title: Protective effects of (E)-2-(1-hydroxyl-4-oxocyclohexyl) ethyl caffeine against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in PC12 cells.
abstract: (E)-2-(1-hydroxyl-4-oxocyclohexyl) ethyl caffeine (HOEC), a naturally caffeic ester isolated from Incarvillea mairei, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity by targeting 5-lipoxygenase. However, its other potential activities have yet to be explored. In this study, we measured antioxidant activity of HOEC using the DPPH free radical-scavenging assay. Then, we exposed rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage and investigated the antioxidant activity of HOEC. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cellular morphology, Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining, and apoptosis of the PC12 cells were assessed after treatment with 0.3-10 μM HOEC for 2 h and exposure to 600 μM H2O2. Additionally, glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were assayed after the PC12 cells were exposed to H2O2. To investigate mechanism, apoptosis-related protein were evaluated, including cleaved caspase 3/7, cleaved PARP, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and cytochrome c. The results showed that HOEC possessed potent antioxidant activity and pre-treatment with HOEC prior to H2O2 exposure significantly increased cell viability, reduced the release of LDH, ameliorated changes in cell morphology, and inhibited apoptosis. Further, HOEC did the following: reduced intracellular accumulation of ROS and MDA; rescued loss of SOD and GR activities; inhibited activated caspase-3 and caspase-7, cleaved PARP, and cytochrome c release; up-regulated the antiapoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL; and down-regulated the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bad. These findings suggested that HOEC may be a therapeutic agent for treating oxidative stress-derived neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bingyang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rongcai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Yongge
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huawu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Wanlin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016716:PC12 Cells; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002110:Caffeine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide