title: Are stressful life events causally related to the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A monozygotic twin difference study.
abstract: Traumatic or stressful life events have long been hypothesized to play a role in causing or precipitating obsessive-compulsive symptoms but the impact of these environmental factors has rarely been investigated using genetically informative designs. We tested whether a wide range of retrospectively-reported stressful life events (SLEs) influence the lifetime presence and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in a large Swedish population-based cohort of 22,084 twins. Multiple regression models examined whether differences in SLEs within twin pairs were significantly associated with differences in OCS. In the entire sample (i.e., both monozygotic [MZ] and dizygotic twin pairs), two SLEs factors, "abuse and family disruption" and "sexual abuse", were significantly associated with the severity of OCS even after controlling for depressive symptoms. Other SLEs factors were either not associated with OCS ("loss", "non-sexual assault") or were no longer associated with OCS after controlling for depression ("illness/injury"). Within MZ pair analyses, which effectively control for genetic and shared environmental effects, showed that only the "abuse and family disruption" factor remained independently related to within-pair differences in OCS severity, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. Despite being statistically significant, the magnitude of the associations was small; "abuse and family disruption" explained approximately 3% of the variance in OCS severity. We conclude that OCS are selectively associated with certain types of stressful life events. In particular, a history of interpersonal abuse, neglect and family disruption may make a modest but significant contribution to the severity of OCS. Further replication in longitudinal cohorts is essential before causality can be firmly established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO Box 85, 16, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: pablo.vidal-ribas_belil@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vidal-Ribas
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO Box 85, 16, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stringaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rück
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serlachius
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mataix-Cols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000209:etiology*; D054541:Family Conflict; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Abuse; Life events; Obsessive-compulsive symptoms; Twin study