title: Black and White men younger than 50 years of age demonstrate similar outcomes after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Black men with prostate cancer are diagnosed at a younger age, present with more aggressive disease, and experience higher mortality. We sought to assess pathological features and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in young men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) to determine if there is a difference between black and white men closer to the time of disease initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 551 white and 99 black men at a tertiary cancer center who underwent RP at ≤50 years of age. Baseline and pathological features were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to examine the association of race and BCR, and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to determine biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in median age at surgery, biopsy Gleason score, or comorbidity. Black men had higher preoperative PSA (6.1 ng/ml vs 4.7 ng/ml, p = 0.004), but a greater percentage were cT1c (78% vs 63%), compared to white men. On multivariate analysis, black men demonstrated significantly lower odds of non-organ confined disease (OR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.81; p = 0.01) and extracapsular extension (ECE) (OR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.81, p = 0.01), and had no difference in Gleason score upgrading and seminal vesicle invasion compared to white men. There was no significant difference in bRFS in men with organ-confined disease; however, among men with locally advanced disease black men trended towards greater BCR (p = 0.052). Black men had 2-year bRFS of 56% vs 75% in white men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this single institution study, there does not appear to be a racial disparity in outcomes among younger men who receive RP for prostate cancer. Black and white men in our cohort demonstrate similar bRFS with pathologically confirmed organ-confined disease. There may be greater risk of BCR among black men locally advanced disease compared to white men, suggesting that locally advanced disease is biologically more aggressive in black men.
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA. kelvin.a.moses@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Kelvin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Ling Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sjoberg
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Karim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Touijer
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen