title: "Throwing a rock at their armored tank": civilian authority and military tobacco control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use is a major cause of chronic disease, disability and death among military personnel and veterans. However, civilian public health and tobacco control advocates have been relatively silent on the issue. Research on the tobacco industry shows a long history of interference in military tobacco policy through relationships with the United States (US) Congress. The military cannot autonomously implement tobacco control, but is subject to Congressional oversight. Thus, the primary obstacles to effective tobacco control in the military are Congressional political opposition and tobacco industry influence, and by extension, a lack of civilian awareness and support in the policy arena.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a larger project to explore the topic of civilian support for military tobacco control, we analyzed data from focus groups with public health professionals to better understand their sense of agency and authority in regards to military tobacco control. Researchers conducted 4 focus groups with a total of 36 public health professionals at key conferences for those working in public health and tobacco control. Data were coded and the research team developed an interpretive account that captured patterns and variations in the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Public health and tobacco control participants shared a sense of futility regarding civilian efforts to engage in military tobacco control. This stemmed from feeling ignorant of military culture and structure, identifying powerful discourses that opposed tobacco control, particularly in a military context, and the very-real presence of the tobacco industry lobby throughout the policy process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strong public health voice on military tobacco control might serve to begin problematizing the tobacco industry's influence in the military policy arena. As the military moves to institute stronger tobacco control policy, public health and tobacco control professionals should work to engage with and aid its efforts from the outside. Only with such civilian side support can the goal of a tobacco free military be realized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. quinn.grundy@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Quinn
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008119:Lobbying; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D011634:Public Health; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult; D062789:Tobacco Products