title: Carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulates cytotoxicity and cellular uptake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in various products is resulting in a greater likelihood of human exposure to these materials. Nevertheless, little is still known about the influence of carbohydrates on the toxicity and cellular uptake of nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ag-NPs functionalized with three different monosaccharides and ethylene glycol were synthesized and characterised. Oxidative stress and toxicity was evaluated by protein carbonylation and MTT assay, respectively. Cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and ICP-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate. Toxicity correlated to oxidative stress but not to cellular uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbohydrate coating on silver nanoparticles modulates both oxidative stress and cellular uptake, but mainly the first has an impact on toxicity. These findings provide new perspectives on modulating the bioactivity of Ag-NPs by using carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG), 14476, Potsdam, Germany. David.Kennedy@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.|National Research Council Canada (CNRC), 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. David.Kennedy@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG), 14476, Potsdam, Germany. guillermo.orts-gil@mpikg.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orts-Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG), 14476, Potsdam, Germany. Chian-Hui.Lai@mpikg.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Chian-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany. larissa.mueller@bam.de.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Departments Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany. Andrea.Haase@bfr.bund.de.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: Departments Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany. Andreas.Luch@bfr.bund.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPIKG), 14476, Potsdam, Germany. Peter.Seeberger@mpikg.mpg.de.|Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany. Peter.Seeberger@mpikg.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Seeberger
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry; D056945:Hep G2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008358:Mannose / Q000737:chemistry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D012834:Silver; D008358:Mannose; D005690:Galactose