title: Changes in total and central adiposity and body fat distribution among 7-10-year-old schoolchildren in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe changes in total and central adiposity and body fat distribution in children over a 5-year period by investigating variations in BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and skinfold thicknesses (SFT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based sample of children from 2nd to 5th grades of elementary schools participated in two cross-sectional studies in 2002 (n 2936) and 2007 (n 1232).
  
  
  METHODS
  Public and private schools of Florianopolis, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schoolchildren aged 7-10 years had their weight, height, WC and SFT measured according to standard procedures. Body fat distribution was assessed by triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and medial calf skinfold measurements. Changes in BMI, WC, WHtR and SFT were analysed, adjusting for type of school and monthly family income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted mean differences between 2002 and 2007 for BMI and WC were always positive and of similar magnitude between boys and girls. However, a statistically significant increase was observed only for BMI (raw and Z-score values) in boys. WHtR remained stable in both sexes. Adjusted median values for SFT also increased in boys and girls, except for triceps skinfold. BMI, WC and SFT tended to increase across age classes in both sexes. The relative change observed for the median central skinfolds (subscapular and suprailiac) was greater than that of peripheral skinfolds (triceps and medial calf).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subcutaneous adipose tissue (SFT) appeared to increase at a faster rate than total adiposity (BMI). The increase in central SFT indicates that the relative change is due primarily to a rise in central adiposity.
authors.affiliation: 1Postgraduate Program in Physical Education,Sports Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,CDS/UFSC,Campus da Trindade,Florianopolis,Santa Catarina,Brazil88040-900.
authors.forename: Danielle Biazzi
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: 1Postgraduate Program in Physical Education,Sports Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,CDS/UFSC,Campus da Trindade,Florianopolis,Santa Catarina,Brazil88040-900.
authors.forename: Maria Alice Altenburg
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Assis
authors.affiliation: 2Postgraduate Program in Nutrition,Health Sciences Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,Florianopolis,Brazil.
authors.forename: David Alejandro
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: González-Chica
authors.affiliation: 1Postgraduate Program in Physical Education,Sports Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,CDS/UFSC,Campus da Trindade,Florianopolis,Santa Catarina,Brazil88040-900.
authors.forename: Filipe Ferreira
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: 4Informatics and Statistics Department,Technological Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,Florianopolis,Brazil.
authors.forename: Dalton Francisco
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: 2Postgraduate Program in Nutrition,Health Sciences Center,Santa Catarina Federal University,Florianopolis,Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Soares
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat; D055105:Waist Circumference; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio
keywords: Adiposity; BMI; Children; Skinfold thickness; Waist circumference; Waist-to-height ratio