title: A novel role of Eruca sativa Mill. (rocket) extract: antiplatelet (NF-κB inhibition) and antithrombotic activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have shown the prevention of cardiovascular diseases through the regular consumption of vegetables. Eruca sativa Mill., commonly known as rocket, is a leafy vegetable that has anti-inflammatory activity. However, its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities have not been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract (0.1 to 1 mg/mL), was evaluated on human platelets: (i) P-selectin expression by flow cytometry; (ii) platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid; (iii) IL-1β, TGF-β1, CCL5 and thromboxane B2 release; and (iv) activation of NF-κB and PKA by western blot. Furthermore, (v) antithrombotic activity (200 mg/kg) and (vi) bleeding time in murine models were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract (0.1 to 1 mg/mL) inhibited P-selectin expression and platelet aggregation induced by ADP. The release of platelet inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TGF-β1, CCL5 and thromboxane B2) induced by ADP was inhibited by Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract. Furthermore, Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract inhibited NF-κB activation. Finally, in murine models, Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract showed significant antithrombotic activity and a slight effect on bleeding time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eruca sativa Mill. presents antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile. edfuentes@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile. malarcon@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile. mfuentes@alumnos.utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile. gcarrasc@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile. ipalomo@utalca.cl.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Palomo
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C503460:Ccl5 protein, mouse; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019007:P-Selectin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate