title: Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium.
abstract: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade. As a result of this, and the many new species described in recent years, it was necessary to update the list of accepted species in Penicillium. The genus currently contains 354 accepted species, including new combinations for Aspergillus crystallinus, A. malodoratus and A. paradoxus, which belong to Penicillium section Paradoxa. To add to the taxonomic value of the list, we also provide information on each accepted species MycoBank number, living ex-type strains and provide GenBank accession numbers to ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2 sequences, thereby supplying a verified set of sequences for each species of the genus. In addition to the nomenclatural list, we recommend a standard working method for species descriptions and identifications to be adopted by laboratories working on this genus.
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Visagie
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.affiliation: Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: S-B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yaguchi
authors.affiliation: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samson
keywords: Aspergillaceae; Fungal identification; media; nomenclature; phylogeny