title: Mangiferin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated thioredoxin-interacting protein/NLRP3 inflammasome activation with regulation of AMPK in endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction is tightly associated with cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. This study aims to investigate the effects of mangiferin on the regulation of endothelial homeostasis under endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High glucose (25 mmol/L) exposure induced ER stress and promoted ROS production in endothelial cells. Mangiferin effectively inhibited ER stress-associated oxidative stress by attenuating IRE1α phosphorylation and reducing ROS production. In response to ER stress, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression increased, followed by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increased IL-1β secretion. Mangiferin treatment attenuated the expressions of TXNIP and NLRP3 and reduced IL-1β and IL-6 production, demonstrating its inhibitory effects on TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is responsible for mitochondrial cell death. Mangiferin restored the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and inhibited caspase-3 activity, and thereby protected cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis. Moreover, mangiferin inhibited ET-1 secretion and restored the loss of NO production when cells were exposed to high glucose. Mangiferin enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and AMPK inhibitor compound C diminished its beneficial effects, indicating the potential role of AMPK in its action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work showed the beneficial effects of mangiferin on the improvement of endothelial homeostasis and elucidated the molecular pathway through which mangiferin ameliorated endothelial dysfunction by inhibition of ER stress-associated TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrated the beneficial effects of mangiferin on the regulation of endothelial homeostasis and indicated its potential application in the management of diabetic cardiovascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Hebei University of Chinese Medicine College of pharmacy teaching and researching section of medicinal plant, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Junna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hebei University of Chinese Medicine College of pharmacy teaching and researching section of medicinal plant, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Fangjie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Hebei University of Chinese Medicine College of pharmacy teaching and researching section of medicinal plant, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Xiaona
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicines, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: zhongyao440@163.com.
authors.forename: Baolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D004722:Endoribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C486715:TXNIP protein, human; D044004:Xanthones; C013592:mangiferin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C528229:ERN1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D004722:Endoribonucleases
keywords: AMPK; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Endothelial dysfunction; Mangiferin