title: Stressful parental bonding exaggerate the functional and emotional disturbances of primary dysmenorrhea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some evidence suggests that women with primary dysmenorrhea (or painful period) often have traumatic experience with parental attachments, but the exact relationship between styles of the parental bonding and the detailed aspects of the disorder is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  From university-student women, we invited 50 primary dysmenorrhea patients and 111 healthy volunteers to undergo tests of the functional and emotional measure of dysmenorrhea (FEMD), the Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ), and the visual analog scale for the pain intensity experienced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides the high scores of the FEMD functional and emotional scales, the dysmenorrhea patients also scored significantly higher than the healthy controls on the FRQ scales of paternal dominance and maternal abuse. In patients, the FEMD Emotional scale was negatively predicted by the Paternal Freedom Release scale and the FEMD functional scale was positively predicted by the Maternal Dominance scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriate parental bonding or chronic traumatic attachment styles have respective relationships with the functional and emotional disturbances experienced by the primary dysmenorrhea patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liuxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongjing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; wangmufan@msn.com; DrWang@Doctor.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: attachment; emotional disturbance; family relationships; painful period; parental bonding; primary dysmenorrhea; trauma