title: Sequence Diversity of pfmdr1 and Sequence Conserve of pldh in Plasmodium falciparum from Indonesia: Its implications on Designing a Novel Antimalarial Drug with Less Prone to Resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  pfmdr1 and its variants are molecular marker which are responsible for antibiotics resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, a parasitic carrier for malaria disease. A novel strategy to treat malaria disease is by disrupting parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), a crucial enzyme for Plasmodium survival during their erythrocytic stages. This research was aimed to investigate and characterize the pfmdr1 and pldh genes of P. falciparum isolated from Nusa Tenggara Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA of P.falciparum was isolated from malaria patients in Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. pfmdr1 was amplified using nested PCR and genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). pldh was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed using NCBI public domain databases and alignment using Clustal W ver. 1.83.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotyping of the pfmdr1 revealed that sequence diversity was extremely high among isolates. However, a sequence analysis of pldh indicated that open reading frame of 316 amino acids of the gene showing 100% homology to the P. falciparum 3D7 reference pldh (GeneBank: XM_001349953.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report which confirms the heterologous of pfmdr1 and the homologous sequences of P.falciparum pldh isolated from Nusa Tenggara Islands of Indonesia, indicating that the chloroquine could not be used effectively as antimalarial target in the region and the pLDH-targeted antimalarial compound would have higher chance to be successful than using chloroquine for curbing malaria worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Muhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medical, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tetrawindu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hidayatullah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Animal Science, Nahdathul Wathan University, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Zulfikar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alimuddin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medical, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yunita
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sabrina
keywords: Drug resistance gene; Indonesia; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; pfmdr1; pldh