title: Assessment of hemodialysis impact by Polysulfone membrane on brain plasticity using BOLD-fMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemodialysis (HD) is considered the most common alternative for overcoming renal failure. Studies have shown the involvement of HD membrane in the genesis of oxidative stress (OS) which has a direct impact on the brain tissue and is expected to be involved in brain plasticity and also reorganization of brain function control. The goal of this paper was to demonstrate the sensitivity of the blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) to characterize the OS before and after the HD session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve male patient-volunteers following chronic HD for more than 6months were recruited among 86 HD-patients. All patients underwent identical assessment immediately before and after the full HD-session. This consisted of full biological assessment, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA); and brain BOLD-fMRI using the motor paradigm in block-design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional BOLD-fMRI maps of motor area M1 were obtained from the HD patient before and after the hemodialysis session, important decrease in the intensity of brain activation of the motor area after HD, and important increase of the size of the volume of brain activation were observed, these changes are reflecting brain plasticity that is well correlated to OS levels. Individual patients MDA and TAOA before and after the hemodialysis sessions demonstrated a clear and systematic increase of the OS after HD (P-value=0.03). Correlation of BOLD-fMRI maximal signal intensity and volume of activated cortical brain area behaviors to MDA and total TAOA were close to 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OS is systematically increased in HD-patients after the HD-process. Indeed, the BOLD-fMRI shows a remarkable sensitivity to brain plasticity studied cortical areas. Our results confirm the superiority of the BOLD-fMRI quantities compared to the biological method used for assessing the OS while not being specific, and reflect the increase in OS generated by the HD. BOLD-fMRI is expected to be a suitable tool for evaluating the plasticity process evolution in hemodialysis brain patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belaïch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco. Electronic address: sboujraf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boujraf
authors.affiliation: The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; Department of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Housni
authors.affiliation: The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; Department of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maaroufi
authors.affiliation: The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Batta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez-Atlas, BP 1796, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magoul
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sqalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco; The Laboratory of Molecular Basis in Human Pathology and Therapeutical Tools, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Errasfa
authors.affiliation: The Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco; Department of Radiology and Clinical Imaging, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tizniti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011108:Polymers; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D013450:Sulfones; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; C017662:polysulfone P 1700; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: BOLD-fMRI; brain function; functional control; hemodialysis; oxidative stress; plasticity