title: Serial transrectal ultrasonography for monitoring the reproductive activity of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus).
abstract: This study evaluated the structural changes in the reproductive tract of Asiatic black bears using serial transrectal ultrasonography. In addition, the ultrasonographic observations were compared with the results of vaginal cytology and hormonal analyses. The collection of blood for hormonal analysis, vaginal cytology and transrectal ultrasonography was performed in two bears (Bears 1 and 2) from June 2011 to August 2013 without mating and in a third bear (Bear 3) from April to December 2012, allowing natural mating. Serial ultrasonographic observations showed cyclic changes in ovarian structures (e.g. emergence of small follicles, growth and ovulation of dominant follicles and corpus luteum (CL) formation) during the reproductive cycles of the three bears. The diameter of the uterine horns remained similar throughout the reproductive cycle in Bears 1 and 2, and it remained similar from April until October, but an enlargement containing foetuses was observed in Bear 3 in December. The ultrasonographic observations were consistent with the data obtained through vaginal cytology and progesterone analysis during the reproductive cycle. An average of 4.0 (±0.4) dominant follicles was observed during the oestrous stage (May-August), during which the superficial cells accounted for >90% of the total vaginal cells. In addition, the detection of an average of 2.6 (±0.2) CL was associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations (3.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml) between June and December (near hibernation). In conclusion, serial transrectal ultrasonography demonstrated yearly oestrous (ovulation) cycles via follicular dynamics and CL formation on ovaries, accordingly with vaginal cytology and hormonal level in the Asiatic black bear.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003338:Corpus Luteum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004971:Estrus; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010060:Ovulation; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012007:Rectum; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol