title: A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively, in women undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia, the effectiveness of hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 3 different adjuvants (fentanyl, clonidine, and dexmedtomidine) on quality of blockade and maternal and neonatal repercussions.
  
  
  METHODS
  84 patients undergoing elective surgeries under spinal anesthesia were randomized into 4 groups of 21 each, gB, gBF, gBC and gBD. Patients in groups gb, gBF, gBC and gBD were given bupivacaine alone, bupivacaine plus fentanyl (15.0 µg), bupivacaine plus fentanyl plus clonidine (75 µg), and bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine (10 µg), respectively. Hemodynamic parameters evaluated were the onset and level of sensory block, perioperative analgesia, degree and recovery time of motor block, duration of analgesia, sedation, and maternal-foetal repercussions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset of blockade was significantly faster in groups with adjuvants clonidine and dexmedetomidine compared with gB and gBF. Patients in Groups gB and gBF reported pain during the perioperative period. Duration of analgesia was significantly higher in Group gBD and was comparable to gBC and time to motor block recovery was significantly higher in Group gBD. Sedation was significant in Group gBD and gBC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of dexmedetomidine and clonidine as adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine provided adequate anesthesia and postoperative analgesia compared to fentanyl adjuvant without causing any significant side effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: A-Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: A-J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: C-X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: D-Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: K-Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D003000:Clonidine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine