title: Formulation and stability of cytokine therapeutics.
abstract: Cytokines are messenger proteins that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells and control immune responses. Interferons, interleukins, and growth factors have applications in cancer, autoimmune, and viral disease treatment. The cytokines are susceptible to chemical and physical instability. This article reviews the structure and stability issues of clinically used cytokines, as well as formulation strategies for improved stability. Some general aspects for identifying most probable stability concerns, selecting excipients, and developing stable cytokine formulations are presented. The vast group of cytokines offers possibilities for new biopharmaceuticals. The formulation approaches of the current cytokine products could facilitate development of new biopharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lipiäinen
authors.forename: Marikki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltoniemi
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkhel
authors.forename: Teijo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yrjönen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vuorela
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urtti
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juppo
mesh_terms: D001691:Biological Therapy; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: biopharmaceuticals characterization; biosimilar; excipients; injectables; lyophilization; oxidation; protein aggregation; protein formulation; protein structure; solid state