title: Re-emergent human adenovirus genome type 7d caused an acute respiratory disease outbreak in Southern China after a twenty-one year absence.
abstract: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are highly contagious pathogens causing acute respiratory disease (ARD), among other illnesses. Of the ARD genotypes, HAdV-7 presents with more severe morbidity and higher mortality than the others. We report the isolation and identification of a genome type HAdV-7d (DG01_2011) from a recent outbreak in Southern China. Genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) comparisons with past pathogens indicate HAdV-7d has re-emerged in Southern China after an absence of twenty-one years. Recombination analysis reveals this genome differs from the 1950s-era prototype and vaccine strains by a lateral gene transfer, substituting the coding region for the L1 52/55 kDa DNA packaging protein from HAdV-16. DG01_2011 descends from both a strain circulating in Southwestern China (2010) and a strain from Shaanxi causing a fatality and outbreak (Northwestern China; 2009). Due to the higher morbidity and mortality rates associated with HAdV-7, the surveillance, identification, and characterization of these strains in population-dense China by REA and/or whole genome sequencing are strongly indicated. With these accurate identifications of specific HAdV types and an epidemiological database of regional HAdV pathogens, along with the HAdV genome stability noted across time and space, the development, availability, and deployment of appropriate vaccines are needed.
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Suhui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Chengsong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China.
authors.forename: Changwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA.
authors.forename: Shoaleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Zetao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Xianbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging; D019295:Computational Biology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D023061:Gene Order; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000091402:Prohibitins; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic