title: Factors affecting unused remaining volume of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in patients following laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the factors affecting the unused remaining volume of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) in patients who had undergone laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively collected patient records from pre-existing PCA log sheets from 98 patients. Surgical factors and IV PCA-related data including remaining volume, administration duration, early discontinuation (yes or no), and adverse reactions were recorded. Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were applied for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the 98 patients was 40.0 ± 8.24 years. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and early discontinuation were not statistically significant among the different surgical groups (p = .540 and p = .338, respectively). Twenty-eight patients wanted discontinuation of IV PCA and the remaining volume was 33.6 ± 7.8 mL (range 20-55 mL). The significant determinants of remaining volume were whether IV PCA was discontinued due to PONV and duration of surgery (p < .001). The surgical duration was inversely correlated with the remaining volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early discontinuation of IV PCA due to PONV is a major contributing factor to wastage of medicine. Prevention and treatment of PONV is needed to encourage patients to maintain PCA use for pain control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, South Korea. Electronic address: pissces@dumc.or.kr.
authors.forename: Kyoung Ok
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Junyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: In
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: analgesia; drug and narcotic control; linear models; medical waste; patient-controlled; postoperative nausea and vomiting