title: Habitual sleep duration is associated with BMI and macronutrient intake and may be modified by CLOCK genetic variants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short sleep duration has been associated with greater risks of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Also, common genetic variants in the human Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) show associations with ghrelin and total energy intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between habitual sleep duration, body mass index (BMI), and macronutrient intake and assessed whether CLOCK variants modify these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted inverse-variance weighted, fixed-effect meta-analyses of results of adjusted associations of sleep duration and BMI and macronutrient intake as percentages of total energy as well as interactions with CLOCK variants from 9 cohort studies including up to 14,906 participants of European descent from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant association between sleep duration and lower BMI (β ± SE = 0.16 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001) in the overall sample; however, associations between sleep duration and relative macronutrient intake were evident in age- and sex-stratified analyses only. We observed a significant association between sleep duration and lower saturated fatty acid intake in younger (aged 20-64 y) adults (men: 0.11 ± 0.06%, P = 0.03; women: 0.10 ± 0.05%, P = 0.04) and with lower carbohydrate (-0.31 ± 0.12%, P < 0.01), higher total fat (0.18 ± 0.09%, P = 0.05), and higher PUFA (0.05 ± 0.02%, P = 0.02) intakes in older (aged 65-80 y) women. In addition, the following 2 nominally significant interactions were observed: between sleep duration and rs12649507 on PUFA intake and between sleep duration and rs6858749 on protein intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that longer habitual sleep duration is associated with lower BMI and age- and sex-specific favorable dietary behaviors. Differences in the relative intake of specific macronutrients associated with short sleep duration could, at least in part, explain previously reported associations between short sleep duration and chronic metabolic abnormalities. In addition, the influence of obesity-associated CLOCK variants on the association between sleep duration and macronutrient intake suggests that longer habitual sleep duration could ameliorate the genetic predisposition to obesity via a favorable dietary profile.
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Hassan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Dashti
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Follis
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Caren E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cade
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hruby
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lamon-Fava
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Frank A J L
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovanen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Traci M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bartz
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Mia-Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Perälä
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Alexis C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Frazier-Wood
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Ioanna-Panagiota
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Kalafati
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Partonen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Rozenn N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Lemaitre
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Dena G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: W Craig
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanoni
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perola
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Psaty
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grarup
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Highland
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Loukianos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rallidis
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Aki S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Havulinna
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Jerome I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linneberg
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Sina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandinelli
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dedoussis
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.affiliation: From the Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (HSD, CES, KR, and JMO), Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory (PFJ), and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (SL-F), Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX (JLF); the Translational Gerontology Branch (TT and LF) and Laboratory of Neurogenetics (DGH), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD; the Divisions of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (BEC, DJG, RS, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Sleep Medicine (BEC, DJG, and FAJLS) and Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine (DM), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (DJG); the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (AH and DM); the Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RS); the Departments of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (LK and TP) and Chronic Disease Prevention (M-MP, MP, ASH, VS, and JGE) and National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland; the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (TMB, RNL, and BMP), Departments of Medicine (TMB, RNL, BMP, and SAG), Biostatistics (TMB and WCJ), and Epidemiology and Health Services (BMP), Computational Medicine Core (SAG), Center for Lung Biology (SAG), and University of Washington Medicine Sleep Center (SAG), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (AJ, NG, TH, and OP) and Department of Clinical Medicine (AL), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; the USDA
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovás
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012890:Sleep; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human
keywords: CLOCK; circadian rhythm; dietary intake; gene-environment; interaction; sleep duration