title: Advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines.
abstract: The ongoing threat of influenza epidemics and pandemics has emphasized the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines against infections from divergent influenza viruses. In this review, we first introduce the structure and life cycle of influenza A viruses, describing major influenza A virus-caused pandemics. We then compare different types of influenza vaccines and discuss current advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines, particularly those based on nucleoprotein (NP), extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. We also illustrate potential strategies for improving the efficacy of subunit influenza vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Naru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Bo-Jian
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yusen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ldu@nybloodcenter.org.
authors.forename: Lanying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
keywords: Hemagglutinin; Influenza A virus; Matrix protein; Nucleoprotein; Subunit vaccines