title: Pharyngeal pressure differences between four types of swallowing in healthy participants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this observational study was to identify biomechanical differences, as measured by pharyngeal manometric pressure patterns, between discrete and continuous water swallowing, as well as volitionally initiated and reflexive swallowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using pharyngeal manometry, swallowing-related pressures from 24 young healthy individuals were recorded at three locations: upper pharynx, mid-pharynx and upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) during four swallowing conditions: discrete saliva swallowing, discrete 10ml water swallowing, volitional continuous water swallowing, and reflexive continuous water swallowing. Measures of peak pressure and pressure duration at each level were compared across conditions using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UES nadir pressure during saliva swallowing was lower than during water swallowing conditions (p<0.05). In addition, nadir pressure during discrete 10ml water swallowing was lower than during reflexive and volitional continuous water swallowing conditions (p<0.05). Saliva swallowing produced longer pressure duration than water swallowing conditions at the upper pharynx (p<0.05). Saliva swallowing produced pressure of greater duration than reflexive continuous water swallowing at mid-pharynx (p<0.05). Further, discrete 10ml water swallowing produced longer UES opening duration and longer pharyngeal pressure generation (p<0.05) than reflexive continuous water swallowing or saliva swallowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure generation differs between swallowing types and bolus types at the level of the UES in particular. These physiological differences between swallowing and bolus types may support clinical decisions for individuals with impaired swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: izki8@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aamir K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Al-Toubi
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: sebastian.doeltgen@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sebastian H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doeltgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Houston, 100 Clinical Research Center, Houston, TX 77204-6018, USA. Electronic address: skdaniels@uh.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA. Electronic address: dave@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: maggie-lee.huckabee@canterbury.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Maggie-Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Huckabee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011897:Random Allocation; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Continuous swallowing; Discrete swallowing; Pharyngeal manometry; Pharyngeal pressure