title: Emerging themes in bacterial autophagy.
abstract: The role of autophagy in the control of intracellular bacterial pathogens, also known as xenophagy, is well documented. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field of xenophagy. We review the importance of bacterial targeting by ubiquitination, diacylglycerol (DAG) or proteins such as Nod1, Nod2, NDP52, p62, NBR1, optineurin, LRSAM1 and parkin in the process of xenophagy. The importance of metabolic sensors, such as mTOR and AMPK, in xenophagy induction is also discussed. We also review the in vitro and in vivo evidence that demonstrate a global role for xenophagy in the control of bacterial growth. Finally, the mechanisms evolved by bacteria to escape xenophagy are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sorbara
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. Electronic address: stephen.girardin@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Girardin
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D003585:Cell Biology / Q000639:trends; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D057131:Immune Evasion