title: Formylglycine, a post-translationally generated residue with unique catalytic capabilities and biotechnology applications.
abstract: Formylglycine (fGly) is a catalytically essential residue found almost exclusively in the active sites of type I sulfatases. Formed by post-translational oxidation of cysteine or serine side chains, this aldehyde-functionalized residue participates in a unique and highly efficient catalytic mechanism for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The enzymes that produce fGly, formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) and anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (anSME), are as unique and specialized as fGly itself. FGE especially is structurally and mechanistically distinct, and serves the sole function of activating type I sulfatase targets. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism by which fGly contributes to sulfate ester hydrolysis, the molecular details of fGly biogenesis by FGE and anSME, and finally, recent biotechnology applications of fGly beyond its natural catalytic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Mason J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Carolyn R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bertozzi
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002384:Catalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012694:Serine; C524739:C(alpha)-formylglycine; C470791:SULF1 protein, human; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D003545:Cysteine; D000409:Alanine; D005998:Glycine