title: Oral habits--part 1: the dental effects and management of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking.
abstract: Nutritive sucking and non-nutritive sucking are among the most commonly reported oral habits in children. These habits generally cease around four years of age as interaction with other children increases. However, prolonged habits may alter dento-skeletal development, leading to orthodontic problems, which may persist into the permanent dentition. Rewards, reminder therapy, and appliance therapy have been described for the management of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits. Reminder therapy includes the use of gloves, thumb-guards, mittens, and tastants applied to fingers. When other modes of treatment have failed, appliance therapy, such as palatal cribs or Bluegrass appliances, may be necessary to prevent the placement of the digit in its sucking position. These tools are very effective and are associated with few adverse effects; however, they must be used with the cooperation of the child and never as punishment. The purpose of this paper is to update clinicians about nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits in children and their impact on dental/skeletal development, and management options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Mihiri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. djmanton@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manton
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D012307:Risk Factors; D013391:Sucking Behavior