title: Stimulation of Mucin, Mucus, and Viscosity during Lubiprostone in Patients with Chronic Constipation may Potentially Lead to Increase of Lubrication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this clinical trial was to explore whether lubiprostone increases the rate of mucus and mucin secretion and its viscosity in chronic constipation (CC) patients. The secretion of chloride (CS) into the gastrointestinal tract lumen is pivotal in the body's ability to process non-digestible food components. CS sets the optimal rate of hydration for non-digestible food components, their fluidity, and their adequate propulsion along the alimentary tract. Chloride is also instrumental in the secretion of alimentary tract mucus, and the formation of a gel-like, viscous mucus-buffer layer. This layer acts as the first line and vanguard of the mucosal barrier. This barrier is essential in mucosal lubrication and protection. Lubiprostone, a novel chloride channel stimulator ClC-2, is currently approved for the treatment of CC. Its impact on mucus, mucus secretion, and viscosity is not established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, crossover trial was approved by the IRBs at the Kansas University Medical Center (Kansas City, KS) (study site) and at the Texas Tech University HSC (El Paso, TX) (analysis site). The study included 20 patients (17 females (F); mean age: 37 years) with symptoms of CC diagnosed according to the Rome III criteria. Patients were randomized to 1 week of therapy with lubiprostone or placebo followed by a 1 week washout and 1 week of the alternative therapy. Gastric juice was collected basally and during stimulation with pentagastrin (6 μg/kg body weight subcutaneously) at the end of weeks 1 and 3. Pentagastrin stimulation mimics food stimulation. The mucus content in gastric juice was assessed gravimetrically. The mucin content was measured after its purification using ultracentrifugation. The viscosity of the gastric secretion was measured using a digital viscometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with placebo, the volume of gastric secretion in patients with CC during administration of lubiprostone increased significantly by 50% (86.3 vs. 57.5 ml/h) (P<0.001) in basal conditions and increased by 25% (210.0 vs. 167.6 ml/h) (P=0.024) during stimulation with pentagastrin. The rate of gastric mucus secretion during therapy with lubiprostone was 91% higher (257.3 vs. 135 mg/h) (P=0.001) in basal conditions and 28% higher (348.1 vs. 270.8 mg/h) (NS) in stimulated conditions, although the latter was not statistically significant. The rate of gastric mucin secretion during lubiprostone therapy was 85% higher (98.4 vs. 65.5 mg/h) (P=0.011) in basal conditions and 38% (98.3 vs. 71.7 mg/h) (NS) higher in stimulated conditions. In basal conditions, the viscosity of gastric secretion during administration of lubiprostone increased by 240% at the lowest (P<0.001) and by 106% at the highest shear rate (P<0.001). In stimulated conditions, it increased by 226% (P<0.01) at the lowest shear rate and by 67% (P<0.01) at the highest shear rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significantly higher content of gastric mucus and mucin during therapy in basal conditions with lubiprostone in patients with CC suggests and supports the potentially leading role of lubiprostone and ClC-2 stimulation in their secretion. This increased stimulation results in profoundly increased viscosity, which in turn facilitates and/or accelerates the transit and evacuation of non-digestible food components. Although increases in mucus and mucin were observed in stimulated conditions, neither increase was statistically significant. Based on this experiment, we hypothesize that, in CC patients, the significantly increased rate of mucus and its major component, mucin secretion, during lubiprostone administration may partially explain its clinical effectiveness and also have additional clinically important effects. We propose that since the increased mucus production enhances the protective quality of the mucosal barrier, it also boosts its potential to withstand luminal aggressive components such as acid/pepsin duet, Helicobacter pylori and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/aspirin, or a combination of all. Further trials are needed to test this hypothesis. As this was crossover clinical trial, the patients serve as their own controls. No interaction was found with body mass index (BMI) and treatment. The observed relationships of BMI and mucus and mucin secretions and gastric juice volume are important considerations in the design of future trials, particularly if a crossover design is not used.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.affiliation: TTUHSC, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sarosiek
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Edlavitch
authors.affiliation: TTUHSC, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarosiek