title: Associations between inflammation and cognitive function in African Americans and European Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between specific inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive function in African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) with prevalent vascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis using generalized estimating equations to account for familial clustering; standardized β-coefficients, adjusted for age, sex, and education are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community cohort study in Jackson, Mississippi, and Rochester, Minnesota.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA)-Genetics of Microangiopathic Brain Injury (GMBI) Study participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations between inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 and 2 (sTNFR1, sTNFR2)) and cognitive function (global, processing speed, language, memory, and executive function) were examined in AAs and EAs (N = 1,965; aged 26-95, 64% women, 52% AA, 75% with hypertension).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In AAs, higher sTNFR2 was associated with poorer cognition in all domains (global: -0.11, P = .009; processing speed: -0.11, P < .001; language: -0.08, P = .002; memory: -0.09, P = .008; executive function: -0.07, P = .03); sTNFR1 was associated with slower processing speed (-0.08, P < .001) and poorer executive function (-0.08, P = .008); higher CRP was associated with slower processing speed (-0.04, P = .024), and higher IL6 was associated with poorer executive function (-0.07, P = .02). In EA, only higher sTNFR1 was associated with slower processing speed (-0.05, P = .007). Associations were not found between cognition and sTNFR2, CRP, or IL6 in EA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population with high vascular risk, adverse associations between inflammation and cognitive function were especially apparent in AAs, primarily involving markers of TNFα activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
authors.forename: B Gwen
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.forename: Brittany N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lirette
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bielak
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peyser
authors.forename: Iftikhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kullo
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mosley
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: cognition; ethnicity; inflammation