title: Defining Boundaries for Ecosystem-Based Management: A Multispecies Case Study of Marine Connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago.
abstract: Determining the geographic scale at which to apply ecosystem-based management (EBM) has proven to be an obstacle for many marine conservation programs. Generalizations based on geographic proximity, taxonomy, or life history characteristics provide little predictive power in determining overall patterns of connectivity, and therefore offer little in terms of delineating boundaries for marine spatial management areas. Here, we provide a case study of 27 taxonomically and ecologically diverse species (including reef fishes, marine mammals, gastropods, echinoderms, cnidarians, crustaceans, and an elasmobranch) that reveal four concordant barriers to dispersal within the Hawaiian Archipelago which are not detected in single-species exemplar studies. We contend that this multispecies approach to determine concordant patterns of connectivity is an objective and logical way in which to define the minimum number of management units and that EBM in the Hawaiian Archipelago requires at least five spatially managed regions.
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Toonen
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Iliana B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Baums
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Toby S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Daly-Engel
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eble
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Anuschka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faucci
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gaither
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacchei
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Puritz
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA ; Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Skillings
authors.affiliation: Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Molly A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, P.O. Box 1346 Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bowen