title: Baclofen dosage after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multi-decade retrospective analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform an analysis of oral baclofen dosage in patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries over time and to ascertain the clinical determinants of long-term baclofen dosage trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of patient records from the PM&R units at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center and the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 115 PM&R patients suffering spinal cord injury due to trauma leading to either complete or incomplete paralysis. The modes of injury included were motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (n=39), gunshot wounds (GSW) (n=55), falls (n=17), diving (n=2), workplace (n=1) and swimming (n=1) accidents. The location of injury in the spinal cord was categorized into either cervical (n=52), thoracic (n=59), lumbar (n=2), or unspecified (n=2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From time of injury, an aggregate of all dosage assignments for each patient demonstrated a significant yearly increase in baclofen dosage (1.26 mg/year, p<0.01). Baclofen dosage for MVA cases were seen to rise at 4.99 mg/year (p<0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that GSW patients received their first baclofen dosage earlier than MVA patients (log-rank p<0.05, unadjusted).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a marginal increase in baclofen dosage over nearly 25 years in a single provider's patient database and observed different timings of first dose between two causes of traumatic SCI. These results provide an estimate of baclofen dosage trends over time after spinal cord injury and may be useful for patient counseling or as a method to assess costs of providing SCI patient care.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore 21201, USA. Electronic address: ashan.veerakumar@som.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Ashan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veerakumar
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Meyer Bldg, Room 8-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, USA. Electronic address: jjc@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Meyer Bldg, Room 8-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, USA. Electronic address: avinsunshine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Meyer Bldg, Room 8-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, USA. Electronic address: xye3@jhmi.edi.
authors.forename: Xiaobu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, AA Building, Room 1654, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore 21224-2780, USA. Electronic address: rzorowi1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zorowitz
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Meyer Bldg, Room 8-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, USA. Electronic address: wanders5@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000188:drug therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001418:Baclofen
keywords: Baclofen; Paralysis; Spasticity; Spinal cord injury