title: Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug/receptor interactions.
abstract: Anthelmintic resistance has a great impact on livestock production systems worldwide, is an emerging concern in companion animal medicine, and represents a threat to our ongoing ability to control human soil-transmitted helminths. The Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance and Susceptibility (CARS) provides a forum for scientists to meet and discuss the latest developments in the search for molecular markers of anthelmintic resistance. Such markers are important for detecting drug resistant worm populations, and indicating the likely impact of the resistance on drug efficacy. The molecular basis of resistance is also important for understanding how anthelmintics work, and how drug resistant populations arise. Changes to target receptors, drug efflux and other biological processes can be involved. This paper reports on the CARS group meeting held in August 2013 in Perth, Australia. The latest knowledge on the development of molecular markers for resistance to each of the principal classes of anthelmintics is reviewed. The molecular basis of resistance is best understood for the benzimidazole group of compounds, and we examine recent work to translate this knowledge into useful diagnostics for field use. We examine recent candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to understanding anthelmintic resistance and identify markers. We also look at drug transporters in terms of providing both useful markers for resistance, as well as opportunities to overcome resistance through the targeting of the transporters themselves with inhibitors. Finally, we describe the tools available for the application of the newest high-throughput sequencing technologies to the study of anthelmintic resistance.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kotze
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skuce
authors.affiliation: Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Samson-Himmelstjerna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.affiliation: Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krücken
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodgkinson
authors.affiliation: INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lespine
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jex
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gilleard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Robin N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Beech
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases & Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wolstenholme
authors.affiliation: Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Claude L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Charvet
authors.affiliation: INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neveu
authors.affiliation: Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.affiliation: Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rufener
authors.affiliation: INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alberich
authors.affiliation: INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Prichard
keywords: Anthelmintic drugs; Anthelmintic resistance; Anthelmintic targets; Molecular markers; Receptors