title: Using base rates of low scores to interpret the ANAM4 TBI-MIL battery following mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Base rates of low ANAM4 TBI-MIL scores were calculated in a convenience sample of 733 healthy male active duty soldiers using available military reference values for the following cutoffs: ≤2nd percentile (2 SDs), ≤5th percentile, <10th percentile, and <16th percentile (1 SD). Rates of low scores were also calculated in 56 active duty male soldiers who sustained an mTBI an average of 23 days (SD = 36.1) prior. 22.0% of the healthy sample and 51.8% of the mTBI sample had two or more scores below 1 SD (i.e., 16th percentile). 18.8% of the healthy sample and 44.6% of the mTBI sample had one or more scores ≤5th percentile. Rates of low scores in the healthy sample were influenced by cutoffs and race/ethnicity. Importantly, some healthy soldiers obtain at least one low score on ANAM4. These base rate analyses can improve the methodology for interpreting ANAM4 performance in clinical practice and research.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Headquarters, Defense and Veterans Brian Injury Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA General Dynamics Information Technology (GDIT), Fairfax, VA, USA brian.j.ivins.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ivins
authors.affiliation: General Dynamics Information Technology (GDIT), Fairfax, VA, USA Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Rael T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: General Dynamics Information Technology (GDIT), Fairfax, VA, USA Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Headquarters, Defense and Veterans Brian Injury Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA ARK Solutions, Inc., Reston, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Sport Concussion Clinic, Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011930:Reaction Time; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Base rates; Cognitive testing; Low scores; Mild traumatic brain injury; Military