title: A clinical study of lung cancer dose calculation accuracy with Monte Carlo simulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accuracy of dose calculation is crucial to the quality of treatment planning and, consequently, to the dose delivered to patients undergoing radiation therapy. Current general calculation algorithms such as Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) and Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) have shortcomings in regard to severe inhomogeneities, particularly in those regions where charged particle equilibrium does not hold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the PBC and CCC algorithms in lung cancer radiotherapy using Monte Carlo (MC) technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four treatment plans were designed using Oncentra Masterplan TPS for each patient. Two intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were developed using the PBC and CCC algorithms, and two three-dimensional conformal therapy (3DCRT) plans were developed using the PBC and CCC algorithms. The DICOM-RT files of the treatment plans were exported to the Monte Carlo system to recalculate. The dose distributions of GTV, PTV and ipsilateral lung calculated by the TPS and MC were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 3DCRT and IMRT plans, the mean dose differences for GTV between the CCC and MC increased with decreasing of the GTV volume. For IMRT, the mean dose differences were found to be higher than that of 3DCRT. The CCC algorithm overestimated the GTV mean dose by approximately 3% for IMRT. For 3DCRT plans, when the volume of the GTV was greater than 100 cm(3), the mean doses calculated by CCC and MC almost have no difference. PBC shows large deviations from the MC algorithm. For the dose to the ipsilateral lung, the CCC algorithm overestimated the dose to the entire lung, and the PBC algorithm overestimated V20 but underestimated V5; the difference in V10 was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PBC substantially overestimates the dose to the tumour, but the CCC is similar to the MC simulation. It is recommended that the treatment plans for lung cancer be developed using an advanced dose calculation algorithm other than PBC. MC can accurately calculate the dose distribution in lung cancer and can provide a notably effective tool for benchmarking the performance of other dose calculation algorithms within patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. 69874587@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yanqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. qgh760@126.com.
authors.forename: Guohai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. cxqyguestc@163.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. 470450533@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xianliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. dengwangpei@163.com.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. lijian626@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. 914112810@qq.com.
authors.forename: Mingyong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. Jie.li@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. 275708926@qq.com.
authors.forename: Shengwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. 23480634@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiongfei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated