title: Clinical features and endodontic treatment of two-rooted mandibular canines: report of four cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predictable endodontic treatment depends on the dentist's knowledge about root canal morphology and its possible anatomic variations. The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals and a smaller number may have two distinct roots. The following clinical reports describe endodontic treatment of mandibular canines with two roots and two root canals. OUTLINE OF CASES Four clinical case reports are presented to exemplify anatomical variation in the human mandibular canine. Detailed analysis of the preoperative radiographs and careful examination of the pulp chamber floor detected the presence of two root canal orifices in all canines. Working length was determined with an electronic apex locator and biomechanical preparation was carried out by using engine driven BioRaCe Ni-Ti rotary instruments in a crown-down manner, followed by copious irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Definitive obturation was performed using cold lateral condensation with gutta-percha cones and Top Seal paste. The treatment outcome was evaluated using postoperative radiographs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endodontists should be aware of anatomical variations of the treated teeth, and should never presume that canal systems are simple.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stojanac
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Premović
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drobac
authors.forename: Bojana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramić
authors.forename: Ljubomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrović
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D012390:Root Canal Therapy; D014025:Titanium; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D014025:Titanium