title: Personalized drinking feedback: A meta-analysis of in-person versus computer-delivered interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol misuse is a significant public health concern. Personalized feedback interventions (PFIs) involve the use of personalized information about one's drinking behaviors and can be delivered in person or via computer. The relative efficacy of these delivery methods remains an unanswered question. The primary aim of the current meta-analysis was to identify and directly compare randomized clinical trials of in-person PFIs and computer-delivered PFIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 intervention comparisons from 13 manuscripts, of which 9 were college samples, were examined: in-person PFIs (N = 1,240; 49% female; 74% White) and computer-delivered PFIs (N = 1,201; 53% female; 73% White). Independent coders rated sample characteristics, study information, study design, intervention content, and study outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. At short follow-up (≤4 months), there were no differences between in-person PFIs and computer-delivered PFIs on any alcohol use variable or alcohol-related problems. At long follow-up (>4 months), in-person PFIs were more effective than computer-delivered PFIs at impacting overall drinking quantity (d = .18) and drinks per week (d = .19). These effects were not moderated by sample characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For assessing alcohol outcomes at shorter follow-ups, there were no differences between delivery modality. At longer follow-ups, in-person PFIs demonstrated some advantages over computer-delivered PFIs. We encourage researchers to continue to examine direct comparisons between these delivery modalities and to further examine the efficacy of in-person PFIs at longer follow-ups. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cadigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Haeny
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Cameron C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Brooke J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Arterberry
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities