title: Transcriptome profiles of the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus reveal that excretory-secretory products are essential to metabolic adaptation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is caused by the larval stages of the cestode and affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Protoscoleces (PSCs) are one component of the larval stages that can interact with both definitive and intermediate hosts. Previous genomic and transcriptomic data have provided an overall snapshot of the genomics of the growth and development of this parasite. However, our understanding of how PSCs subvert the immune response of hosts and maintains metabolic adaptation remains unclear. In this study, we used Roche 454 sequencing technology and in silico secretome analysis to explore the transcriptome profiles of the PSCs from E. granulosus and elucidate the potential functions of the excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) released by the parasite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large number of nonredundant sequences as unigenes were generated (26,514), of which 22,910 (86.4%) were mapped to the newly published E. granulosus genome and 17,705 (66.8%) were distributed within the coding sequence (CDS) regions. Of the 2,280 ESPs predicted from the transcriptome, 138 ESPs were inferred to be involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, while 124 ESPs were inferred to be involved in the metabolism of protein. Eleven ESPs were identified as intracellular enzymes that regulate glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (GL/GN) pathways, while a further 44 antigenic proteins, 25 molecular chaperones and four proteases were highly represented. Many proteins were also found to be significantly enriched in development-related signaling pathways, such as the TGF-β receptor pathways and insulin pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides valuable information on the metabolic adaptation of parasites to their hosts that can be used to aid the development of novel intervention targets for hydatid treatment and control.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yujuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitic Diseases, Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Zong Zhai, Xining, Qinghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanjuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D048209:Echinococcus granulosus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005838:Genotype; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059467:Transcriptome; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines