title: RIS-PACS, patient safety, and clinical risk management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical risk management is the basis of safety procedures also in radiological workflows. In the literature, it has been documented that the incidence of reconciled radiological studies ranges between 0.2 and 0.5 % of stored studies, a non-negligible value if we consider the high number of diagnostic tests performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In radiology, "non-compliance" or, more generally, data to be reconciled means any circumstance in which wrong information is recorded in RIS and/or PACS, which requires processing to amend or correct images, reports or other information in order to attribute them to the right patient/episode. Non-compliance corrections account for almost 50 % of the medical system administrator's (SA) workload. This paper describes how the Reggio Emilia Province Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine Department manages risk in clinical radiology, in compliance with Regional indications on RIS-PACS safety. A dedicated RIS webpage has been developed in order to manage reconciliation requests. Native integration with PACS makes information about ongoing reconciliations available to anyone who consults the images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2013, non-compliances reported by radiology staff ranged between 0.25 and 0.35 % of studies sent to the PACS. More than 50 % of non-compliances can be related to high clinical risk, which requires implementation of efficient and effective rapid mechanisms of action-reaction inside and outside the radiology department.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RIS-integrated module has been the starting point for managing and monitoring errors, allowing improvement initiatives to guarantee and optimise workflow. Request and event traceability have allowed us to define personalised training programmes, designed to minimise procedural and/or systematic errors. To protect the availability and consistency of information produced by radiology units, it is necessary to provide integrated and effective mechanisms for reconciliation management. The integrated tool described in this paper is now widely used (not only by our centre): radiographers and radiologists can indicate non-compliances in an efficient and effective manner, informing all the operators involved with just a click of the mouse. Similar functionality should be implemented in the next generation of RIS-PACS in order to maintain the highest possible safety level for patients and workers.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova Hospital IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy, andrea.nitrosi@asmn.re.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitrosi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sghedoni
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Notari
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pattacini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corazza
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iori
mesh_terms: D003201:Computers; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety; D011872:Radiology Department, Hospital; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*