title: (1)H NMR based metabolomics approach to study the toxic effects of herbicide butachlor on goldfish (Carassius auratus).
abstract: Butachlor, one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, has been reported with high ecotoxicity to aquatic plants and animals. In this study, a (1)H NMR based metabolomics approach combined with histopathological examination and biochemical assays was applied to comprehensively investigate the toxic effects of butachlor on four important organs (gill, brain, liver and kidney) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for the first time. After 10 days' butachlor exposure at two dosages of 3.2 and 0.64 μmol/L, fish tissues (gill, brain, liver and kidney) and serum were collected. Histopathological inspection revealed severe impairment of gill filaments and obvious cellular edema in livers and kidneys. The increase of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in gill and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level in four tissues reflected the disturbance of antioxidative system in the intoxicated goldfish. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and creatinine (CRE) level were increased in butachlor exposure groups, suggesting liver and kidney injuries induced by butachlor. Orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) of NMR profiles disclosed metabolic changes that were related to the toxic effects of butachlor including oxidative stress, disorder of energy metabolism and amino acids metabolism, and disturbance of neurotransmitter balance in butachlor exposed goldfish. This integrated metabolomics approach provided a molecular basis underlying the toxicity of butachlor and demonstrated that metabolomics was a powerful and highly effective approach to elucidate the toxicity and underlying mechanisms of herbicides and pesticides, applicable for their risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
authors.forename: Hua-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China. Electronic address: wang.junsong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China. Electronic address: jiaaiqun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ai-Qun
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006859:Hydrogen; C054409:butachlor
keywords: Butachlor; Goldfish; Metabolomics; NMR; OSC-PLS-DA; Toxicity