title: Application of a generalized linear mixed model to analyze mixture toxicity: survival of brown trout affected by copper and zinc.
abstract: Increased concerns about the toxicity of chemical mixtures have led to greater emphasis on analyzing the interactions among the mixture components based on observed effects. The authors applied a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to analyze survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta) acutely exposed to metal mixtures that contained copper and zinc. Compared with dominant conventional approaches based on an assumption of concentration addition and the concentration of a chemical that causes x% effect (ECx), the GLMM approach has 2 major advantages. First, binary response variables such as survival can be modeled without any transformations, and thus sample size can be taken into consideration. Second, the importance of the chemical interaction can be tested in a simple statistical manner. Through this application, the authors investigated whether the estimated concentration of the 2 metals binding to humic acid, which is assumed to be a proxy of nonspecific biotic ligand sites, provided a better prediction of survival effects than dissolved and free-ion concentrations of metals. The results suggest that the estimated concentration of metals binding to humic acid is a better predictor of survival effects, and thus the metal competition at the ligands could be an important mechanism responsible for effects of metal mixtures. Application of the GLMM (and the generalized linear model) presents an alternative or complementary approach to analyzing mixture toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; Research Center for Life and Environmental Sciences, Toyo University, Oura, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Brinkman
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D006812:Humic Substances; D008024:Ligands; D016014:Linear Models; D010944:Plants; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014337:Trout; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D008024:Ligands; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Binomial distribution; Concentration addition; Random effect; Response addition; Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM) humic acid