title: Dietary predictors of arterial stiffness in a cohort with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the dietary predictors of central blood pressure, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and had PWV and/or pulse wave analysis performed. Dietary intake was measured using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies Version 2 Food Frequency Questionnaire. Serum lipid species and carotenoids were measured, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, as biomarkers of dairy and vegetable intake, respectively. Associations were determined using linear regression adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PWV (n = 95) was inversely associated with reduced fat dairy intake (β = -0.01; 95% CI -0.02, -0.01; p = 0 < 0.05) in particular yoghurt consumption (β = -0.04; 95% CI -0.09, -0.01; p = 0 < 0.05) after multivariate adjustment. Total vegetable consumption was negatively associated with PWV in the whole cohort after full adjustment (β = -0.04; 95% CI -0.07, -0.01; p < 0.05). Individual lipid species, particularly those containing 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0 and 17:1 fatty acids, known to be of ruminant origin, in lysophosphatidylcholine, cholesterol ester, diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and triacylglycerol classes were positively associated with intake of full fat dairy, after adjustment for multiple comparisons. However, there was no association between serum lipid species and PWV. There were no dietary predictors of central blood pressure or augmentation index after multivariate adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of subjects with diabetes reduced fat dairy intake and vegetable consumption were inversely associated with PWV. The lack of a relationship between serum lipid species and PWV suggests that the fatty acid composition of dairy may not explain the beneficial effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Electronic address: kristina.petersen@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Electronic address: jennifer.keogh@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia. Electronic address: peter.meikle@bakeridi.edu.au.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meikle
authors.affiliation: Nutraceuticals Research Group, 305C Medical Science Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia. Electronic address: manohar.garg@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Electronic address: peter.clifton@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clifton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D014675:Vegetables; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Carotenoids; Dairy; Diabetes; Lipidomics; Pulse wave velocity