title: Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The colonic microbiota ferment dietary fibres, producing short chain fatty acids. Recent evidence suggests that the short chain fatty acid propionate may play an important role in appetite regulation. We hypothesised that colonic delivery of propionate would increase peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in humans, and reduce energy intake and weight gain in overweight adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate whether propionate promotes PYY and GLP-1 secretion, a primary cultured human colonic cell model was developed. To deliver propionate specifically to the colon, we developed a novel inulin-propionate ester. An acute randomised, controlled cross-over study was used to assess the effects of this inulin-propionate ester on energy intake and plasma PYY and GLP-1 concentrations. The long-term effects of inulin-propionate ester on weight gain were subsequently assessed in a randomised, controlled 24-week study involving 60 overweight adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propionate significantly stimulated the release of PYY and GLP-1 from human colonic cells. Acute ingestion of 10 g inulin-propionate ester significantly increased postprandial plasma PYY and GLP-1 and reduced energy intake. Over 24 weeks, 10 g/day inulin-propionate ester supplementation significantly reduced weight gain, intra-abdominal adipose tissue distribution, intrahepatocellular lipid content and prevented the deterioration in insulin sensitivity observed in the inulin-control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate for the first time that increasing colonic propionate prevents weight gain in overweight adult humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00750438.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viardot
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psichas
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sagen E K
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Zac-Varghese
authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacDougall
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tedford
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Graham S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blundell
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Research Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jimmy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Research Group, MRC Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: E Louise
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shahrul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mt-Isa
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolida
authors.affiliation: Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Waljit S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dhillo
authors.affiliation: Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.affiliation: Leatherhead Food Research, Randall's Road Leatherhead, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.affiliation: Leatherhead Food Research, Randall's Road Leatherhead, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects*; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068959:Body Weight Maintenance / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism*; D011422:Propionates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011422:Propionates; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: APPETITE; COLONIC FERMENTATION; GUT HORMONES; NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION; OBESITY