title: Quantitative PET/CT scanner performance characterization based upon the society of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging clinical trials network oncology clinical simulator phantom.
abstract: The Clinical Trials Network (CTN) of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) operates a PET/CT phantom imaging program using the CTN's oncology clinical simulator phantom, designed to validate scanners at sites that wish to participate in oncology clinical trials. Since its inception in 2008, the CTN has collected 406 well-characterized phantom datasets from 237 scanners at 170 imaging sites covering the spectrum of commercially available PET/CT systems. The combined and collated phantom data describe a global profile of quantitative performance and variability of PET/CT data used in both clinical practice and clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual sites filled and imaged the CTN oncology PET phantom according to detailed instructions. Standard clinical reconstructions were requested and submitted. The phantom itself contains uniform regions suitable for scanner calibration assessment, lung fields, and 6 hot spheric lesions with diameters ranging from 7 to 20 mm at a 4:1 contrast ratio with primary background. The CTN Phantom Imaging Core evaluated the quality of the phantom fill and imaging and measured background standardized uptake values to assess scanner calibration and maximum standardized uptake values of all 6 lesions to review quantitative performance. Scanner make-and-model-specific measurements were pooled and then subdivided by reconstruction to create scanner-specific quantitative profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different makes and models of scanners predictably demonstrated different quantitative performance profiles including, in some cases, small calibration bias. Differences in site-specific reconstruction parameters increased the quantitative variability among similar scanners, with postreconstruction smoothing filters being the most influential parameter. Quantitative assessment of this intrascanner variability over this large collection of phantom data gives, for the first time, estimates of reconstruction variance introduced into trials from allowing trial sites to use their preferred reconstruction methodologies. Predictably, time-of-flight-enabled scanners exhibited less size-based partial-volume bias than non-time-of-flight scanners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTN scanner validation experience over the past 5 y has generated a rich, well-curated phantom dataset from which PET/CT make-and-model and reconstruction-dependent quantitative behaviors were characterized for the purposes of understanding and estimating scanner-based variances in clinical trials. These results should make it possible to identify and recommend make-and-model-specific reconstruction strategies to minimize measurement variability in cancer clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and john-sunderland@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sunderland
authors.affiliation: Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Christian
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012958:Societies, Scientific; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: PET quantitation; multicenter clinical trials; phantom; scanner calibration