title: Effects of anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes of different diameters on macrophage secretion and expression of cytokines and chemokines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate effects of TiO2 nanotubes of different diameters on J744A.1 macrophage behaviour, secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macrophage-like J744A.1 cells were cultured on three types of Ti surface: mechanically polished titanium plus 30 and 80 nm TiO2 nanotube surfaces, for 4, 24 and 48 h. Macrophage adhesion and proliferation were assessed using CCK-8 assay. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1 and MIP-1α) secreted into the supernatant were measured using the Cytometric Bead Arrays kit. TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1α gene expression were quantitatively analysed by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These show that TiO2 nanotube surfaces, especially of 80 nm TiO2 nanotube, benefited macrophage adhesion and proliferation, and reduced protein secretion and mRNA expression of TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1α. IL-1β and IL-6 were undetectable on all the surfaces at all times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TiO2 nanotube surfaces, especially of 80 nm TiO2 nanotube, reduced inflammatory response in vitro, which might be part of a basis for rapid osseointegration in implants with TiO2 nanotube surfaces in animal studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China; Hospital and School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Z T
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D043942:Nanotubes; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium