title: Assessment of the effect of chemical agents used in dentistry on the removal of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli from sandblasted acid-etched titanium dental implants: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of chemicals to decontaminate Escherichia coli (E coli) or Porphyromonas gingivalis (P gingivalis) from sandblasted acid-etched (SAE) titanium dental implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  SAE titanium dental implants were contaminated with E coli or P gingivalis and incubated in a sterile bacterial culture media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The implants were treated with 10 different conditions: calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] paste for 1 minute and saline irrigation for 1 minute; Ca(OH)2 paste for 1 minute and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHXD) irrigation for 1 minute; 0.2% CHXD for 1 minute; Dakin's solution for 1 minute; tetracycline hydrochloride (T-HCl) as a 1 g per 20 mL solution for 1, 2, and 3 minutes; and T-HCl paste for 1, 2, and 3 minutes. All implants were irrigated with 1 mL of saline solution and incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 24 hours or 48 hours for E coli- and P gingivalis-contaminated implants, respectively. The control group was submitted to all procedures except for the chemical treatments. Aliquots were removed, and turbidity was measured by spectrophotometry. The level of bacterial growth in control cultures was considered to have a decontamination percentage (DC%) of 0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spectrophotometric analysis showed that all chemical treatments resulted in significantly higher DC% compared to controls for SAE implants contaminated with E coli (P < .05) or P gingivalis (P < .05). For the P gingivalis experiments, SAE implants treated with Ca(OH)₂ paste and saline solution had a lower DC% (39.3%) than those in the other treatment groups. In the E coli experiments, DC% was significantly lower for SAE implants treated with Ca(OH)₂ paste and saline solution (48.7%), Dakin's solution (92.7%), or T-HCl paste for 1 minute (96.6%) than those in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DC% of SAE implants contaminated with E coli or P gingivalis by means of chemicals commonly used in dentistry is high, with the exception of Ca(OH)₂ paste burnished for 1 minute and then irrigated with saline solution for 1 minute.
authors.forename: Cimara Fortes
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Jegdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tipton
authors.forename: Timothy Lee
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hottel
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D045662:Dental Etching; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D015921:Dental Implants; D004202:Disinfectants; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D013752:Tetracycline; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine