title: Evolving Personalized Therapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.
abstract: With advances in molecular biologic and genomic technology, detailed molecular mechanisms for development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have surfaced. Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) no longer represents an end stage, with many emerging therapeutic agents approved as effective in prolonging survival of patients from either pre- or post-docetaxel stage. Given tumor heterogeneity in patients, a one-size-fits-all theory for curative therapy remains questionable. With the support of evidence from continuing clinical trials, each treatment modality has gradually been found suitable for selective best-fit patients: e.g., new androgen synthesis inhibitor arbiraterone, androgen receptor signaling inhibitor enzalutamide, sipuleucel-T immunotherapy, new taxane carbazitaxel, calcium-mimetic radium-223 radiopharmaceutical agent. Moreover, several emerging immunomodulating agents and circulating tumor cell enumeration and analysis showed promise in animal or early phase clinical trials. While the era of personalized therapy for CRPC patients is still in infancy, optimal therapeutic agents and their sequencing loom not far in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA ; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Ho
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA ; Department of Urology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuh-Shyan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA ; Department of Urology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA ; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsi-Chin
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA ; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jer-Tsong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Che-Rei
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Castration-resistant prostate cancer; Personalized cancer therapy; Prostate cancer