title: Effects of bioactive constituents in functional cocoa products on cardiovascular health in humans.
abstract: Cocoa manufacturers are producing novel products increasing polyphenols, methylxanthines or dietary fibre to improve purported health benefits. We attempt to explain the contribution of cocoa bioactive compounds to cardiovascular effects observed in previous studies, placing particular emphasis on methylxanthines. We focused on a soluble cocoa product rich in dietary fibre (DFCP) and a product rich in polyphenols (PPCP). Effects of regularly consuming DFCP (providing daily 10.17 g, 43.8 mg and 168.6 mg of total-dietary-fibre, flavanols and methylxanthines, respectively) as well as PPCP (providing daily 3.74 g, 45.3 mg and 109.8 mg of total-dietary-fibre, flavanols and methylxanthines, respectively) on cardiovascular health were assessed in two controlled, cross-over studies in free-living normocholesterolemic and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Both products increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations, whereas only DFCP decreased glucose and IL-1β levels in all subjects. Flavanols appeared to be responsible for the increase in HDL-cholesterol, whereas insoluble-dietary-fibre and theobromine in DFCP were associated with the hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: beasarria@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarriá
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Bromathology I, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sierra-Cinos
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Bromathology I, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Diz
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goya
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mateos
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bravo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D014970:Xanthines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D059808:Polyphenols; D014970:Xanthines; C008514:methylxanthine
keywords: (−) Catechin (PubChem CID: 73160); (−) Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); Caffeine (Methyltheobromine, PubChem CID: 2519); Cardiovascular health; Dietary fibre; Hypoglycemic; Inflammation; Methylxanthines; Polyphenols; Procyanidin B1 (PubChem CID: 11250133); Procyanidin B2 (PubChem CID: 122738); Soluble cocoa products; Theobromine (3-7 Dimethylxanthine, PubChem CID: 5429); Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, PubChem CID: 2153)