title: Determination of β-caryophyllene skin permeation/retention from crude copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) and respective oil-based nanoemulsion using a novel HS-GC/MS method.
abstract: Copaiba oil is largely used in the Amazonian region for the treatment of inflammation, and recent studies demonstrated that one of the major components of the oil, β-caryophyllene (CAR), is a potent anti-inflammatory. The nanoemulsification of this oleoresin, which has unctuous character, converts it in a more acceptable hydrophilic formulation and may improve CAR penetration through the skin due to the small droplet size and the high contact surface afforded by the nanoemulsions. This paper describes the validation of a novel, sensitive, practical and solvent free method that uses gas chromatography in headspace mode coupled with mass spectrometry to evaluate the skin permeation/retention of CAR from the crude copaiba oil and its nanoemulsion. Our results show that the bioanalytic method was fully validated, demonstrating linearity (r(2)>0.99), specificity (no peaks co-eluting with CAR retention time), precision (RSD<15%) and accuracy (recovery>90%) within the accepted parameters and that the copaiba oil nanoemulsion presented a better skin penetration compared to the crude oil, with CAR achieving the most profound layer of the skin, the dermis.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lucca
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sheila Porto
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Tassi
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Borille
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daiane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de O Dias
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helder F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdir F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Limberger
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: leticia.koester@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Letícia S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Koester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010539:Permeability; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010938:Plant Oils; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C024714:caryophyllene
keywords: Copaifera multijuga Hayne; Essential oil; HS-GC/MS; Skin permeation; β-Caryophyllene