title: Norovirus Infection and Disease in an Ecuadorian Birth Cohort: Association of Certain Norovirus Genotypes With Host FUT2 Secretor Status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis, there are few data on the community incidence of infection/disease or the patterns of acquired immunity or innate resistance to norovirus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed a community-based birth cohort of 194 children in Ecuador with the aim to estimate (1) the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis from birth to age 3 years, (2) the protective effect of norovirus infection against subsequent infection/disease, and (3) the association of infection and disease with FUT2 secretor status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 3-year period, we detected a mean of 2.26 diarrheal episodes per child (range, 0-12 episodes). Norovirus was detected in 260 samples (18%) but was not found more frequently in diarrheal samples (79 of 438 [18%]), compared with diarrhea-free samples (181 of 1016 [18%]; P = .919). A total of 66% of children had at least 1 norovirus infection during the first 3 years of life, and 40% of children had 2 infections. Previous norovirus infections were not associated with the risk of subsequent infection. All genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) infections were among secretor-positive children (P < .001), but higher rates of non-GII.4 infections were found in secretor-negative children (relative risk, 0.56; P = .029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GII.4 infections were uniquely detected in secretor-positive children, while non-GII.4 infections were more often found in secretor-negative children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lopman
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Tarak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Yosselin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vicuña
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Nikail
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gregoricus
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Broncano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Maritza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaca
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Chico
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005647:Fucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D000097631:Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase
chemical_list: D005647:Fucosyltransferases; D000097631:Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase
keywords: cohort study; histo-blood group antigen; immunity; incidence; norovirus