title: Symptomatic Exposures Among California Inmates 2011-2013.
abstract: Prisoners have a high prevalence of substance misuse and abuse, but few studies have examined symptomatic exposures among incarcerated populations. We sought to further characterize the nature of these exposures among this population using the California Poison Control System data. Keyword searches identified inmate cases in 2011-2013 for patients 20+ years old exposed to a single substance and taken to hospital from jail, prison, or police custody. Comparisons were made with non-inmate cases during the same period, using similar limitations. Body stuffers and body packers were analyzed as a subgroup. Seven hundred four inmate cases were compared to 106,260 non-inmate cases. Inmates were more likely to be younger, male, and to have engaged in drug misuse or abuse. They most commonly ingested methamphetamine, heroin, acetaminophen, and anticonvulsants. Inmates were more likely to receive activated charcoal (OR 9.87, 8.20-11.88), whole bowel irrigation (OR 44.50, 33.83-58.54), undergo endotracheal intubation (OR 4.09, 2.91-5.73), and to experience a major clinical outcome or death (OR 1.41, 1.05-1.89). When body stuffers and packers were removed, clinical findings were similar, though the odds of a major outcome or death became statistically non-significant. Body stuffers and body packers primarily used methamphetamine and heroin, and compared with other inmates had significantly higher odds of both adverse clinical effects and poor outcome. This large series provides a profile of symptomatic exposures among inmates, a little-studied population. The potential for high morbidity among body stuffers and packers suggests that a high index of suspicion of such ingestions be maintained when evaluating patients prior to incarceration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA, mcbutterfield@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: Suad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Abri
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huntington
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Kent R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D064423:Drug Trafficking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult