title: Level, pattern, and determinants of polypharmacy and inappropriate use of medications by village doctors in a rural area of Bangladesh.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Village doctors, informal health care providers practicing modern medicine, are dominant health care providers in rural Bangladesh. Given their role, it is important to examine their prescription pattern and inappropriate use of medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  These cross-sectional study data were collected through surveys of patients seen by village doctors during 2008 and 2010 at Chakaria, a typical rural area of Bangladesh. Categorization of appropriate, inappropriate, and harmful prescriptions by disease conditions was based on guidelines defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Government of Bangladesh. Analytical categorization of polypharmacy was defined when five or more medications were prescribed for a patient at a single visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,587 prescriptions were written by village doctors during the survey periods. Among the prescriptions were appropriate (10%), inappropriate (8%), combination of appropriate and inappropriate (63%), and harmful medications (19%). Village doctors with more than high school education were 53% less likely (odds ratio [OR]: 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.86) to give polypharmacy prescriptions than those with less than high school education. While exploring determinants of prescribing inappropriate and harmful medications, this study found that polypharmacy prescriptions were six times more likely [OR: 6.00, 95% CI: 3.88-9.29] to have harmful medications than prescriptions with <5 medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Village doctors' training and supervision may improve the quality of services and establish accountability for the benefit of the rural population.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Rafia S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rasu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanifi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ariful
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moula
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shahidul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equity and Health System, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhuiya
keywords: Bangladesh; ICDDR,B; harmful medication; informal health care providers; polypharmacy; rural area; village doctors