title: Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells.
abstract: Ultra-fine particles have recently been included among the risk factors for the development of endothelium inflammation and atherosclerosis, and cobalt (CoNPs) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiNPs) have attracted attention because of their wide range of applications. We investigated their toxicity profiles in two primary endothelial cell lines derived from human aorta (HAECs) and human umbilical vein (HUVECs) by comparing cell viability, oxidative stress, the expression of adhesion molecules and the release of chemokines during NP exposure. Both NPs were very rapidly internalised, and significantly increased adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) mRNA and protein levels and the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). However, unlike the TiNPs, the CoNPs also induced time- and concentration-dependent metabolic impairment and oxidative stress without any evident signs of cell death or the induction of apoptosis. There were differences between the HAECs and HUVECs in terms of the extent of oxidative stress-related enzyme and vascular adhesion molecule expression, ROS production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release despite the similar rate of NP internalisation, thus indicating endothelium heterogeneity in response to exogenous stimuli. Our data indicate that NPs can induce endothelial inflammatory responses via various pathways not involving only oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alinovi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy. Electronic address: matteo.goldoni@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.affiliation: IMEM-CNR Institute, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aliatis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lottici
authors.affiliation: Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Research Area, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iavicoli
authors.affiliation: Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Research Area, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petyx
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy; Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Research Center at the University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mozzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutti
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003035:Cobalt / Q000633:toxicity*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D003035:Cobalt; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles; Endothelial cells; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Titanium oxide nanoparticles