title: Acetic acid induces cell death: an in vitro study using normal rat gastric mucosal cell line and rat and human gastric cancer and mesothelioma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently reported that topical application of acetic acid promptly caused tumor necrosis in a mouse model of gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether acetic acid can directly induce cancer cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat gastric epithelial cell line (RGM-1), rat gastric carcinoma cell line (RGK-1), human gastric cancer cell line (KATO III), and human mesothelioma cell lines (ACC-MESO1 and MSTO-211H) were used. Acetic acid was added into the cell culture at different concentrations for different time periods. Cell death was analyzed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and trypan blue exclusion test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetic acid promptly induced the cell death of RGM-1, RGK-1 cells, and KATO III cells in a concentration-dependent manner from 0.01% to 0.5%. Acetic acid at 0.5% for 1 min induced the cell death by 80%. RGK-1 cells were more sensitive to acetic acid than RGM-l cells. KATO III cells were more sensitive to acetic acid than RGK-1 cells. Acetic acid at 0.5% for 10 min induced almost complete cell death of ACC-MESO1 and MSTO-211H.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetic acid is a powerful anticancer agent. Topical application of acetic acid may be a feasible approach for the treatments of gastric cancer and possibly other malignancies.
authors.affiliation: General Corporative Association, Kyoto GI Disease Research Center, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Chun-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: KATO III cells; RGK-1 cells; RGM-1 cells; acetic acid; mesothelioma