title: Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux across the isolated ruminal epithelium is mediated via urea transporter-B and aquaporins when Holstein calves are abruptly changed to a moderately fermentable diet.
abstract: Urea transport (UT-B) proteins are known to facilitate urea movement across the ruminal epithelium; however, other mechanisms may be involved as well because inhibiting UT-B does not completely abolish urea transport. Of the aquaporins (AQP), which are a family of membrane-spanning proteins that are predominantly involved in the movement of water, AQP-3, AQP-7, and AQP-10 are also permeable to urea, but it is not clear if they contribute to urea transport across the ruminal epithelium. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the functional roles of AQP and UT-B in the serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea) across rumen epithelium; and (2) whether functional adaptation occurs in response to increased diet fermentability. Twenty-five Holstein steer calves (n=5) were assigned to a control diet (CON; 91.5% hay and 8.5% vitamin and mineral supplement) or a medium grain diet (MGD; 41.5% barley grain, 50% hay, and 8.5% vitamin and mineral) that was fed for 3, 7, 14, or 21 d. Calves were killed and ruminal epithelium was collected for mounting in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions and for analysis of mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP-3, AQP-7, and AQP-10. To mimic physiologic conditions, the mucosal buffer (pH 6.2) contained no urea, whereas the serosal buffer (pH 7.4) contained 1 mM urea. The fluxes of (14)C-urea (Jsm-urea; 26 kBq/10 mL) and (3)H-mannitol (Jsm-mannitol; 37 kBq/10 mL) were measured, with Jsm-mannitol being used as an indicator of paracellular or hydrophilic movement. Serosal addition of phloretin (1 mM) was used to inhibit UT-B-mediated urea transport, whereas NiCl2 (1 mM) was used to inhibit AQP-mediated urea transport. Across treatments, the addition of phloretin or NiCl2 reduced the Jsm-urea from 116.5 to 54.0 and 89.5 nmol/(cm(2) × h), respectively. When both inhibitors were added simultaneously, Jsm-urea was further reduced to 36.8 nmol/(cm(2) × h). Phloretin-sensitive and NiCl2-sensitive Jsm-urea were not affected by diet. The Jsm-urea tended to increase linearly as the duration of adaptation to MGD increased, with the lowest Jsm-urea being observed in animals fed CON [107.7 nmol/(cm(2) × h)] and the highest for those fed the MGD for 21 d [144.2 nmol/(cm(2) × h)]. Phloretin-insensitive Jsm-urea tended to increase linearly as the duration of adaptation to MGD increased, whereas NiCl2-insensitive Jsm-urea tended to be affected by diet. Gene transcript abundance for AQP-3 and UT-B in ruminal epithelium increased linearly as the duration of MGD adaptation increased. For AQP-7 and AQP-10, gene transcript abundance in animals that were fed the MGD was greater compared with that of CON animals. These results demonstrate that both AQP and UT-B play significant functional roles in urea transport, and they may play a role in urea transport during dietary adaptation to fermentable carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Walpole
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schurmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Górka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Loewen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8. Electronic address: tim.mutsvan@usask.ca.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mutsvangwa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D019149:Bioreactors; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002523:Edible Grain; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D010693:Phloretin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000096982:Urea Transporters
chemical_list: D020346:Aquaporins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D009532:Nickel; D010693:Phloretin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014508:Urea; D014815:Vitamins; D000096982:Urea Transporters; C022838:nickel chloride
keywords: Ussing chamber; aquaporin; ruminal epithelium; urea transporter