title: Parkinson's disease-associated melanin steal.
abstract: Urinary dopamine fluctuations in the competitive inhibition state were first documented in 2009. At that time, it was noted that progressively higher daily dosing values of L-tyrosine decreased the magnitude of these fluctuations. While extensive statistical analysis has been performed by the authors since 2004, it was not until 2012 that a plausible explanation was formulated. In the process, correlations with L-tyrosine administration and the on/off effect of Parkinson's disease were defined. This paper documents the current knowledge with regard to the management of retrograde phase 1 dopamine fluctuations and investigates the hypothesis that they are caused by a melanin steal phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc., Cape Coral, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.affiliation: Stein Orthopedic Associates, Plantation, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Cole Center for Healing, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cole
keywords: L-dopa; dopamine; fluctuations; melanocyte