title: Dietary fiber is positively associated with cognitive control among prepubertal children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Converging evidence now indicates that aerobic fitness and adiposity are key correlates of childhood cognitive function and brain health. However, the evidence relating dietary intake to executive function/cognitive control remains limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study assessed cross-sectional associations between performance on an attentional inhibition task and dietary fatty acids (FAs), fiber, and overall diet quality among children aged 7-9 y (n = 65).
  
  
  METHODS
  Attentional inhibition was assessed by using a modified flanker task. Three-day food records were used to conduct nutrient-level analyses and to calculate diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2005) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate correlations revealed that socioeconomic status and sex were not related to task performance or diet measures. However, age, intelligence quotient (IQ), pubertal staging, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), and percentage of fat mass (%fat mass) correlated with task accuracy. Hierarchical regression models were used to determine the relation between diet variables and task accuracy and reaction time across both congruent and incongruent trials of the flanker task. After adjustment of confounding variables (age, IQ, pubertal staging, V̇O2max, and %fat mass), congruent accuracy was positively associated with insoluble fiber (β = 0.26, P = 0.03) and total dietary fiber (β = 0.23, P = 0.05). Incongruent response accuracy was positively associated with insoluble fiber (β = 0.35, P < 0.01), pectins (β = 0.25, P = 0.04), and total dietary fiber (β = 0.32, P < 0.01). Higher diet quality was related to lower accuracy interference (β = -0.26, P = 0.03), whereas higher total FA intake was related to greater accuracy interference (β = 0.24, P = 0.04). No statistically significant associations were observed between diet variables and reaction time measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that children's diet quality, specifically dietary fiber, is an important correlate of performance on a cognitive task requiring variable amounts of cognitive control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and nakhan2@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Naiman A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Drollette
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Scudder
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Arthur F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011627:Puberty
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: adiposity; aerobic fitness; cognition; diet quality; dietary fiber; pediatrics