title: Recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infections Have a Detrimental Effect on Patient Quality of Life: a Prospective, Observational Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the effects of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) and the impact of prophylaxis on rUTI and patients' quality of life (QoL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether, 575 patients affected by rUTI were included in a 6-month observational study. QoL was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) and the Leicester scales. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®Version 8.2 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The significance level was set at 5%. Spearman correlation was used to assess the degree of correlation between infectious episodes and HAD and Leicester scores. For each parameter, the comparison between Day 0 and Day 180 was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test for quantitative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 61.9% of patients suffering from rUTI exhibited some degree of depression at baseline (Day 0). Alternative oral non-antimicrobial prophylactic treatment for rUTI [Escherichia coli lyophilized bacterial lysate (OM-89)] was administered to 94.4% of patients (1 capsule a day for 90 days), followed by a 3-month treatment-free period. At the end of the study (Day 180), the mean number of UTI decreased by 59.3% (P ≤ 0.0001), the total HAD score decreased by 32.1% (P ≤ 0.0001), and the mean Leicester score decreased by 44.0% (P ≤ 0.0001) from baseline. There was a correlation trend between the reduction in the numbers of UTI at the end of the study compared to the 6 months prior to study entry and the reduction in the anxiety, depression, total HAD scores, activity, feeling, and total Leicester scores registered from Day 0 to Day 180, suggesting a lessening of emotional problems, and social and functional handicaps with decreasing UTI incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that rUTI had a negative impact on patients' QoL and that effective alternative prophylaxis significantly improved their QoL.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballarini
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahran
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quimper
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choucair
authors.forename: Christophe E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Iselin