title: Prostaglandin E2/leukotriene B4 balance induced by Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva favors Leishmania infantum infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eicosanoids and sand fly saliva have a critical role in the Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the effect of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) on neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and activation of eicosanoid production in a murine model of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitonealy with Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS or Leishmania infantum or both, followed by analyses of cell recruitment, parasite load and eicosanoid production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraperitoneal injection of Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS together with Leishmania infantum induced an early increased parasite viability in monocytes and neutrophils. L. longipalpis SGS increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production ex vivo in peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with NS-398 decreased parasite viability inside macrophages during Leishmania infection in the presence of L. longipalpis SGS arguing that PGE2 production is associated with diminished parasite killing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that L. longipalpis SGS is a critical factor driving immune evasion of Leishmania through modulation of PGE2/LTB4 axis, which may represent an important mechanism on establishment of the infection.
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. theo.santos@ufob.edu.br.|Present address: Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil. theo.santos@ufob.edu.br.
authors.forename: Théo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araújo-Santos
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. yprates@gmail.com.|Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, BA, Brazil. yprates@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deboraci Brito
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Prates
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. jaquefcosta@yahoo.com.br.|Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. jaquefcosta@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Jaqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: França-Costa
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. niveafluz@gmail.com.|Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. niveafluz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nívea F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.affiliation: Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20893, Bethesda, MD, USA. Bruno.Andrade@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. jmiranda@bahia.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. brodskyn@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. brodskyn@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil. brodskyn@bahia.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Brodskyn
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. abarral@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. abarral@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil. abarral@bahia.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Aldina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barral
authors.affiliation: Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. pbozza@ioc.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Patrícia T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Bozza
authors.affiliation: Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. vborges@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil. vborges@bahia.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Valéria Matos
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000276:immunology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone