title: Arabic versions of the sleep timing questionnaire and the composite scale of morningness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop Arabic versions of English language questionnaires to estimate morningness/eveningness and sleep variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  We translated the Composite scale of morningness (CSM) and the sleep timing questionnaire (STQ) [with added siesta questions] into Arabic; the Arabic versions were then back translated. The revised Arabic and the original English versions were next administered to bi-lingual Egyptians using a crossover design (n=25). The Arabic versions of both scales were subsequently administered to an independent Egyptian sample (n=79) and the siesta variables examined in relation to the CSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satisfactory correlations were present between the English and Arabic versions for total CSM scores (Spearman's ρ=0.90, p<0.001). All but one of the STQ variables were significantly correlated (Spearman's ρ=0.45-0.88, p≤0.05). In the Arabic version, the frequency of siesta naps per week was significantly correlated with the total CSM score, with evening types taking more naps (Spearman's ρ=-0.23, p≤0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arabic versions of the STQ and CSM have been developed in Egypt, and are freely available. They can be used for behavioral research related to sleep and circadian function and can be adapted for use in other Arab speaking populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hader
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Salwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Warda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ibtihal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elassy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elsayed
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salah
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Boraie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Boraie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobea
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osama
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gomaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University Student Hospital and Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Bahaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: nimga+@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Vishwajit L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Circadian; Eveniningness; Morningness; Siesta; Sleep