title: Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of therapeutic hypothermia in children with acute traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapeutic hypothermia in children with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, and Chinese Biomedical Database was performed to retrieve studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on therapeutic hypothermia for children with TBI published before March 2014. Data extraction and quality evaluation of RCTs were performed by 2 investigators independently. A meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.2.7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7 RCTs comprising 442 children (218 in hypothermia group and 224 in normothermia group). Meta-analysis showed therapeutic hypothermia could increase mortality compared with the normothermia group (relative risk [RR] = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-2.93, P = 0.01). On the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), the following scores did not differ between the hypothermia group and normothermia group: 3-month GOS 4-5 (RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.68-1.16, P = 0.39), 3-month GOS 1-3 (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.80-1.76, P = 0.39), 6-month GOS 4-5 (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.78-1.07, P = 0.26), and 6-month GOS 1-3 (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.88-1.59, P = 0.27). Hypothermia did not increase the rate of pneumonia (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.63-1.12, P = 0.23) or bleeding (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.39-2.26, P = 0.89), but the incidence of arrhythmias was higher in the hypothermia group (RR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.06-6.41, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No benefit of therapeutic hypothermia in children with TBI is shown in this study; therapeutic hypothermia may increase the risk of mortality and arrhythmia. There is no evidence that therapeutic hypothermia improves prognosis of children with TBI; there is also no evidence that therapeutic hypothermia increases the risk of pneumonia and coagulation dysfunction. These results are limited by the quality of the included studies and need to be considered with caution. Further large-scale, well-designed RCTs on this topic are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Bin-Fei
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Zun-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Dan-Dong
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Qin
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Electronic address: jinningsong@126.com.
authors.forename: Jin-Ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Arrhythmia; Children; Hypothermia; Meta-analysis; Mortality; Traumatic brain injury