title: Olive oil in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after artificial menopause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the anti-osteoporosis effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in vivo, and explore its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties in Sprague Dawley rats and its anticancer properties in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 healthy female Sprague Dawley rats aged 6 months were divided into four groups: 1) sham-operated control (Sham group, n=30); 2) ovariectomized (OVX group, n=30); 3) ovariectomized rats supplemented with EVOO (OVX + Olive, n=30); 4) ovariectomized rats supplemented with estrogen (OVX + E2, n=30). EVOO and estrogen were administered by oral gavage at a dose of 1 mL/100 g weight on a daily basis for 12 consecutive weeks. Twelve weeks later blood samples were obtained to detect the levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, interleukin-6 (IL-6), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate content. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometer measured bone mineral density (BMD) of ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats that had been fed olive oil for 3 months. Blood samples from patients, who regularly consumed olive oil over a 1 year period were also used to measure carbohydrate antigen 125, carcino-embryonic antigen, α-fetoprotein, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. BMD of lumbar spine and left femur was also evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal experiments showed that EVOO significantly increased BMD and decreased phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, IL-6, MDA, and nitrate levels. However, it had no significant effect on the Ca(2+) level. In clinical follow-up, EVOO also improved patient BMD levels on L3, L4, and left femoral neck, and reduced carbohydrate antigen 125, α-fetoprotein, and carcino-embryonic antigen levels. But it had no significant effect on the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVOO illustrated significant anti-osteoporosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in vivo. However, further studies are required to determine the active component(s) responsible for these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huilan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Boheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fengmei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao hua
authors.initials: Xh
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingxia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bifang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000097:blood; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D000069463:Olive Oil; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D000975:Antioxidants; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D004967:Estrogens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009566:Nitrates; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D010758:Phosphorus; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002118:Calcium
keywords: artificial menopause; olive oil; osteoporosis; prevention; treatment