title: Use of echocardiography reveals reestablishment of ventricular pumping efficiency and partial ventricular wall motion recovery upon ventricular cryoinjury in the zebrafish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While zebrafish embryos are amenable to in vivo imaging, allowing the study of morphogenetic processes during development, intravital imaging of adults is hampered by their small size and loss of transparency. The use of adult zebrafish as a vertebrate model of cardiac disease and regeneration is increasing at high speed. It is therefore of great importance to establish appropriate and robust methods to measure cardiac function parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe the use of 2D-echocardiography to study the fractional volume shortening and segmental wall motion of the ventricle. Our data show that 2D-echocardiography can be used to evaluate cardiac injury and also to study recovery of cardiac function. Interestingly, our results show that while global systolic function recovered following cardiac cryoinjury, ventricular wall motion was only partially restored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryoinjury leads to long-lasting impairment of cardiac contraction, partially mimicking the consequences of myocardial infarction in humans. Functional assessment of heart regeneration by echocardiography allows a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cardiac regeneration and has the advantage of being easily transferable to other cardiovascular zebrafish disease models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: González-Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Inês João
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Iranzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Jesús
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Borreguero
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mercader
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger