title: Effects comparison between low glycemic index diets and high glycemic index diets on HbA1c and fructosamine for patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of low glycemic index (GI) through the comparison of low-GI foods group and high-GI foods group on glycemic control (the measurements were HbA1c and fructosamine) for patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies were retrieved from databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google scholar from their inception to August 2014. Review Manager 5.1 and STATA package v.11.0 software were applied for the meta-analysis. Standard mean difference (SWD) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for HbA1c and fructosamine of patients with diabetes were collected and calculated in a fixed or random effects model when appropriate. Subgroup analysis stratified by study design, geographic area of participants and types of diabetes were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences of overall effects on HbA1c between low-GI foods group and high-GI foods group (SWD=-0.42, 95%CI=-0.69 to -0.16, P<0.01) in patients with diabetes, and the subgroup analysis indicated that significant differences of HbA1c were also found between the two groups in crossover study, in Australian population and American population, as well as in type 2 diabetes. The overall fructosamine was also significantly different in patients with diabetes between low-GI foods and high-GI foods group (SMD=-0.44, 95%CI=-0.82 to -0.06, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that low-GI diets achieve a more beneficial effect on glycemic control than that of high-GI foods diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No. 7, Zhengzhou 450003, China. Electronic address: qiongwang22@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No. 7, Zhengzhou 450003, China. Electronic address: WeiXiaqwe@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No. 7, Zhengzhou 450003, China. Electronic address: zhigangzhao2@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No. 7, Zhengzhou 450003, China. Electronic address: HuifengZhang2@163.com.
authors.forename: Huifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Comparison; Diabetes; Fructosamine; Glycemic index; HbA1c; Meta-analysis