title: Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment in autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Autoimmune diseases, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, are characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), which constitutes the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among such patients. Although such effects are partly explained by a higher prevalence of traditional CV risk factors, many studies indicate that such factors do not fully explain the enhanced CV risk in these patients. In addition, risk stratification algorithms based upon traditional CV risk factors are not as predictive in autoimmune diseases as in the general population. For these reasons, the timely and accurate assessment of CV risk in these high-risk populations still remains an unmet clinical need. An enhanced contribution of different inflammatory components of the immune response, as well as autoimmune elements (e.g. autoantibodies, autoantigens, and cellular response), has been proposed to underlie the incremental CV risk observed in these populations. Recent advances in proteomic tools have contributed to the discovery of proteins involved in CVDs, including some that may be suitable to be used as biological markers. In this review we summarize the main markers in the field of CVDs associated with autoimmunity, as well as the recent advances in proteomic technology and their application for biomarker discovery in autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Priscila Camillo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferber
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vuilleumier
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cutler
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Autoimmune diseases; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular risk; Proteomics