title: Prevalence and Characteristics of School Services for High School Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of services reported by school staff for 543 high school students participating in the 8 year follow-up of the multi-site Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD (MTA). Overall, 51.6% of students with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were receiving services through an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) or a 504 plan, a rate higher than expected for this age group. Less than 5% of these had 504 plans; 35.5% attended special education classes. Very few services (except tutoring) were provided outside of an IEP or 504 plan. Almost all students with services received some type of academic intervention, whereas only half received any behavioral support or learning strategy. Less than one-fourth of interventions appear to be evidence-based. Students receiving services showed greater academic and behavioral needs than those not receiving services. Services varied based upon type of school, with the greatest number of interventions provided to students attending schools that only serve those with disabilities. Original MTA treatment randomization was unrelated to services, but cumulative stimulant medication and greater severity predicted more service receipt. Results highlight a need for accommodations with greater evidence of efficacy and for increased services for students who develop academic difficulties in high school.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center and Social Science Research Institute, Duke University.
authors.forename: Desiree W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Brooke S G
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glew
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.affiliation: Center for Children and Families, Florida International University.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.affiliation: Hastings College of Law, University of California.
authors.forename: Dalea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University.
authors.forename: L Eugene
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Orange County Department of Education.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.affiliation: Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hechtman
authors.affiliation: New York University.
authors.forename: Howard B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Abikoff
authors.affiliation: REACH Institute.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jensen
keywords: 504 plan; ADHD; IEP; MTA; School Services; high school; special education