title: Living arrangements, chronic diseases, and prescription drug expenditures among Korean elderly: vulnerability to potential medication underuse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufficient social security combined with family structure changes has resulted in a poverty of the elderly. The objective of this study was to examine an association of living arrangements of the elderly with chronic disease prevalence and prescription drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  2008 Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS) data were used in this study. Information on living arrangements, socio-demographics, health behaviors, chronic disease prevalence and healthcare expenditures including out-of-pocket (OOP) prescription drug expenditures for elderly aged 65 or older were collected from self-reported diaries and receipts. OOP prescription drug expenditure as a total cost that subject paid to a pharmacy for prescription drugs was examined. Logistic regression was used to identify differences in major chronic disease prevalence by living arrangements. The association of living arrangements with prescription drug use was analyzed using generalized linear model with a log link and a gamma variance distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proportions of elderly living alone, elderly living with a spouse only, and elderly living with adults aged 20-64 were 14.5%, 48.3%, and 37.2%, respectively. Elderly living alone showed 2.43 odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.66-3.56) for having major chronic diseases prevalence compared to elderly living with adults. Despite a higher major chronic disease prevalence, elderly living alone showed lower OOP prescription drug expenditures (Cost Ratio = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.97) after adjusting for the number of major chronic diseases. Total OOP prescription drug expenditures were significantly lower in patients with a low income level versus high income level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though elderly living alone had a higher risk of chronic disease, they spent less on OOP prescription drug expenditures. Optimal drug use is important for elderly with chronic diseases to achieve good health outcomes and quality of life. Public health policies should be supplemented to optimize medical treatment for vulnerable elderly living alone.
authors.forename: Eun-Ja
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Eui-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, South Korea. jwkwon@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors