title: Walking dynamics in preadolescents with and without Down syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A force-driven harmonic oscillator (FDHO) model reveals the elastic property of general muscular activity during walking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate whether children with Down syndrome (DS) have a lower K/G ratio, a primary variable derived from the FDHO model, compared with children with typical development during overground and treadmill walking and whether children with DS can adapt the K/G ratio to walking speeds, external ankle load, and a treadmill setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study design was used that included 26 children with and without DS, aged 7 to 10 years, for overground walking and 20 of them for treadmill walking in a laboratory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  During overground walking, participants walked at 2 speeds: normal and fastest speed. During treadmill walking, participants walked at 75% and 100% of their preferred overground speed. Two load conditions were manipulated for both overground and treadmill walking: no load and an ankle load that was equal to 2% of body mass on each side.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with DS showed a K/G ratio similar to that of their healthy peers and increased this ratio with walking speed regardless of ankle load during overground walking. Children with DS produced a lower K/G ratio at the fast speed of treadmill walking without ankle load, but ankle load helped them produce a K/G ratio similar to that of their healthy peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FDHO model cannot specify what muscles are used or how muscles are coordinated for a given motor task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with DS show elastic property of general muscular activity similar to their healthy peers during overground walking. External ankle load helps children with DS increase general muscular activity and match their healthy peers while walking fast on a treadmill.
authors.affiliation: J. Wu, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, 125 Decatur St, Atlanta, GA 30302 (USA). jwu11@gsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: M. Beerse, MS, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beerse
authors.affiliation: T. Ajisafe, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Toyin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ajisafe
authors.affiliation: H. Liang, BS, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Huaqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology