title: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children and adolescents: incidences, outcomes, and household socioeconomic status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is insufficient knowledge of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the very young.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This nationwide study sought to examine age-stratified OHCA characteristics and the role of parental socioeconomic differences and its contribution to mortality in the young population.
  
  
  METHODS
  All OHCA patients in Denmark, ≤21 years of age, were identified from 2001 to 2010. The population was divided into infants (<1 year); pre-school children (1-5 years); school children (6-15 years); and high school adolescents/young adults (16-21 years). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between pre-hospital factors and study endpoints: return of spontaneous circulation and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 459 individuals were included. Overall incidence of OHCA was 3.3 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The incidence rates for infants, pre-school children, school children and high school adolescents were 11.5, 3.5, 1.3 and 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. Overall bystander CPR rate was 48.8%, and for age groups: 55.4%, 41.2%, 44.9% and 63.0%, respectively. Overall 30-day survival rate was 8.1%, and for age groups: 1.4%, 4.5%, 16.1% and 9.3%, respectively. High parental education was associated with improved survival after OHCA (OR 3.48, CI 1.27-9.41). Significant crude difference in survival (OR 3.18, CI 1.22-8.34) between high household incomes vs. low household incomes was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OHCA incidences and survival rates varied significantly between age groups. High parental education was found to be associated with improved survival after OHCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Electronic address: shahzleen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shahzleen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wissenberg
authors.affiliation: The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Folke
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carolina Malta
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medical Services, Capital Region, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Freddy K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kathrine Bach
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Søndergaard
authors.affiliation: The Department of Anaesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kragholm
authors.affiliation: Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services, Central Denmark Region, Olof Palmes Allé 34, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erika Frischknecht
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medical Services, Capital Region, Telegrafvej 5, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; The Department of Anaesthesiology Operation Services, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; The National Institute of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gunnar H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gislason
authors.affiliation: The Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012042:Registries; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Epidemiology; Heart arrest; Paediatrics; Survival