title: Sea piracy sequelae: assessment according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies have investigated the psychological consequences of kidnapping in a group of Italian seafarers assaulted by sea pirates and held in captivity and in their family members by the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-4. These studies have shown that both the victims and the family members showed significant psychological disturbances, corresponding to a chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in the victims, and a pattern of anxiety and depression in their family members. After publication of these studies, an updated edition of the DSM became available, namely, the DSM-5. The DSM-5 redefines some diagnostic criteria, including those related to the PTSD. This work was focused on the re-evaluation of the results of our previous studies in the light of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen Italians including 4 kidnapped seafarers and 12 family members were examined by a semi-structured interview followed by Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-DX) and the Cognitive Behaviour al Assessment (CBA 2.0) for victims and by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) X-1 and X-2 of CBA 2.0 and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) for family members. Data already obtained were reviewed and re-analysed according to the DSM-5 criteria and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of the CAPS-5 did not modify the diagnosis for the victims' group: 3 of 4 had a PTSD diagnosis performed through the CAPS-5. Seven of 12 family members had PTSD diagnosis performed through the CAPS-5, with negative cognitions and mood symptoms being those obtaining the highest score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using DSM-5 criteria, the diagnosis of PTSD in the direct victims of piracy was confirmed. The same diagnosis could apply to a group of their family members. Besides anxiety and fear, in fact, we found in 7 out 12 subjects the presence of symptoms included by the DSM-5 in the PTSD spectrum. These symptoms were: avoidance, negative alterations in mood and cognition, blame of self or others. The use of updated diagnostic criteria may enable more correct assessment of the consequences of piracy acts. This may be also useful for establishing proper compensations for the damage suffered by seafarers, depending on the degree of disability resulting from the criminal acts they suffered.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. francesco.amenta@unicam.it.
authors.forename: Antonio Rosario
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ziello
authors.forename: Angiola Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fasanaro
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Ascanio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sirignano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amenta
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009326:Naval Medicine; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology