title: Incidence and predictors of rebleeding after band ligation of oesophageal varices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variceal bleeding is a severe complication in patients with portal hypertension. Early rebleeding occurs frequently in the first few weeks after band ligation, and the mortality associated with each bleeding episode ranges from 30% to 50%. Our aims were to study the rate of early rebleeding oesophageal varices after band ligation in the Sohag University Hospital, Egypt, and to assess different clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic parameters that may predict the risk factors of rebleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the period from December 2011 to December 2012, we performed endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) for 146 cirrhotic patients (105 male and 41 female) with a mean age of 51.77±10.47years; the patients were divided into rebleeding and non-rebleeding groups. Complete history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound (US), and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy were performed for all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of early rebleeding after EVL was 20.54%, and it was significantly associated with male gender (p=0.013), older age (p=0.009), infection with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (p<0.0007), reduced liver size (p=0.017), a coarser echo pattern (p=0.03), the presence of hepatic focal lesions (p<0.001), splenomegaly (p=0.02), the presence of portosystemic collaterals (p=0.006), a low haemoglobin (HB) level (p<0.0001), prothrombin concentration (p=0.017), high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (p=0.01), Child-Pugh B and C (p=0.02, 0.003), large oesophageal varices F3 in the two endoscopies (p=0.002; p<0.0001), varices extending to the superior third Ls (p<0.001), and the presence of massive red colour signs (RC+++) (p<0.0001). By multivariate analysis, SBP and low HB level were found to be independent predictors of rebleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following conclusions were drawn from this study: (1) The incidence of rebleeding after EVL in our centre is about 20%. (2) Early rebleeding after EVL is affected by many clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic parameters. The most prominent of them are SBP, splenomegaly, the presence of collaterals, anaemia, more decompensated cirrhosis, and the presence of large varices with red signs. (3) SBP and low HB level were found to be independent predictors of rebleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroentorology, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. Electronic address: ehab_mostafa99@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ehab F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Mostafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. Electronic address: asmaanaser25@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Asmaa N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mohammad
mesh_terms: D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Early rebleeding; Oesophageal varices; Portal hypertension; Variceal band ligation