title: Sex differences on prefrontally-dependent cognitive tasks.
abstract: There is preliminary evidence to suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is modulated by sex steroids in humans and other primates. The current study examined whether sex differences in performance could be discerned on two working memory tasks that emphasize monitoring and updating processes, and on two tasks that engage the ventromedial PFC/orbitofrontal cortex (VMPFC/OFC). Healthy young adults (48 females; 45 males) completed the n-back, Self-Ordered Pointing (SOP), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and a probabilistic reversal learning task. On the IGT, males selected more cards from the advantageous decks than females. On the reversal learning task, there was no significant sex difference in acquisition of the reinforcement contingencies, but males made fewer errors than females during the reversal phase. The sexes did not differ significantly on the n-back or SOP tasks. These findings provide tentative support for the hypothesis that functions carried out by the VMPFC/OFC are sexually differentiated in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada. Electronic address: kldyer@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada. Electronic address: ehampson@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hampson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Decision-making; Prefrontal cortex; Reversal learning; Sex difference; Working memory