title: Quantitative leukocyte BDNF promoter methylation analysis in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric phenotype with a high heritability and a multifactorial etiology. Multisite collaborative efforts using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified only a portion of DNA sequence-based risk factors in BD. In addition to predisposing DNA sequence variants, epigenetic misregulation may play an etiological role in BD and account for monozygotic twin discordance, parental origin effects, and fluctuating course of BD. In this study, we investigated DNA methylation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene in BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty participants with BD were compared to the same number of age- and sex-matched controls for DNA methylation differences at BDNF promoters 3 and 5. DNA methylation reads were obtained using a mass spectrophotometer for 64 cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites in 36 CpG 'units' across three amplicons of BDNF promoters 3 and 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation fractions differed between BD participants and controls for 11 of 36 CpG units. Five CpG units, mostly in promoter 5, remained significant after false discovery rate correction (FDR) (p values ≤ 0.004) with medium to large effect sizes (Cohen's d ≥ 0.61). Several of the significant CpGs overlapped with or were immediately adjacent to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) - including two of the FDR-significant CpG units in promoter 5. For the CpGs in promoter 3, there was a positive and significant correlation between age at sample collection and DNA methylation fraction (rho = 0.56, p = 2.8 ×10(-5)) in BD cases, but not in controls. Statistically significant differences in mean methylation fraction at 5/36 CpG units (after FDR), some at or immediately adjacent to TFBSs, suggest possible relevance for the current findings to BD etiopathogenesis. The positive correlation between age and methylation seen in promoter 3 is consistent with age-related decline in BDNF expression previously reported. Future studies should provide more exhaustive epigenetic study of the BDNF locus to better characterize the relationship between BDNF methylation differences and BD.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: Tarang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khare
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jeremian
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6J1H4 Canada.
authors.forename: Arturas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petronis
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Epigenetic; Mass spectrometry; Methylation; Neurotrophin