title: Urban air and tobacco smoke as conditions that increase the risk of oxidative stress and respiratory response in youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution and tobacco smoke can induce negative effects on the human health and often leads to the formation of oxidative stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the urbanization degree and of passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the formation of oxidative stress. Thus, a group of non-smoking adolescents was recruited among those who live and attend school in areas with three different population densities. To each subject a spot of urine was collected to quantify 15-F2t isoprostane as a marker of oxidative stress and cotinine as a marker of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Furthermore, respiratory functionality was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple linear regression analysis results showed a direct correlation (p<0.0001) of 15-F2t isoprostane with both the urbanization and passive smoke. Lung function parameters proved significantly lower for the subjects living in the most populous city of Torino.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This remarks the negative effect that urbanization has on the respiratory conditions. Lastly, lung functionality presented a low inverse correlation with 15-F2t isoprostane, suggesting an independent mechanism than that of the urban factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy. Electronic address: roberto.bono@unito.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tassinari
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bellisario
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pirro
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mengozzi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Respiratory Medicine, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugiani
authors.affiliation: Unit of Respiratory Medicine, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Pavilio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piccioni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000652:urine*; D007558:Italy; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D013147:Spirometry; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D028421:Isoprostanes; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Adolescents; Oxidative stress; Respiratory fluxes; Tobacco smoke; Urban pollution