title: Hedgehog-induced phosphorylation by CK1 sustains the activity of Ci/Gli activator.
abstract: Hedgehog (Hh) signaling governs many developmental processes by regulating the balance between the repressor (Ci(R)/Gli(R)) and activator (Ci(A)/Gli(A)) forms of Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) transcription factors. Although much is known about how Ci(R)/Gli(R) is controlled, the regulation of Ci(A)/Gli(A) remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Casein kinase 1 (CK1) sustains Hh signaling downstream of Costal2 and Suppressor of fused (Sufu) by protecting Ci(A) from premature degradation. We show that Hh stimulates Ci phosphorylation by CK1 at multiple Ser/Thr-rich degrons to inhibit its recognition by the Hh-induced MATH and BTB domain containing protein (HIB), a substrate receptor for the Cullin 3 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. In Hh-receiving cells, reduction of CK1 activity accelerated HIB-mediated degradation of Ci(A), leading to premature loss of pathway activity. We also provide evidence that Gli(A) is regulated by CK1 in a similar fashion and that CK1 acts downstream of Sufu to promote Sonic hedgehog signaling. Taken together, our study not only reveals an unanticipated and conserved mechanism by which phosphorylation of Ci/Gli positively regulates Hh signaling but also provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that substrate recognition by the Cullin 3 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases is negatively regulated by a kinase.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Developmental Biology and.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Developmental Biology and.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Developmental Biology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; and.
authors.forename: Shuangxi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Developmental Biology and.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yongbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Developmental Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235; jin.jiang@UTSouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047389:Casein Kinase I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D044842:Cullin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016547:Kinesins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D059748:Proteolysis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: C503647:Cul3 protein, Drosophila; D044842:Cullin Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C097059:Su(fu) protein, Drosophila; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; C092937:ci protein, Drosophila; C107452:cos protein, Drosophila; C077245:hh protein, Drosophila; D047389:Casein Kinase I; D016547:Kinesins
keywords: CK1; Ci; Gli; Hedgehog; SPOP