title: Poor sleep and lower working memory in grade 1 children: cross-sectional, population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor sleep and working memory difficulties are both associated with learning difficulties, but it is not known whether they are linked with each other in childhood. We aimed to determine, in a population-based sample of grade 1 children, whether poor sleep is associated with reduced working memory capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population-based study. All grade 1 children in 44 elementary schools in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia; 1749 children were included (participation rate 65%, mean age 6.9 years). Parents completed a written questionnaire at home, after which researchers administered one-on-one child computerized assessments at school. Predictor measures were parent-reported 1) perceptions of poor sleep, 2) regularity of bedtime, 3) sleep duration, and 4) sleep onset latency. Outcome measures were backward digit recall (verbal working memory) and Mister X (visuospatial working memory) subtests of the Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA). Associations were examined using linear regression, adjusted for duration of schooling, gender, age, and social status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing poor sleep (P = .03), less regularity of bedtime (P < .001), and shorter sleep duration (P = .03) were all associated with poorer verbal working memory, with effect sizes ranging from 0.3 to 1.2. Poor sleep was not associated with visuospatial working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At a population level, poor sleep in early school-age children is associated with poorer verbal working memory, an important predictor of academic difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Miree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quach
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wake
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: Gehan.roberts@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Gehan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D010290:Parents; D012574:Schools; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: child; cross-sectional studies; epidemiology; learning difficulties; memory; short-term; sleep