title: Pegylated arginine deiminase synergistically increases the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has proven to be one of the most chemo-resistant among all solid organ malignancies. Several mechanisms of resistance have been described, though few reports of strategies to overcome this chemo-resistance have been successful in restoring sensitivity to the primary chemotherapy (gemcitabine) and enter the clinical treatment arena.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the ability of cellular arginine depletion through treatment with PEG-ADI to alter in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of gemcitabine. The effect on levels of key regulators of gemcitabine efficacy (e.g. RRM2, hENT1, and dCK) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combination of PEG-ADI and gemcitabine substantially increases growth arrest, leading to increased tumor response in vivo. PEG-ADI is a strong inhibitor of the gemcitabine-induced overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) levels both in vivo and in vitro, which is associated with gemcitabine resistance. This mechanism is through the abrogation of the gemcitabine-mediated inhibitory effect on E2F-1 function, a transcriptional repressor of RRM2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to alter gemcitabine resistance in a targeted manner by inducing metabolic stress holds great promise in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. rouzbeh.daylami@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Rouzbeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daylami
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. diego.muilenberg@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Diego J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muilenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. subbulakshmi.virudachalam@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Subbulakshmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virudachalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. richard.bold@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.|Division of Surgical Oncology, Suite 3010, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. richard.bold@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012262:Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C093713:ribonucleotide reductase M2; D012262:Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase; D006867:Hydrolases; C512527:ADI PEG20; D000093542:Gemcitabine