title: The risk for major depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is multiplied by BDNF and SERT genetic vulnerability: a replication study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence for a moderating role of both serotonin transporter (SERT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes on the risk for major depression (MD) developing after childhood maltreatment. However, research on this topic remains inconclusive, and there is a lack of data from longitudinal studies with large and representative population samples. Our study aimed to clarify whether, in the presence of previous childhood maltreatment, individuals carrying low functional alleles for both SERT 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms had a higher risk for MD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored 2- and 3-way gene (SERT and BDNF) × environment (childhood maltreatment) interactions in a large sample of Spanish adults who were followed up over a 3-year period and assessed in person for both DSM-IV MD and exposure to childhood maltreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study included 2679 participants. Those with both the 5-HTTLPR s allele and the BDNF Met allele showed the highest risk of MD if they had previously experienced emotional (z = 2.08, p = 0.037), sexual (z = 2.19, p = 0.029) or any kind of childhood abuse (z = 2.37, p = 0.018). These 3-way interactions remained significant regardless of whether the 5-HTTLPR triallelic or the 5-HTTLPR biallelic polymorphisms were included in the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective assessment of childhood maltreatment may have resulted in a moderate degree of recall bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that the risk of depression conferred by childhood maltreatment is modified by variation at both SERT and BDNF genes.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM-University of Granada), the Institute of Neurosciences Federico Olóriz, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain, and the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King´s College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud El Palo. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Universidad de Málaga and the Unidad de Investigación del Distrito de Atención Primaria de Málaga (redIAPP, grupo SAMSERAP), Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Á
authors.initials: JÁ
authors.lastname: Bellón
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM-University of Granada), Spain, and the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King´s College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM-University of Granada) and the Institute of Neurosciences Federico Olóriz, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM-University of Granada), and the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torres-González
authors.affiliation: Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Grupo GAP. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moreno-Küstner
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación del Distrito de Atención Primaria de Málaga (redIAPP, grupo SAMSERAP), Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreno-Peral
authors.affiliation: Universidad Loyola Andalucía and Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación de la Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Motrico
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud Casablanca. (redIAPP, grupo Aragón) Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría. Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montón-Franco
authors.affiliation: Unidad Docente de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria de La Rioja. Servicio Riojano de la Salud, Logroño, La Rioja. Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: GildeGómez-Barragán
authors.affiliation: Directora Continuidad Asistencial Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Celaya
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud Vecindario, Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Gran Canaria, Servicio Canario de Salud, Las Palmas, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Á
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Díaz-Barreiros
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud son Serra-La Vileta. Unidad Docente de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria de Mallorca. Instituto Balear de la Salud (redIAPP, grupo Baleares), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vicens
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioestadística, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Dios Luna
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, UK.
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazareth
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM-University of Granada), the Institute of Neurosciences Federico Olóriz, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, University of Granada, the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, the Granada, Spain, and the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King´s College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervilla
mesh_terms: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012306:Risk; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C579455:BDNF protein, human