title: Chemical composition and biological activity of four salvia essential oils and individual compounds against two species of mosquitoes.
abstract: The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from four species of genus Salvia were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds identified from Salvia species essential oils were as follows: 1,8-cineole (71.7%), α-pinene (5.1%), camphor (4.4%), and β-pinene (3.8%) in Salvia apiana; borneol (17.4%), β-eudesmol (10.4%), bornyl acetate (5%), and guaiol (4.8%) in Salvia elegans; bornyl acetate (11.4%), β-caryophyllene (6.5%), caryophyllene oxide (13.5%), and spathulenol (7.0%) in Salvia leucantha; α-thujene (25.8%), viridiflorol (20.4%), β-thujene (5.7%), and camphor (6.4%) in Salvia officinalis. In biting-deterrent bioassays, essential oils of S. leucantha and S. elegans at 10 μg/cm(2) showed activity similar to that of DEET (97%, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) in two species of mosquitoes, whereas the activities of S. officinalis and S. apiana essential oils were lower than those of the other oils or DEET. Pure compounds β-eudesmol and guaiol showed biting-deterrent activity similar to DEET at 25 nmol/cm(2), whereas the activity of 13-epi-manool, caryophyllene oxide, borneol, bornyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene was significantly lower than that of β-eudesmol, guaiol, or DEET. All essential oils showed larvicidal activity except that of S. apiana, which was inactive at the highest dose of 125 ppm against both mosquito species. On the basis of 95% CIs, all of the essential oils showed higher toxicity in Anopheles quadrimaculatus than in Aedes aegypti. The essential oil of S. leucantha with an LC50 value of 6.2 ppm showed highest toxicity in An. quadrimaculatus.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Nurhayat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tabanca
authors.forename: Betul
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Eugene K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Blythe
authors.forename: Zulfiqar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: K Husnu Can
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Baser
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: 13-epi-manool; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles quadrimaculatus; Salvia species; biting deterrent; guaiol; larvicide; β-eudesmol