title: Smoking processes, panic, and depressive symptoms among treatment-seeking smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the relative contribution of panic and depressive symptoms in relation to past cessation difficulties and smoking motives among treatment-seeking daily smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 392 treatment-seeking daily smokers (47.07% female; Mage = 35.48; SD = 13.56), who reported smoking an average of 10 or more cigarettes daily for at least one year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that panic and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with quit problems as well as addictive and negative affect motives for smoking. However, depressive symptoms were not associated with habitual smoking motives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differential patterns of associations with smoking-based processes imply that although panic and depression are related, there are important distinctions. Such data highlight the need for additional research to examine the putative role of panic and depressive symptoms in relation to smoking behaviors to further elucidate the mechanisms through which panic, depression, and smoking impact one another.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Dawn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Kirsten J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Norman B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010200:Panic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Smoking; anxiety; cigarettes; depression; motives; panic; tobacco