title: Adaptation of pandemic H2N2 influenza A viruses in humans.
abstract: The 1957 A/H2N2 influenza virus caused an estimated 2 million fatalities during the pandemic. Since viruses of the H2 subtype continue to infect avian species and pigs, the threat of reintroduction into humans remains. To determine factors involved in the zoonotic origin of the 1957 pandemic, we performed analyses on genetic sequences of 175 newly sequenced human and avian H2N2 virus isolates and all publicly available influenza virus genomes.
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Udayan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linster
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Halpin
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dhanasekaran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vijaykrishna
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Fabrizio
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bestebroer
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurer-Stroh
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webby
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wentworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fouchier
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA Justin.Bahl@uth.tmc.edu gavin.smith@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-4300
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Justin.Bahl@uth.tmc.edu gavin.smith@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Gavin J D
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D053121:Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral