title: Temperament and behavior in toddlers of mothers with bipolar disorder: a preliminary investigation of a population at high familial risk for psychopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no published studies examining concurrent associations between temperament and behavior during toddlerhood in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD), a population at high familial risk for psychopathology. Better understanding of early determinants contributing to well-being or mental illness in this high-risk population has the potential to aid in the identification of problem domains to be targeted clinically, and facilitate the development of early intervention and prevention initiatives for an appropriate subgroup of children at the youngest possible age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 offspring of mothers with BD (mean age=25.4±4.9 months) participated in this study at Emory University. The mothers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the correlational analyses indicated that the broad temperament dimension Negative Affectivity and the individual ECBQ scales Sadness and Shyness were positively associated with the broad CBCL dimension Internalizing Problems, whereas Sociability was negatively associated with Internalizing Problems. In addition, the temperament scales Soothability and Frustration were negatively and positively associated with Internalizing Problems, respectively. All ECBQ scales included in the broad temperament dimension Effortful Control, except for Cuddliness, were significantly negatively associated with the broad CBCL dimension Externalizing Problems. A significant sex difference was found for the ECBQ scale Positive Anticipation and the CBCL scale Sleep Problems, with a higher mean rank score for girls than for boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first systematic investigation of temperament and behavior and concurrent associations between these two domains in toddlers of mothers with BD. The present findings provide a platform for future investigations of the contribution of temperament and early behavior to potential well-being or mental illness in OBD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Diana I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Simeonova
authors.forename: Ashraf M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Attalla
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stagnaro
authors.forename: Bettina T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: W Edward
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: Zachary N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: D Jeffrey
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Newport
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament