title: Combination of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, early lactate area, and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide levels as a predictor of mortality in geriatric patients with septic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the high mortality rates in elderly patients with septic shock, the early recognition of patients at greatest risk of death is crucial for the implementation of early intervention strategies. Serum lactate and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels are often elevated in elderly patients with septic shock and are therefore important biomarkers of metabolic and cardiac dysfunction. We hypothesized that a risk stratification system that incorporates the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and lactate and NT-proBNP biomarkers would better predict mortality in geriatric patients with septic shock than the APACHE II score alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-center prospective study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2013 in a 30-bed intensive care unit of a triservice hospital. The lactate area score was defined as the sum of the area under the curve of serial lactate levels measured during the 24 hours following admission divided by 24. The NT-proBNP score was assigned based on NT-proBNP levels measured at admission. The combined score was calculated by adding the lactate area and NT-proBNP scores to the APACHE II score. Multivariate logistic regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate which variables and scoring systems served as the best predictors of mortality in elderly septic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 115 patients with septic shock were included in the study. The overall 28-day mortality rate was 67.0%. When compared to survivors, nonsurvivors had significantly higher lactate area scores, NT-proBNP scores, APACHE II scores, and combined scores. In the multivariate regression model, the combined score, lactate area score, and mechanical ventilation were independent risk factors associated with death. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that the combined score had significantly greater predictive power when compared to the APACHE II score or the NT-proBNP score (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined score that incorporates the APACHE II score with early lactate area and NT-proBNP levels is a useful method for risk stratification in geriatric patients with septic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital affiliated to Taishan Medical College, 252000, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China. Electronic address: shandongicu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Elderly; Lactate; Mortality; NT-proBNP; Septic shock