title: Cyanidin-3-glucoside isolated from mulberry fruits protects pancreatic β-cells against glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis.
abstract: The present study investigated the cytoprotective effects of cyanidin‑3‑glucoside (C3G), isolated from mulberry fruits, on the glucotoxicity‑induced apoptosis of pancreatic β‑cells to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of this compound. MIN6N pancreatic β‑cells were used to investigate the cytoprotective effects of C3G. In addition, the effects of C3G on the glucotoxicity‑induced apoptosis of pancreatic β‑cells was evaluated using MTT assay, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometric and western blot analyses. The pancreatic β‑cells cultured under high glucose conditions exhibited distinct apoptotic features. C3G decreased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation and the rate of apoptosis. C3G also prevented pancreatic β‑cell apoptosis induced by high glucose conditions by interfering with the intrinsic apoptotic pathways. In addition, C3G treatment resulted in increased insulin secretion compared with treatment with high glucose only. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that C3G obtained from mulberry fruits may be a potential phytotherapeutic agent for the prevention of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon‑do 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon‑do 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Rae
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon‑do 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Myoung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑Do 463‑746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Eon
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi‑do 446‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam In
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon‑do 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eock Kee
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005960:Glucosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D005960:Glucosides; D007328:Insulin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose