title: Validation of commercially available infrared thermometers for measuring skin surface temperature associated with deep and surrounding wound infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased local skin temperature is a classic sign of wound infection, repetitive trauma, and deep inflammation. Noncontact infrared thermometers can help to detect increases in skin surface temperatures; however, most scientifically tested devices are far too expensive for everyday wound care providers to use in routine clinical practice. This noninferiority study was conducted in an attempt to determine whether 4 less expensive, commercially available noncontact infrared thermometers have a similar level of accuracy as the scientifically accepted Exergen DermaTemp 1001 (Exergen Products, Watertown, Massachusetts).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an observational study design, participants with open wounds were randomly selected from a chronic wound clinic (n = 108). Demographic data and wound location were documented for all participants. Skin temperatures were recorded using 5 noncontact infrared thermometers under consistent environmental conditions. The thermometer brands were as follows: Exergen DermaTemp, Mastercool MSC52224-A (Mastercool Inc, Randolph, New Jersey), ATD Tools 70001 Infrared Thermometer (ATD Tools Inc, Wentzville, Missouri), Mastercraft Digital Temperature Reader (Mastercraft Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), and Pro Point Infrared Thermometer (Princess Auto, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada). Data analysis was based on the skin surface temperature difference (ΔT in degrees Fahrenheit) between the wound site and an equivalent contralateral control site.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean ΔT values for all the 5 thermometers, followed by post hoc analysis. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Interrater reliability was assessed for consistency using the intraclass correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference was reported between the ΔT values for the 5 different thermometers (F4,514 = 0.339, P = .852). Post hoc analysis showed no significant difference when the thermometers were compared with the Exergen DermaTemp 1001, and Mastercool MSC52224-A (P = .987), ATD Tools 70001 Infrared Thermometer (P = .985), Mastercraft Digital Temperature Reader (P = .972), and Pro Point Infrared Thermometer (P = .774). The results for intraclass correlation demonstrated a high reliability and agreement between raters, as the intraclass correlation coefficient values for all thermometers were greater than 0.95.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that less expensive, industrial-grade noncontact infrared thermometers have reliable temperature readings to identify and quantify the temperature gradients that along with other signs may be associated with deep and surrounding wound infection or tissue injury due to repeated microtrauma.
authors.affiliation: Asfandyar Mufti, BMSc, is a Medical Student, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Patricia Coutts, RN, is Wound Care/Clinical Trials Coordinator, Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic, Mississauga, Ontario. R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC (Med) (Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA, DSc (Hons), is Professor of Medicine and Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Director, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Past President, World Union of Wound Healing Societies; Course Coordinator, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course at New York University Medical Center; Clinical Editor, Advances in Skin & Wound Care, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Asfandyar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mufti
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coutts
authors.forename: R Gary
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sibbald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012881:Skin Temperature; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013821:Thermometers; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*