title: Effect of co-formulation of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin on evaporative emissions from soil.
abstract: Co-formulations of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) are commonly used for preplant fumigation in the production of high-value crops. Various ratios of 1,3-D to CP are available in these co-formulations. Collation of previous field data suggested that when the two fumigants were co-applied, the emissions of CP were significantly lower than when CP was applied singly. However, none of these previous studies had a control treatment with CP applied alone, alongside a treatment where CP was co-applied with 1,3-D under the same climatic and edaphic conditions. This work aimed to address this issue by measuring emission fluxes from soil columns maintained under controlled conditions in which 1,3-D and CP were applied alone and as four commercial co-formulations with various 1,3-D:CP ratios. A strong positive relationship between CP emissions and CP percentage in the formulation was observed. Furthermore, strong positive relationships between CP degradation half-life and CP percentage in the formulation and between CP degradation half-life and total column emissions suggested that the lower emissions were due to faster CP degradation when the CP percentage (and hence initial application mass) in the formulation was low. The presence of 1,3-D did not significantly affect the degradation rate of CP, and, therefore, it is hypothesized that co-application was, in itself, not a significant factor in emission losses from the columns. The findings have implications for the accurate modeling of CP because the effect of initial mass applied on CP degradation rate is not usually considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Van Wesenbeeck
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanghellini
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005651:Fumigation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C100187:chloropicrin
keywords: Pic-Clor 60; Pic-Clor 80; Telone C-17; Telone C-35; Telone II; Tri-Clor; degradation; fumigants; half-life; soil columns