title: The benefits of mystery in nature on attention: assessing the impacts of presentation duration.
abstract: Although research has provided prodigious evidence in support of the cognitive benefits that natural settings have over urban settings, all nature is not equal. Within nature, natural settings that contain mystery are often among the most preferred nature scenes. With the prospect of acquiring new information, scenes of this type could more effectively elicit a person's sense of fascination, enabling that person to rest the more effortful forms of attention. The present study examined the direct cognitive benefits that mystery in nature has on attention. Settings of this sort presumably evoke a form of attention that is undemanding or effortless. In order to investigate that notion, participants (n = 144) completed a Recognition Memory Task (RMT) that evaluated recognition performance based on the presence of mystery and presentation duration (300 ms, 1 s, 5 s, and 10 s). Results revealed that with additional viewing time, images perceived high in mystery achieved greater improvements in recognition performance when compared to those images perceived low in mystery. Tests for mediation showed that the effect mystery had on recognition performance occurred through perceptions of fascination. Implications of these and other findings are discussed in the context of Attention Restoration Theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation and Sport Pedagogy, Ohio University Athens, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Szolosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UH, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UH, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ruddell
keywords: attention restoration theory; fascination; mediation testing; mystery; recognition memory