title: Assessment of planning abilities in individuals with mild cognitive impairment using an open-ended problem-solving task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is currently limited research evaluating planning abilities, a core subcomponent of executive functioning, in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In the present study, we utilized the "Amap Task," an open-ended problem-solving task, to separately evaluate the formulation and execution components of planning ability in individuals with MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven cognitively healthy older adults and 37 individuals with MCI used a map layout of a university apartment to develop and write out a strategy (formulation stage) to successfully complete a list of tasks (e.g., retrieve and fill a water pitcher before placing it in the refrigerator). Subsequently, participants carried out the tasks in the apartment with the aid of their formulated plan (execution stage).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCI participants performed more poorly than older adult (OA) controls during both the formulation and execution stages on measures of task accuracy and task efficiency. However, both groups were able to adjust and improve task accuracy and efficiency from formulation to task execution. Finally, MCI participants took significantly longer to complete the task and adhered less to their formulated plans during task completion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using an open-ended problem-solving task, the findings revealed that individuals with MCI experienced difficulties with both the formulation and execution components of planning. Like controls, participants with MCI were able to successfully modify their plan online, improving their performance from task formulation to task execution.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitter-Edgecombe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Aging; Ecological validity; Execution; Executive function; Formulation; Mild cognitive impairment; Planning