title: Effects of polydextrose on different levels of energy intake. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fibers help to control energy intake and reduce the risk of developing obesity. Recent studies show that the consumption of polydextrose reduces energy intake at a subsequent meal. In this systematic review and meta-analysis we examine the subsequent effects of polydextrose on different levels of energy intake (EI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The review followed the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD). A linear regression approach was used to model the relationship between the polydextrose dose and the different levels of EI expressed as a relative change (%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the studies included in this review administered polydextrose as part of a mid-morning snack. Six studies were included in the analysis of EI at an ad libitum lunch; and three were included in the analysis of EI during the rest of the day, as well as total daily EI. The meta-analysis showed that the consumption of polydextrose is associated with a reduction in EI at lunch time (SMD = 0.35; P <0.01; I(2) = 0). The dose of polydextrose consumed correlated significantly with this reduction in EI, EILunch (%) = -0.67 Polydextrose (g/day) (R(2) = 0.80; P <0.01). The meta-analysis of EI during the rest of the day and daily EI did not show any difference. Nevertheless, the regression equation indicates that there is a dose-dependent effect on the reduction of daily EI, EIDaily (%) = -0.35 × Polydextrose (g/day) (R(2) = 0.68; P <0.05). Sex-specific results are consistent with results for the whole group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies included in this meta-analysis support the notion that the consumption of polydextrose reduces voluntary energy intake at a subsequent meal. Furthermore, this reduction in energy intake occurs in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: DuPont, Nutrition & Health, Kantvik, Finland. Electronic address: alvin.ibarra@dupont.com.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.affiliation: New York Nutrition & Obesity Research Center, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nerys M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Astbury
authors.affiliation: DuPont, Nutrition & Health, Kantvik, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olli
authors.affiliation: Avoltus Oy, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Esa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alhoniemi
authors.affiliation: DuPont, Nutrition & Health, Kantvik, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiihonen
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005936:Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D062407:Meals
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005936:Glucans; C033375:polydextrose
keywords: Appetite; Energy intake; Linear regression; Meta-analysis; Polydextrose