title: Yin and yang surfaces: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: A search of the Chinese medicine literature reveals several conflicting explanations of the division of the body into yin and yang surfaces. This paper attempts to clarify this basic concept and reconcile the differing descriptions of it through an exploration of material from other disciplines. A remarkable similarity exists between the surfaces on the human body that are defined by the pathways of the yin and yang meridians and those that have evolved from the ventral and the dorsal aspects of early vertebrate structure. Many of the evolutionary changes described have parallels in our embryological development and are evident in the underlying anatomy of our limbs. The degree of convergence between the two descriptions strongly supports the definition of the yin and yang surfaces as those traversed by the yin and yang meridians. It also goes a long way towards reconciling the conflicting definitions found in the literature. Finding a solution to this question of yin and yang surfaces that is based on anatomy and evolutionary theories has several advantages. It can throw light on differences in the clinical effects of points on the yin and yang meridians and enable the identification of anomalies in the pathways of the main meridian network.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: dlegge@hotkey.net.au.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Legge
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000717:Anatomy, Comparative; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006801:Humans; D016740:Meridians; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation; D016709:Yin-Yang
keywords: acupuncture; biological evolution; comparative anatomy; meridians; yin/yang