title: Smokeless tobacco product prices and taxation in Bangladesh: findings from the International Tobacco Control Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smokeless tobacco use occupies a significant portion of overall tobacco consumption in Bangladesh. Yet very little is known about the effectiveness of tax and price policy in controlling the use of smokeless tobacco use in the country.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper examines the price distribution of various smoked (cigarette, bidi) and smokeless tobacco products (zarda, gul) using the univariate Epanechnikov kernel density function. It estimates the own and cross price elasticity of demand for the most widely used smokeless tobacco product zarda using two-step regression analysis. The analysis is based on data from the ITC Bangladesh Wave 3 Survey which is a nationally representative cohort survey of tobacco users and nonusers conducted in in Bangladesh during 2011-12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The price elasticity of lower price brands of zarda is estimated at -0.64 and of higher priced brands at -0.39, and the cross price elasticity of zarda with respect to cigarette price at 0.35. The tax increase on smokeless tobacco needs to be greater than the tax increase on smoked tobacco to bridge the wide price differential between the two types of products that currently encourages downward substitution from smoked to smokeless tobacco and discourages quitting behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper argues that increasing tax on smokeless tobacco simultaneously with the tax increase on smoked tobacco can have significant negative impact on the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in Bangladesh. Finally, a specific excise system replacing the existing ad valorem excise tax can substantially contribute to the revenue collection performance from smokeless tobacco products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh, .
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nargis
authors.forename: A K M G
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013660:Taxes; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*