title: Acute atrial stretch results in conduction slowing and complex signals at the pulmonary vein to left atrial junction: insights into the mechanism of pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pulmonary vein-left atrial (PV-LA) junction is key in pathogenesis of AF, and acute stretch is an important stimulus to AF. We aimed to characterize the response of the junction to acute stretch, hypothesizing that stretch would result in electrophysiological changes predisposing to re-entry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen participants undergoing cardiac surgery underwent evaluation of the right superior PV-LA junction using an epicardial mapping plaque. In 10, this was performed before and after atrial stretch imposed by rapid volume expansion, and in 5, it was performed with an intervening observation period. Activation was characterized by conduction slowing and electrogram fractionation transversely across the PV-LA junction, with lines of block also demonstrated perpendicular to the junction. Conduction was decremental (plaque activation time 135.8 ± 46.8 ms with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above effective refractory period versus 66.1 ± 22.9 ms with pacing at 400 ms; P<0.001) and percentage fractionation was greater with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above (33.5%± 15.3% versus 20.7%± 14.0%, P=0.001). Right atrial pressure increased by 2.5 ± 1.8 mm Hg (P=0.002) with volume expansion. Stretch resulted in conduction slowing across the PV-LA junction (increase in activation time 10.9 ± 14.6 ms in acute stretch group versus -0.1 ± 4.5 ms in control group; P=0.002). Conduction slowing was more marked with programmed extra stimuli at 10 ms above effective refractory period than with stable pacing (13.4 ± 16.5 ms versus 1.7 ± 5.4 ms; P=0.003). Stretch resulted in a significant increase in fractionated electrograms (7.9%± 7.0% versus -0.4 ± 3.3; P=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute stretch results in conduction slowing across the PV-LA junction, with a greater degree of signal complexity. This substrate may be important in AF initiation and maintenance by promoting re-entry.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Tomos E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larobina
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antippa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldblatt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Prashanthan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.).
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiology (T.E.W., G.L., S.S., J.M.K.) and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.L., V.A., P.A., J.G., M.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (T.E.W., G.L., P.M.K., J.M.K.); Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorder, University of Adelaide and Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (P.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital and Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.K.). jon.kalman@mh.org.au.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalman
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016280:Atrial Function, Right; D062185:Atrial Pressure; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions
keywords: atrial fibrillation; electrophysiology; pulmonary vein; stretch