title: Multi-locus analysis of Giardia duodenalis from nonhuman primates kept in zoos in China: geographical segregation and host-adaptation of assemblage B isolates.
abstract: Only a few studies based on single locus characterization have been conducted on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis in nonhuman primates (NHPs). The present study was conducted to examine the occurrence and genotype identity of G. duodenalis in NHPs based on multi-locus analysis of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and beta-giardin (bg) genes. Fecal specimens were collected from 496 animals of 36 NHP species kept in seven zoos in China and screened for G. duodenalis by tpi-based PCR. G. duodenalis was detected in 92 (18.6%) specimens from 18 NHP species, belonging to assemblage A (n=4) and B (n=88). In positive NHP species, the infection rates ranged from 4.8% to 100%. In tpi sequence analysis, the assemblage A included subtypes A1, A2 and one novel subtype. Multi-locus analysis of the tpi, gdh, and bg genes detected 11 (8 known and 3 new), 6 (3 known and 3 new) and 9 (2 known and 7 new) subtypes in 88, 47 and 35 isolates in assemblage B, respectively. Thirty-two assemblage B isolates with data at all three loci yielded 15 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs), including 2 known and 13 new MLGs. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of assemblage B showed that MLGs found here were genetically different from those of humans, NHPs, rabbit and guinea pig in Italy and Sweden. It further indicated that assemblage B isolates in ring-tailed lemurs and squirrel monkeys might be genetically different from those in other NHPs. These data suggest that NHPs are mainly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage B and there might be geographical segregation and host-adaptation in assemblage B in NHPs.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Md Robiul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Rongjun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Fuchang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Zoo, Zhengzhou 45000, China.
authors.forename: Tongyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Haiju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Zoo, Zhengzhou 45000, China.
authors.forename: Dezhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China. Electronic address: zhanglx8999@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Longxian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Junqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Fuchun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Sumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Farzana Islam
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Rume
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors.forename: Changshen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Electronic address: lxiao@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000469:parasitology*; D002681:China; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000469:parasitology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D058974:Phylogeography; D011323:Primates / Q000469:parasitology*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan
keywords: China; Giardia duodenalis; Multi-locus analysis; Nonhuman primates