title: Metabolomic perfusate analysis during kidney machine perfusion: the pig provides an appropriate model for human studies.
abstract: Hypothermic machine perfusion offers great promise in kidney transplantation and experimental studies are needed to establish the optimal conditions for this to occur. Pig kidneys are considered to be a good model for this purpose and share many properties with human organs. However it is not established whether the metabolism of pig kidneys in such hypothermic hypoxic conditions is comparable to human organs.
  
  
  
  Standard criteria human (n = 12) and porcine (n = 10) kidneys underwent HMP using the LifePort Kidney Transporter 1.0 (Organ Recovery Systems) using KPS-1 solution. Perfusate was sampled at 45 minutes and 4 hours of perfusion and metabolomic analysis performed using 1-D 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  
  There was no inter-species difference in the number of metabolites identified. Of the 30 metabolites analysed, 16 (53.3%) were present in comparable concentrations in the pig and human kidney perfusates. The rate of change of concentration for 3-Hydroxybutyrate was greater for human kidneys (p<0.001). For the other 29 metabolites (96.7%), there was no difference in the rate of change of concentration between pig and human samples.
  
  
  
  Whilst there are some differences between pig and human kidneys during HMP they appear to be metabolically similar and the pig seems to be a valid model for human studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Immunity & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Immunity & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunity & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunity & Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cobbold
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Inston
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Computer Laboratory, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.affiliation: Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ready
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome / Q000235:genetics*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine