title: IFN-β and multiple sclerosis: cross-talking of immune cells and integration of immunoregulatory networks.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune inflammation affecting the central nervous system and subsequent neurodegeneration. Historically, damage was thought to be mediated exclusively by auto-antigen-activated pro-inflammatory T cells. However, more recently, we are gaining increasing knowledge on the pathogenic role played in MS by B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. IFN-β therapy was one the first approved therapy for MS for its ability to reduce relapse rate and MRI lesion activity and to significantly decrease risk of disability progression. IFN-β-mediated mechanisms of action, even if not completely understood, mainly rely on its multifaceted pleiotropic effects resulting in sustained anti-inflammatory properties directed toward almost every immune cell type. Here, we will discuss in detail literature data characterizing the pathogenic activity of the different immune cell subsets involved in MS pathogenesis and how IFN-β therapy regulates their function by modulating bystander responses. We believe that the effectiveness of this drug in MS treatment, even if in use for a long time, can unveil new insights on this disease and still teach a lesson to researchers in the MS field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: martina.severa@iss.it.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severa
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giacomini
authors.affiliation: Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS) - Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs; Sapienza, University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital Site, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: eliana.coccia@iss.it.
authors.forename: Eliana M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Coccia
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016899:Interferon-beta
keywords: Bystander immune regulation; IFN-β therapy; Immune cell subsets; Multiple sclerosis