title: Parents' Prenatal Mental Health and Emotional, Behavioral and Social Development in Their Children.
abstract: This study examines the association between expectant parents' psychological distress and children's development at 36 months old. This is a prospective population study based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, N = 31,663. Logistic regression models were used to assess whether high scores (cutoff ≥ 2.00) on the symptom checklist-5 in parents predicted higher levels (cutoff ≥ 90 percentile) of developmental problems in their children. The risk of emotional and behavioral problems were significantly increased in children when both parents were affected by psychological distress during pregnancy, fully adjusted OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.36, 4.07) and OR 2.65 (96% CI 1.564.48), respectively. The risk was higher when mothers reported high level of psychological distress than when only the fathers did, but the risk of emotional difficulties in children was highest when both parents presented high levels of psychological distress, indicating an additive effect of parental psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, P.O. Box 2170, 5504, Haugesund, Norway. anne.lise.kvalevaag@helse-fonna.no.
authors.forename: Anne Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kvalevaag
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 3rd Floor QEQM Building, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ramchandani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, P.O. Box 2170, 5504, Haugesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Oddbjørn
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hove
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4404, 0403, Oslo, Norway.|Health Services Research Center, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberhard-Gran
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Assmus
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgt. 12, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Odd E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Havik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, P.O. Box 2170, 5504, Haugesund, Norway.|Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Kalfarveien 31, 5018, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Psychiatry, Uni Health, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sivertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, P.O. Box 2170, 5504, Haugesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Child development; Mental health; Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study; Parents