title: Topographic pattern of the brachial plexus at the axillary fossa through real-time ultrasonography in Koreans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to explore the anatomy has improved our appreciation of the brachial anatomy and the quality of regional anesthesia. Using real-time ultrasonography, we investigated the cross-sectional anatomy of the brachial plexus and of vessels at the axillary fossa in Koreans.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-one patients scheduled to undergo surgery in the region below the elbow were enrolled after giving their informed written consent. Using the 5-12 MHz linear probe of an ultrasound system, we examined cross-sectional images of the brachial plexus in the supine position with the arm abducted by 90°, the shoulder externally rotated, and the forearm flexed by 90° at the axillary fossa. The results of the nerve positions were expressed on a 12-section pie chart and the numbers of arteries and veins were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Applying gentle pressure to prevent vein collapse, the positions of the nerves changed easily and showed a clockwise order around the axillary artery (AA). The most frequent positions were observed in the 10-11 section (79.2%) for the median, 1-2 section (79.3%) for the ulnar, 3-5 section (78.4%) for the radial, and 8-9 section (86.9%) for the musculocutaneous nerve. We also noted anatomical variations consisting of double arteries (9.2%) and multiple axillary veins (87%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using real-time ultrasonography, we found that the anatomical pattern of the major nerves in Koreans was about 80% of the frequent position of individual nerves, 90.8% of the single AA, and 87% of multiple veins around the AA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Youn Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Hak
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Guie Yong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chi Hyo
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Anatomy; Axilla; Brachial plexus; Ultrasonography