title: Plasma triglycerides predict incident albuminuria and progression of coronary artery calcification in adults with type 1 diabetes: the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery disease and diabetic nephropathy, which are thought to share pathogenic mechanisms, remain the most common causes of mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Data from basic and clinical studies indicate that hypertriglyceridemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular complications, but the role of triglycerides (TG) in the normal range remains unresolved in T1D.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that fasting TG would independently predict cardiorenal disease in adults with T1D and normal-to-low levels of TG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N = 652) were 19 to 56 years old at baseline and reexamined 6 years later. Urinary albumin excretion was measured, and categorized as microalbuminuria or greater. Progression of coronary artery calcification (CACp), measured using electron beam computed tomography, was defined as a change in the square root transformed CAC volume ≥2.5. The association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B, non-HDL-C, natural log triglyceride (lnTG), ln(TG/HDL-C) ratio with CACp and incident albuminuria were examined in logistic regression. The models were adjusted for age, sex, T1D duration, hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure medications, statins, and smoking status. Integrated discrimination index and net reclassification improvement were used to examine prediction performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident albuminuria was independently associated with CACp. lnTG independently predicted both incident albuminuria (odds ratio: 1.53, 1.02-2.30, P = .04) and CACp (1.41, 1.11-1.80, P = .006). The addition of lnTG to ABC risk factors (HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and LDL-C) moderately improved discrimination and reclassification of CACp and incident albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adults with T1D, fasting TG independently predicted cardiorenal disease over 6 years and improved reclassification of risk by conventional risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO. Electronic address: Petter.Bjornstad@childrenscolorado.org.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bjornstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Department of Nephrology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Dyslipidemia; Integrated discrimination index; Macrovascular complications; Microvascular complications; Net-reclassification improvement; Triglycerides; Type 1 diabetes