title: Iron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a global public health problem. Treatment with the standard of care ferrous iron salts may be poorly tolerated, leading to non-compliance and ineffective correction of IDA. Employing supplements with higher bioavailability might permit lower doses of iron to be used with fewer side effects, thus improving treatment efficacy. Here, we compared the iron bioavailability of ferrous sulphate tablets with alternative commercial iron products, including three liquid-based supplements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron bioavailability was measured using Caco-2 cells with ferritin formation as a surrogate marker for iron uptake. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by either Dunnett's or Tukey's multiple comparisons tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spatone Apple(®) (a naturally iron-rich mineral water with added ascorbate) and Iron Vital F(®) (a synthetic liquid iron supplement) had the highest iron bioavailability. There was no statistical difference between iron uptake from ferrous sulphate tablets, Spatone(®) (naturally iron-rich mineral water alone) and Pregnacare Original(®) (a multimineral/multivitamin tablet).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our in vitro model, naturally iron-rich mineral waters and synthetic liquid iron formulations have equivalent or better bioavailability compared with ferrous iron sulphate tablets. If these results are confirmed in vivo, this would mean that at-risk groups of IDA could be offered a greater choice of more bioavailable and potentially better tolerated iron preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK. T.Christides@greenwich.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christides
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Metal Metabolism Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fairweather
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Metal Metabolism Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy; D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005293:Ferritins / Q000378:metabolism; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D019266:Iron, Dietary; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D005293:Ferritins
keywords: Anaemia; Bariatric surgery; Caco-2 cells; Iron supplements; Micronutrient deficiency; Pregnancy