title: Posterior quadrant disconnection for refractory epilepsy: A case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the surgical outcome and safety of posterior quadrant disconnection in medically refractory epilepsy arising from the posterior head region from a level IV tertiary care center over a period of three years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven consecutive patients who underwent posterior quadrant disconnection for refractory epilepsy were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the data of seven (n = 7) consecutive posterior quadrant epilepsy patients who underwent posterior quadrant disconnection with a mean age of 8.5 years over the last three years of which 4 were male and 3 females. All patients underwent extensive pre-surgical evaluation including detailed history, examination, prolonged video EEG recordings, neuropsychological testing, MRI brain, DTI, PET scan (n = 6), fMRI (n = 4), WADA test (n = 1) and invasive recording (n = 1), Of seven patients four had left sided pathology and three had right sided pathology. All patients except one underwent pure disconnection and one underwent partial resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior quadrant disconnection is effective surgical procedure for medically refractory epilepsy arising from the posterior quadrant in carefully selected patients without morbidity or functional disability across various age groups especially in children. In our series, all seven patient had good seizure outcome and none had functional disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vikram Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Javeria
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nooraine
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vikram Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shiva Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: R
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vikram Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vikram Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ravi Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vikram Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Seetharam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
keywords: Posterior quadrant disconnection; posterior quadrant dysplasia; posterior quadrant epilepsy; refractory epilepsy