title: Non-invasive control interfaces for intention detection in active movement-assistive devices.
abstract: Active movement-assistive devices aim to increase the quality of life for patients with neuromusculoskeletal disorders. This technology requires interaction between the user and the device through a control interface that detects the user's movement intention. Researchers have explored a wide variety of invasive and non-invasive control interfaces. To summarize the wide spectrum of strategies, this paper presents a comprehensive review focused on non-invasive control interfaces used to operate active movement-assistive devices. A novel systematic classification method is proposed to categorize the control interfaces based on: (I) the source of the physiological signal, (II) the physiological phenomena responsible for generating the signal, and (III) the sensors used to measure the physiological signal. The proposed classification method can successfully categorize all the existing control interfaces providing a comprehensive overview of the state of the art. Each sensing modality is briefly described in the body of the paper following the same structure used in the classification method. Furthermore, we discuss several design considerations, challenges, and future directions of non-invasive control interfaces for active movement-assistive devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands. j.loboprat@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lobo-Prat
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.kooren@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kooren
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands. arnostienen@gmail.com.|Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave. Suite 1100, 60611, Chicago, IL, USA. arnostienen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arno H A
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Stienen
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands. j.l.herder@tudelft.nl.|Department Mechanical Automation and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands. j.l.herder@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Just L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands. h.f.j.m.koopman@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Bart F J M
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands. p.h.veltink@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Veltink
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface