title: Reference values of within-district intraclass correlations of academic achievement by district characteristics: results from a meta-analysis of district-specific values.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomized experiments are often considered the strongest designs to study the impact of educational interventions. Perhaps the most prevalent class of designs used in large-scale education experiments is the cluster randomized design in which entire schools are assigned to treatments. In cluster randomized trials that assign schools to treatments within a set of school districts, the statistical power of the test for treatment effects depends on the within-district school-level intraclass correlation (ICC). Hedges and Hedberg (2014) recently computed within-district ICC values in 11 states using three-level models (students in schools in districts) that pooled results across all the districts within each state. Although values from these analyses are useful when working with a representative sample of districts, they may be misleading for other samples of districts because the magnitude of ICCs appears to be related to district size. To plan studies with small or nonrepresentative samples of districts, better information are needed about the relation of within-district school-level ICCs to district size.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective is to explore the relation between district size and within-district ICCs to provide reference values for math and reading achievement for Grades 3-8 by district size, poverty level, and urbanicity level. These values are not derived from pooling across all districts within a state as in previous work but are based on the direct calculation of within-district school-level ICCs for each school district.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use mixed models to estimate over 7,000 district-specific ICCs for math and reading achievement in 11 states and for Grades 3-8. We then perform a random effects meta-analysis on the estimated within-district ICCs. Our analysis is performed by grade and subject for different strata designated by district size (number of schools), urbanicity, and poverty rates.
authors.affiliation: Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ehedberg@asu.edu.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Larry V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hedges
mesh_terms: D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012016:Reference Values; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
keywords: education; methodological development