title: Go in for the kill: How plants deploy effector-triggered immunity to combat pathogens. [Corrected].
abstract: Plant resistance (R) proteins perceive specific pathogen effectors from diverse plant pathogens to initiate defense responses, designated effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plant R proteins are mostly nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins, which recognize pathogen effectors directly or indirectly through sophisticated mechanisms. Upon activation by effector proteins, R proteins elicit robust defense responses, including a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced biosynthesis and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), a rapid programmed cell death (PCD) called hypersensitive response (HR) at the infection sites, and increased expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Initiation of ETI is correlated with a complex network of defense signaling pathways, resulting in defensive cellular responses and large-scale transcriptional reprogramming events. In this review, we highlight important recent advances on the recognition of effectors, regulation and activation of plant R proteins, dynamic intracellular trafficking of R proteins, induction of cell death, and transcriptional reprogramming associated with ETI. Current knowledge gaps and future research directions are also discussed in this review.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Carolina; Columbia, SC USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Zheng Qing
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011506:Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011506:Proteins
keywords: MAMP; MAMP-triggered immunity; avirulence protein; effector-triggered immunity; effectors; hypersensitive response; resistance protein; transcriptional reprogramming