title: New measurement criteria for studying alcohol drinking and relapse in rodents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relapse to alcohol use is considered as one of the central features distinguishing dependence from controlled alcohol consumption. Relapse-like drinking in rodents is a transient episode of heavy drinking that follows a period of abstinence. This behaviour is called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). Not all animals develop behavioural changes that resemble relapse-like drinking behaviour. The purpose of our study was to develop a generalized quantitative criterion by which animals could be separated into two groups depending on their behaviour during a relapse-like situation (ADE vs. no-ADE).
  
  
  METHODS
  An automated drinkometer system was used for data collection. This system measures fluid consumption by means of high-precision sensors attached to the drinking bottles in the home cage of the rat. We used a four bottle free choice paradigm with water 5, 10, and 20% ethanol solutions. For data analysis we developed a new measure of alcohol intake that quantifies net alcohol intake in relation to net consumption of water. This new measure is called water-penalized net ethanol intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new measure is more robust than commonly used measurements, such as alcohol preference and intake. It allows the comparison of alcohol intake between different groups of animals and different setups using an arbitrary number of bottles. Based on this new measure we developed a method to automatically select the threshold for the presence of ADE in individual animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separating animals by their behavior during relapse-like situation could be used as one of the criteria for identification of alcohol addicted and non-addicted rats. A classification into presenting ADE or not is also essential to test the effectiveness of newly developed therapeutic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villarín Pildaín
authors.affiliation: Central Institute for Mental Health, Institute of Psychopharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine, Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vengeliene
authors.affiliation: Center for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences (BIOMS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matthäus
keywords: Alcohol deprivation effect; Animal model of addiction; Drinking patterns; Four-bottle paradigm; Relapse