title: [Renal artery computed tomography angiography for the application of severe bleeding after PCNL].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical values of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for severe hemorrhage after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 patients with bleeding after PCNL were enrolled. All patients underwent renal artery CTA. There were 34 males and 16 females with an average age of 45.7 years. Left (n = 31) and right (n = 19) sides were affected. The criteria of severe bleeding included a one-off amount of bleeding over 400 ml after PCNL or/and hemoglobin decreased 20 g/L after PCNL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among them, CTA showed pseudoaneurysm (n = 24), arteriovenous fistula (n = 6), suspicious bleeding spot (n = 4) and no obvious bleeding spot (n = 16). And 24 pseudoaneurysm and 6 arterovenous fistula patients underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) immediately. The bleeding spots were successfully intervened and coil embolization treatment was performed. Three of 4 suspicious bleeding cases had rebleeding mini-pseudoaneurysms. The remaining one case of rebleeding was successfully controlled by conservative measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal artery CTA is the first-line screening technique for severe bleeding after PCNL. But for arterial hemorrhage patients, DSA examination may be directly conducted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Yilei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Baihua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Baishu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Shunliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Email: drtfq@163.com.
authors.forename: Fuqing
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D017541:Aneurysm, False; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012077:Renal Artery