title: Labels, Gender-Role Conflict, Stigma, and Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help in Men.
abstract: Despite a comparable need, research has indicated that on average men hold more negative attitudes toward psychological help seeking than women. Several researchers have suggested that the gender gap in service use and attitudes could be addressed through efforts to better market psychological services to men; however, a limited number of studies have tested this hypothesis. This study examined whether altering the labels for mental health providers (psychologist or counselor), settings (mental health clinic or counseling center), and treatments (problem or feeling focused) could result in less perceived stigma (social and self) by men. Participants, 165 male college students, were asked to read one of eight randomly assigned vignettes that described a man who was experiencing symptoms of depression and was considering seeking help. The vignettes differed in the labels that were used to describe the help that was being considered. Participants then completed measures assessing the stigma (self and social) associated with the treatment, and their preexisting experience of gender-role conflict and attitudes toward psychological help seeking. In summary, perceived stigma did not depend on the type of label that was used; however, 59% of the variance in attitudes was predicted by self-stigma (uniquely explaining 11%), gender-role conflict (uniquely explaining 10%), and social stigma (uniquely explaining 5%). Specifically, higher levels of gender-role conflict, social stigma, and self-stigma were associated with more negative attitudes toward psychological help seeking. Based on the demographics of the sample, these findings primarily have implications for Caucasian college-educated young adult men. Further limitations with the study and recommendations for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wahto
authors.affiliation: University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA joshua.keith.swift@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joshua K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Swift
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping
keywords: gender-role conflict; labels; men; psychological help–seeking attitudes; stigma