title: A peptide antagonist of thrombospondin-1 promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm progression in the angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interaction of the activating sequence in thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) with the conserved sequence (leucine-serine-lysine-leucine [LSKL]) in the latency-associated peptide region of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β complex is important in regulating TGF-β1 activity. We aimed to assess the effect of blocking peptide LSKL on the progression of pre-established abdominal aortic aneurysm in angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abdominal aortic aneurysm was established in 3-month-old male ApoE(-/-) mice with subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II for 28 days. After this, mice received LSKL peptide or control SLLK (serine-leucine-leucine-lysine) peptide (4 mg/kg) via daily intraperitoneal injection for an additional 2 weeks. Administration of LSKL peptide promoted larger suprarenal aortic diameter, as determined by ultrasound and morphometric analysis, and stimulated more severe atherosclerosis within the aortic arch. In addition, mice receiving LSKL peptide exhibited elevated circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels and greater inflammatory cells within the suprarenal aorta compared with controls. Mice receiving LSKL peptide showed low plasma TGF-β1 activity and low levels of aortic tissue phosphorylated to total Smad2/3. Aortic gene expression of TGF-β receptor 1 (TGFBRI) and receptor 2 (TGFBRII), but not TGF-β1 and thrombospondin-1, were lower in mice receiving LSKL peptide than controls. LSKL peptide administration was associated with greater aortic elastin fragmentation and lower expression and activity of the TGF-β1-target gene lysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attenuation of thrombospondin-1-directed activation of TGF-β1 promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis progression in the angiotensin II-infused ApoE(-/-) mouse model.
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Smriti M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Sai Wang
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Roby J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biros
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Corey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Yutang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.affiliation: From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (S.M.K., S.W.S., R.J.J., E.B., C.S.M., Y.W., P.C., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.). jonathan.golledge@jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golledge
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C487834:Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu peptide; D010455:Peptides; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C585483:Thbs1 protein, mouse; D000804:Angiotensin II; D004549:Elastin; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C482019:Loxl1 protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
keywords: LSKL; abdominal aortic aneurysm; angiotensin II; thrombospondin-1; transforming growth factor-β1