title: Early childhood gut microbiomes show strong geographic differences among subjects at high risk for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with numerous diseases, including type 1 diabetes. This pilot study determines how geographical location affects the microbiome of infants at high risk for type 1 diabetes in a population of homogenous HLA class II genotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on stool samples collected from 90 high-risk, nonautoimmune infants participating in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study in the U.S., Germany, Sweden, and Finland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study site-specific patterns of gut colonization share characteristics across continents. Finland and Colorado have a significantly lower bacterial diversity, while Sweden and Washington state are dominated by Bifidobacterium in early life. Bacterial community diversity over time is significantly different by geographical location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microbiome of high-risk infants is associated with geographical location. Future studies aiming to identify the microbiome disease phenotype need to carefully consider the geographical origin of subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Kaisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Alexandria N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ardissone
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Austin G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Davis-Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Jennie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Kelsey A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gano
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA.
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: León-Novelo
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vehik
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anette G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Krischer
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akolkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Desmond A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL ewt@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Triplett
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000378:metabolism; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S