title: Clustered microRNAs of the Epstein-Barr virus cooperatively downregulate an epithelial cell-specific metastasis suppressor.
abstract: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes its own microRNAs (miRNAs); however, their biological roles remain elusive. The commonly used EBV B95-8 strain lacks a 12-kb genomic region, known as BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) locus, where a number of BART miRNAs are encoded. Here, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology was used to generate an EBV B95-8 strain in which the 12-kb region was fully restored at its native locus [BART(+) virus]. Epithelial cells were stably infected with either the parental B95-8 virus or the BART(+) virus, and BART miRNA expression was successfully reconstituted in the BART(+) virus-infected cells. Microarray analyses of cellular gene expression identified N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) as a putative target of BART miRNAs. The NDRG1 protein was barely expressed in B cells, highly expressed in epithelial cells, including primary epithelial cells, and strongly downregulated in the BART(+) virus-infected epithelial cells of various origins. Although in vitro reporter assays identified BART22 as being responsible for the NDRG1 downregulation, EBV genetic analyses revealed that BART22 was not solely responsible; rather, the entire BART miRNA cluster 2 was responsible for the downregulation. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the expression level of the NDRG1 protein was downregulated significantly in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens. Considering that NDRG1 encodes an epithelial differentiation marker and a suppressor of metastasis, these data implicate a causative relationship between BART miRNA expression and epithelial carcinogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  EBV-related epithelial cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinomas and EBV-positive gastric cancers, encompass more than 80% of EBV-related malignancies. Although it is known that they express high levels of virally encoded BART miRNAs, how these miRNAs contribute to EBV-mediated epithelial carcinogenesis remains unknown. Although a number of screenings have been performed to identify targets of viral miRNAs, many targets likely have not been identified, especially in case of epithelial cell infection. This is the first study to use EBV genetics to perform unbiased screens of cellular genes that are differentially expressed in viral miRNA-positive and -negative epithelial cells. The result indicates that multiple EBV-encoded miRNAs cooperatively downregulate NDRG1, an epithelial differentiation marker and suppressor of metastasis. The experimental system described in this study should be useful for further clarifying the mechanism of EBV-mediated epithelial carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan tkanda@aichi-cc.jp.
authors.forename: Teru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iizasa
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D056426:Genetic Loci; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein