title: Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules using fine needle aspiration cytology as the reference standard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Pakistan thyroid cancer is responsible for 1.2% cases of all malignant tumors. Ultrasonography (US) is helpful in detecting cancerous thyroid nodules on basis of different features like echogenicity, margins, microcalcifications, size, shape and abnormal neck lymph nodes. We therefore aimed to calculate diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detection of carcinoma in thyroid nodules taking fine needle aspiration cytology as the reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analytical study was designed to prospectively collect data from December 2010 till December 2012 from the Department of Radiology in Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 100 patients of both genders were enrolled after informed consent via applying non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients referred to Radiology department of Aga Khan University to perform thyroid ultrasound followed by fine-needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodules were included. They were excluded if proven for thyroid malignancy or if their US or FNAC was conducted outside our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects comprised 76 (76%) females and 24 males. Mean age was 41.8±SD 12.3 years. Sensitivity and specificity with 95%CI of ultrasound in differentiating malignant thyroid nodule from benign thyroid nodule calculated to be 91.7% (95%CI, 0.72-0.98) and 78.94% (0.68-0.87) respectively. Reported positive predictive value and negative PV were 57.9% (0.41-0.73) and 96.8% (0.88-0.99) and overall accuracy was 82%. Likelihood ratio (LR) positive was computed to be 4.3 and LR negative was 0.1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography has a high diagnostic accuracy in detecting malignancy in thyroid nodules on the basis of features like echogenicity, margins, micro calcifications and shape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi Pakistan E-mail : madiha.beg@aku.edu; drmadiha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Yasir Jamil
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.forename: Madiha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beg
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raouf
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azeemuddin
authors.forename: Asif Alam
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D011379:Prognosis; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult