title: Range of movement in ray I of manus and pes and the prehensility of the autopodia in the Early Permian to Late Cretaceous non-anomodont Synapsida.
abstract: The mobility of ray I was analysed in seventy-eight Early Permian to Late Cretaceous specimens of non-mammalian Synapsida and one extant mammal. In all non-mammaliamorph Synapsida investigated, ray I formed a digital arcade. The first phalanx was maximally extendable to the zero position in the metapodiophalangeal joint I. Metapodiale I was the functional equivalent to a basal phalanx of digits II-V. In contrast, there was no digital arcade in ray I in Mesozoic Mammaliamorpha. Phalanx 1 I was dorsally extendable and metapodiale I was functionally part of the metapodium. During the propulsion phase, autopodial rotation occurred in the majority of Synapsida with abducted limb posture. Regarding ray I, the reduction of autopodial rotation can be estimated, e.g., from the decrease of lateral rotation and medial abduction of the first phalanx in the metapodiophalangeal joint I. Autopodial rotation was high in Titanophoneus and reduced in derived Cynodontia. In Mammaliamorpha the mobility of the first ray suggests autopodial rolling in an approximately anterior direction. Most non-mammaliamorph Therapsida and probably some Mesozoic Mammaliamorpha had prehensile autopodia with an opposable ray I. In forms with a pronounced relief of the respective joints, ray I could be opposed to 90° against ray III. A strong transverse arch in the row of distalia supported the opposition movement of ray I and resulted in a convergence of the claws of digits II-V just by flexing those digits. A tight articular coherence in the digital joints of digits II-V during strong flexion supported a firm grip capacity. Usually the grip capacity was more pronounced in the manus than in the pes. Prehensile autopodia of carnivorous Therapsida may have been utilized to hold prey while biting, thus helping to avoid fractures of the laterally compressed fangs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Morphology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanna B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kümmell
authors.affiliation: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043344:Chordata / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005580:Fossils; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D059166:Osteology; D010163:Paleontology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular