title: Dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk: European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence on the association between dietary folate intake and the risk of breast cancer (BC) by hormone receptor expression in the tumors. We investigated the relationship between dietary folate and BC risk using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 367993 women age 35 to 70 years were recruited in 10 European countries. During a median follow-up of 11.5 years, 11575 women with BC were identified. Dietary folate intake was estimated from country-specific dietary questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to quantify the association between dietary variables and BC risk. BC tumors were classified by receptor status. Subgroup analyses were performed by menopausal status and alcohol intake. Intake of other B vitamins was considered. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A borderline inverse association was observed between dietary folate and BC risk (hazard ratio comparing top vs bottom quintile [HRQ5-Q1] = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.01, P trend = .037). In premenopausal women, we observed a statistically significant trend towards lower risk in estrogen receptor-negative BC (HRQ5-Q1 = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.96, P trend = .042) and progesterone receptor-negative BC (HRQ5-Q1 = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.97, P trend = .021). No associations were found in postmenopausal women. A 14% reduction in BC risk was observed when comparing the highest with the lowest dietary folate tertiles in women having a high (>12 alcoholic drinks/week) alcohol intake (HRT3-T1 = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.98, P interaction = .035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher dietary folate intake may be associated with a lower risk of sex hormone receptor-negative BC in premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Batlle
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chajes
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roswall
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fagherazzi
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hjartåker
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engeset
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Travier
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amiano
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chirlaque
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barricarte Gurrea
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Key
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Guelpen
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneede
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (JdB, PF, VC, JYP, NS, FM, IR); Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (KO); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, AT); Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (MCBR, FCC, GF); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (VK, RK); Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany (MMB); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT, DT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (PL); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PL, DT); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (PL, DT); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy (DP); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy (SSi); Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (SP); Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy (RT); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (PV, HBBdM, PHP, ER); HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (PHP); Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical 
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017697:Premenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid