title: The ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol stimulates the release and changes the composition of exosomes derived from PC-3 cells.
abstract: Exosomes are vesicles released by cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. In this study, we have investigated whether ether lipids affect the release of exosomes in PC-3 cells. To increase the cellular levels of ether lipids, the ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol was added to cells. Lipidomic analysis showed that this compound was in fact able to double the cellular levels of ether lipids in these cells. Furthermore, increased levels of ether lipids were also found in exosomes released by cells containing high levels of these lipids. Interestingly, as measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, cells containing high levels of ether lipids released more exosomes than control cells, and these exosomes were similar in size to control exosomes. Moreover, silver staining and Western blot analyses showed that the protein composition of exosomes released in the presence of hexadecylglycerol was changed; the levels of some proteins were increased, and the levels of others were reduced. In conclusion, this study clearly shows that an increase in cellular ether lipids is associated with changes in the release and composition of exosomes.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phuyal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skotland
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Nina Pettersen
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Hessvik
authors.affiliation: the Zora Biosciences Oy, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simolin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Øverbye
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brech
authors.affiliation: the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia, and.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Parton
authors.affiliation: the Zora Biosciences Oy, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekroos
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandvig
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway, the Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway, Alicia.Martinez.Llorente@rr-research.no.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llorente
mesh_terms: D055354:Exosomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005995:Glyceryl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D057146:Multivesicular Bodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005995:Glyceryl Ethers; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Exosome Release; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; High Throughput Quantitative Lipidomics; Lipid; Membrane Lipid; Membrane Transport; lipid Ether