title: Rhinogenic and nonrhinogenic headaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the present knowledge and the recent publications on the cause, characteristics, course and treatment of chronic and recurring facial pain and headaches. Facial pain is amongst the commonest complaints in ear, nose and throat clinics. Recent articles have presented important evidence-based approach to this common problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent publications in the fields of otolaryngology and neurology have better defined the differences between rhinogenic and nonrhinogenic facial pain, and place this symptom in the context of rhinosinusitis. Although chronic facial pain has conventionally been considered to be due to sinusitis because of anatomical proximity, there is increasing evidence to support the contrary. Published literature has identified that only 16-20% of patients with sinusitis (purulent or with polyposis) confirmed by nasal endoscopy actually declared symptoms of facial pain. More pertinently, surgical series have shown that up to 40% of patients had persistent postoperative facial pain despite resolution of sinusitis on nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT). Rhinogenic pain is generally unilateral, severe, located on the same side and related to rhinogenic symptoms, and almost always accompanied by endoscopic and CT abnormalities. Incidental CT mucosal disease can be noted in 30% of asymptomatic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditionally, facial pain has often been considered to be caused by chronic rhinosinusitis. Increasing evidence has shown that the commonest cause for chronic facial pain is of nonrhinogenic origin. As otorhinolaryngologists, we deal with facial pain on a daily basis and therefore need to be aware of the different causes for this common symptom.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Otolaryngology, University of Malta, Msida, Republic of Malta bDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Agius
authors.forename: Anshul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sama
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications