title: Sources of innovation: an assessment of intellectual property.
abstract: An analysis of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved new molecular entities (NMEs) reveals dynamism in terms of new innovation. An assessment of the first patent for each drug shows that the pharmaceutical industry, particularly large, established companies in North America, tend to dominate the field. Over the past 10-15 years, European and Asian organizations have begun to close the gap. A dynamic inventive environment in drug discovery is suggested by the fact that NMEs for biologics or awarded to biotechnology companies often have inventors from the pharmaceutical and academic sectors. Whereas inventors continue to found biotechnology companies at a steady rate, recent trends suggest these inventors more often come from the private sector.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: michael.kinch@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kinch
authors.affiliation: World International Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raffo
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D018973:Intellectual Property; D062069:Inventions / Q000639:trends; D062068:Inventors / Q000639:trends; D007880:Legislation, Drug / Q000639:trends; D010330:Patents as Topic; D017149:Private Sector / Q000639:trends