title: The early days of the multi channel cochlear implant: efforts and achievement in France.
abstract: On September 10th 2013, the clinical medical research Lasker award winners were rewarded for their work on multichannel cochlear implant. It has been my pleasure to see that such a major topic had caught the attention of the Members of the Jury for this prestigious award. That is why I accepted an invitation to participate in a special issue of Hearing Research devoted to the three winners. Here I highlight four scientific contributions made by the French team in late 1970s and early 1980s to modern multichannel cochlear implant development. 1) Chouard and MacLeod plotted an approximate frequency map of the whole length of the human cochlea, including its "hidden face" corresponding to speech frequencies. Moreover MacLeod suggested a sequential display of electrical stimulation as a function of each electrode, a precursor to today's electrodogram and interleaved stimulation. 2) Chouard performed total cochlear implantation in a deaf adult male with 8 electrically independent electrodes that were evenly distributed along the cochlea. 3) Chouard and MacLeod described in a patent detailed sound signal processing for a functional multichannel cochlear implant and reported speech discrimination without help of lip reading in some totally deafened patients. 4) Chouard experimentally demonstrated in the guinea pig the advantage of early cochlear implantation in treating profound neonatal deafness. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Lasker Award>.
authors.affiliation: Académie nationale de médecine, 16 rue Bonaparte, F-75006 Paris, France. Electronic address: claude@chouard.com.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chouard
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D003051:Cochlea / Q000294:innervation*; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000266:history*; D032882:Comprehension; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005602:France; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception