title: Pharmacokinetics of intravenous ketorolac in cats undergoing gonadectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine (0.5 mg/kg) when administered I/V to cats undergoing gonadectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketorolac was administered to nine female and three male shorthair domestic cats as an I/V bolus of 0.5 mg/kg after intubation, and 20 minutes prior to ovariectomy or orchiectomy. Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and blood samples were collected over 24 hours. Concentrations of ketorolac in serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography to establish pharmacokinetic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During surgery, mean end tidal isoflurane concentration was 1.63 (SD 0.24)% and normocapnia and spontaneous ventilation were maintained in all animals. The kinetics of ketorolac was described by a two-compartment model. The distribution and elimination half-lives were 0.09 (SD 0.06) and 4.14 (SD 1.18) hours, respectively. The body clearance was 56.8 (SD 33.1) mL/h/kg. The volume of distribution at steady-state and the mean residence time were 323.9 (SD 115.7) mL/kg and 6.47 (SD 2.86) hours, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of the results, concentrations of ketorolac in serum in cats were above the human effective concentrations for 5-6 hours postoperatively. However, other studies including a control group are advocated to further investigate the ketorolac kinetics and the analgesic efficacy in this species.
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravasio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferraresi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zonca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cagnardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002415:Cats / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac
keywords: Ketorolac; NSAID; cat; gonadectomy; pharmacokinetics