title: [The phenomenon of pain in the history of music – observations of neurobiological mechanisms of pain and its expressions in western music].
abstract: Purpose of this essay is to provide a historical overview how music has dealt with the emotion and sensation of pain, as well as an overview over the more recent medical research into the relationship of music and pain. Since the beginnings of western music humans have put their emotions into musical sounds. During the baroque era, composers developed musical styles that expressed human emotions and our experiences of nature. In some compositions, like in operas, we find musical representations of pain. During Romanticism artists began to intrude into the soul of their audience. New expressive harmonies and styles touch the soul and the consciousness of the listener. With the inception of atonality dissonant sounds where experienced as a physical pain.The physiology of deep brain structures (like thalamus, hypothalamus or limbic system) and the physiology of the acoustic pathway process consonant and dissonant sound and musical perceptions in ways, that are similar to the perception of pain. In the thalamus and in the limbic system music and pain meet.The relationships of music and pain is a wide open research field with such interesting questions as the role of dopamine in the perception of consonant or dissonant music, or the processing of pain during music listening. Musicology has not yet embarked on a general investigation of how musical compositions express pain and how that has developed or changed over the centuries. Music therapy, neuro-musicology and the performing arts medicine are scientific fields that offer a lot of ideas for medical and musical research projects.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Chirurgische Forschung, Institut für Forschung in der Operativen Medizin, Fakultät für Medizin der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Campus Köln-Merheim, Köln.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gasenzer
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Chirurgische Forschung, Institut für Forschung in der Operativen Medizin, Fakultät für Medizin der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Campus Köln-Merheim, Köln.
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music / Q000266:history*; D009147:Music Therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine