title: Impulsivity among migraine patients: Study in a series of 155 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsivity is a psychological phenomenon that has not been extensively studied in headache patients. We aim to assess the presence of impulsivity in patients with chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse (MO).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients examined in an outpatient headache clinic between January 2013 and March 2014 were included. Episodic migraine, CM, and MO were diagnosed according to ICHD-III beta criteria. We prospectively gathered demographic and clinical characteristics. Mood disorders were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and impulsiveness was assessed with the Plutchik impulsivity scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 155 patients were included (22 men, 133 women). The mean age (SD) was 38.2 (11.7) years (range, 18-70); 104 patients (67.1%) presented CM and, among them, 74 (71.1%) had MO. Of the patient total, 28.4% met criteria for anxiety, 7.1% for depression and 16.1% for impulsivity. The CM group showed higher scores for HADS-anxiety (8.5 [SD 4.5] vs. 6.4 [SD 3.6], p=0.003) and HADS-depression (4.4 [4.3] vs. 1.9 [2.3], p<0.001). Among CM cases only, scores for HADS-anxiety (9.3 [4.4] vs. 6.8 [4.3], p=0.01) and HADS-Depression (5.1 [4.6] vs. 2.7 [2.9], p=0.002) were higher in patients who also had MO. We found no associations between Plutchik scale scores or presence of impulsivity with either CM or MO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impulsivity is a common trait in our population of migraine patients, but unlike mood disorders, it is not correlated with either CM or MO.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pedraza
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isidro
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sotelo
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España. Electronic address: gueneurol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uribe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000067490:Prescription Drug Overuse / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Ansiedad; Anxiety; Chronic migraine; Depresión; Depression; Escala de Plutchik; Impulsividad; Medication overuse; Migraña crónica; Plutchik scale, Impulsivity; Uso excesivo de medicación