title: Breach of Posterior Wall of Frontal Sinus: Management with Preservation of the Sinus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze outcomes after the management of mild (<1 mm) and moderately severe (>1 mm and <5 mm) breaches of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus with a goal of maintaining or restoring the functional status of the sinus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of prospectively accrued data was performed on patients with mild and moderately severe breaches of the posterior wall of their frontal sinus who were managed with the intent to preserve the frontal sinus. Data on presenting features, pathology, details on breaches of the posterior wall, management, outcome, and complications were collected from medical records and neuroimages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two cases met inclusion criteria. Diagnostic categories included trauma in 34 cases, infection in 3, and other categories in another 5 cases. Five presented with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and 26 had radiographic evidence of obstruction of a nasofrontal duct at time of presentation. Fifteen patients were managed without surgical intervention, and 27 underwent surgery. No complications occurred in the patients managed without surgery and 4 postoperative cerebrospinal leaks that were managed successfully with a period of drainage occurred in the surgical group. No patient developed meningitis or mucocele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many patients with mild to moderately severe breaches of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus can be managed safely and effectively by techniques that preserve the anatomy and function of the frontal sinus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery of The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver Colorado, University Hospital, Aurora Colorado, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Electronic address: Jacob.freeman@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery of The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver Colorado, University Hospital, Aurora Colorado, and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Ken R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015522:Frontal Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Breach of frontal sinus; Complications; Cranialization of frontal sinus; Frontal sinus fracture; Management of frontal sinus fracture; Posterior wall of frontal sinus; Rhinorrhea