title: Interrupted orthodontic force results in less root resorption than continuous force in human premolars as measured by microcomputed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Root resorption is an undesirable but very frequently occurring sequel of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to compare root resorption caused by either continuous (CF) or interrupted (IF) orthodontic force.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed on human subjects on 30 first upper and lower premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons. During four weeks before extraction 12 teeth were subjected to either CF or IF. The force was generated by a segmental titanium-molybdenum alloy cantilever spring that was activated in buccal direction. Initially a force of 60 CentiNewton was used in both CF and IF groups, the force in the former, however, was reactivated every week for 4 weeks. There was no reactivation of force in the IF group after initial application. A morphometric analysis of root resorption was performed by microcomputed tomography and the extent of tooth movement was measured on stone casts. Furthermore, a Tartarate-Resistant Acidic Phosphatase activity (TRAP), the marker enzyme of osteoclasts and cementoclasts, was determined by histochemical method. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference in measured parameters between treatment and control tooth groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of resorption craters was significantly higher and their average volume almost twice as large in the CF compared to the IF group (p < 0.05). However, the distance of tooth displacement was similar for both groups. Cementoclasts were detected with the TRAP technique on the surface of two teeth only; both were subjected to continuous force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of IF leads to less destruction of root structure as opposed to continuous force while the same tooth movement was achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. msawicka@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawicka
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bedini
authors.forename: Piotr M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.forename: Cornelis H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pameijer
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009972:Orthodontics, Interceptive; D011859:Radiography; D012391:Root Resorption; D013997:Time Factors