title: Rule discovery and distance separation to detect reliable miRNA biomarkers for the diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altered expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) are linked to many diseases including lung cancer. miRNA expression profiling is reproducible and miRNAs are very stable. These characteristics of miRNAs make them ideal biomarker candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work is aimed to detect 2-and 3-miRNA groups, together with specific expression ranges of these miRNAs, to form simple linear discriminant rules for biomarker identification and biological interpretation. Our method is based on a novel committee of decision trees to derive 2-and 3-miRNA 100%-frequency rules. This method is applied to a data set of lung miRNA expression profiles of 61 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples and 10 normal tissue samples. A distance separation technique is used to select the most reliable rules which are then evaluated on a large independent data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained four 2-miRNA and three 3-miRNA top-ranked rules. One important rule is that: If the expression level of miR-98 is above 7.356 and the expression level of miR-205 is below 9.601 (log2 quantile normalized MirVan miRNA Bioarray signals), then the sample is normal rather than cancerous with specificity and sensitivity both 100%. The classification performance of our best miRNA rules remarkably outperformed that by randomly selected miRNA rules. Our data analysis also showed that miR-98 and miR-205 have two common predicted target genes FZD3 and RPS6KA3, which are actually genes associated with carcinoma according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. We also found that most of the chromosomal loci of these miRNAs have a high frequency of genomic alteration in lung cancer. On the independent data set (with balanced controls), the three miRNAs miR-126, miR-205 and miR-182 from our best rule can separate the two classes of samples at the accuracy of 84.49%, sensitivity of 91.40% and specificity of 77.14%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that rule discovery followed by distance separation is a powerful computational method to identify reliable miRNA biomarkers. The visualization of the rules and the clear separation between the normal and cancer samples by our rules will help biology experts for their analysis and biological interpretation.
authors.forename: Renhua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gyorgy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hutvagner
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Kotagiri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramamohanarao
authors.forename: Limsoon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jinyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs