title: Influence of tobacco industry advertisements and promotions on tobacco use in India: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The developing world, including countries like India, has become a major target for the tobacco industry to market its products. This study examines the influence of the marketing (advertising and promotion) of tobacco products on the use of tobacco by adults (ages 15 and over) in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009-2010 was analyzed using methods for complex (clustered) sample designs. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to predict the use of different tobacco products by level of exposure to tobacco marketing using adults who have never used tobacco as the reference category. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for education, gender, age, state of residence, wealth index, and place of residence (urban/rural).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adults in India were almost twice as likely to be current smokers (versus never users) when they were exposed to a moderate level of bidi or cigarette marketing. For bidis, among adults with high exposure, the OR for current use was 4.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6, 13.0). Adults were more likely to be current users of smokeless tobacco (SLT) with even a low level of exposure to SLT marketing (OR = 1.24 [95% CI: 1.1, 1.4]). For SLT, the ORs showed an increasing trend (P for trend < 0.001) with greater level of exposure (moderate, OR = 1.55 [95% CI: 1.1, 2.2]; high, OR = 2.05 [95% CI: 0.8, 5.1]). The risk of any current tobacco use rose with increasing level of exposure to any marketing (minimum, OR = 1.25 [1.1-1.4]; moderate, OR = 1.38 [1.1-1.8]; and high, OR = 2.73 [1.8-4.2]), with the trend highly significant (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to the marketing of tobacco products, which may take the form of advertising at the point of sale, sales or a discounted price, free coupons, free samples, surrogate advertisements, or any of several other modalities, increased prevalence of tobacco use among adults. An increasing level of exposure to direct and indirect advertisement and promotion is associated with an increased likelihood of tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Palipudi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oswal
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Andes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D040541:Marketing; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*