title: In vitro antimicrobial activities of 1-methoxyficifolinol, licorisoflavan A, and 6,8-diprenylgenistein against Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of purified single compounds from ethanol-extracted licorice root on Streptococcus mutans. The crude licorice root extract (CLE) was obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which was subjected to column chromatography to separate compounds. Purified compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Antimicrobial activities of purified compounds from CLE were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and by performing time-kill kinetics. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on biofilm development were evaluated using crystal violet assay and confocal microscopy. Cell toxicity of substances to normal human gingival fibroblast (NHGF) cells was tested using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) was used in the control group. Three antimicrobial flavonoids, 1-methoxyficifolinol, licorisoflavan A, and 6,8-diprenylgenistein, were isolated from the CLE. We found that the three flavonoids and CHX had bactericidal effects on S. mutans UA159 at the concentration of ≥4 and ≥1 µg/ml, respectively. The purified compounds completely inhibited biofilm development of S. mutans UA159 at concentrations over 4 μg/ml, which was equivalent to 2 μg/ml of CHX. Confocal analysis showed that biofilms were sparsely scattered in the presence of over 4 μg/ml of the purified compounds. However, the three compounds purified from CLE showed less cytotoxic effects on NHGF cells than CHX at these biofilm-inhibitory concentrations. Our results suggest that purified flavonoids from CLE can be useful in developing oral hygiene products, such as gargling solutions and dentifrices for preventing dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sug-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Soon-Nang
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yun Kyong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Xue Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mi-Hwa
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Young-Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Joong-Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kook
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019833:Genistein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005840:Gentian Violet; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D029882:Glycyrrhiza uralensis; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000187:drug effects; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D035721:Pterocarpus; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001572:Benzofurans; D001578:Benzopyrans; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D005419:Flavonoids; D019833:Genistein; D005840:Gentian Violet; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C000604345:1-methoxyficifolinol; D000094162:Phytoalexins; C401294:6,8-diprenylgenistein; C558581:licorisoflavan A; C022616:thiazolyl blue; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate