title: An improved and versatile immunosuppression protocol for the development of tumor xenograft in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a simple, versatile and cost-effective immunosuppression protocol, using cyclosporine, ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide drug regimen to develop human tumor xenograft in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclosporine, ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide drug regimen was administered to C57BL/6 mice to induce immunosuppression. Five million A549, LNCaP and KB cells were injected subcutaneously in the immunocompromised mice for the development of tumor xenograft. Tumor volume was calculated every week. Histopathology of tumor tissue was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolong immunosuppression was achieved by this combination treatment. The average tumor volume was found to be greater than 600 mm(3). Histopathology of tumor tissue revealed the presence of large and irregular nucleus and scanty cytoplasm, which are characteristic of malignant cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A versatile immunosuppression protocol was developed which was validated for xenograft development using three different cell lines, with a 100% take rate and no mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Mehul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jivrajani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Muhammad Vaseem
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India manishnivsarkar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nivsarkar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D007654:Ketoconazole
keywords: Immunosuppression; cyclophosphamide; cyclosporine; ketoconazole; tumor xenograft model