title: Reducing the negative valence of stressful memories through emotionally valenced, modality-specific tasks.
abstract: People who perform a cognitively demanding secondary task while recalling a distressing memory often experience the memory as less emotional, vivid, or accurate during subsequent recollections. In this experiment, we tested whether the emotional valence (positive versus neutral) and sensory modality (visual, auditory, or both) of a secondary task diminishes the emotionality, vividness, and accuracy of memory of distressing videos.
  
  
  
  Participants (N = 156) viewed a distressing video and were then randomized to one of six groups in a 2 (Emotional Valence: positive, neutral) × 3 (Modality: visual, auditory, combined) design. Participants were then exposed to an amusing or a neutral clip that was visual, auditory, or audiovisual. They were asked to recall the distressing video during exposure to the clip. Participants rated the emotionality and vividness of their memory of the distressing video, and completed recognition tests regarding its visual and auditory details before and after exposure to the secondary clip.
  
  
  
  Participants who recalled the distressing video while exposed to the amusing clip rated their memory of the distressing video as less distressing (but not less vivid or accurate) than did participants exposed to the neutral clip. Modality had no significant effects Limitations. Participants were not trauma survivors, and the memories targeted were stressful, but subtraumatic.
  
  
  
  Inducing positive emotion during recollection of distressing memories may diminish the emotional distress prompted by subsequent recollection.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, United States.
authors.forename: Avia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tadmor
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, United States. Electronic address: rjm@wjh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Memory taxation; Trauma; Working memory