title: Effects of subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation on negative self-bias in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cognitive neuropsychological model states that antidepressant treatment alters emotional biases early in treatment, and after this initial change in emotional processing, environmental and social interactions allow for long-term/sustained changes in mood and behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Changes in negative self-bias after chronic subcallosal cingulate (SCC) deep brain stimulation (DBS) were investigated with the hypothesis that treatment would lead to changes in emotional biases followed by changes in symptom severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N = 7) with treatment-resistant depression were assessed at three time points: pre-treatment; after one month stimulation; and after six months stimulation. The P1, P2, P3, and LPP (late positive potential) components of the event-related potential elicited by positive and negative trait adjectives were recorded in both a self-referential task and a general emotion recognition task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that DBS reduced automatic attentional bias toward negative words early in treatment, as indexed by the P1 component, and controlled processing of negative words later in treatment, as indexed by the P3 component. Reduction in negative words endorsed as self-descriptive after six months DBS was associated with reduced depression severity after six months DBS. Change in emotional processing may be restricted to the self-referential task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these results suggest that the cognitive neuropsychological model, developed to explain the time-course of monoamine antidepressant treatment, may also be used as a framework to interpret the antidepressant effects of SCC DBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA. Electronic address: mrhilimire@wm.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hilimire
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mayberg
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Holtzheimer
authors.affiliation: University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Broadway
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DeVylder
authors.affiliation: University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Corballis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000628:therapy*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Brodmann area 25; Electrical stimulation; Electroencephalography; Event-related potentials; Mood disorders; Subgenual cingulate