title: What do the people who transport trauma patients know about tourniquets?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary study objectives were to gather information concerning the tourniquet knowledge, experience, training, protocols, preferences, and equipment of civilian prehospital providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a survey of 151 prehospital care providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survey respondents included 27 basic, 1 intermediate, and 75 paramedic emergency medical technicians; 1 registered nurse; 4 firefighters without medical certifications; 2 respondents not yet certified; and 1 respondent not listing certifications. Respondents had 2 months to 40 years of experience and came from emergency medical services in communities of 101 to 206,688 residents located 10 minutes to 103 minutes from a Level 1 or 2 trauma center. Twenty-five had used tourniquets: 5 in military and 22 in civilian settings. Civilian tourniquets were most frequently used for motor vehicle- then farm- and manufacturing-related injuries with severe bleeding. Tourniquet knowledge was poor for all groupings (with or without tourniquet experience, military experience, all certifications, all years of experience): 91% did not understand that wider tourniquets require less pressure for arterial occlusion, 69% did not know that stopping venous flow without arterial is harmful, and 37% did not know the correct tourniquet locations for distal limb injuries. Of the 81 on a service and without military experience, 44 had received any tourniquet training; 14 of the 44 had commercial emergency tourniquet access, and 27 indicated their service had a tourniquet protocol. Of the 37 on a service with no tourniquet training, 5 had access to a commercial emergency tourniquet, and 5 indicated their service had a tourniquet protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Civilian prehospital providers encounter situations for tourniquet use, but many do not know information important for optimal tourniquet use. Therefore, if surgeons want civilian prehospital care to include the use of effective, arterial flow occluding tourniquets at appropriate limb locations, they need to communicate with their emergency medical service providers concerning tourniquet knowledge, training, protocols, and appropriate equipment.
authors.affiliation: From the Surgery Education Department and Trauma Research (P.L.W., J.D.W., H.L.S., S.M.S.), Iowa Methodist Medical Center; and Department of Biology (C.M.B.), Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Piper L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Welander
authors.forename: Hayden L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Charisse M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Buising
authors.forename: Sheryl M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sahr