title: Palmitoleic acid (n-7) increases white adipocytes GLUT4 content and glucose uptake in association with AMPK activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palmitoleic acid was previously shown to improve glucose homeostasis by reducing hepatic glucose production and by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Herein we tested the hypothesis that palmitoleic acid positively modulates glucose uptake and metabolism in adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this, both differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells treated with either palmitoleic acid (16:1n7, 200 μM) or palmitic acid (16:0, 200 μM) for 24 h and primary adipocytes from mice treated with 16:1n7 (300 mg/kg/day) or oleic acid (18:1n9, 300 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 10 days were evaluated for glucose uptake, oxidation, conversion to lactate and incorporation into fatty acids and glycerol components of TAG along with the activity and expression of lipogenic enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of adipocytes with palmitoleic, but not oleic (in vivo) or palmitic (in vitro) acids, increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 mRNA levels and protein content. Along with uptake, palmitoleic acid enhanced glucose oxidation (aerobic glycolysis), conversion to lactate (anaerobic glycolysis) and incorporation into glycerol-TAG, but reduced de novo fatty acid synthesis from glucose and acetate and the activity of lipogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate lyase. Importantly, palmitoleic acid induction of adipocyte glucose uptake and metabolism were associated with AMPK activation as evidenced by the increased protein content of phospho(p)Thr172AMPKα, but no changes in pSer473Akt and pThr308Akt. Importantly, such increase in GLUT4 content induced by 16:1n7, was prevented by pharmacological inhibition of AMPK with compound C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, palmitoleic acid increases glucose uptake and the GLUT4 content in association with AMPK activation.
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolsoni-Lopes
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Festuccia
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chimin
authors.forename: Talita S M
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.forename: Francisco L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Torres-Leal
authors.forename: Maysa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Paula B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Sandro M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hirabara
authors.forename: Fabio B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Chemical and Pharmaceutical, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 210, Sao Nicolau St,, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil. alonsovale@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel C
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Alonso-Vale
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052438:Adipocytes, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; C008757:palmitoleic acid; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D005947:Glucose