title: Organophosphate pesticide exposure and dialkyl phosphate urinary metabolites among chili farmers in northeastern Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorpyrifos and profenofos are organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), we studied exposure and urinary metabolites in an agricultural area in the northeastern of Thailand during the chili-growing season (March - April) in 2012.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess pesticide exposure concentration through dermal and inhalation pathways and to find and depict a relationship between urinary metabolites and means of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate the pesticides exposure concentration, dermal wipes (hand, face, and feet), dermal patches and air samples were collected from 38 chili farmers. The morning void of pre and post application urine samples was an indicator of biological monitoring in the study which derived from 39 chili farmers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorpyrifos and profenofos residues were detected on dermal patches, face wipes, and hand wipe samples, while no significant residues were found on the feet. Using a personal air sampling technique, all air samples detected pesticide residues. However, significant correlation between dermal pesticide exposure concentration and inhalation was not found (p>0.05). For urinary metabolite levels, there was a relationship between the first pre application morning void and post application morning void (p < 0.05); similar to the association between the first pre application morning void and the second post application morning void (p < 0.05). The main relationship between pesticide exposure and urinary metabolite was found to have been relevant to dermal exposure (r= 0.405; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study could suggested that public health education training programs, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), should be offered for the chili growing farmers in order to improve their ability to properly use pesticides.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  pesticide exposure, chili farmers, urinary metabolites, organophosphate pesticides.
authors.forename: Nutta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taneepanichskul
authors.forename: Saowanee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norkaew
authors.forename: Wattasit
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siriwong
authors.forename: Sumana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
authors.forename: Héctor Luis
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Maldonado Pérez
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D000383:Agriculture; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D063086:Organothiophosphates; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid