title: Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and triglycerides predict the incidence of chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population: results from the Kyushu and Okinawa Population Study (KOPS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether or not subclinical atherosclerosis independently predicts the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Japanese general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is part of the Kyushu and Okinawa Population Study (KOPS), a survey of vascular events associated with lifestyle-related diseases. Participants who attended both baseline (2004-2007) and follow-up (2009-2012) examinations were eligible. The common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was assessed for each participant at baseline. The end point was the incidence of CKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) during the follow-up of participants without CKD at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the five-year follow-up, 224 of the 1824 participants (12.3%) who developed CKD had higher carotid IMT (0.74 ± 0.22 vs. 0.65 ± 0.14 mm, P < 0.001), higher triglycerides (1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L, P < 0.001), and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 mmol/L, P < 0.001) at baseline than those who did not. In logistic regression analysis adjusted for significant covariates, eGFR (Odds ratio [OR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-0.85, P < 0.001), carotid IMT (0.10 mm increase: OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.33, P = 0.010), and triglycerides (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.06-1.73, P = 0.015) at baseline were independent predictors for the development of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher carotid IMT and hypertriglyceridemia were independently associated with the development of CKD in the population studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: smotohir@gim.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: furusyo@gim.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furusyo
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Fujiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mitsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ura
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiramine
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikezaki
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Haru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukae
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mosaburo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kainuma
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyushu General Internal Medicine Center, Haradoi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Carotid intima-media thickness; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); Triglycerides