title: Optimization of the ethanol recycling reflux extraction process for saponins using a design space approach.
abstract: A solvent recycling reflux extraction process for Panax notoginseng was optimized using a design space approach to improve the batch-to-batch consistency of the extract. Saponin yields, total saponin purity, and pigment yield were defined as the process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Ethanol content, extraction time, and the ratio of the recycling ethanol flow rate and initial solvent volume in the extraction tank (RES) were identified as the critical process parameters (CPPs) via quantitative risk assessment. Box-Behnken design experiments were performed. Quadratic models between CPPs and process CQAs were developed, with determination coefficients higher than 0.88. As the ethanol concentration decreases, saponin yields first increase and then decrease. A longer extraction time leads to higher yields of the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd. The total saponin purity increases as the ethanol concentration increases. The pigment yield increases as the ethanol concentration decreases or extraction time increases. The design space was calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation method with an acceptable probability of 0.90. Normal operation ranges to attain process CQA criteria with a probability of more than 0.914 are recommended as follows: ethanol content of 79-82%, extraction time of 6.1-7.1 h, and RES of 0.039-0.040 min-1. Most of the results of the verification experiments agreed well with the predictions. The verification experiment results showed that the selection of proper operating ethanol content, extraction time, and RES within the design space can ensure that the CQA criteria are met.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xingchu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Jianyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Haibin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D053723:Panax notoginseng / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D012503:Saponins; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol