title: Effector triggered immunity.
abstract: Pathogenic bacteria produce virulence factors called effectors, which are important components of the infection process. Effectors aid in pathogenesis by facilitating bacterial attachment, pathogen entry into or exit from the host cell, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression. Effectors also have the ability to subvert host cellular processes, such as hijacking cytoskeletal machinery or blocking protein translation. However, host cells possess an evolutionarily conserved innate immune response that can sense the pathogen through the activity of its effectors and mount a robust immune response. This "effector triggered immunity" (ETI) was first discovered in plants but recent evidence suggest that the process is also well conserved in metazoans. We will discuss salient points of the mechanism of ETI in metazoans from recent studies done in mammalian cells and invertebrate model hosts.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Infectious Diseases; Rhode Island Hospital; Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence, RI USA.
authors.forename: Rajmohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajamuthiah
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mylonakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: DAMP; MAMP; PAMP; PRR; actin cytoskeleton; animal cells; innate immunity; metazoans; pore forming toxin; translation inhibition