title: Dietary inflammatory index and risk of pancreatic cancer in an Italian case-control study.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that various dietary components may be implicated in the aetiology of pancreatic cancer. However, the possible relationship between diet-related inflammation and the risk of pancreatic cancer has not yet been investigated. We examined the ability of a newly developed literature-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict the risk of pancreatic cancer in a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2008. This included 326 incident cases and 652 controls admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals for non-neoplastic diseases, frequency-matched to cases by study centre, sex and age. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated and reproducible seventy-eight-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable OR adjusted for age, sex, study centre, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking and history of diabetes. Energy adjustment was performed using the residual method. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., representing a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, with the DII being used as both a continuous variable (ORcontinuous 1.24, 95% CI 1.11, 1.38) and a categorical variable (i.e., compared with the subjects in the lowest quintile of the DII, those in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles had, respectively, OR(quintile2 v. 1) 1.70, 95% CI 1.02, 2.80; OR(quintile3 v. 1) 1.91, 95% CI 1.16, 3.16; OR(quintile4 v. 1) 1.98, 95% CI 1.20, 3.27; OR(quintile5 v. 1) 2.48, 95% CI 1.50, 4.10; P trend= 0.0015). These data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street, Suite 241,Columbia,SC29208,USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology,IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri",Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.affiliation: S.O.C. di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico,Aviano (PN),Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zucchetto
authors.affiliation: S.O.C. di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico,Aviano (PN),Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serraino
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health,Università degli Studi di Milano,Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street, Suite 241,Columbia,SC29208,USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007157:Immunologic Surveillance; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010179:Pancreas / Q000276:immunology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Case–control studies; Diet; Inflammation; Italy; Pancreatic cancer; Risk