title: Triclosan and triclosan-loaded liposomal nanoparticles in the treatment of acute experimental toxoplasmosis.
abstract: Efficacy of triclosan (TS) and TS-loaded liposomes against the virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) was evaluated. Swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with 10(4) tachyzoites of RH HXGPRT(-) strain of T. gondii, then were orally treated with 150 mg/kg TS or 100 mg/kg TS liposomes twice daily for 4 days. Mice mortality, peritoneal and liver parasite burdens, viability, infectivity and ultrastructural changes of peritoneal tachyzoites of infected treated mice were studied, in comparison with those of infected non-treated controls. Drug safety was biochemically assessed by measuring liver enzymes and thyroxin. Both TS and TS liposomes induced significant reduction in mice mortality, parasite burden, viability and infectivity of tachyzoites harvested from infected treated mice. Scanning electron microscopy of treated tachyzoites showed distorted shapes, reduced sizes, irregularities, surface protrusions, erosions and peeling besides apical region distortion. Transmission electron microscopy showed that treated tachyzoites were intracellularly distorted, had cytoplasmic vacuolation, discontinuous plasma membranes, nuclear abnormalities and disrupted internal structures. Besides, in TS liposomes-treated subgroup, most tachyzoites were seen intracellularly with complete disintegration of the parasite plasma and nuclear membranes, with complete destruction of the internal structures. Biochemical safety of TS and TS liposomes was proven. Accordingly, TS can be considered as a promising alternative to the standard therapy for treating acute murine toxoplasmosis. Liposomal formulation of TS enhanced its efficacy and allowed its use in a lower dose.
authors.affiliation: Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Lobna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: El-Zawawy
authors.affiliation: Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Doaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El-Said
authors.affiliation: Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Electronic address: mossallamsh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Shereen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Mossallam
authors.affiliation: Medical Bio-Physics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Heba S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.affiliation: Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Salwa S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Younis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000469:parasitology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D008081:Liposomes; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D014260:Triclosan; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: Liposomes; RH HXGPRT(−) virulent strain; Tachyzoites; Toxoplasma gondii; Triclosan