title: Gestational weight gain according to Institute of Medicine recommendations in relation to infant size and body composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrauterine life may be a critical period for programming childhood obesity; however, there is insufficient knowledge concerning how gestational weight gain (GWG) affects infant fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between GWG according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations and infant size, FM and FFM. We also investigated if the associations were different for normal-weight and overweight/obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 312 healthy Swedish mother-infant pairs. Infant body composition at 1 week of age was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. Maternal GWG was defined as below, within or above the 2009 IOM recommendations. Multiple regression analyses were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women whose weight gain was within IOM recommendations, women with weight gain below the recommendations had infants that were shorter (-0.7 cm, P = 0.008) when adjusting for confounders. Normal-weight women exceeding IOM recommendations had infants with higher FM (+58 g, P = 0.008) compared with normal-weight women who gained within the recommendations. No corresponding association was observed for overweight/obese women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequate GWG was associated with shorter infants, while excessive GWG was associated with greater infant FM for women who were of normal weight before pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2482-7048
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forsum
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Löf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050177:Overweight; D010991:Plethysmography; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D037841:Pregnant People; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Body composition; Institute of Medicine; gestational weight gain; infant