title: Effectiveness and Safety of Transdermal Buprenorphine Versus Sustained-release Tramadol in Patients With Moderate to Severe Musculoskeletal Pain: An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Active-controlled, Noninferiority Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this noninferiority study was to investigate clinical effectiveness and safety of buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) in patients with moderate to severe musculoskeletal pain inadequately controlled with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, compared with sustained-release tramadol tablets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients were randomized (1:1) to receive low-dose 7-day BTDS (5, 10, and 20 μg/h, maximum dosage of 20 μg/h) or sustained-release tramadol tablets (100 mg, maximum dosage of 400 mg/d) over an 8-week double-blind treatment period (3-week titration, 5-week maintenance). The primary endpoint was the difference in the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores from baseline to treatment completion. Noninferiority was assumed if the treatment difference on the VAS scale was within ±1.5 cm, this threshold indicating a clinically meaningful result. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01476774.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty patients were randomized to BTDS (n=141) or to tramadol (n=139). Both treatments were associated with a significant reduction in pain by the end of the treatment. The least squares mean difference of the change from baseline in VAS scores between the BTDS and tramadol groups were 0.45 (95% confidence interval, -0.02 to 0.91), which was within the ±1.5 cm predefined threshold, indicating that the effectiveness of BTDS was not inferior to the effectiveness of sustained-release tramadol tablets. The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the 2 treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that BTDS is a good therapeutic option for patients experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain of moderate to severe intensity that is insufficiently controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Departments of †Rheumatology ‡Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital §Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital #Department of Medical Statistics, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing ∥Department of Rheumatology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province ¶Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: Zhanguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Houshan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kerong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002681:China; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014147:Tramadol; D002047:Buprenorphine