title: Paradoxical effects of injection stress and nicotine exposure experienced during adolescence on learning in a serial multiple choice (SMC) task in adult female rats.
abstract: Nicotine exposure in adolescent rats has been shown to cause learning impairments that persist into adulthood long after nicotine exposure has ended. This study was designed to assess the extent to which the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on learning in adulthood can be accounted for by adolescent injection stress experienced concurrently with adolescent nicotine exposure. Female rats received either 0.033 mg/h nicotine (expressed as the weight of the free base) or bacteriostatic water vehicle by osmotic pump infusion on postnatal days 25-53 (P25-53). Half of the nicotine-exposed rats and half of the vehicle rats also received twice-daily injection stress consisting of intraperitoneal saline injections on P26-53. Together these procedures produced 4 groups: No Nicotine/No Stress, Nicotine/No Stress, No Nicotine/Stress, and Nicotine/Stress. On P65-99, rats were trained to perform a structurally complex 24-element serial pattern of responses in the serial multiple choice (SMC) task. Four general results were obtained in the current study. First, learning for within-chunk elements was not affected by either adolescent nicotine exposure, consistent with past work (Pickens, Rowan, Bevins, and Fountain, 2013), or adolescent injection stress. Thus, there were no effects of adolescent nicotine exposure or injection stress on adult within-chunk learning typically attributed to rule learning in the SMC task. Second, adolescent injection stress alone (i.e., without concurrent nicotine exposure) caused transient but significant facilitation of adult learning restricted to a single element of the 24-element pattern, namely, the "violation element," that was the only element of the pattern that was inconsistent with pattern structure. Thus, adolescent injection stress alone facilitated violation element acquisition in adulthood. Third, also consistent with past work (Pickens et al., 2013), adolescent nicotine exposure, in this case both with and without adolescent injection stress, caused a learning impairment in adulthood for the violation element in female rats. Thus, adolescent nicotine impaired adult violation element learning typically attributed to multiple-item learning in the SMC task. Fourth, a paradoxical interaction of injection stress and nicotine exposure in acquisition was observed. In the same female rats in which violation-element learning was impaired by adolescent nicotine exposure, adolescent nicotine experienced without adolescent injection stress produced better learning for chunk-boundary elements in adulthood compared to all other conditions. Thus, adolescent nicotine without concurrent injection stress facilitated adult chunk-boundary element learning typically attributed to concurrent stimulus-response discrimination learning and serial-position learning in the SMC task. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate facilitation of adult learning caused by adolescent nicotine exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. Electronic address: srenaud@kent.edu.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. Electronic address: Laura.RG.Pickens@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Laura R G
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pickens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. Electronic address: sfountai@kent.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fountain
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007267:Injections; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012691:Serial Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Adolescent nicotine exposure; Cognitive deficits; Injection stress; Rule learning; Serial multiple choice task; Serial pattern learning