title: The effectiveness of the Spot Vision Screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the updated Spot Vision Screener (PediaVision, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY) in detecting amblyopia risk factors using 2013 guidelines of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, patients seen from June 2012 to November 2013 were tested with the Spot prior to examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist who was masked to test results. The following data were analyzed: age, subject testability, examination findings, and systemic and ocular pathology. Children were divided into three age groups to determine gold standard results according to the AAPOS guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 444 children (average age, 72 months) were included. Compared to the ophthalmologist's examination, the Spot sensitivity was 87.7% and the specificity was 75.9% in detecting amblyopia risk factors. Sensitivity did not differ significantly between age groups, although the positive predictive value improved in the older age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study cohort, the Spot provided good specificity and sensitivity in detecting amblyopia risk factors according 2013 AAPOS criteria, with minor improvements with updated versions.
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Electronic address: petersem@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Mae Millicent W
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Peterseim
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: M Edward
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shtessel
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Mavesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Cheeseman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Bethany J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Rupal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000458:organization & administration; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*