title: Body mass index is associated with the maternal lines but height is heritable across family lines in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overweight and obesity is a problem in children in particular and determining pathways of transmission is important in prevention. We aimed to examine associations for body mass index (BMI) across three generations of the same families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of 556 families in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study 2001-2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based study with linkage to health records in the Republic of Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employing a novel mixed-method approach which adjusts for age and familial group, BMI correlations were estimated at three ages of the index child, that is, at birth and at ages 5 and 9. Height was also examined for comparative purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation of offspring's BMI with that of the mother increased with age (correlation coefficient 0.15 increasing to 0.28, p value <0.001 in all cases) while no consistent pattern was seen with offspring and fathers. There was an association also with each parent and their own mother. Offspring's BMI was correlated to a lesser extent with that of the maternal grandmother while for girls only there was an association with that of the paternal grandmother at ages 0 and 5 (correlation coefficients 0.25, 0.28, p values 0.02, 0.01, respectively). In contrast, height of the child was strongly associated with those of all family members at age 5, but at birth and at age 9 only there was an association with those of the parents and the paternal grandfather. Correlation of offspring's height with those of the mother and father increased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that BMI is predominantly associated with the maternal line, possibly either with intrauterine development, or inherited through the X chromosome, or both, while height is a more complex trait with genetic influences of the parents and that of the paternal grandfather predominating.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical Sciences, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gabrielle E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2769-9555
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murrin
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cecily
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelleher
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics*; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Body Mass Index; Intergenerational Relations; Population genetics; height; heritability