title: Making products available among community health workers: Evidence for improving community health supply chains from Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A UNICEF review of the challenges to scaling up integrated community case management (iCCM) found that drug shortages were a common bottleneck. In many settings, little thought has gone into the design of supply chains to the community level and limited evidence exists for how to address these unique challenges. SC4CCM's purpose was to conduct intervention research to identify proven, simple, affordable solutions that address the unique supply chain challenges faced by CHWs and to demonstrate that supply chain constraints at the community level can be overcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  SC4CCM selected three countries to implement supply chain innovations and developed a theory of change (TOC) framework for the learning phase, which identified the main drivers of product availability and was used for baseline assessments, design, implementation and evaluation of interventions in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda. Interventions were developed in each country and tested over 12-24 months. Mixed-method follow up assessments were conducted in each country in 2012-2013. The Supply Chain for Community Case Management (SC4CCM) Project then simplified the TOC into a Community Health Supply Chain (CHSC) framework to enable cross country analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings from interventions in the three countries suggest that the greatest supply chain benefits are realized when all three CHSC framework elements (data flow, product flow, and effective people) are in place and working together. The synergistic effect of these three elements on supply chain performance was most effectively demonstrated by results from the Enhanced Management and Quality Collaborative interventions in Malawi and Rwanda, respectively, which were characterized by lower mean stockout rates and higher in stock rates on day of visit, when compared to other interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many conditions are necessary to ensure continuous product availability at the community level, however a supply chain works best when three key elements (product flow, data flow, and effective people) are deliberately included as an integral part of the system design. Although these elements may be designed differently in different settings, streamlining and synchronizing them while ensuring inclusion of all components for each element improves supply chain performance and promotes product availability at the community level.
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chandani
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shieshia
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwirotsi
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krudwig
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Humphreys
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nsona
authors.affiliation: JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Felling