title: Fast printing and in situ morphology observation of organic photovoltaics using slot-die coating.
abstract: The mini-slot-die coater offers a simple, convenient, materials-efficient route to print bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) that show efficiencies similar to spin-coating. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and GI small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) methods are used in real time to characterize the active-layer formation during printing. A polymer-aggregation-phase-separation-crystallization mechanism for the evolution of the morphology describes the observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sunzida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferdous
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaible
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hexemer
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Russell
keywords: X-ray diffraction; low bandgap polymers; morphology; organic photovoltaics