title: Bioaccumulation kinetics of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles.
abstract: The manufacturing of explosives and their loading, assembling, and packing into munitions for use in testing on training sites or battlefields has resulted in contamination of terrestrial and aquatic sites that may pose risk to populations of sensitive species. The bioaccumulative potential of the conventional explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and of the insensitive munitions (i.e., less shock sensitive) compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) were assessed using the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Trinitrotoluene entering the organism was readily biotransformed to aminodinitrotoluenes, whereas no transformation products were measured for RDX or DNAN. Uptake clearance rates were relatively slow and similar among compounds (1.32-2.19 L kg(-1) h(-1) ). Upon transfer to uncontaminated water, elimination rate was very fast, resulting in the prediction of fast time to approach steady state (5 h or less) and short elimination half-lives (1.2 h or less). A preliminary bioconcentration factor of 0.25 L kg(-1) was determined for the insensitive munitions compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-trizole-5-one (NTO) indicating negligible bioaccumulative potential. Because of the rapid elimination rate for explosives, tadpoles inhabiting contaminated areas are expected to experience harmful effects only if under constant exposure conditions given that body burdens can rapidly depurate preventing tissue concentrations from persisting at levels that may cause detrimental biological effects.
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Guilherme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Biedenbach
authors.forename: Jerre G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Pornsawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Jacob K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gust
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001822:Body Burden; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D007814:Larva; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011894:Rana pipiens; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014230:Triazoles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D053834:Explosive Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole; C108812:5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: Amphibians; Bioconcentration; Energetics; Toxicokinetics