title: Extension of the primary care research object model (PCROM) as clinical research information model (CRIM) for the "learning healthcare system".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient data from general practices is already used for many types of epidemiological research and increasingly, primary care systems to facilitate randomized clinical trials. The EU funded project TRANSFoRm aims to create a "Learning Healthcare System" at a European level that is able to support all types of research using primary care data, to recruit patients and follow patients in clinical studies and to improve diagnosis and therapy. The implementation of such a Learning Healthcare System needs an information model for clinical research (CRIM), as an informational backbone to integrate aspects of primary care with clinical trials and database searches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workflow descriptions and corresponding data objects of two clinical use cases (Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease and Type 2 Diabetes) were described in UML activity diagrams. The components of activity diagrams were mapped to information objects of PCROM (Primary Care Research Object Model) and BRIDG (Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group) and evaluated. The class diagram of PCROM was adapted to comply with workflow descriptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The suitability of PCROM, a primary care information model already used for clinical trials, to act as an information model for TRANSFoRm was evaluated and resulted in its extension with 14 new information object types, two extensions of existing objects and the introduction of two new high-ranking concepts (CARE area and ENTRY area). No PCROM component was redundant. Our result illustrates that in primary care based research an important but underestimated portion of research activity takes place in the area of care (e.g. patient consultation, screening, recruitment and response to adverse events). The newly introduced CARE area for care-related research activities accounts for this shift and includes Episode of Care and Encounter as two new basic elements. In the ENTRY area different aspects of data collection were combined, including data semantics for observations, assessment activities, intervention activities and patient reporting to enable case report form (CRF) based data collection combined with decision support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research with primary care data needs an extended information model that covers research activities at the care site which are characteristic for primary care based research and the requirements of the complicated data collection processes.
authors.affiliation: Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. kuchinkw@uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuchinke
authors.affiliation: Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. toeresin.karakoyun@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Töresin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karakoyun
authors.affiliation: Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. Christian.Ohmann@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohmann
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. t.arvanitis@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Theodoros N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Arvanitis
authors.affiliation: King's College London, London, UK. adel.taweel@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taweel
authors.affiliation: King's College London, London, UK. brendan.delaney@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Brendan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. speed002@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Speedie
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D017146:Models, Organizational; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018579:Patient Selection; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057188:Workflow