title: Type III open tibia fractures: immediate antibiotic prophylaxis minimizes infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between antibiotic timing and deep infection of type III open tibia fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective prognostic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 1 Trauma Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 137 patients after exclusions for missing data (13), nonreconstructible limbs (9), and/or absence of 90-day outcome data (3).
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study of antibiotic timing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deep infection within 90 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, smoking, diabetes, injury severity score, type IIIA versus 3B/C injury, and time to surgical debridement were not associated with infection on univariate analysis. Greater than 5 days to wound coverage (P < 0.001) and greater than 66 minutes to antibiotics (P < 0.01) were univariate predictors of infection. Multivariate analysis found wound coverage beyond 5 days [odds ratio, 7.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.33-23.45; P < 0.001] and antibiotics beyond 66 minutes (odds ratio, 3.78; 95% CI, 1.16-12.31; P = 0.03) independently predicted infection. Immediate antibiotics and early coverage limited the infection rate (1 of 36, 2.8%) relative to delay in either factor (6 of 59, 10.2%) or delay in both factors (17 of 42, 40.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time from injury to antibiotics and to wound coverage independently predict infection of type III open tibia fractures. Both should be achieved as early as possible, with coverage being dependent on the condition of the wound. Given the relatively short therapeutic window for antibiotic prophylaxis (within an hour of injury), prehospital antibiotics may substantially improve outcomes for severe open fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lack
authors.forename: Madhav A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karunakar
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Angerame
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kellam
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bosse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents