title: Ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations in the Japanese adult population: the Yamagata Study (Funagata).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between age and ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations (HOAs) in an adult Japanese population, in addition to factors associated with HOA variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Yamagata Study (Funagata) cohort, 227 adult Japanese participants (aged 37-86 years) underwent systemic and ophthalmologic examinations in 2012. Ocular, corneal, and internal HOAs were measured in micrometers. From the Zernike coefficients, we calculated the root mean square of the total HOA, coma, and spherical aberration for a pupil diameter of 4 mm. Linear regression analyses were used to determine whether HOAs were associated with age or other factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple adjusted linear regression analyses demonstrated that all components of logarithmic HOAs increase with age. Ocular, corneal, and internal HOAs increased by 0.012/y (P < 0.001), 0.007/y (P = 0.010), and 0.014/y (P < 0.001), respectively. Ocular coma also significantly increased with age (0.010/y, P = 0.007), but corneal (P = 0.963) and internal (P = 0.476) coma did not. Age-related spherical aberration increased only in the internal component (0.019/y, P = 0.001). In addition to age, ocular and corneal HOAs were mainly affected by corneal indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aging is associated with increases in ocular HOAs, independent of other possible confounding factors. The association of ocular HOAs with corneal parameters indicates that ocular HOAs are mainly generated by the cornea. Internal HOAs, supposedly generated from cataract progression, may be associated with systemic factors, including serum creatinine levels and blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.affiliation: Okitama Public General Hospital, Kawanishi-machi, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019781:Corneal Topography; D057108:Corneal Wavefront Aberration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: aging; coma; higher-order aberration; spherical aberration