title: Smoking as risk factor for chronic kidney disease: systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and smoking are public health problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess smoking as a risk factor for progression of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review in Medline, LILACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, Embase and Trials.gov with articles published until February/2013. Were included: cohort, clinical trials and case-control. Performed in humans, aged ≥ 18 years with smoking as a risk factor for progression of CKD. We excluded studies that reported no smoking and CKD in the title or had proposed to reduce smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 94 citations, 12 articles were selected. Of these, six were multicenter conducted in developed countries, four were randomized. Males predominated 51-76%. There was associated with smoking progression in 11 studies. It was found that the consumption ≥ 15 packs/ year increases the risk of progression of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is a risk factor for progression of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Ubiracé Fernando
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Elihimas Júnior
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Helen Conceição dos Santos
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Elihimas
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Victor Macedo
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Mariana de Albuquerque
authors.initials: Mde A
authors.lastname: Leão
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sá
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Eduardo Eriko Tenório de
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Lucila Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
authors.forename: Brivaldo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Markman Filho
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*