title: Hypovitaminosis D is associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular events are highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hypovitaminosis D and vascular endothelial dysfunction are risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and they both are common in CKD patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between hypovitaminosis D and endothelial dysfunction in non-dialysis CKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 117 non-dialysis CKD patients, we assessed endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and sE-selectin. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachial artery FMD was lower in vitamin D-deficient and -insufficient versus vitamin D-sufficient groups, with the lowest value observed in the vitamin D-deficient group. Conversely, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin were higher in vitamin D-deficient and -insufficient groups versus vitamin D-sufficient, and the highest value was observed in the vitamin D-deficient group. There was a positive association between FMD and 25(OH)D (r = 0.556, p < 0.001) and negative correlations between both sVCAM-1 (r = -0.549, p < 0.001) and sE-selectin (r = -0.360, p < 0.001) and 25(OH)D. These associations remained significant after adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypovitaminosis D is associated with endothelial dysfunction in non-dialysis CKD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm whether vitamin D supplementation can improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular events in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Yan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chun-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Tian-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Dong-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Jing-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014664:Vasodilation; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; C546936:SELE protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D