title: Purpura fulminans managed with multi-limb amputation: substituted judgment and surrogate decision-making in the surgical management of necrotizing soft tissue infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Purpura fulminans (PF) is a rare but lethal complication of severe infection. Aggressive surgical debridement of irreversibly devitalized tissue improves survival frequently at the cost of disfigurement. The ethical dilemma of surrogate decision-making for these often incapacitated patients presents a unique challenge for acute care surgeons managing necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case presentation and scholarly discussion of substituted judgment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A previously healthy 72-y-old fisherman developed PF as a consequence of Neisseria meningiditis severe sepsis requiring bilateral partial finger amputations and bilateral below-knee amputations of the affected gangrenous extremities. Skin biopsy confirmed the clinical impression of disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC). During his 55-d hospitalization, medical decisions were made by a surrogate because the patient's mental status failed to recover to his pre-morbid baseline. A literature review revealed a paucity of data on the accuracy of a health care agent's ability to represent a patient's preferences accurately in elective as well as emergency surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with NSTI and the surgeons who care for them are often confronted with the need to make prompt decisions of radical debridement or amputation. These patients are frequently incapable of making these decisions because of the severity of systemic illness. In such cases, physicians must help patient surrogates or health care agents (when identified) navigate a complex process of acute interventions balancing known or inferred patient's wishes. We urge surgeons to become familiar with the concept of substituted judgment and the challenges of surrogate decision-making.
authors.affiliation: 1 Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan .
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanosaki
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jurchak
authors.forename: Vihas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D003657:Decision Making; D005121:Extremities / Q000601:surgery*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016870:Neisseriaceae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D055665:Purpura Fulminans / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*