title: Herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated oligo/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism; a review of the laboratory evidence for effects with corroborative clinical findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent, complex endocrine disorder characterised by polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism leading to symptoms of irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, acne and infertility. Evidence based medical management emphasises a multidisciplinary approach for PCOS, as conventional pharmaceutical treatment addresses single symptoms, may be contra-indicated, is often associated with side effects and not effective in some cases. In addition women with PCOS have expressed a strong desire for alternative treatments. This review examines the reproductive endocrine effects in PCOS for an alternative treatment, herbal medicine. The aim of this review was to identify consistent evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical research, to add to the evidence base for herbal medicine in PCOS (and associated oligo/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism) and to inform herbal selection in the provision clinical care for these common conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook two searches of the scientific literature. The first search sought pre-clinical studies which explained the reproductive endocrine effects of whole herbal extracts in oligo/amenorrhoea, hyperandrogenism and PCOS. Herbal medicines from the first search informed key words for the second search. The second search sought clinical studies, which corroborated laboratory findings. Subjects included women with PCOS, menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 33 studies were included in this review. Eighteen pre-clinical studies reported mechanisms of effect and fifteen clinical studies corroborated pre-clinical findings, including eight randomised controlled trials, and 762 women with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism and/or PCOS. Interventions included herbal extracts of Vitex agnus-castus, Cimicifuga racemosa, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza spp., Paeonia lactiflora and Cinnamomum cassia. Endocrine outcomes included reduced luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin, fasting insulin and testosterone. There was evidence for the regulation of ovulation, improved metabolic hormone profile and improved fertility outcomes in PCOS. There was evidence for an equivalent effect of two herbal medicines and the pharmaceutical agents bromocriptine (and Vitex agnus-castus) and clomiphene citrate (and Cimicifuga racemosa). There was less robust evidence for the complementary combination of spirinolactone and Glycyrrhiza spp. for hyperandrogenism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence that six herbal medicines may have beneficial effects for women with oligo/amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism and PCOS. However the quantity of pre-clinical data was limited, and the quality of clinical evidence was variable. Further pre-clinical studies are needed to explain the effects of herbal medicines not included in this review with current clinical evidence but an absence of pre-clinical data.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 2751, Sydney, Australia. s.arentz@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arentz
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia. j.abbott@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jason Anthony
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. caroline.smith@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: Caroline Anne
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. a.bensoussan@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bensoussan
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009839:Oligomenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts