title: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a marine functional source of gamma-tocopherol.
abstract: Gamma tocopherol (gT) exhibits beneficial cardiovascular effects partly due to its anti-inflammatory activity. Important sources of gT are vegetable oils. However, little is known to what extent gT can be transferred into marine animal species such as Atlantic salmon by feeding. Therefore, in this study we have investigated the transfer of dietary gT into salmon. To this end, fish were fed a diet supplemented with 170 ppm gT for 16 weeks whereby alpha tocopherol levels were adjusted to 190 ppm in this and the control diet. Feeding gT-rich diets resulted in a three-fold increase in gT concentrations in the liver and fillet compared to non-gT-supplemented controls. Tissue alpha tocopherol levels were not decreased indicating no antagonistic interaction between gamma- and alpha tocopherol in salmon. The concentration of total omega 3 fatty acids slightly increased in response to dietary gT. Furthermore, dietary gT significantly decreased malondialdehyde in the fillet, determined as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. In the liver of gT fed salmon we observed an overall down-regulation of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Additionally, gT improved the antioxidant capacity by up-regulating Gpx4a gene expression in the pyloric caeca. We suggest that Atlantic salmon may provide a marine functional source capable of enriching gT for human consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. david.menoyo@upm.es.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menoyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. c.sanz.bayon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanz-Bayón
authors.affiliation: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway. Anna.Hesby.Nessa@skretting.com.
authors.forename: Anna Hesby
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nessa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. esatbeyoglu@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Tuba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esatbeyoglu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. faizan@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faizan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. pallauf@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pallauf
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ndc.agronomos@upm.es.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Diego
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. wagner@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Anika Eva
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Lucta, Can Parellada 28, 08170 Montornés del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain. Ignacio.Ipharraguerre@lucta.es.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ipharraguerre
authors.affiliation: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway. Ingunn.Stubhaug@skretting.com.
authors.forename: Ingunn
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stubhaug
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. rimbach@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000235:genetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000378:metabolism; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008055:Lipids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol