title: Chronic pain in "probable" vascular dementia: preliminary findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, the levels of pain reported by patients with "possible" vascular dementia (VaD) were higher than those reported by older individuals without dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine experienced pain in patients with "probable" VaD, confirmed by brain imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nursing home.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 20 nursing home residents (14 females, 6 males) who met the NINDS-AIREN criteria for "probable" VaD and 22 nursing home residents with a normal mental status (18 females, 4 males). The patients were in a mild to moderate stage of dementia. All of the participants were suffering from arthritis/arthrosis or osteoporosis. Global cognitive functioning was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Pain was assessed by the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS: original and modified version) and the Faces Pain Scale. The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Symptom Checklist-90 were used to assess mood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding was that, after controlling for mood, the pain levels indicated by patients with "probable" VaD (M = 102.32; standard deviation [SD] = 53.42) were significantly higher than those indicated by the control group (M = 59.17; SD = 38.75), only according to the CAS modified version (F[1,29]) = 5.62, P = 0.01, η2  = 0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As VaD patients may experience greater pain than controls, it is essential for prescribers to be aware of the presence of this neuropathology if these patients are to receive adequate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scherder
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plooij
authors.forename: Wilco P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Achterberg
authors.forename: Marjoleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Marije
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiegersma
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lobbezoo
authors.forename: Joukje M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oosterman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Central Neuropathic Pain; Pain Affect; Pain Intensity; Pain Treatment; Probable Vascular Dementia; White Matter Lesions