title: Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization modeling in Shanghai, China.
abstract: Providing quantitative information on the sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban regions is vital to establish effective abatement strategies for air pollution in a megacity. In this study, based on a year data set from October 2011 to August 2012, the sources of PM2.5-bound 16 USEPA priority PAHs (16 PAHs) in Shanghai, a megacity in China, were apportioned by positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. The average concentrations (in ng m(-3)) of 16 PAHs in PM2.5 in the fall, winter, spring and summer were 20.5 ± 18.2, 27.2 ± 24.0, 13.7 ± 7.7 and 6.4 ± 8.1, respectively, with an annual average of 16.9 ± 9.0. The source apportionment by PMF indicated that coal burning (30.5%) and gasoline engine emission (29.0%) were the two major sources of PAHs in the PM2.5 in Shanghai, followed by diesel engine emission (17.5%), air-surface exchange (11.9%) and biomass burning (11.1%). The highest source contributor for PAHs in the fall and winter was gasoline engine emission (36.7%) and coal burning (41.9%), respectively; while in the spring and summer, it was diesel engine emission that contributed the most (52.1% and 43.5%, respectively). It was suggested that there was a higher contribution of PAHs from engine emissions in 2011-2012 compared with those in 2002-2003. The major sources apportioned by PMF complemented well with this of using diagnostic ratios, suggesting a convincing identification of sources for the PM2.5-bound 16 PAHs in a megacity.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. guozgg@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fengwen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jialiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons