title: Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells demonstrate short-lived persistence after implantation in both an immunocompetent and an immunocompromised murine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal cells are emerging as a promising cell platform for regenerative therapies. However, the fate of cells after transplantation in many different disease settings and tissue beds remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, human adipose-derived stromal/stem (ASCs) cells were fluorescently labeled with a membrane dye and injected into both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse strains. Cells were injected either as single cell suspensions, or as self-assembling spheroids. In parallel, cells were purposefully devitalized prior to injection and then implanted in the opposite side in a randomized fashion. These 'control' groups were included to determine whether the fluorescent membrane dye would remain localized at the injection site despite the use of nonviable cells. Cell implants and the surrounding tissues were harvested on days 3, 10 and 21 after in vivo delivery and evaluated in a blinded manner. Injection sites were analyzed by fluorescent microscopy, and human cell numbers were quantified using PCR detection of a human-specific endogenous retrovirus (ERV-3). Host response was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERV-3 quantification showed that 95% of the human cells that were viable when they were injected were undetectable at the three-week time-point. Although fluorescent signal persisted for the entire study period, further analysis revealed that much of this signal was located within host macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that human ASCs survive for less than three weeks after injection into even immunocompromised mice, and call into question the notion that human ASCs are immuno-privileged and capable of surviving for extended periods in xenogeneic and/or allogeneic models.
authors.forename: Hitesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Hulan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Anna Parker
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sattah
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shayn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peirce
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice