title: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate matrix metalloproteinase immunoreactivity in a mouse model of pre-abdominal aortic aneurysm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-day infusion of angiotensin II to apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice provides a model of pre-abdominal aortic aneurysm. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined the effect of an eight-week low or high n-3 PUFA diet in ApoE(-/-) mice on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and elastin degradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a low or high n-3 PUFA diet for eight weeks prior to two-day infusion with angiotensin II. The omega-3 index, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 immunoreactivity, and elastin fragmentation were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The omega-3 index with the low and high n-3 PUFA diet was 3.78% and 13.03%, respectively. MMP-9 immunoreactive stain intensity was lower in mice fed the high, compared to the low n-3 PUFA diet in endothelial cells (suprarenal aorta), and inflammatory cells (suprarenal and infrarenal aorta). Inflammatory cells had higher TIMP-1 and TGF-β1 stain intensity in mice fed the high, compared to the low n-3 PUFA diet (suprarenal aorta). MMP-2 immunoreactivity was unaffected by diet. A non-significant trend for reduced elastin fragmentation was observed in mice fed the high n-3 PUFA diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFAs may have protective anti-inflammatory effects mediated through modulation of MMPs and TIMPs.
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kavazos
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nataatmadja
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wales
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hartland
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: frussell@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Fraser D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D004549:Elastin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522362:Mmp2 protein, mouse; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse
keywords: Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Cytokines; Elastin; Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; Matrix metalloproteinases; Transforming growth factor-β1