title: Effect of blinding with a new pragmatic placebo needle: a randomized controlled crossover study.
abstract: Placebo control is a useful method for determining the efficacy of a therapy. In acupuncture researches, the preferred method for placebo control is acupuncture using a placebo needle that has a blunt tip and achieves no skin penetration. We performed a crossover study to validate the blinding effect of a new type of placebo needle. Sixty volunteers were randomized to receive acupuncture using 2 types of needles with different sequences: sequence AB, involving first the pragmatic placebo needle and then the real needle, and sequence BA, in a reverse order. Placebo acupuncture was performed by administering the placebo needle through an adhesive pad without skin penetration on the acupoints LI4, RN12, BL25, and BL36. Real acupuncture was performed by needling through the pad and penetrating the skin to 15 mm using a real needle on the same acupoints. The acupuncture was administered every other day with 3 sessions for 1 type of needle. The primary outcome was the perception of needle penetration. Besides degree of acupuncture pain, type, and degree of needle sensation, needle acceptability and factors influencing the subject blinding effect were assessed. Needle penetration was felt by 100%, 90% (54/60), 88.3% (53/60), and 95% (57/60) of volunteers receiving placebo acupuncture and 98.3% (59/60), 96.7% (58/60), 95% (57/60), and 95% (57/60) of volunteers receiving real acupuncture on LI4, RN12, BL25, and BL36, respectively. Differences of the volunteers' perception of needle penetration between the placebo needle and real needle were not significant for the 4 acupoints (all P > 0.05). Volunteers experienced fewer distension sensations (P = 0.01), a lower degree of needle sensation (P = 0.007), and less pain (P = 0.006) during placebo acupuncture than during real acupuncture. The placebo needle was more easily accepted than the real needle (OR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.01-2.64). The influences of age, sex, educational level, acupuncture experience, needle sensation, acupuncture pain, and needle acceptability on volunteers' perception of needle penetration were not significant. The pragmatic placebo needle is a valid control for acupuncture research. It produces a good subject blinding effect with a similar appearance to conventional acupuncture needles and no skin penetration when applied.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang'anmen Hospital (BL, HX, RM, QM, ZL); and Clinical Evaluation Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (SY).
authors.forename: Baoyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Huanfang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Shiyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Zhishun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D010146:Pain; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010465:Perception; D015990:Placebo Effect; D055815:Young Adult