title: Design and fabrication of helmholtz coils to study the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the healing process in periodontitis: preliminary animal results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effects of electromagnetic fields on healing have been investigated for centuries. Substantial data indicate that exposure to electromagnetic field can lead to enhanced healing in both soft and hard tissues. Helmholtz coils are devices that generate pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF). Objective : In this work, a pair of Helmholtz coils for enhancing the healing process in periodontitis was designed and fabricated.
  
  
  METHODS
  An identical pair of square Helmholtz coils generated the 50 Hz magnetic field.  This device was made up of two parallel coaxial circular coils (100 turns in each loop, wound in series) which were separated from each other by a distance equal to the radius of one coil (12.5 cm). The windings of our Helmholtz coil was made of standard 0.95mm wire to provide the maximum possible current. The coil was powered by a function generator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Helmholtz Coils generated a uniform magnetic field between its coils. The magnetic field strength at the center of the space between two coils was 97.6 μT. Preliminary biological studies performed on rats show that exposure of laboratory animals to pulsed electromagnetic fields enhanced the healing of periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to PEMFs can lead to stimulatory physiological effects on cells and tissues such as enhanced healing of periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haghnegahdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khosrovpanah
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andisheh-Tadbir
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Gh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
authors.affiliation: Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saeedi Moghadam
authors.affiliation: Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Smj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.affiliation: Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haghani
authors.affiliation: Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shojaei Fard
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parsaei
authors.affiliation: Animal laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koohi
keywords: Design; Healing; Helmholtz Coils; Non-ionizing Radiation; Periodontitis; Production; Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields