title: Neurodevelopmental outcome of infantile spasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to assess (i) estimates of good neurodevelopmental outcome in infantile spasms (IS), (ii) if neurodevelopmental outcome has changed since the publication of the first guideline on medical treatment of IS in 2004 and (iii) effect of lead time to treatment (LTTT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus databases, and reference lists of retrieved articles were searched. Studies inclusion criteria were: (i) >5 patients with IS, (ii) mean/median follow-up of >6 months, (iii) neurodevelopmental outcome, and (iv) randomized and observational studies. The data extracted included proportion of good neurodevelopmental outcome, year of publication, cryptogenic or symptomatic IS and LTTT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1436 citations screened, 55 articles were included in final analysis, with a total of 2967 patients. The pooled estimate for good neurodevelopmental outcome was 0.236 (95% CI: 0.193-0.286). There was no difference between the proportions of good neurodevelopmental outcome for the 21 studies published after 2004 [0.264 (95% CI: 0.197-0.344)] compared to the 34 studies published before 2004 [0.220 (95% CI: 0.168-0.283)] (Q value=0.862, p=0.353). The pooled estimate of good neurodevelopmental outcome for cryptogenic IS [0.543 (95% CI: 0.458-0.625)] was higher than symptomatic IS [0.125 (95% CI: 0.09-0.171)] (Q value=69.724, p<0.001). Risk ratio of LTTT <4weeks relative to >4weeks for good neurodevelopmental outcome of 8 studies was 1.519 (95% CI: 1.064-2.169).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurodevelopmental outcome was overall poor in patients with IS and has not changed since the publication of first guideline on IS. Although cryptogenic IS has better prognosis than symptomatic IS, the outcome for cryptogenic IS remained poor. There was heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental outcome ascertainment methods, highlighting the need for a more standardized and comprehensive assessment of cognitive, behavioural, emotional and functional outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Elysa.Widjaja@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Elysa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Cristina.Go@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Blathnaid.McCoy@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Blathnaid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Carter.Snead@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: O Carter
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Snead
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D002657:Child Development; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D061665:Time-to-Treatment
keywords: Infantile spasms; Lead time to treatment; Neurodevelopment