title: Effect of prenatal exposure to LPS combined with pre- and post-natal high-fat diet on hippocampus in rat offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or high-fat diet (HFD) results in hippocampal impairment and cognitive deficits in offspring rats. What is not clear is how prenatal exposure to LPS combined with pre- and post-natal HFD would affect the hippocampus in offspring rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups, including control group; LPS group (pregnant rats were injected with LPS 0.4 mg/kg intraperitoneally on the 8th, 10th and 12th day of pregnancy); HFD group (maternal rats had HFD during pregnancy and the lactation period, and their pups also had HFD up to the third month of life); LPS+HFD group (rats were exposed to the identical experimental scheme with LPS group and HFD group). The serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentration was measured in three-month-old offspring rats in all groups. Hippocampal morphology and expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Tau and synaptophysin (SYP) in offspring rats were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentration in the HFD group increased significantly compared with the control group, LPS group and LPS+HFD group. Compared with the control group and the LPS+HFD group, cells in the LPS and HFD groups were smaller and arranged in disorder, and cell membrane was not complete, nucleoli and nuclear heterochromatin stained darkly with hematoxylin. GFAP and Tau expression in the hippocampus of the LPS and HFD groups increased significantly compared with the control group and LPS+HFD group. SYP expression in the LPS and HFD groups decreased significantly compared with the control group and HFD group, increased in the LPS+HFD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to LPS combined with pre- and post-natal HFD result in a protective effect on the hippocampus in offspring rats, and it might be a benefit from the predictive adaptive response to prenatal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: X-C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, PR China.
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
authors.forename: G-Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China. Electronic address: haohaoxq@139.com.
authors.forename: X-Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016708:Synaptophysin; C569016:Syp protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: high-fat diet/high cholesterol diet; hippocampus; inflammation; lipopolysaccharide; prenatal stress