title: The type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, emerging functions for an intriguing Ca²⁺-release channel.
abstract: The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) type 2 (IP3R2) is an intracellular Ca²⁺-release channel located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). IP3R2 is characterized by a high sensitivity to both IP3 and ATP and is biphasically regulated by Ca²⁺. Furthermore, IP3R2 is modulated by various protein kinases. In addition to its regulation by protein kinase A, IP3R2 forms a complex with adenylate cyclase 6 and is directly regulated by cAMP. Finally, in the ER, IP3R2 is less mobile than the other IP3R isoforms, while its functional properties appear dominant in heterotetramers. These properties make the IP3R2 a Ca²⁺ channel with exquisite properties for setting up intracellular Ca²⁺ signals with unique characteristics. IP3R2 plays a crucial role in the function of secretory cell types (e.g. pancreatic acinar cells, hepatocytes, salivary gland, eccrine sweat gland). In cardiac myocytes, the role of IP3R2 appears more complex, because, together with IP3R1, it is needed for normal cardiogenesis, while its aberrant activity is implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmias. Most importantly, its high sensitivity to IP3 makes IP3R2 a target for anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g. Bcl-2) in B-cell cancers. Disrupting IP3R/Bcl-2 interaction therefore leads in those cells to increased Ca²⁺ release and apoptosis. Intriguingly, IP3R2 is not only implicated in apoptosis but also in the induction of senescence, another tumour-suppressive mechanism. These results were the first to unravel the physiological and pathophysiological role of IP3R2 and we anticipate that further progress will soon be made in understanding the function of IP3R2 in various tissues and organs.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vervloessem
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Yule
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bultynck
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: jan.parys@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Parys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000595707:BCL2 protein, human; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; C580990:Ip3r2 protein, mouse; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C052617:Bcl2 protein, mouse; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Apoptosis; Cancer; Heart; IP(3); Secretion; Senescence