title: Biological characteristics of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) induced to diapause in laboratory.
abstract: In southern Brazil, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) uses diapause as survival strategy during the winter (May-August). In our study, we evaluated the effect of diapause on biological characteristics of the species for 4 months in laboratory. Newly hatched larvae of G. molesta were induced to diapause changing the photoperiod and temperature (T) (12 ± 1°C), relative humidity (RH) (70 ± 10%), and a photophase of 12 h and, when they started diapause in the prepupal stage, the conditions were kept for 4 months. Afterwards, the insects were induced to finalize the diapause process at T 25 ± 1°C, RH 70 ± 10%, and a photophase of 16 h. We evaluated the duration and viability of the larval stages and pupae, pupae weight at 24 h and sex ratio (sr), periods of preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition; adult life span (males and females); fecundity (daily and total); embryonic period duration and eggs viability, comparing the data with insects nondiapause. The results show that diapause greatly affected the viability of pupal-adult stages of the population (21.8%) when compared with insects' nondiapause (80.0%). Total fecundity (83.0 eggs) and mean life span (12.0 d) of insects diapause was significantly lower compared with insects nondiapause (173.0 and 17.0), respectively. However, these differences were not observed in the sr, which was similar to insects diapause (sr = 0.41) and insects nondiapause (sr = 0.49). The diapause induced for 4 months negatively affects reproduction and life span of adults of G. molesta.
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior da Agricultura "ESALQ/USP", Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, CEP: 13418-900, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Oscar Arnaldo Batista
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Neto e Silva
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior da Agricultura "ESALQ/USP", Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, CEP: 13418-900, São Paulo-SP, Brazil dbernardi2004@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Entomologia, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Cx. Postal 130, CEP: 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves-RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Botton
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitossanidade/FAEM/UFPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Cx. Postal 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas-RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro Silveira
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D064666:Diapause, Insect; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D012098:Reproduction
keywords: Oriental fruit; metabolic expenditure; photophase; reproduction rate; rosaceae