title: Green tea polyphenol treatment is chondroprotective, anti-inflammatory and palliative in a mouse post-traumatic osteoarthritis model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol present in green tea, was shown to exert chondroprotective effects in vitro. In this study, we used a post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) mouse model to test whether EGCG could slow the progression of OA and relieve OA-associated pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were subjected to surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) or sham surgery. EGCG (25 mg/kg) or vehicle control was administered daily for four or eight weeks by intraperitoneal injection starting on the day of surgery. OA severity was evaluated by Safranin O staining and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, and by immunohistochemical analysis to detect cleaved aggrecan and type II collagen, and expression of proteolytic enzymes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS5). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to characterize the expression of genes critical for articular cartilage homeostasis. During the course of the experiments, tactile sensitivity testing (von Frey test) and open field assays were used to evaluate pain behaviors associated with OA, and expression of pain expression markers and inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were determined by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four and eight weeks after DMM surgery, the cartilage in EGCG-treated mice exhibited less Safranin O loss and cartilage erosion, and lower OARSI scores compared to vehicle-treated controls, which was associated with reduced staining for aggrecan and type II collagen cleavage epitopes, and reduced staining for MMP-13 and ADAMTS5 in the articular cartilage. Articular cartilage in the EGCG-treated mice also exhibited reduced levels of MMP-1, -3, -8, -13, ADAMTS5, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA and elevated gene expression of the MMP regulator Cbp/p300 Interacting Transactivator 2 (CITED2). Compared to vehicle controls, mice treated with EGCG exhibited reduced OA-associated pain, as indicated by higher locomotor behavior (i.e. distance traveled). Moreover, expression of chemokine receptor (CCR2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the DRG were significantly reduced to levels similar to sham-operated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first evidence in an OA animal model that EGCG significantly slows OA disease progression and exerts a palliative effect.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanstein
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: Sun Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Majeska
authors.forename: Mitchell B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schaffler
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldring
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.forename: Hui B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010166:Palliative Care; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013662:Tea
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D059808:Polyphenols; D013662:Tea; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate