title: The penny pusher: a cellular model of lens growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms that regulate the number of cells in the lens and, therefore, its size and shape are unknown. We examined the dynamic relationship between proliferative behavior in the epithelial layer and macroscopic lens growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of S-phase cells across the epithelium was visualized by confocal microscopy and cell populations were determined from orthographic projections of the lens surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of S-phase cells in the mouse lens epithelium fell exponentially, to an asymptotic value of approximately 200 cells by 6 months. Mitosis became increasingly restricted to a 300-μm-wide swath of equatorial epithelium, the germinative zone (GZ), within which two peaks in labeling index were detected. Postnatally, the cell population increased to approximately 50,000 cells at 4 weeks of age. Thereafter, the number of cells declined, despite continued growth in lens dimensions. This apparently paradoxical observation was explained by a time-dependent increase in the surface area of cells at all locations. The cell biological measurements were incorporated into a physical model, the Penny Pusher. In this simple model, cells were considered to be of a single type, the proliferative behavior of which depended solely on latitude. Simulations using the Penny Pusher predicted the emergence of cell clones and were in good agreement with data obtained from earlier lineage-tracing studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Penny Pusher, a simple stochastic model, offers a useful conceptual framework for the investigation of lens growth mechanisms and provides a plausible alternative to growth models that postulate the existence of lens stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
authors.forename: Yanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Snježana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lubura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Hrvoje
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Šikić
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassnett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049108:Cell Enlargement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008954:Models, Biological
keywords: epithelium; growth; model