title: Performance IQ in children is associated with blood cadmium concentration in early pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether performance IQ in children is associated with maternal blood cadmium concentration in early pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study is a component of the Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, a multi-center birth cohort project in Korea that began in 2006. The study cohort consisted of 119 children whose mothers underwent testing of blood cadmium during early pregnancy. All children were evaluated using the Korean version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, revised edition (WPPSI-R), at 60 months of age. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between IQ in children and maternal blood cadmium concentration in early pregnancy, after adjustment for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal blood cadmium concentration during early pregnancy was inversely associated with performance IQ, after adjustment for covariates such as sex, educational levels of both parents, family income, and maternal BMI. Maternal blood cadmium concentration, however, was not associated with cognitive IQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performance IQ in children is associated with maternal blood cadmium concentration in early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Sook
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Dept of Child and Family Welfare, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunhee
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bung-Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Eun
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Yeon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yanghokm@nuri.net.
authors.forename: Yangho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Blood cadmium; IQ; Performance; WPPSI-R