title: Chondrogenic regeneration using bone marrow clots and a porous polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite scaffold by three-dimensional printing.
abstract: Scaffolds play an important role in directing three-dimensional (3D) cartilage regeneration. Our recent study reported the potential advantages of bone marrow clots (MC) in promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold chondrogenic regeneration. The aim of this study is to build a new scaffold for MC, with improved characteristics in mechanics, shaping, and biodegradability, compared to our previous study. To address this issue, this study prepared a 3D porous polycaprolactone (PCL)-hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold combined with MC (Group A), while the control group (Group B) utilized a bone marrow stem cell seeded PCL-HA scaffold. The results of in vitro cultures and in vivo implantation demonstrated that although an initial obstruction of nutrient exchange caused by large amounts of fibrin and erythrocytes led to a decrease in the ratio of live cells in Group A, these scaffolds also showed significant improvements in cell adhesion, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation with porous recanalization in the later culture, compared to Group B. After 4 weeks of in vivo implantation, Group A scaffolds have a superior performance in DNA content, Sox9 and RunX2 expression, cartilage lacuna-like cell and ECM accumulation, when compared to Group B. Furthermore, Group A scaffold size and mechanics were stable during in vitro and in vivo experiments, unlike the scaffolds in our previous study. Our results suggest that the combination with MC proved to be a highly efficient, reliable, and simple new method that improves the biological performance of 3D PCL-HA scaffold. The MC-PCL-HA scaffold is a candidate for future cartilage regeneration studies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China .
authors.forename: Qingqiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chenshuang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Arya Nick
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shamie
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chengzhe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiuwu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.forename: Xinli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D011817:Rabbits; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone; D017886:Durapatite