title: Histopathological assessment of inflammation and expression of inflammatory markers in patients with ketamine-induced cystitis.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the histopathological features of inflammation and the expression levels of inflammatory markers in tissue samples from patients with ketamine‑induced cystitis. Bladder biopsy samples for histological analysis were obtained from 23 patients (18 men and 5 women) with a self‑reported history of ketamine use and who were treated for cystitis at the Tri‑Service General Hospital of Taipei, Taiwan. Immunohistochemical staining for cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metallopeptidase‑9 (MMP‑9), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and phosphorylated 40S ribosomal protein S6 (Phos‑S6) was performed. The results revealed urothelial atypia in all patients, and intravascular eosinophil accumulation in 22 patients. Histopathological features included denuded urothelial mucosa, ulceration, collagen deposition, smooth muscle degeneration and vessel proliferation. Tissue samples were immunopositive for all of the inflammation markers, including the urothelium, vessel walls, and smooth muscle. COX‑2 staining revealed a significant difference between the inflammatory levels in the urothelium and smooth muscle, and iNOS staining differed significantly between inflammatory levels in smooth muscle (p=0.029). A positive correlation was observed between the percentage of Phos‑S6‑positive cells and the levels of inflammation in the urothelium. These results add to the descriptive literature on the histopathological aspects of ketamine‑induced cystitis, emphasizing the inflammatory nature and a possible role for proteins such as COX‑2, iNOS and Phos‑S6 in the degree of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Hsin-Chung
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Herng-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Tzong-Shi
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chiueh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Yu-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection, Department of Medicine, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Hsin-An
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Tai-Lung
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: En
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007649:Ketamine