title: Cholinesterase inhibitory activities of Apai-sa-le recipe and its ingredients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholoinesterase inhibitors are well-known drugs commonly used in the treatment ofAlzheimer's disease (AD) to improve cognitive function. These enzyme inhibitors were reported to be found in manyplants. Apai-sa-le recipe was a Thai tradition used as nootropic recipe and formerly claimed to improve memory. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate cholinesterase inhibitory activity ofthe recipe and its ingredients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the whole recipe ofApai-sa-le and its ingredients for inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty grams of each plant and 181 grams of the whole recipe were separately extracted by 95% ethanol, after filtered the filtrate were evaporated and vacuum-dried at 45°C. By Elman method, the inhibitory activities of both enzymes were assessed. The volatile constituents ofeach extract were determined by GCMS. The constituents in the non- volatile extract were examined by TLC and the antioxidant activity was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four plants exhibited specific BuChE inhibitor were Lepidium sativum Linn. (Ls), Piper nigrum L. (Pn), Angelica dahurica Benth (Ad) andAtractylodes lancea DC. (Al), which shown the lC50 of 5.59, 24.52, 73.23, 96.25 μg/ml, respectively whereas galantamine and the whole recipe showed IC50 of 0.59 and 236 μg/ml. Only Pn extract inhibited AChE at lCso of 25.46 μg/ml. By GCMS and TLC fingerprints revealed the main constituents in LS, Ad, Al andPn as apiol, cumialdehyde, furanodiene and piperine. Moreover nine plant extracts and the whole recipe showed antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lepidium sativum Linn. (Ls) extract showed the most potency on BuChE inhibitory effect. Three ingredients and the whole recipe exhibited mild activity. Only Piper nigrum L demonstrated inhibition effect on both AChE and BuChE.
authors.forename: Pimolvan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senavong
authors.forename: Chitsanucha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sattaponpan
authors.lastname: Silavat Suk-um
authors.forename: Arunporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itharat
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects; D029969:Angelica; D031174:Atractylodes; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D031220:Lepidium sativum; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D029222:Piper nigrum; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase