title: Complex facial reconstruction by vascularized composite allotransplantation: the first Belgian case.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex injuries to the central part of the face are difficult to reconstruct with the current plastic surgery methods. The ultimate one-staged approach to restore anatomy and vital facial functions is to perform a vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 54-year-old man suffered from a high-energy ballistic injury, resulting in a large central facial defect. A temporary reconstruction was performed with a free plicated anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. Considering the goal to optimally restore facial function and aesthetics, VCA was considered as an option for facial reconstruction. A multidisciplinary team approach, digital planning, and cadaver sessions preceded the transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A digitally planned facial VCA was performed involving the bilateral maxillae, the hard palate, a part of the left mandible, and the soft tissues of the lower two-thirds of the face. Due to meticulous preparations, minimal adjustments were necessary to achieve good fitting in the recipient. At week 17, a grade 4 rejection was successfully treated; sensory and motor recovery was noted to occur from the fourth postoperative month. Several serious infectious and medical problems have occurred until 15-months postoperatively; following that, the clinical situation has remained stable. Two years postoperatively, the patient and his family are very satisfied with the overall outcome and social reintegration in the community is successful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first face transplant in Belgium (#19 worldwide) was successful because of a meticulous 3-year preparation by a large multidisciplinary team. In our experience, preparatory cadaver dissections and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) modeling were valuable tools for an optimal intraoperative course and good alignment of the bony structures. Continuous long-term multidisciplinary follow-up is mandatory for surveillance of the complications associated with the immunosuppressive regime and for functional assessment of the graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: nathalie.roche@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Nathalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hubert F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Vermeersch
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Stillaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Epithetics, Guldendelle 35, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Cubber
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristiane
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Lierde
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rogiers
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colenbie
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gilbert M D
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Phillip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Blondeel
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D001530:Belgium; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D054445:Facial Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 3D CT modeling; Face transplant; Multidisciplinary team approach; Vascularized composite allotransplantation