title: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of vaginal infections during pregnancy: an observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the risk for preterm birth associated with vaginal infections in pregnancies after a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), compared with women with no prior LEEP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentre retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with LEEP between 1996 and 2006 were compared with two unexposed groups who had cervical biopsy or Pap test, without any other cervical procedure, in the same calendar year.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first pregnancy progressing beyond 20 weeks of gestation in women with prior LEEP was compared with pregnancy in women without LEEP. Stratified analysis according to the presence or the absence of vaginal infection during pregnancy was used to investigate whether the risk for preterm birth differed according to the presence or the absence of infection. The interaction between LEEP and vaginal infection was investigated using multivariable logistic regression with interaction terms, as well as the Mantel-Haenszel test for homogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneous preterm birth (<37 and <34 weeks of gestation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1727 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 34.4% (n = 598) underwent LEEP prior to an index pregnancy. There was no increased risk for vaginal infections among women with LEEP compared with women without LEEP. Chlamydia infection and LEEP demonstrated significant interaction, suggesting that the presence of chlamydia infection in women with a history of LEEP augments the risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal infections during pregnancy in women with a history of LEEP may be associated with an increased risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tuuli
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Odibo
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Roehl
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Macones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
keywords: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure; preterm birth; vaginal infection