title: Strengthening malaria diagnosis and appropriate treatment in Namibia: a test of case management training interventions in Kavango Region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite its importance in control and elimination settings, malaria diagnosis rates tend to be low in many African countries. An operational research pilot was conducted in Namibia to identify the key barriers to appropriate diagnosis of malaria in public health facilities and to evaluate the effectiveness of various training approaches in improving the uptake and adherence to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  After identifying case management weaknesses through focus group discussions, training interventions were designed to address these barriers over a six-month period. The study had three intervention districts and one control within the Kavango region of Namibia where poor case management practices were observed. The interventions included an enhanced training model, clinical mentorship, and SMS reminders. Monthly data on testing and treatment were collected for the period of April to September 2012 and, for comparison, the same months during the prior year from all 52 health facilities in Kavango. The same indicators were also obtained at district level for a follow-up period of 15 months from October 2012 to December 2013 to observe whether any improvements were sustained over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All intervention arms produced significant improvements in case management practices compared to the control district (all p < 0.02). Overall, districts receiving any training improved testing rates from 25% to 66% at minimum compared to the control. The enhanced training plus mentorship arm resulted in a significantly greater proportion of fevers receiving RDTs compared to the district receiving enhanced training alone, increasing from 27% to over 90% at endline. No ACT was prescribed to untested patients after caregivers received mentorship or SMS reminders. These improvements were all sustained over the 15-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These changes show a reversal of improper case management practices over the six-month study period and demonstrate that implementing simple training interventions can have a significant, sustainable impact on the uptake of and adherence to malaria RDTs. Findings from this work have already informed Namibia's roll out of a more robust case management training programme. The approaches used in Namibia may be applicable to other resource-constrained countries, providing practical guidance on sustainable approaches to febrile illness management.
authors.affiliation: Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA 02127, USA. clourenco@clintonhealthaccess.org.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kandula
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haidula
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D017144:Focus Groups; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009276:Namibia; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000379:methods*