title: ATXN2 polyQ intermediate repeats are a modifier of ALS survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with intermediate-length (CAG) expansion (encoding 27-33 glutamines, polyQ) in the ATXN2 gene, in a population-based cohort of Italian patients with ALS (discovery cohort), and to replicate the findings in an independent cohort of consecutive patients from an ALS tertiary center (validation cohort).
  
  
  METHODS
  PolyQ repeats were assessed in 672 patients with incident ALS in Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta regions, Italy, in the 2007-2012 period (discovery cohort); controls were 509 neurologically healthy age- and sex-matched subjects resident in the study area. The validation cohort included 661 patients with ALS consecutively seen between 2001 and 2013 in the ALS Clinic Center of the Catholic University in Rome, Italy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the discovery cohort, the frequency of ≥31 polyQ ATNX2 repeats was significantly more common in ALS cases (19 patients vs 1 control, p = 0.0001; odds ratio 14.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9-110.8). Patients with an increased number of polyQ repeats had a shorter survival than those with <31 repeats (median survival, polyQ ≥31, 1.8 years, interquartile range [IQR] 1.3-2.2; polyQ <31, 2.7 years, IQR 1.6-5.1; p = 0.001). An increased number of polyQ repeats remained independently significant at multivariable analysis. In the validation cohort, patients with ≥31 polyQ repeats had a shorter survival than those with <31 repeats (median survival, polyQ ≥31, 2.0 years, IQR 1.5-3.4; polyQ <31, 3.2 years, IQR 2.0-6.4; p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATXN2 polyQ intermediate-length repeat is a modifier of ALS survival. Disease-modifying therapies targeted to ATXN2 represent a promising therapeutic approach for ALS.
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy. achio@usa.net.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiò
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moglia
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canosa
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barberis
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Restagno
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisogni
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marangi
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moncada
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lattante
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zollino
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabatelli
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagarotti
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bersano
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzini
authors.affiliation: From the ALS Center (A. Chiò, A. Calvo, C.M., A. Canosa, M. Brunetti, M. Barberis), "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino; the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (M. Brunetti, M. Barberis, G.R.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT) (A. Chiò, A. Calvo); the Departments of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, and Child Health (A. Canosa), University of Genoa; the Neurological Institute (A. Conte, G.B., M.S.) and the Institute of Medical Genetics (G. Marangi, A.M., S.L., M.Z.), Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome; the Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) (M. Bagarotti, L.C., S.D.), and the Department of Neurology (E.B., L.M.), "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara; the Salvatore Maugeri Foundation (A.B.), IRCSS, Pavia; the Scientific Institute of Milan (G. Mora); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità (E.B., L.M.), Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Alfonso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D000067528:Ataxins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000067528:Ataxins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010455:Peptides; C097188:polyglutamine