title: Chromium and its speciation in water samples by HPLC/ICP-MS--technique establishing metrological traceability: a review since 2000.
abstract: Chromium holds a special position among living organisms because depending on its species it can be either essential or toxic. Cr(VI) even at very low concentrations is harmful and carcinogenic, while Cr(III) is a necessary microelement for cellular metabolism. Therefore, a simple analysis of Cr concentration in collected samples will not be able to distinguish these differences effectively: for a proper chemical analysis we need to perform a reliable detection and quantification of Cr species. Separation and detection of chromium can be accomplished with high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS) in a one-step. Our review assembles articles published since 2000 regarding chromium speciation in water samples with the use of HPLC/ICP-MS. It addresses the following issues: chromium chemistry, the possibilities of dealing with interferences, metrological aspects, analytical performance and speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) which is a definitive measurement method. The authors would like to advocate this hyphenated advanced technique as well as the metrological approach in speciation analysis of chromium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Markiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Komorowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajnóg
authors.affiliation: Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belter
authors.affiliation: Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: danutaba@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barałkiewicz
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000592:standards*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002857:Chromium
keywords: Chromium speciation; HPLC/ICP-MS; Review; Speciation analysis; Water samples