title: Molecular, phenotypic aspects and therapeutic horizons of rare genetic bone disorders.
abstract: A rare disease afflicts less than 200,000 individuals, according to the National Organization for Rare Diseases (NORD) of the United States. Over 6,000 rare disorders affect approximately 1 in 10 Americans. Rare genetic bone disorders remain the major causes of disability in US patients. These rare bone disorders also represent a therapeutic challenge for clinicians, due to lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms. This systematic review explored current literature on therapeutic directions for the following rare genetic bone disorders: fibrous dysplasia, Gorham-Stout syndrome, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, melorheostosis, multiple hereditary exostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, achondroplasia, and hypophosphatasia. The disease mechanisms of Gorham-Stout disease, melorheostosis, and multiple hereditary exostosis are not fully elucidated. Inhibitors of the ACVR1/ALK2 pathway may serve as possible therapeutic intervention for FOP. The use of bisphosphonates and IL-6 inhibitors has been explored to be useful in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia, but more research is warranted. Cell therapy, bisphosphonate polytherapy, and human growth hormone may avert the pathology in osteogenesis imperfecta, but further studies are needed. There are still no current effective treatments for these bone disorders; however, significant promising advances in therapeutic modalities were developed that will limit patient suffering and treat their skeletal disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University Health Sciences Division, Fort-Lauderdale-Davie, FL 33314, USA.
authors.forename: Taha
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4591-2786
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Faruqi
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University Health Sciences Division, Fort-Lauderdale-Davie, FL 33314, USA.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.affiliation: Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL 33174, USA.
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6442-6006
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8485, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4639-3316
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University Health Sciences Division, Fort-Lauderdale-Davie, FL 33314, USA.
authors.forename: Khin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED) School of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
authors.forename: Samir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abdelmagid
mesh_terms: D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics