title: Reduced platelet adhesion and improved corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic TiO₂-nanotube-coated 316L stainless steel.
abstract: Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays were fabricated on 316L stainless steel (SS) to improve corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of SS. Vertically-aligned superhydrophilic amorphous TNTs were fabricated on SS by electrochemical anodization of Ti films deposited on SS. Calcination was carried out to induce anatase phase (superhydrophilic), and fluorosilanization was used to convert superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity. The morphology, structure and surface wettability of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle goniometry. The effects of surface wettability on corrosion resistance and platelet adhesion were investigated. The results showed that crystalline phase (anatase vs. amorphous) and wettability strongly affected corrosion resistance and platelet adhesion. The superhydrophilic amorphous TNTs failed to protect SS from corrosion whereas superhydrophobic amorphous TNTs slightly improved corrosion resistance of SS. Both superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic anatase TNTs significantly improved corrosion resistance of SS. The superhydrophilic amorphous TNTs minimized platelet adhesion and activation whereas superhydrophilic anatase TNTs activated the formation of fibrin network. On the contrary, both superhydrophobic TNTs (superhydrophobic amorphous TNTs and superhydrophobic anatase TNTs) reduced platelet adhesion significantly and improved corrosion resistance regardless of crystalline phase. Superhydrophobic anatase TNTs coating on SS surface offers the opportunity for the application of SS as a promising permanent biomaterial in blood contacting biomedical devices, where both reducing platelets adhesion/activation and improving corrosion resistance can be effectively combined.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Qiaoling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China.
authors.forename: Ronggang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Changjian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China. Electronic address: sunlan@xmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Erwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vogler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003343:Corrosion; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D013193:Stainless Steel; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: 316L stainless steel; Corrosion resistance; Platelet adhesion; Superhydrophilic; Superhydrophobic