title: Urinary concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements among rural residents in Hainan Island, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, copper) elements among rural residents in Hainan, China and to examine if variations in economic development are linked to differences in toxic and trace element exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and undertook anthropometric measurements of residents aged ≥20 years (n = 599). Urinary samples were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (μg/g creatinine) element concentrations were: arsenic, 73.2; cadmium, 1.8; lead, 3.1; selenium, 36.5; zinc, 371; and copper, 11.0. Intra-community variation in element concentrations was explained by age (arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper), sex (arsenic, cadmium and selenium: higher in females; zinc: higher in males), body mass index (cadmium) and individual involvement in the market economy as indexed by agrochemical use (lead and selenium). The degree of community-level economic development, which was determined by the proportion of people living in better housing among the study communities, was positively associated with cadmium concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of community-level economic development was positively associated with urinary cadmium concentration while individual involvement in the market economy was positively associated with lead and selenium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. inoyo@humeco.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. umezaki@humeco.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umezaki
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan. jianghw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China. adanleee0898@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China. djwei22@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China. jym1030@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 44 Haifu Road, Haikou, Hainan 57023, China. ybdoctor@163.com.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China. libai@ihep.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Bai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China. liyf@ihep.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. chiho@humeco.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000652:urine*; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D012643:Selenium / Q000652:urine*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012643:Selenium; D001151:Arsenic