title: Glowing graphene quantum dots and carbon dots: properties, syntheses, and biological applications.
abstract: The emerging graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon dots (C-dots) have gained tremendous attention for their enormous potentials for biomedical applications, owing to their unique and tunable photoluminescence properties, exceptional physicochemical properties, high photostability, biocompatibility, and small size. This article aims to update the latest results in this rapidly evolving field and to provide critical insights to inspire more exciting developments. We comparatively review the properties and synthesis methods of these carbon nanodots and place emphasis on their biological (both fundamental and theranostic) applications.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xin Ting
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Arundithi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ananthanarayanan
authors.forename: Kathy Qian
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D045663:Quantum Dots
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite
keywords: bioimaging; biosensing; carbon dots; graphene quantum dots; theranostics