title: Successful long-term management of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe the long-term effectiveness and tolerability of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor ranibizumab in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum with bilateral macular choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 54-year-old Caucasian man with history of heart disease presented with visual loss in his right eye. An examination revealed choroidal neovascularization and reduced visual acuity, while no abnormalities were seen in his left eye. He was diagnosed with angioid streaks associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Off-label treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab once a month initiated in December 2007 was discontinued after 3 months due to lack of efficacy. In September 2008, the patient reported reduced visual acuity in his left eye and an examination revealed changes. Left eye treatment was initiated in October 2008 with a loading dose (three consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab 0.5mg/50 μL) followed by 0.5mg/50 μL followed by treatment as needed until May 2014. After 21 ranibizumab injections, an examination revealed angioid streaks and choroidal neovascularization in both eyes. His right eye showed retinal layer deterioration with outer limiting membrane and photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction involvement. His left eye had a smaller foveal scar, with other areas preserved. Visual acuity was stable in his treated left eye, but had deteriorated in his right eye. Ranibizumab treatment was well tolerated with no adverse events reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present case, an as-needed regimen of ranibizumab after an initial loading dose, achieved maintenance of visual function and was well tolerated over a period of almost 6 years in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum and high cardiovascular risk. As anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are associated with increased risk of systemic effects, particularly arterial thromboembolic events, following intravenous administration, the absence of serious thromboembolic or cardiovascular adverse events throughout the 6-year treatment period is particularly encouraging considering our patient's high cardiovascular risk status.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore - A, Gemelli", Largo "A, Gemelli" 8, 00168 Rome, Italy. crisav8@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Savastano
authors.forename: Angelo Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Minnella
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zinzanella
authors.forename: Benedetto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falsini
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporossi
mesh_terms: D000793:Angioid Streaks / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011561:Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000069579:Ranibizumab