title: Effect of warming rate on the critical thermal maxima of crabs, shrimp and fish.
abstract: The threat of global warming has prompted numerous recent studies on the thermal tolerance of marine species. A widely used method to determine the upper thermal limit has been the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTMax), a dynamic method, meaning that temperature is increased gradually until a critical point is reached. This method presents several advantages over static methods, however, there is one main issue that hinders interpretation and comparison of CTMax results: the rate at which the temperature is increased. This rate varies widely among published protocols. The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of warming rate on CTMax values, using different animal groups. The influence of the thermal niche occupied by each species (intertidal vs subtidal) and habitat (intertidal vs subtidal) was also investigated. CTMax were estimated at three different rates: 1°Cmin(-1), 1°C30min(-1) and 1°Ch(-1), in two species of crab, Eurypanopeus abbreviatus and Menippe nodifrons, shrimp Palaemon northropi and Hippolyte obliquimanus and fish Bathygobius soporator and Parablennius marmoreus. While there were significant differences in the effect of warming rates for some species, for other species warming rate produced no significant differences (H. obliquimanus and B. soporator). While in some species slower warming rates lead to lower CTMax values (P. northropi and P. marmoreus) in other species the opposite occurred (E. abbreviatus and M. nodifrons). Biological group has a significant effect with crabs' CTMax increasing at slower warming rates, which did not happen for shrimp and fish. Subtidal species presented lower CTMax, at all warming rates tested. This study highlights the importance of estimating CTMax values at realistic rates that species encounter in their environment and thus have an ecological value.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: cmvinagre@fc.ul.pt.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vinagre
authors.affiliation: Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hipólito do Rego, km 131.5, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Augusto A V
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000502:physiology*; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006361:Heating; D006358:Hot Temperature; D033541:Palaemonidae / Q000502:physiology*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: CTMax; Comparative biology; Global change; Thermal tolerance