title: Challenges of smokeless tobacco use in Myanmar.
abstract: Myanmar Tobacco Control Law of 2006 covers the control of all forms of tobacco use. After 7-year, tobacco use among adults did not see a decrease. The paper aimed to study the prevalence, details of the products, trade, legislation, tax, marketing, advertising and evidence on morbidity and mortality, and to make recommendations for policy options. Personal communications by authors and colleagues, and searches by keywords in PubMed and on Google, literature review and research from published reports, and various studies and surveys conducted in Myanmar and other countries. Smokeless tobacco use in Myanmar is the highest among ASEAN countries. A variety of SLT products used together with betel chewing poses a challenge; betel quid chewing has been accepted as a cultural norm in both rural and urban areas. Betel quid chewing usually starts at younger ages. Sale, marketing, and advertising of SLT are not under control and thus, road-side kiosks selling betel quid with SLT are mushrooming. Considerable trade of SLT products by illegal and legal means created an increase in access and availability. Low cost of SLT product enables high volume of use, even for the poor families. Taxation for raw tobacco and tobacco products is half the values of the tax for cigarettes. Effective enforcement, amendment of the law, and action for social change are needed.
authors.affiliation: People's Health Foundation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, Yangon.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Swe
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Toe
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Zaw
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Sein
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D002052:Myanmar; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*