title: Fasciola hepatica: a comparative survey of adult fluke resistance to triclabendazole, nitroxynil and closantel on selected upland and lowland sheep farms in Northern Ireland using faecal egg counting, coproantigen ELISA testing and fluke histology.
abstract: In order to investigate the incidence and distribution of adult fluke resistance to the fasciolicide tricalbendazole (TCBZ) amongst populations of Fasciola hepatica in sheep flocks in Northern Ireland (NI), individual rectal faeces samples were collected from 3 groups of 20 sheep, before (pre-dose), and 21 days after (post-dose) treatment of the animals with TCBZ, nitroxynil or closantel, on each of 13 well-managed sheep farms distributed across the province. The efficacy of each flukicide was determined for each farm, using faecal egg count reduction (FECRT) and F. hepatica coproantigen ELISA testing. In certain flocks, 2 sheep with high pre-dose faecal egg counts (FEC) were killed 3 days and 21 days respectively after TCBZ treatment, and the histology of the fluke reproductive organs was compared with that of flukes from untreated sheep, and from sheep treated with nitroxynil or closantel 2 days prior to death, using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and an in situ hybridisation method (TdT-mediated dUDP nick end labelling [TUNEL]) to demonstrate apoptosis. Results from FECRT revealed that in all flocks with a high fluke burden, TCBZ was ineffective in treating chronic fasciolosis, and this finding was generally supported by the results of the coproantigen reduction test (CRT). The histology of reproductive organs of flukes from TCBZ-treated sheep in these flocks was normal, when compared with untreated flukes, and this, together with the FECRT and CRT findings, indicated a likely diagnosis of TCBZ resistance in all the flocks with a high fluke burden. In contrast, nitroxynil and closantel were found to be fully effective against TCBZ-resistant flukes in each of the flocks bearing a high chronic fluke burden. All of the flocks with a high fluke burden and TCBZ resistance were managed on lowland in the South and East of NI. Upland flocks, in the North and West, had low fluke burdens, or were clear of infection; and FECs were too low to allow valid resistance testing. The study highlights the high level of penetration of TCBZ resistance throughout F. hepatica populations in areas of intensively managed sheep production with a high level of fluke challenge. Further, it emphasises the importance of pre-emptive chemotherapeutic action against chronic fasciolosis, using flukicides effective against the egg-producing adult flukes to minimise pasture contamination for the next season's lamb crop. This study also exemplifies the use of several complementary methods (FECRT; CRT; fluke histology; comparative anthelmintic efficacy testing) for confirmation of a diagnosis of fluke drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: bob.hanna@afbini.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R E B
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Edgar
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P-E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kajugu
authors.affiliation: Biometrics Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Environmental Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Hillsborough BT26 6DR, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Barley
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fairweather
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000187:drug effects*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D009611:Nitroxinil / Q000494:pharmacology; D009660:Northern Ireland; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D012458:Salicylanilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*; D000077682:Triclabendazole
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D012458:Salicylanilides; D000077682:Triclabendazole; D009611:Nitroxinil; C023342:closantel
keywords: Coproantigen ELISA reduction test; Faecal egg count reduction test; Fasciola hepatica; Histology; Nitroxynil and closantel; Triclabendazole resistance