title: Absorption and chemopreventive targets of sulforaphane in humans following consumption of broccoli sprouts or a myrosinase-treated broccoli sprout extract.
abstract: METHODS
  Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from crucifers, has numerous health benefits. SFN bioavailability from dietary sources is a critical determinant of its efficacy in humans. A key factor in SFN absorption is the release of SFN from its glucosinolate precursor, glucoraphanin, by myrosinase. Dietary supplements are used in clinical trials to deliver consistent SFN doses, but myrosinase is often inactivated in available supplements. We evaluated SFN absorption from a myrosinase-treated broccoli sprout extract (BSE) and are the first to report effects of twice daily, oral dosing on SFN exposure in healthy adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects consumed fresh broccoli sprouts or the BSE, each providing 200 μmol SFN daily, as a single dose and as two 100-μmol doses taken 12 h apart. Using HPLC-MS/MS, we detected ∼3 x higher SFN metabolite levels in plasma and urine of sprout consumers, indicating enhanced SFN absorption from sprouts. Twelve-hour dosing retained higher plasma SFN metabolite levels at later time points than 24-hour dosing. No dose responses were observed for molecular targets of SFN (i.e. heme oxygenase-1, histone deacetylase activity, p21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the dietary form and dosing schedule of SFN may impact SFN absorption and efficacy in human trials.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Atwell
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Carmen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: Tian-Wei
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Clifford B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Christiane V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Löhr
authors.forename: John Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Roderick H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dashwood
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jackilen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013454:Sulfoxides; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013454:Sulfoxides; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C022739:thioglucosidase; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; C016766:sulforaphane
keywords: Absorption; Broccoli sprout; Chemoprevention; Excretion; Sulforaphane