title: In vivo biocompatibility of a new cyanine dye for ILM peeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the biocompatibility of the new cyanine dye: 3,3'-Di-(4-sulfobutyl)-1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-di-1H-benz[e]indocarbocyanine (DSS) as a vital dye for intraocular application in an in vivo rat model and to evaluate the effects of this dye on retinal structure and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  DSS at a concentration of 0.5% was applied via intravitreal injections to adult Brown Norway rats with BSS serving as a control. Retinal toxicity was assessed 7 days later by means of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counts, light microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant decrease in RGC numbers was observed. No structural changes of the central retina were observed either in vivo (OCT) or under light microscopy. ERGs detected a temporary reduction of retinal function 7 days after injection; this was no longer evident 14 days after injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSS showed good biocompatibility in a well-established experimental in vivo setting and may be usable for intraocular surgery as an alternative to other cyanine dyes. In contrast to indocyanine green, it additionally offers fluorescence in the visual spectrum. Further studies with other animal models are needed before translation into clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haritoglou
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schuettauf
authors.affiliation: 1] Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany [2] 1st Eye Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Choragiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gekeler
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Langhals
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic and Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000633:toxicity*; D002452:Cell Count; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008422:Materials Testing; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: C573956:3,3'-di-(4-sulfobutyl)-1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-di-1H-benz(e)indocarbocyanine; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002232:Carbocyanines; D004396:Coloring Agents