title: Incidence and mortality of tuberculosis before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: an HIV cohort study in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, but the epidemiology of HIV-associated TB is not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the incidence and the mortality of TB from HIV diagnosis to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (pre-ART group) and after ART initiation (on-ART group) in an HIV cohort study in Anantapur, India. Multivariable analysis of factors associated with TB was performed using competing risk regression and restricted cubic spline methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4590 patients and 3133 person-years (py) of follow-up were included in the pre-ART group, and 3784 patients and 4756 py were included in the on-ART group. In the pre-ART group, the incidence of TB was high during the first month after HIV diagnosis and dropped nearly four times soon after. In the on-ART group, the incidence of TB increased after ART initiation reaching a peak in the third month. The probability of having TB within 30 months was 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.1-23.6) in the pre-ART group and 17.8% (95% CI, 16.3-19.3) in the on-ART group. In a multivariable analysis, women had a lower risk of TB in both groups. Poor socio-economical conditions were associated with an increased risk of TB in the pre-ART group, but not in the group on-ART. While the association between low CD4 counts and TB was strong in the pre-ART group, this association was weaker in the on-ART group, and the highest risk of TB was seen in those patients with CD4 counts around 110 cells/mm3. The cumulative incidence of mortality at 12 months in patients with TB was 29.6% (95% CI, 26.9-32.6) in pre-ART TB and 34.9% (95% CI, 31-39.1) in on-ART TB. Half deaths before ART initiation and two thirds of deaths after ART initiation occurred in patients with TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence and mortality of TB seen in this study underscore the urgent need to improve the prevention and diagnosis of HIV-associated TB in India. We found substantial differences between TB before and after ART initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Rural Development Trust Hospital, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India; gerardouria@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Uria
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Rural Development Trust Hospital, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Raghavakalyan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pakam
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Rural Development Trust Hospital, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Manoranjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midde
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Rural Development Trust Hospital, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Praveen K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: CD4 lymphocyte count; HIV; India; antiretroviral therapy; gender; incidence; mortality; risk; rural; tuberculosis