title: The colonization of pyrethroid resistant strain from wild Anopheles sinensis, the major Asian malaria vector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anopheles sinensis is one of the most important malaria vectors in Asian countries. The rapid spread of insecticide resistance has become a major obstacle for insecticide-based strategies for vector control. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare an insecticide-resistant strain of An. sinensis to further understand the insecticide resistance mechanisms in this species to facilitate genetic approaches to targeting the insecticide-resistant population of this important malaria vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  An. sinensis mosquitoes were collected from regions where pyrethroid resistance had been reported. The mosquitoes were subjected to continuous pyrethroid selection after species confirmation, and the forced copulation method was used to increase the mating rate. In addition, the knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutation frequencies of each generation of An. sinensis were measured; and the metabolic enzyme activities of cytochrome P450 monoxygenases (P450s) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identification of field-captured An. sinensis was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods. The population of An. sinensis exhibited stable resistance to pyrethroid after continuous generations of pyrethroid selection in the laboratory with high kdr mutation frequencies; and elevated levels of both P450s and GSTs were significantly found in field selected populations comparing with the laboratory susceptible strain. So far, the colonised strain has reached its eleventh generation and culturing well in the laboratory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We colonised a pyrethroid-resistant population of An. sinensis in the laboratory, which provides a fundamental model for genetic studies of this important malaria vector.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. jipdzhu@hotmail.com.|Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China. jipdzhu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Guoding
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. hyzhou88@163.com.
authors.forename: Huayun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. lijulin301@163.com.
authors.forename: Julin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. tangjianxia78@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. bailiang0627@163.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. jipd@163.com.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. gypn@163.com.
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. yaobao0721@163.com.
authors.forename: Yaobao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. lufeng981@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. caopepsi@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. zhangchao19820401@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. uouping7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. caojuncn@hotmail.com.|Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. caojuncn@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. gaoqi54@hotmail.com.|Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China. gaoqi54@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D001208:Asia; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase