title: Association of Cytokines With Exosomes in the Plasma of HIV-1-Seropositive Individuals.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and viremic individuals exhibit elevated levels of plasma cytokines. Here we show that most cytokines are not in free form but appear associated with exosomes that are distinct from virions. Purified exosomes were analyzed to determine the levels of 21 cytokines and chemokines and compared with exosome-depleted plasma. Most cytokines were markedly enriched in exosomes from HIV-positive individuals relative to negative controls and to plasma. Moreover, exposure of naive peripheral blood mononuclear cells to exosomes purified from HIV-positive patients induced CD38 expression on naive and central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, probably contributing to inflammation and viral propagation via bystander cell activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Kateena Addae
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Konadu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Ming Bo
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center.
authors.forename: Praveen Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Amancha
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Vincent C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D055354:Exosomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: HIV; chemokines; cytokines; exosomes; immune activation