title: Scaling of the appendicular skeleton of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).
abstract: Giraffes have remarkably long and slender limb bones, but it is unknown how they grow with regard to body mass, sex, and neck length. In this study, we measured the length, mediolateral (ML) diameter, craniocaudal (CC) diameter and circumference of the humerus, radius, metacarpus, femur, tibia, and metatarsus in 10 fetuses, 21 females, and 23 males of known body masses. Allometric exponents were determined and compared. We found the average bone length increased from 340 ± 50 mm at birth to 700 ± 120 mm at maturity, while average diameters increased from 30 ± 3 to 70 ± 11 mm. Fetal bones increased with positive allometry in length (relative to body mass) and in diameter (relative to body mass and length). In postnatal giraffes bone lengths and diameters increased iso- or negatively allometric relative to increases in body mass, except for the humerus CC diameter which increased with positive allometry. Humerus circumference also increased with positive allometry, that of the radius and tibia isometrically and the femur and metapodials with negative allometry. Relative to increases in bone length, both the humerus and femur widened with positive allometry. In the distal limb bones, ML diameters increased isometrically (radius, metacarpus) or positively allometric (tibia, metatarsus) while the corresponding CC widths increased with negative allometry and isometrically, respectively. Except for the humerus and femur, exponents were not significantly different between corresponding front and hind limb segments. We concluded that the patterns of bone growth in males and females are identical. In fetuses, the growth of the appendicular skeleton is faster than it is after birth which is a pattern opposite to that reported for the neck. Allometric exponents seemed unremarkable compared to the few species described previously, and pointed to the importance of neck elongation rather than leg elongation during evolution. Nevertheless, the front limb bones and especially the humerus may show adaptation to behaviors such as drinking posture.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: Sybrand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Sittert
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012418:Ruminants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: allometry; growth; limb; long bones; ontogeny