title: Matching With Doses in an Observational Study of a Media Campaign Against Drug Abuse.
abstract: Multivariate matching with doses of treatment differs from the treatment-control matching in three ways. First, pairs must not only balance covariates, but also must differ markedly in dose. Second, any two subjects may be paired, so that the matching is nonbipartite, and different algorithms are required. Finally, a propensity score with doses must be used in place of the conventional propensity score. We illustrate multivariate matching with doses using pilot data from a media campaign against drug abuse. The media campaign is intended to change attitudes and intentions related to illegal drugs, and the evaluation compares stated intentions among ostensibly comparable teens who reported markedly different exposures to the media campaign.
authors.affiliation: PhD candidate, Department of Statistics of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6302.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Statistics of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6302.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zanutto
authors.affiliation: Wilbur Schramm Professor of Communication and Health Policy at the Annenberg School for Communication of the University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hornik
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Putzel Professor, Department of Statistics of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6302.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
keywords: Coherent signed rank test; Equal percent bias reducing; Matching with doses; Nonbipartite matching; Observational studies; Optimal matching; Ordinal logit model; Propensity score