title: Genome-wide and molecular evolution analysis of the subtilase gene family in Vitis vinifera.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitis vinifera (grape) is one of the most economically significant fruit crops in the world. The availability of the recently released grape genome sequence offers an opportunity to identify and analyze some important gene families in this species. Subtilases are a group of subtilisin-like serine proteases that are involved in many biological processes in plants. However, no comprehensive study incorporating phylogeny, chromosomal location and gene duplication, gene organization, functional divergence, selective pressure and expression profiling has been reported so far for the grape.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the subtilase gene family in V. vinifera was performed. Eighty subtilase genes were identified. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these subtilase genes comprised eight groups. The gene organization is considerably conserved among the groups. Distribution of the subtilase genes is non-random across the chromosomes. A high proportion of these genes are preferentially clustered, indicating that tandem duplications may have contributed significantly to the expansion of the subtilase gene family. Analyses of divergence and adaptive evolution show that while purifying selection may have been the main force driving the evolution of grape subtilases, some of the critical sites responsible for the divergence may have been under positive selection. Further analyses of real-time PCR data suggested that many subtilase genes might be important in the stress response and functional development of plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tandem duplications as well as purifying and positive selections have contributed to the functional divergence of subtilase genes in V. vinifera. The data may contribute to a better understanding of the grape subtilase gene family.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ticao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. huangj@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiangyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000235:genetics*; D027843:Vitis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D013381:Subtilisins; C119297:subtilase, plant