title: Cortical bone drilling: An experimental and numerical study.
abstract: Bone drilling is a common surgical procedure in orthopedics, dental and neurosurgeries. In conventional bone drilling process, the surgeon exerts a considerable amount of pressure to penetrate the drill into the bone tissue. Controlled penetration of drill in the bone is necessary for safe and efficient drilling.
  Development of a validated Finite Element (FE) model of cortical bone drilling.
  Drilling experiments were conducted on bovine cortical bone. The FE model of the bone drilling was based on mechanical properties obtained from literature data and additionally conducted microindentation tests on the cortical bone.
  The magnitude of stress in bone was found to decrease exponentially away from the lips of the drill in simulations. Feed rate was found to be the main influential factor affecting the force and torque in the numerical simulations and experiments. The drilling thrust force and torque were found to be unaffected by the drilling speed in numerical simulations. Simulated forces and torques were compared with experimental results for similar drilling conditions and were found in good agreement.
  FE schemes may be successfully applied to model complex kinematics of bone drilling process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Khurshid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Issam M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bahadur
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naseer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: Bone drilling; drilling torque; finite element method; orthopedics; thrust force