title: How effective is integrated vector management against malaria and lymphatic filariasis where the diseases are transmitted by the same vector?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The opportunity to integrate vector management across multiple vector-borne diseases is particularly plausible for malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF) control where both diseases are transmitted by the same vector. To date most examples of integrated control targeting these diseases have been unanticipated consequences of malaria vector control, rather than planned strategies that aim to maximize the efficacy and take the complex ecological and biological interactions between the two diseases into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a general model of malaria and LF transmission and derived expressions for the basic reproductive number (R0) for each disease. Transmission of both diseases was most sensitive to vector mortality and biting rate. Simulating different levels of coverage of long lasting-insecticidal nets (LLINs) and larval control confirms the effectiveness of these interventions for the control of both diseases. When LF was maintained near the critical density of mosquitoes, minor levels of vector control (8% coverage of LLINs or treatment of 20% of larval sites) were sufficient to eliminate the disease. Malaria had a far greater R0 and required a 90% population coverage of LLINs in order to eliminate it. When the mosquito density was doubled, 36% and 58% coverage of LLINs and larval control, respectively, were required for LF elimination; and malaria elimination was possible with a combined coverage of 78% of LLINs and larval control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the low level of vector control required to eliminate LF, simulations suggest that prevalence of LF will decrease at a slower rate than malaria, even at high levels of coverage. If representative of field situations, integrated management should take into account not only how malaria control can facilitate filariasis elimination, but strike a balance between the high levels of coverage of (multiple) interventions required for malaria with the long duration predicted to be required for filariasis elimination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steve W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nakul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chitnis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control