title: Changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke exposure in nonsmoking Korean Americans in California: a panel study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a panel study of nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on data from a larger study of tobacco use among a representative sample of adults of Korean descent residing in California. Participants included 846 males and 1,399 females who were nonsmokers at baseline (2005-2006) and at follow-up (2007-2009). Participants were selected by probability sampling and were interviewed by telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 50.0% were exposed to any SHS, and at follow-up 2 years later, 60.4% were exposed to any SHS (p < .001). SHS exposure at baseline was associated with acculturation, employment, spousal smoking, and having a friend who smoked (p < .001). Employment, spousal smoking, and other family members smoking were associated with SHS at follow-up (p < .001). The odds ratio of SHS in the employed group declined from 2.01 at baseline to 1.53 at follow-up, that of the group having a smoking spouse increased from 1.88 to 2.36, and that of the group having other family members smoking increased from 1.20 to 1.69.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that SHS exposure increased among Korean American nonsmokers in California, and the most important variables explaining the change in SHS exposure involved smoking among others with whom the subject is associated. These findings could be used as objective evidence for developing public health policies to reduce SHS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: mubul@kku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyeongsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Political Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Clinic Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Veronica L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Korean Americans; follow-up; immigrants; second-hand smoke exposure