title: Charge-swapping Q balls.
abstract: Q balls are nontopological solitonic solutions to a wide class of field theories that possess global symmetries. Here we show that in these same theories there also exists a tower of novel composite Q-ball solutions where, within one composite Q ball, positive and negative charges coexist and swap at a frequency lower than the natural frequency of an individual Q ball. These charge-swapping Q balls are constructed by assembling Q balls and anti-Q balls tightly such that their nonlinear cores overlap. We explain why charge-swapping Q balls can form and why they swap charges.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edmund J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Saffin
authors.affiliation: SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, 34136 Trieste, Italy and Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhou