title: Plasma calprotectin and its association with cardiovascular disease manifestations, obesity and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma calprotectin is a potential biomarker of cardiovascular disease (CVD), insulin resistance (IR), and obesity. We examined the relationship between plasma calprotectin concentrations, CVD manifestations and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in order to evaluate plasma calprotectin as a risk assessor of CVD in diabetic patients without known CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  An automated immunoassay for determination of plasma calprotectin was developed based on a fecal Calprotectin ELIA, and a reference range was established from 120 healthy adults. Plasma calprotectin concentrations were measured in 305 T2DM patients without known CVD. They were screened for carotid arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and myocardial ischemia (MI) by means of carotid artery ultrasonography, peripheral ankle and toe systolic blood pressure measurements, and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference population had a median plasma calprotectin concentration of 2437 ng/mL (2.5-97.5% reference range: 1040-4262 ng/mL). The T2DM patients had significantly higher concentrations (3754 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), and within this group plasma calprotectin was significantly higher in patients with MetS (p < 0.0001) and also in patients with autonomic neuropathy, PAD, and MI compared with patients without (p < 0.001, p = 0.021 and p = 0.043, respectively). Plasma calprotectin was by linear regression analysis found independently associated with BMI, C-reactive protein, and HDL cholesterol. However, plasma calprotectin did not predict autonomic neuropathy, PAD, MI or CVD when these variables entered the multivariable regression analysis as separate outcome variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2DM patients had higher concentrations of plasma calprotectin, which were associated with obesity, MetS status, autonomic neuropathy, PAD, and MI. However, plasma calprotectin was not an independent predictor of CVD, MI, autonomic neuropathy or PAD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00298844.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr, Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark. lise-pedersen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nybo
authors.forename: Mikael Kjær
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Jan Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Lars Melholt
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002096:C-Peptide; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex