title: Relationship of occupational and non-occupational stress with smoking in automotive industry workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use is the second cause of death and first cause of preventable mortality worldwide. Smoking in the workplace is particularly concerning. Smoking-free workplaces decrease the risk of exposure of non-smoking personnel to cigarette smoke. Recent studies have mostly focused on the effect of daily or non-occupational stressors (in comparison with occupational stress) on prevalence of smoking. Occupational stress is often evaluated in workplaces for smoking cessation or control programs, but the role of non-occupational stressors is often disregarded in this respect.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted in an automobile manufacturing company. The response of automotive industry workers to parts of the validated, reliable, Farsi version of Musculoskeletal Intervention Center (MUSIC)-Norrtalje questionnaire was evaluated. A total of 3,536 factory workers participated in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation of smoking with demographic factors, occupational stressors and life events was evaluated. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that even after adjusting for the confounding factors, cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with age, sex, level of education, job control and life events (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that of occupational and non-occupational stressors, only job control was correlated with cigarette smoking. Non-occupational stressors had greater effect on cigarette smoking. Consideration of both non-occupational and occupational stressors can enhance the success of smoking control programs. On the other hand, a combination of smoking control and stress (occupational and non-occupational) control programs can be more effective than smoking cessation interventions alone.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassani
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Taraneh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yazdanparast
authors.affiliation: Telemedicine Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Seyedmehdi
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mirsaeed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attarchi
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Baharak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bahadori
keywords: Cigarette; Non-occupational stress; Occupational stress; Workplace