title: In vitro effects of fermented papaya (Carica papaya, L.) on platelets obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is associated with insulin resistance pathogenesis, insulin secretion deficiency, and complication onset. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP), a dietary supplement obtained by fermentation of the papaya fruit, may be used as an antioxidant in the prevention of diabetic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Platelets from 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) and 15 healthy subjects were analyzed to evaluate the in vitro effects of FPP incubation. Na(+)/K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, membrane fluidity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and conjugated diene levels were determined. In vitro FPP incubation improved platelet function, by enhancing Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and membrane fluidity, and ameliorated the antioxidant system functionality, through an increase in TAC and SOD activity and a parallel decrease in conjugated diene levels in patients with DM 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the incubation with FPP may have a protective effect on platelets from patients with DM 2, by preventing the progression of oxidative damage associated with diabetes and its complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raffaelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nanetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montecchiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salvolini
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faloia
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. Electronic address: lauramazzanti48@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vignini
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D029441:Carica; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D028321:Plant Preparations; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: Diabetes; Membrane fluidity; Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase; Oxidative stress; Platelets