title: Enhanced motivation for food reward induced by stress and attenuation by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor antagonism in rats: implications for overeating and obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overeating beyond individuals' homeostatic needs critically contributes to obesity. The neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying the motivation to consume excessive foods with high calories are not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined whether a pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhances the motivation to procure food reward with an emphasis on comparisons between standard lab chow and high-fat foods. The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor blockade by a CRF1-selective antagonist NBI on the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats with chow available ad libitum in their home cages were trained to press a lever under a progressive ratio schedule for deliveries of either standard or high-fat food pellets. For testing yohimbine stress effects, rats received an intraperitoneal administration of yohimbine 10 min before start of the test sessions. For testing effects of CRF1 receptor blockade on stress responses, NBI was administered 20 min prior to yohimbine challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats emitted higher levels of lever responses to procure the high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. Yohimbine challenge facilitated lever responses for the reward in all of the rats, whereas the effect was more robust in the rats on high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. An inhibitory effect of pretreatment with NBI was observed on the enhancing effect of yohimbine challenge but not on the responses under baseline condition without yohimbine administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress challenge significantly enhanced the motivation of satiated rats to procure extra food reward, especially the high-fat food pellets. Activation of CRF1 receptors is required for the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward. These results may have implications for our better understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms of overeating and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA, xliu@umc.edu.
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D005502:Food; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012201:Reward; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013565:Sympatholytics; D015016:Yohimbine; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1