title: Characterization of a panel of Vietnamese rice varieties using DArT and SNP markers for association mapping purposes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in crops has made it possible to mine interesting alleles hidden in gene bank resources. However, only a small fraction of the rice genetic diversity of any given country has been exploited in the studies with worldwide sampling conducted to date. This study presents the development of a panel of rice varieties from Vietnam for GWAS purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The panel, initially composed of 270 accessions, was characterized for simple agronomic traits (maturity class, grain shape and endosperm type) commonly used to classify rice varieties. We first genotyped the panel using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers. We analyzed the panel structure, identified two subpanels corresponding to the indica and japonica sub-species and selected 182 non-redundant accessions. However, the number of usable DArT markers (241 for an initial library of 6444 clones) was too small for GWAS purposes. Therefore, we characterized the panel of 182 accessions with 25,971 markers using genotyping by sequencing. The same indica and japonica subpanels were identified. The indica subpanel was further divided into six populations (I1 to I6) using a model-based approach. The japonica subpanel, which was more highly differentiated, was divided into 4 populations (J1 to J4), including a temperate type (J2). Passport data and phenotypic traits were used to characterize these populations. Some populations were exclusively composed of glutinous types (I3 and J2). Some of the upland rice varieties appeared to belong to indica populations, which is uncommon in this region of the world. Linkage disequilibrium decayed faster in the indica subpanel (r2 below 0.2 at 101 kb) than in the japonica subpanel (r2 below 0.2 at 425 kb), likely because of the strongest differentiation of the japonica subpanel. A matrix adapted for GWAS was built by eliminating the markers with a minor allele frequency below 5% and imputing the missing data. This matrix contained 21,814 markers. A GWAS was conducted on time to flowering to prove the utility of this panel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This publicly available panel constitutes an important resource giving access to original allelic diversity. It will be used for GWAS on root and panicle traits.
authors.forename: Nhung Thi Phuong
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Phung
authors.forename: Chung Duc
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mournet
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frouin
authors.forename: Gaëtan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Droc
authors.forename: Nhung Kim
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ta
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jouannic
authors.forename: Loan Thi
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Lê
authors.forename: Vinh Nang
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gantet
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Courtois
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers