title: Human leukocyte antigen typing using a knowledge base coupled with a high-throughput oligonucleotide probe array analysis.
abstract: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are important biomarkers because multiple diseases, drug toxicity, and vaccine responses reveal strong HLA associations. Current clinical HLA typing is an elimination process requiring serial testing. We present an alternative in situ synthesized DNA-based microarray method that contains hundreds of thousands of probes representing a complete overlapping set covering 1,610 clinically relevant HLA class I alleles accompanied by computational tools for assigning HLA type to 4-digit resolution. Our proof-of-concept experiment included 21 blood samples, 18 cell lines, and multiple controls. The method is accurate, robust, and amenable to automation. Typing errors were restricted to homozygous samples or those with very closely related alleles from the same locus, but readily resolved by targeted DNA sequencing validation of flagged samples. High-throughput HLA typing technologies that are effective, yet inexpensive, can be used to analyze the world's populations, benefiting both global public health and personalized health care.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Guang Lan
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Derin B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Keskin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Nan
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Hong Huang
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.affiliation: Agilent Technologies, Inc. , Santa Clara, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leppanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Histocompatibility and Tissue Typing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Edgar L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Milford
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Ellis L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Reinherz
authors.affiliation: Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brusic
keywords: HLA disease association; HLA typing; population typing