title: Basic life support training for single rescuers efficiently augments their willingness to make early emergency calls with no available help: a cross-over questionnaire survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate effects of basic life support (BLS) training on willingness of single rescuers to make emergency calls during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) with no available help from others.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-over questionnaire survey was conducted with two questionnaires. Questionnaires were administered before and after two BLS courses in fire departments. One questionnaire included two scenarios which simulate OHCAs occurring in situations where help from other rescuers is available (Scenario-M) and not available (Scenario-S). The conventional BLS course was designed for multiple rescuers (Course-M), and the other was designed for single rescuers (Course-S).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,312 respondents, 2,218 (95.9%) answered all questions and were included in the analysis. Although both Course-M and Course-S significantly augmented willingness to make early emergency calls not only in Scenario-M but also in Scenario-S, the willingness for Scenario-M after training course was significantly higher in respondents of Course-S than in those of Course-M (odds ratio 1.706, 95% confidential interval 1.301-2.237). Multiple logistic regression analysis for Scenario-M disclosed that post training (adjusted odds ratio 11.6, 95% confidence interval 7.84-18.0), age (0.99, 0.98-0.99), male gender (1.77, 1.39-2.24), prior BLS experience of at least three times (1.46, 1.25-2.59), and time passed since most recent training during 3 years or less (1.80, 1.25-2.59) were independently associated with willingness to make early emergency calls and that type of BLS course was not independently associated with willingness. Therefore, both Course-M and Course-S similarly augmented willingness in Scenario-M. However, in multiple logistic regression analyses for Scenario-S, Course-S was independently associated with willingness to make early emergency calls in Scenario-S (1.26, 1.00-1.57), indicating that Course-S more efficiently augmented willingness. Moreover, post training (2.30, 1.86-2.83) and male gender (1.26, 1.02-1.57) were other independent factors associated with willingness in Scenario-S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BLS courses designed for single rescuers with no help available from others are likely to augment willingness to make early emergency calls more efficiently than conventional BLS courses designed for multiple rescuers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enami
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamikura
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inaba
keywords: Basic life support; Bystander; Emergency call; Training course; Willingness