title: Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis.
abstract: Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. It has gained importance in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence, recognition of multiple cryptic species within the originally described species, and its distinctive ecology, distribution, and epidemiology across the globe. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and outbreaks due to S. schenckii sensu lato. Despite its omnipresence in the environment, this fungus has remarkably diverse modes of infection and distribution patterns across the world. We have delved into the nuances of how sporotrichosis is intimately linked to different forms of human activities, habitats, lifestyles, and environmental and zoonotic interactions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate discussion about the peculiarities of this unique fungal pathogen and increase the awareness of clinicians and microbiologists, especially in regions of high endemicity, to its emergence and evolving presentations and to kindle further research into understanding the unorthodox mechanisms by which this fungus afflicts different human populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India arunaloke@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Arunaloke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology & Service of Dermatology, General Hospital of Mexico, México city, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonifaz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçã Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Clara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Galhardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D017753:Ecosystem; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission
keywords: Sporothrix; epidemiology; sporotrichosis; taxonomy; zoonoses