title: Submicron polyacrolein particles in situ embedded with upconversion nanoparticles for bioassay.
abstract: We report a new surface modification approach of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) structured as inorganic hosts NaYF4 codoped with Yb(3+) and Er(3+) based on their encapsulation in a two-stage process of precipitation polymerization of acrolein under alkaline conditions in the presence of UCNPs. The use of tetramethylammonium hydroxide both as an initiator of acrolein polymerization and as an agent for UCNP hydrophilization made it possible to increase the polyacrolein yield up to 90%. This approach enabled the facile, lossless embedment of UCNPs into the polymer particles suitable for bioassay. These particles are readily dispersible in aqueous and physiological buffers, exhibiting excellent photoluminescence properties, chemical stability, and also allow the control of particle diameters. The feasibility of the as-produced photoluminescent polymer particles mean-sized 260 nm for in vivo optical whole-animal imaging was also demonstrated using a home-built epi-luminescence imaging system.
authors.affiliation: M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Generalova
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kochneva
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Khaydukov
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Semchishen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Guller
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nechaev
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shekhter
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Zubov
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Zvyagin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Deyev
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004871:Erbium / Q000737:chemistry; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000737:chemistry; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; C525362:sodium yttriumtetrafluoride; C029975:polyacrolein; D015019:Yttrium; D004871:Erbium; D000171:Acrolein; D015018:Ytterbium; D005459:Fluorides