title: Generation of cell type-specific monoclonal antibodies for the planarian and optimization of sample processing for immunolabeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efforts to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of regeneration have required the application of methods to detect specific cell types and tissues in a growing cohort of experimental animal models. For example, in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, substantial improvements to nucleic acid hybridization and electron microscopy protocols have facilitated the visualization of regenerative events at the cellular level. By contrast, immunological resources have been slower to emerge. Specifically, the repertoire of antibodies recognizing planarian antigens remains limited, and a more systematic approach is needed to evaluate the effects of processing steps required during sample preparation for immunolabeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address these issues and to facilitate studies of planarian digestive system regeneration, we conducted a monoclonal antibody (mAb) screen using phagocytic intestinal cells purified from the digestive tracts of living planarians as immunogens. This approach yielded ten antibodies that recognized intestinal epitopes, as well as markers for the central nervous system, musculature, secretory cells, and epidermis. In order to improve signal intensity and reduce non-specific background for a subset of mAbs, we evaluated the effects of fixation and other steps during sample processing. We found that fixative choice, treatments to remove mucus and bleach pigment, as well as methods for tissue permeabilization and antigen retrieval profoundly influenced labeling by individual antibodies. These experiments led to the development of a step-by-step workflow for determining optimal specimen preparation for labeling whole planarians as well as unbleached histological sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We generated a collection of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the planarian intestine and other tissues; these antibodies will facilitate studies of planarian tissue morphogenesis. We also developed a protocol for optimizing specimen processing that will accelerate future efforts to generate planarian-specific antibodies, and to extend functional genetic studies of regeneration to post-transcriptional aspects of gene expression, such as protein localization or modification. Our efforts demonstrate the importance of systematically testing multiple approaches to species-specific idiosyncracies, such as mucus removal and pigment bleaching, and may serve as a template for the development of immunological resources in other emerging model organisms.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B107 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. davef@life.illinois.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Forsthoefel
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B107 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. forrest__waters@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Forrest A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B107 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. pnewmark@life.illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newmark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005404:Fixatives / Q000737:chemistry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010932:Planarians / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D005404:Fixatives; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D005557:Formaldehyde