title: Risk factors associated with hepatitis B exposure and the reliability of five rapid kits commonly used for screening blood donors in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is one of the most widespread, chronic viral infections in sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of South America. Therefore, efforts are being made to implement strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of hepatitis B viral infections. One route of HBV transmission is through unsafe blood transfusion, which could occur from the use of less sensitive laboratory diagnostic kits. Information on the sensitivity and specificity of these kits is however limited in many developing countries. This study was therefore performed to describe the prevalence of HBV infections and also to evaluate the performance of five rapid immunochromatographic kits commonly used in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was designed to describe the prevalence of HBsAg infection and also evaluate the performance of rapid kits used for screening hepatitis B in the northern part of Ghana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 164 prospective blood donors were enrolled in this study from January 2012 to December 2013. The overall true prevalence of HBsAg was 14.6 (95% CI = 9.6 - 21.0). There was no significant association between transmission related factors and HBV infection. The specificities of all five rapid kits were above 97%, however the sensitivities and Youden's indexes were below 60%. A comparison of the reported kit sensitivities to those generated by this study showed significant difference with the study results being lower than the ones reported in the kit literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has shown that rapid HBsAg kits on the Ghanaian markets may not be helpful for screening blood donor samples. We therefore recommend the use of commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutocheluh
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. owusumichael-gh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.forename: Theophilus B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kwofie
authors.forename: Tahiru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akadigo
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Appau
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Narkwa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic