title: Opioid use among interscholastic sports participants: an exploratory study from a sample of college students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Involvement in sports increases the risk for injury and the risk for prescription opioid use and misuse. This was an exploratory retrospective study to examine if previous involvement in interscholastic sports was associated with a greater lifetime prevalence of medical prescription opioid use, lifetime risk for diverting prescribed opioids, and lifetime risk for nonmedical prescription opioid use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Web-based survey was self-administered to a sample of 4,187 full-time undergraduate students at a large public university located in the Midwest. Student demographics, involvement in interscholastic sports during high school, lifetime medical prescription opioid use, lifetime risk for diverting prescribed opioids, and lifetime risk for nonmedical prescription opioid use were measured and analyzed for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that those who participated in at least 1 interscholastic sport during high school had greater odds for lifetime medical prescription opioid use on multiple occasions and greater odds for being approached to divert their prescribed opioid medications on multiple occasions when compared with their peers who did not participate in interscholastic sports during high school.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate some association between previous involvement in interscholastic sports and prescription opioid use and misuse. These findings further suggest that greater awareness should be instilled in parents and coaches regarding this form of substance misuse.
authors.affiliation: a University of Michigan.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veliz
authors.forename: Quyen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Epstein-Ngo
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Austic
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: athlete; pain killers; prescription misuse; young adults