title: External validation of scoring instruments for evaluating pediatric resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many methods have been proposed to assess clinical performance during resuscitation, robust and generalizable metrics are still lacking. Further research is necessary to develop validated clinical performance assessment tools and show an improvement in outcomes after training. We aimed to establish evidence for validity of a previously published scoring instrument--the Clinical Performance Tool (CPT)--designed to evaluate clinical performance during simulated pediatric resuscitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective experimental trial performed in the simulation laboratory of a pediatric tertiary care facility, with a pretest/posttest design that assessed residents before and after pediatric advanced life support (PALS) certification. Thirteen postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and 11 PGY3 pediatric residents completed 5 simulated pediatric resuscitation scenarios each during 2 consecutive sessions; between the 2 sessions, they completed a full PALS certification course. All sessions were video recorded. Sessions were scored by raters using the CPT; total scores were expressed as a percentage of maximum points possible for each scenario. Validity evidence was established and interpreted according to Messick's framework. Evidence regarding relations to other variables was assessed by calculating differences in scores between pre-PALS and post-PALS certification and PGY1 and PGY3 using a repeated-measures analysis of variance test. Internal structure evidence was established by assessing interrater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each scenario, a G-study, and a variance component analysis of individual measurement facets (scenarios, raters, and occasions) and associated interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall scores for the entire study cohort improved by 10% after PALS training. Scores improved by 9.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5-15.4) for the pulseless nonshockable arrest (ICC, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92), 14.6% (95% CI, 6.7-22.4) for the pulseless shockable arrest (ICC, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), 4.1% (95% CI, -4.5 to 12.8) for the dysrhythmias (ICC, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96), 18.4% (95% CI, 9.7-27.1) for the respiratory scenario (ICC, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98), and 5.3% (95% CI, -1.4 to 2.0) for the shock scenarios (ICC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97). There were no differences between PGY1 and PGY3 scores before or after the PALS course. Reliability of the instrument was acceptable as demonstrated by a mean ICC of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.96). The G-study coefficient was 0.94. Most variance could be attributed to the subject (57%). Interactions between subject and scenario and subject and occasion were 9.9% and 1.4%, respectively, and variance attributable to rater was minimal (0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric residents improved scores on CPT after completion of a PALS course. Clinical Performance Tool scores are sensitive to the increase in skills and knowledge resulting from such a course but not to learners' levels. Validity evidence from scores for the CPT confirms implementation in new contexts and partially supports internal structure. More evidence is required to further support internal structure and especially to support relations with other variables and consequence evidence. Additional modifications should be made to the CPT before considering its use for high-stakes certification such as PALS.
authors.affiliation: From the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (A.L., B.B., J.G.), and Adolescent Medicine (O.J.), Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, and Department of Evaluation and Assessment (R.G.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Divisions of Emergency Medicine (A.D.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.D.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Assessment Systems Corporation (N.T.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jamoulle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gravel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008297:Male; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult