title: Conceptual transitions in methods of skull-photo superimposition that impact the reliability of identification: a review.
abstract: Establishing identification during skull-photo superimposition relies on correlating the salient morphological features of an unidentified skull with those of a face-image of a suspected dead individual using image overlay processes. Technical progression in the process of overlay has included the incorporation of video cameras, image-mixing devices and software that enables real-time vision-mixing. Conceptual transitions occur in the superimposition methods that involve 'life-size' images, that achieve orientation of the skull to the posture of the face in the photograph and that assess the extent of match. A recent report on the reliability of identification using the superimposition method adopted the currently prevalent methods and suggested an increased rate of failures when skulls were compared with related and unrelated face images. The reported reduction in the reliability of the superimposition method prompted a review of the transition in the concepts that are involved in skull-photo superimposition. The prevalent popular methods for visualizing the superimposed images at less than 'life-size', overlaying skull-face images by relying on the cranial and facial landmarks in the frontal plane when orienting the skull for matching and evaluating the match on a morphological basis by relying on mix-mode alone are the major departures in the methodology that may have reduced the identification reliability. The need to reassess the reliability of the method that incorporates the concepts which have been considered appropriate by the practitioners is stressed.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia. Electronic address: ptjaya@usm.my.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
mesh_terms: D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010781:Photography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Anatomic orientation of the skull; Forensic anthropology; Reliability in identification; Skull-photo superimposition; Wipe-mode evaluation; ‘Life-size’ magnification