title: Integrated open surgical and endovascular embolization treatment of a paracavernous venous plexus fistula: case report.
abstract: The authors report the treatment of a rare type of dural arteriovenous fistula of the paracavernous venous plexus. These fistulas can mimic carotid-cavernous fistulas in both imaging characteristics and clinical presentation, but the anatomical differences require differences in management. The authors describe an integrated open surgical and direct endovascular embolization approach and review of the literature pertaining to the anatomy of and treatment options for paracavernous fistulas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.forename: Colin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: Nestor R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: CCF = carotid-cavernous fistula; CTA = CT angiography; DAVF = dural arteriovenous fistula; ICA = internal carotid artery; LCS = laterocavernous sinus; LWSS = lesser wing of the sphenoid sinus; SMCV = superficial middle cerebral vein; carotid-cavernous fistula; combined treatment; endovascular embolization; paracavernous venous plexus; vascular disorders