title: Adoptive immunotherapy against sarcomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional treatments reached an unsatisfactory therapeutic plateau in the treatment of advanced unresectable bone and soft tissue sarcomas that remain an unsolved medical need. Several evidences support the concept that adoptive immunotherapy may effectively integrate within the complex and multidisciplinary treatment of sarcomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work we reviewed adoptive immunotherapy strategies that have been explored in sarcoma settings, with specific focus on issues related to their clinic transferability. We schematically divided approaches based on T lymphocytes specific for MHC-restricted tumor-associated antigens or relying on MHC-independent immune effectors such as natural killer (NK), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) or γδ T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preclinical findings and initial clinical reports showed the potentialities and drawbacks of different adoptive immunotherapy strategies. The expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is difficult to be reproduced outside melanoma. Genetically redirected T cells appear to be a promising option and initial reports are encouraging against patients with sarcomas. Adoptive immunotherapy with MHC-unrestricted effectors such as NK, CIK or γδ T cells has recently shown great preclinical potential in sarcoma setting and biologic features that may favor clinical transferability. Combination of different immunotherapy approaches and integration with conventional treatments appear to be key issues for successful designing of next clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS, Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy , Candiolo, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mesiano
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leuci
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giraudo
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gammaitoni
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carnevale Schianca
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cangemi
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rotolo
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capellero
authors.forename: Ymera
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pignochino
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grignani
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aglietta
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sangiolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055612:Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: adoptive immunotherapy; cytokine-induced killer cells; natural killer cells; sarcomas