title: Late repair of tetralogy of Fallot during childhood in patients from developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the current surgical approach of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is primary complete repair in infancy, late diagnosis and lack of surgical facilities in developing countries may delay surgical treatment. Some of these patients exposed to prolonged chronic hypoxaemia are transferred to more privileged countries to undergo surgical repair with the support of non-governmental organizations. The objective of this single-centre retrospective study was to compare the postoperative outcomes of these foreign patients undergoing delayed repair with those of patients born in France undergoing timely repair during the same time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The computer database of our institution was searched for all cases of TOF in foreign patients younger than 15 years, supported by two non-profit organizations, who underwent complete repair between January 2007 and December 2013. The control population consisted of the patients with TOF born in France, who underwent timely complete repair during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 47 foreign children were older (57.6 ± 38.4 vs 8.3 ± 9.1 months, P < 0.0001), more hypoxaemic (SaO2 79 ± 11 vs 91 ± 8%, P < 0.0001), more growth-retarded (body mass index Z-score -1.35 ± 1.5 vs -0.46 ± 1.3, P = 0.0034), and had higher haematocrit level (52.5 ± 11.7 vs 37.5 ± 6.1%, <0.0001) and worse left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 62 ± 8 vs 69 ± 3.8%, P < 0.0001) than the 90 French patients. Postoperative mortality and morbidity (sepsis, arrhythmia, bleeding and need for surgical revision) were similar in the two groups, except for a higher rate of pericardial and/or pleural effusion in foreign children (36 vs 17%, P = 0.02). Length of stay was shorter in foreign than in French patients (11 ± 6 vs 15 ± 15 days, P = 0.0012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, despite the presence of several risk factors (growth retardation, chronic hypoxaemia, polycythaemia and left ventricular dysfunction), late repair of TOF was undertaken during childhood in patients from developing countries with no difference in postoperative morbidity and mortality compared with that of timely repair during infancy. These older patients can be discharged sooner. However, patients undergoing late surgery may be at higher risk of complications of right ventricular failure, such as pleural and/or pericardial effusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Nadir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benbrik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Romefort
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Laurianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Gloan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Warin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hauet
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Women and Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France veronique.gournay@chu-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gournay
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Delayed repair; Paediatrics; Tetralogy of Fallot