title: Systemic targeted alpha radiotherapy for cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fundamental principles of internal targeted alpha therapy forcancer were established many decades ago.The high linear energy transfer (LET) ofalpha radiation to the targeted cancer cellscauses double strand breaks in DNA. Atthe same time, the short range radiation spares adjacent normal tissues. This targeted approach complements conventional external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Such therapies fail on several fronts, such as lack of control of some primary cancers (e.g. glioblastoma multiforme) and to inhibit the development of lethal metastaticcancer after successful treatment of the primary cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review charts the developing role of systemic high LET, internalradiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Targeted alpha therapy is a rapidly advancing experimental therapy thatholds promise to deliver high cytotoxicity to targeted cancer cells. Initially thoughtto be indicated for leukemia and micrometastases, there is now evidence that solidtumors can also be regressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alpha therapy may be molecular or physiological in its targeting. Alphaemitting radioisotopes such as Bi-212, Bi-213, At-211 and Ac-225 are used to labelmonoclonal antibodies or proteins that target specific cancer cells. Alternatively, Radium-233 is used for palliative therapy of breast and prostate cancers because of its bone seeking properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preclinical studies and clinical trials of alpha therapy are discussedfor leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, bone metastases, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and other cancers.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, Australia.
authors.forename: Bj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allen
keywords: Clinical trials; In vitro; In vivo; Lekaemia; Melanoma; Prostate cancer; Radioisotopes; Systemic cancers; Targeted alpha therapy