title: Temperature-controlled ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted microextraction for preconcentration of trace quantity of cadmium and nickel by using organic ligand in artificial saliva extract of smokeless tobacco products.
abstract: A new approach was developed for the preconcentration of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in artificial saliva extract of dry snuff (brown and black) products using temperature-controlled ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (TIL-UDLLμE) followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The Cd and Ni were complexed with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), extracted in ionic liquid drops, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C4MIM][PF6]. The multivariate strategy was applied to estimate the optimum values of experimental variables influence the % recovery of analytes by TIL-UDLLμE method. At optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection (3s) were 0.05 and 0.14μgL(-1) while relative standard deviations (% RSD) were 3.97 and 3.55 for Cd and Ni respectively. After extraction, the enhancement factors (EF) were 87 and 79 for Cd and Ni, respectively. The RSD for six replicates of 10μgL(-1) Cd and Ni were 3.97% and 3.55% respectively. To validate the proposed method, certified reference material (CRM) of Virginia tobacco leaves was analyzed, and the determined values of Cd and Ni were in good agreement with the certified values. The concentration of Cd and Ni in artificial saliva extracts corresponds to 39-52% and 21-32%, respectively, of the total contents of both elements in dry brown and black snuff products.
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: ssadiashafi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadaf Sadia
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: tgkazi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan. Electronic address: Drasmajamshed@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Asma Jabeen
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: jabmughal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jameel Ahmed
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: kr_brahman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kapil Dev
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brahman
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: naeemullah433@yahoo.com.
authors.lastname: Naeemullah
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: salma_arain67@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Salma Aslam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012463:Saliva; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000032:analysis*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013696:Temperature; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C412621:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; D005609:Free Radicals; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008024:Ligands; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D009532:Nickel
keywords: 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; Artificial saliva; Cadmium; Lead; Microextraction