title: Collaborative action of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors as modulators of the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria.
abstract: Early sensing of pathogenic bacteria by the host immune system is important to develop effective mechanisms to kill the invader. Microbial recognition, activation of signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms are sequential events that must be highly controlled to successfully eliminate the pathogen. Host recognizes pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Some of these PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs and NLRs are PRRs that play a key role in recognition of extracellular and intracellular bacteria and control the inflammatory response. The activation of TLRs and NLRs by their respective ligands activates downstream signaling pathways that converge on activation of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) or interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules. The goal of this review is to discuss how the TLRs and NRLs signaling pathways collaborate in a cooperative or synergistic manner to counteract the infectious agents. A deep knowledge of the biochemical events initiated by each of these receptors will undoubtedly have a high impact in the design of more effective strategies to control inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 s/n Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, C.P. 58893 Morelia, MICH, Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5196-6938
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oviedo-Boyso
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 s/n Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, C.P. 58893 Morelia, MICH, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bravo-Patiño
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 s/n Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, C.P. 58893 Morelia, MICH, Mexico.
authors.forename: Víctor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Baizabal-Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D001419:Bacteria / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D037102:Lectins / Q000737:chemistry; D008024:Ligands; D008954:Models, Biological; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D037102:Lectins; D008024:Ligands; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors