazard ratio 6.03, 95% CI: 3.80-10.0) compared with HIV-uninfected participants with higher physical performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection was independently associated with reduced physical performance. HIV and reduced physical performance have independent and joint effects on mortality. Physical performance measurement may be an important research and clinical tool to predict adverse outcomes among aging HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco bSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California cDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health dDivision of Infectious Diseases eDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism fDivision of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA gDepartment of Statistics, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Israel hDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland iDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Covinsky
authors.forename: Jacquie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Astemborski
authors.forename: Damani A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Piggott
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Noya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galai
authors.forename: Shruti H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: Kushang V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kirk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis