title: Downregulation of TES by hypermethylation in glioblastoma reduces cell apoptosis and predicts poor clinical outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gliomas are the most common human brain tumors. Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiform (GBM), is the most aggressive, malignant, and lethal glioma. The investigation of prognostic and diagnostic molecular biomarkers in glioma patients to provide direction on clinical practice is urgent. Recent studies demonstrated that abnormal DNA methylation states play a key role in the pathogenesis of this kind of tumor. In this study, we want to identify a novel biomarker related to glioma initiation and find the role of the glioma-related gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a methylation-specific microarray on the promoter region to identify methylation gene(s) that may affect outcome of GBM patients. Normal and GBM tissues were collected from Tiantan Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted from these tissues and analyzed with a DNA promoter methylation microarray. Testis derived transcript (TES) protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded patient tissues. Western blotting was used to detect TES protein expression in the GBM cell line U251 with or without 5-aza-dC treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/PI staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the TES promoter was hypermethylated in GBM compared to normal brain tissues under DNA promoter methylation microarray analysis. The GBM patients with TES hypermethylation had a short overall survival (P <0.05, log-rank test). Among GBM samples, reduced TES protein level was detected in 33 (89.2%) of 37 tumor tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Down regulation of TES was also correlated with worse patient outcome (P <0.05, log-rank test). Treatment on the GBM cell line U251 with 5-aza-dC can greatly increase TES expression, confirming the hypermethylation of TES promoter in GBM. Up-regulation of TES prompts U251 apoptosis significantly. This study demonstrated that both TES promoter hypermethylation and down-regulated protein expression significantly correlated with worse patient outcome. Treatment on the GBM cell line (U251) with 5-aza-dC can highly release TES expression resulting in significant apoptosis in these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the TES gene is a novel tumor suppressor gene and might represent a valuable prognostic marker for glioblastoma, indicating a potential target for future GBM therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood transfusion, The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing, 100049, China. 451627789@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. zhangqg@ccmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Quan-Geng
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood transfusion, The Central Hospital of China Aerospace Corporation, Beijing, 100049, China. jinsemujin@163.com.
authors.forename: Xin-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000502:physiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014325:Tromethamine; C004551:TES