title: The experience of freedom in decisions - Questioning philosophical beliefs in favor of psychological determinants.
abstract: Six experiments tested two competing models of subjective freedom during decision-making. The process model is mainly based on philosophical conceptions of free will and assumes that features of the process of choosing affect subjective feelings of freedom. In contrast, the outcome model predicts that subjective freedom is due to positive outcomes that can be expected or are achieved by a decision. Results heavily favored the outcome model over the process model. For example, participants felt freer when choosing between two equally good than two equally bad options. Process features including number of options, complexity of decision, uncertainty, having the option to defer the decision, conflict among reasons, and investing high effort in choosing generally had no or even negative effects on subjective freedom. In contrast, participants reported high freedom with good outcomes and low freedom with bad outcomes, and ease of deciding increased subjective freedom, consistent with the outcome model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Straße 47, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: stephan.lau@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Straße 47, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiemisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States.
authors.forename: Roy F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Baumeister
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003469:Culture; D003657:Decision Making; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005610:Freedom; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Decision-making; Experience of freedom; Free will; Outcome; Process