title: Implications of agricultural land use change to ecosystem services in the Ganges delta.
abstract: Ecosystems provide the basis for human civilization and natural capital for green economy and sustainable development. Ecosystem services may range from crops, fish, freshwater to those that are harder to see such as erosion regulation, carbon sequestration, and pest control. Land use changes have been identified as the main sources of coastal and marine pollution in Bangladesh. This paper explores the temporal variation of agricultural land use change and its implications with ecosystem services in the Ganges delta. With time agricultural lands have been decreased and wetlands have been increased at a very high rate mainly due to the growing popularity of saltwater shrimp farming. In a span of 28 years, the agricultural lands have been reduced by approximately 50%, while the wetlands have been increased by over 500%. A large portion (nearly 40%) of the study area is covered by the Sundarbans which remained almost constant which can be attributed to the strict regulatory intervention to preserve the Sundarbans. The settlement & others land use type has also been increased to nearly 5%. There is a gradual uptrend of shrimp and fish production in the study area. The findings suggest that there are significant linkages between agricultural land use change and ecosystem services in the Ganges delta in Bangladesh. The continuous decline of agricultural land (due to salinization) and an increase of wetland have been attributed to the conversion of agricultural land into shrimp farming in the study area. Such land use change requires significant capital, therefore, only investors and wealthier land owners can get the higher profit from the land conversion while the poor people is left with the environmental consequences that affect their long-term lives and livelihood. An environmental management plan is proposed for sustainable land use in the Ganges delta in Bangladesh.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: tarek@buet.ac.bd.
authors.forename: G M Tarekul
authors.initials: GMT
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: akmsaifulislam@iwfm.buet.ac.bd.
authors.forename: A K M Saiful
authors.initials: AKMS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: ahsan.shopan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahsan Azhar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shopan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: mmrahman@iwfm.buet.ac.bd.
authors.forename: Md Munsur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Civil, Maritime and Environmental Engineering and Science Unit, Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, UK. Electronic address: a.lazar@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Attila N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lázár
authors.affiliation: School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, India. Electronic address: anirban_iirs@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia; D001459:Bangladesh; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000191:economics*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D053833:Wetlands
keywords: Agriculture; Delta; Ecosystem; Ganges; Land use