title: Laser ignitibility of insensitive secondary explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7).
abstract: An experimental investigation into laser ignitibility of insensitive secondary explosives, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) has been carried out, using a diode laser of continuous wave at the laser wavelength of 974 nm. The direct optical ignition of an insensitive explosive will add more safety features to insensitive munitions (IM) or explosive devices. In this study, effects of laser parameters on the ignitibility were analysed in terms of laser ignition threshold, the times to initiate the ignition and full combustion, and burning sustainability. The results have shown that carbon black (CB) as an optical sensitizer is compatible with FOX-7, and significantly enhances laser ignitibility of the explosive when a small amount of CB is uniformly doped in FOX-7. The delay times for ignition and subsequent development of sustainable burning of the material are mainly determined by ignition laser power, although the other laser parameters have effects. The minimum laser power required to ignite the optically sensitized FOX-7 was found below 10 W and a fast ignition was initiated in as short as 70 μs by a laser power of 40 W. Also the effect of the mixture uniformity of FOX-7/CB on laser ignition performance was evaluated in this study.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK. Electronic address: x.fang@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK.
authors.forename: Warren G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McLuckie
mesh_terms: D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D007834:Lasers; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D053260:Soot / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C533965:1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene; D053834:Explosive Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D053260:Soot
keywords: Carbon black; FOX-7; Insensitive explosive; Laser ignition; Optical sensitizer