title: Electrophysiologic vestibular evaluation in type 2 diabetic and prediabetic patients: Air conduction ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronically increased blood glucose levels may affect the vestibular system by damaging cells and neural structures in diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to search the effects of neurovascular degeneration on the vestibular system in type 2 DM and prediabetic patients by using air-conducted ocular (oVEMP) and cervical (cVEMP) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty diabetic, 30 prediabetic patients, and 31 age- and sex-matched controls having no peripheral or central vestibular disease, were enrolled. All participants were evaluated by audiovestibular tests, oVEMP, and cVEMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the diabetic group, mean values of both oVEMP and cVEMP p1, n1 latencies were significantly longer compared to the prediabetic group and the control group, whereas latencies were similar in prediabetic and the control groups. Bilateral neural dysfunction was recognized in both tests and lateralization was not seen in VEMP asymmetric ratios. In the diabetic group, prevalence of pathological p1 and n1 latencies in oVEMP were 30.4% and 37.5%, whereas they were 53.7%, 59.3% in cVEMP, respectively. p1 latencies of cVEMP and oVEMP were positively correlated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose level in the diabetic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical vestibular neuropathy can be a newly defined diabetes-related complication.
authors.affiliation: * Hearing & Balance Disorders, Diagnose and Rehabilitation Center, ENT Department, Ataturk Research and Training Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Konukseven
authors.forename: Sefika Burcak
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.forename: Sevilay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konukseven
authors.forename: Reyhan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: Bekir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutluhan
authors.forename: Songul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058585:Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D020338:Vestibular Neuronitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: cVEMP; diabetes mellitus; oVEMP