title: Quantitative classification and environmental interpretation of secondary forests 18 years after the invasion of pine forests by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in China.
abstract: With growing concerns over the serious ecological problems in pine forests (Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii) caused by the invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (the pine wood nematode), a particular challenge is to determine the succession and restoration of damaged pine forests in Asia. We used two-way indicator species analysis and canonical correlation analysis for the hierarchical classification of existing secondary forests that have been restored since the invasion of B. xylophilus 18 years ago. Biserial correlation analysis was used to relate the spatial distribution of species to environmental factors. After 18 years of natural recovery, the original pine forest had evolved into seven types of secondary forest. Seven environmental factors, namely soil depth, humus depth, soil pH, aspect, slope position, bare rock ratio, and distance to the sea, were significantly correlated with species distribution. Furthermore, we proposed specific reform measures and suggestions for the different types of secondary forest formed after the damage and identified the factors driving the various forms of restoration. These results suggest that it is possible to predict the restoration paths of damaged pine forests, which would reduce the negative impact of B. xylophilus invasions.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China Ecology division, Zhoushan Forestry Institute, Zhejiang 316000, China.
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China Ecology division, Zhoushan Forestry Institute, Zhejiang 316000, China.
authors.forename: You-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China shi_juan@263.net.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Ruihe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: *These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Guoming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D065928:Forests; D028223:Pinus / Q000469:parasitology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D012621:Seasons; D017187:Tylenchida / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, ecological restoration, forest transformation, quantitative classification, environmental interpretation