title: Anoxybacter fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a piezophilic, thermophilic, anaerobic, fermentative bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent.
abstract: A novel piezophilic, thermophilic, anaerobic, fermentative bacterial strain, designated strain DY22613(T), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposit at the East Pacific Rise (GPS position: 102.6° W 3.1° S). Cells of strain DY22613(T) were long, motile rods (10 to 20 µm in length and 0.5 µm in width) with peritrichous flagella and were Gram-stain-negative. Growth was recorded at 44-72 °C (optimum 60-62 °C) and at hydrostatic pressures of 0.1-55 MPa (optimum 20 MPa). The pH range for growth was from pH 5.0 to 9.0 with an optimum at pH 7.0. Growth was observed in the presence of 1 to 8 % (w/v) sea salts and 0.65 to 5.2 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum salt concentrations at 3.5 % for sea salts and at 2.3 % for NaCl. Under optimal growth conditions, the shortest generation time observed was 27 min (60 °C, 20 MPa). Strain DY22613(T) was heterotrophic, able to utilize complex organic compounds, amino acids, sugars and organic acids including peptone, tryptone, beef extract, yeast extract, alanine, glutamine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, fructose, fucose, galactose, gentiobiose, glucose, mannose, melibiose, palatinose, rhamnose, turanose, pyruvate, lactic acid, methyl ester, erythritol, galacturonic acid and glucosaminic acid. Strain DY22613(T) was able to reduce Fe(III) compounds, including Fe(III) oxyhydroxide (pH 7.0), amorphous iron(III) oxide (pH 9.0), goethite (α-FeOOH, pH 12.0), Fe(III) citrate and elementary sulfur. Products of fermentation were butyrate, acetate and hydrogen. Main cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 3-OH and C14 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain DY22613(T) was 36.7 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain forms a novel lineage within the class Clostridia and clusters with the order Haloanaerobiales (86.92 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The phylogenetic data suggest that the lineage represents at least a novel genus and species, for which the name Anoxybacter fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DY22613(T) ( = JCM 19466(T) = DSM 28033(T) = MCCC 1A06456(T)).
authors.affiliation: Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Technopôle Pointe du diable, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO, UEB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|CNRS, IUEM - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Junwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Technopôle Pointe du diable, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|CNRS, IUEM - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO, UEB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jebbar
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Technopôle Pointe du diable, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|CNRS, IUEM - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.|Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO, UEB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) - UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alain
authors.affiliation: Xiamen State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, the Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
authors.forename: Zongze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060086:Hydrothermal Vents / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S