title: The use of intravenous infusion or single dose of low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia: a review of the current literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As an analgesic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine has been increasingly used as an adjunct in the management of acute perioperative pain. Although several meta-analyses have examined low-dose intravenous (i.v.) ketamine, they do not distinguish between different types of infusions. Additionally, the many clinical trials published on ketamine vary by regimen of administration and surgical site. This review seeks to exclusively examine the evidence supporting the use of low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine for the management of perioperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline for any clinical trials or meta-analyses that were conducted on low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine between 1966 and November 2013. Using six equations, we were left with 695 references. Of those, five meta-analyses and 39 clinical trials met the criteria to be included our review. These clinical trials represent 2,482 patients, 1,403 of whom received ketamine. We then examined the efficacy of low-dose i.v. ketamine by regimen and site of surgery using pain scores and opioid consumption as endpoints. Finally, we assessed the safety and long-term impact of low-dose ketamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-dose i.v. ketamine reduces opioid consumption by 40%. It also lowers pain scores, but these findings are less clear. No major complications have been reported with low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine when given up to 48 hours after surgery. While our review lends support to using low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine in the management of perioperative pain, its optimal dose and regimen remain to be determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirty-nine clinical trials assessed a continuous infusion or a bolus of low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia using reduction of pain scores or reduction of the opioid consumption as the primary endpoint. The mean reduction of opioid consumption when using low-dose i.v. infusion ketamine (infusion rate less than 1.2 mg/kg/h) is 40%. Ketamine also reduces pain scores, but the amplitude of the effect is less clear. No major complications have been reported with low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine up to 48 hours following surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jouguelet-Lacoste
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Colla
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Jacques E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chelly
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Infusion; Intravenous; Ketamine; Low-Dose; Postoperative Analgesia; Review