title: Dietary intake in infants with complex congenital heart disease: a case-control study on macro- and micronutrient intake, meal frequency and growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with severe congenital heart disease (CHD) need considerable nutritional support to reach normal growth. The actual intake of macro- and micronutrients in outpatient CHD infants over a 6-month period in infancy is not described in the literature. The present study aimed to prospectively investigate the distribution between macro- and micronutrient intake, meal frequency and growth in children with CHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 6, 9 and 12 months of age, a 3-day food diary and anthropometric data were collected in 11 infants with severe CHD and 22 healthy age- and feeding-matched controls. Macro- and micronutrient intake, meal frequency and growth were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the healthy controls, CHD infants had a statistically significantly higher intake of fat at 9 months of age (4.8 versus 3.6 g kg(-1) day(-1) ), a higher percentage energy (E%) from fat, (40.6% versus 34.5%) and a lower E% from carbohydrates (46.1% versus 39.6%) at 12 months of age, and a lower intake of iron (7.22 versus 9.28 mg day(-1) ) at 6 months of age. Meal frequency was significantly higher at 6 and 9 months of age (P < 0.01). Mean Z-score weight for height, weight for age and body mass index for age were significant lower (P < 0.01) at all time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a higher intake of energy from fat and a higher meal frequency, the intake does not meet the needs for growth, and the results may indicate a low intake of micronutrients in CHD infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Pediatric Unit Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Pediatric Unit Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Öhlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Pediatric Unit Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontology, Pediatric Dentistry Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stecksén-Blicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Pediatric Unit Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000178:diet therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: congenital heart disease; energy intake; growth; meal frequency; micronutrient intake