title: Synaptic calcium regulation in hair cells of the chicken basilar papilla.
abstract: Cholinergic inhibition of hair cells occurs by activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. A near-membrane postsynaptic cistern has been proposed to serve as a store from which calcium is released to supplement influx through the ionotropic ACh receptor. However, the time and voltage dependence of acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked potassium currents reveal a more complex relationship between calcium entry and release from stores. The present work uses voltage steps to regulate calcium influx during the application of ACh to hair cells in the chicken basilar papilla. When calcium influx was terminated at positive membrane potential, the ACh-evoked potassium current decayed exponentially over ∼100 ms. However, at negative membrane potentials, this current exhibited a secondary rise in amplitude that could be eliminated by dihydropyridine block of the voltage-gated calcium channels of the hair cell. Calcium entering through voltage-gated channels may transit through the postsynaptic cistern, since ryanodine and sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase blockers altered the time course and magnitude of this secondary, voltage-dependent contribution to ACh-evoked potassium current. Serial section electron microscopy showed that efferent and afferent synaptic structures are juxtaposed, supporting the possibility that voltage-gated influx at afferent ribbon synapses influences calcium homeostasis during long-lasting cholinergic inhibition. In contrast, spontaneous postsynaptic currents ("minis") resulting from stochastic efferent release of ACh were made briefer by ryanodine, supporting the hypothesis that the synaptic cistern serves primarily as a calcium barrier and sink during low-level synaptic activity. Hypolemmal cisterns such as that at the efferent synapse of the hair cell can play a dynamic role in segregating near-membrane calcium for short-term and long-term signaling.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the Center for Sensory Biology, the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: Gi Jung
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the Center for Sensory Biology, the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.affiliation: The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the Center for Sensory Biology, the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehar
authors.affiliation: The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the Center for Sensory Biology, the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: Hakim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiel
authors.affiliation: The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the Center for Sensory Biology, the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 pfuchs1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Paul Albert
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4627-4114
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002642:Chick Embryo; D005260:Female; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D009925:Organ of Corti / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002118:Calcium
keywords: acetylcholine; calcium store; cochlea; efferent inhibition; hair cell; synaptic cistern