title: Prevalence, behavioral manifestations and associated individual and climatic factors of seasonality in the Korean general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seasonality, an individual trait of seasonal variations in mood and behavior, has received clinical attention for its association with mood disorders. This study aimed to explore the prevalence, specific manifestation, and associated individual and climatic factors of seasonality in the non-elderly adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred fifty-two participants [male n=220; female n=332; mean age 34.92years, standard deviation (SD) 10.18] with no psychiatric history were recruited from the Seoul metropolitan area (37°33'58.87″N 126°58'40.63″E). Seasonality was evaluated using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire. Climatic variables used in analyses were averaged over recent 5years (from 2008 to 2013) on a monthly basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean global seasonality score (GSS) was 5.53 (SD 3.91), and 16.2% (n=89) of participants had seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or sub-SAD. The "feeling worst" month in most of the participants with significant seasonality were winter (41.6%) or summer (38.2%). Socio-demographic factors including age and sex were not related to the seasonality. Decreased sunlight amount and diurnal temperature range in a given and previous month, and increased humidity in a previous month showed significant associations with the percentage of participants with the worst mood. The most frequently reported symptom related to seasonality was 'changes in energy level'. Specific manifestations were not significantly different between the winter type and the summer type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The summer and winter type seasonality in the non-clinical adult population did not differ in terms of behavioral manifestations. Decreased sunlight amount, diurnal temperature range, and increased humidity appeared to be major climatic factors associated with seasonality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyunggi-Do, and Seoul National Hospital, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Iksoo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kounseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Taesung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyunggi-Do, and Seoul National Hospital, South Korea; Seoul National Hospital, 398 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyooseob
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: hongks@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Kyung Sue
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000367:Age Factors; D044466:Asian People; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012621:Seasons; D066106:Seoul; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013696:Temperature; D014887:Weather