title: A MAT1-2 wild-type strain from Penicillium chrysogenum: functional mating-type locus characterization, genome sequencing and mating with an industrial penicillin-producing strain.
abstract: In heterothallic ascomycetes, mating is controlled by two nonallelic idiomorphs that determine the 'sex' of the corresponding strains. We recently discovered mating-type loci and a sexual life cycle in the penicillin-producing fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum. All industrial penicillin production strains worldwide are derived from a MAT1-1 isolate. No MAT1-2 strain has been investigated in detail until now. Here, we provide the first functional analysis of a MAT1-2 locus from a wild-type strain. Similar to MAT1-1, the MAT1-2 locus has functions beyond sexual development. Unlike MAT1-1, the MAT1-2 locus affects germination and surface properties of conidiospores and controls light-dependent asexual sporulation. Mating of the MAT1-2 wild type with a MAT1-1 high penicillin producer generated sexual spores. We determined the genomic sequences of parental and progeny strains using next-generation sequencing and found evidence for genome-wide recombination. SNP calling showed that derived industrial strains had an uneven distribution of point mutations compared with the wild type. We found evidence for meiotic recombination in all chromosomes. Our results point to a strategy combining the use of mating-type genes, genetics, and next-generation sequencing to optimize conventional strain improvement methods.
authors.affiliation: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Tim A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Dahlmann
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gümüşer
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kück
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D010406:Penicillins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010408:Penicillium chrysogenum / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017354:Point Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins