title: Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines.
abstract: Eradication of bluetongue virus is possible, as has been shown in several European countries. New serotypes have emerged, however, for which there are no specific commercial vaccines. This study addressed whether heterologous vaccines would help protect against 2 serotypes. Thirty-seven sheep were randomly allocated to 7 groups of 5 or 6 animals. Four groups were vaccinated with commercial vaccines against BTV strains 2, 4, and 9. A fifth positive control group was given a vaccine against BTV-8. The other 2 groups were unvaccinated controls. Sheep were then challenged by subcutaneous injection of either BTV-16 (2 groups) or BTV-8 (5 groups). Taken together, 24/25 sheep from the 4 experimental groups developed detectable antibodies against the vaccinated viruses. Furthermore, sheep that received heterologous vaccines showed significantly reduced viraemia and clinical scores for BTV-16 when compared to unvaccinated controls. Reductions in clinical signs and viraemia among heterologously vaccinated sheep were not as common after challenge with BTV-8. This study shows that heterologous protection can occur, but that it is difficult to predict if partial or complete protection will be achieved following inactivated-BTV vaccination.
authors.affiliation: ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France. Electronic address: emmanuel.breard@anses.fr.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Breard
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belbis
authors.affiliation: ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viarouge
authors.affiliation: Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomikou
authors.affiliation: CODA-CERVA, Department of Virology, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haegeman
authors.affiliation: CODA-CERVA, Department of Virology, Ukkel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.affiliation: MERIAL S.A.S., 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hudelet
authors.affiliation: MERIAL S.A.S., P.I. Plaine de l'Ain, Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lilin
authors.affiliation: ANSES, unité Epidémiologie, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.affiliation: Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.affiliation: ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vitour
authors.affiliation: ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sailleau
authors.affiliation: ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Stéphan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zientara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000276:immunology*; D056738:Cross Protection; D064789:Immunity, Heterologous; D011897:Random Allocation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012756:Sheep; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014766:Viremia / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Bluetongue virus disease; Experimental infection; Heterologous challenges; Inactivated vaccines; Sheep