title: Mercury and sulphur among the High Medieval alchemists: from Rāzī and Avicenna to Albertus Magnus and pseudo-Roger Bacon.
abstract: This essay challenges the often expressed view that the principles of metals, namely mercury and sulphur, were generally viewed by alchemists as being of a 'metaphysical' character that made them inaccessible to the tools and operations of the laboratory. By examining a number of Arabo-Latin and Latin alchemical texts in circulation before the end of the thirteenth century, the author presents evidence that most alchemists of the period considered mercury and sulphur to be materials subject to techniques of purification in the same way that naturally occurring salts and minerals could be freed of their impurities or dross. The article also points to the immense influence of Avicenna and Albertus Magnus in formulating the theory that mercury and sulphur were compounds of different materials, containing both fixed and unfixed components. Finally, the author briefly examines the relationship between this materialist approach to the principles and the chymical atomism of early modern authors who were deeply aware of medieval alchemical literature.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000422:Alchemy; D002621:Chemistry / Q000266:history; D005060:Europe; D049691:History, Medieval; D008373:Manuscripts as Topic / Q000266:history*; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry / Q000266:history*; D019071:Persia; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D013455:Sulfur; D008628:Mercury