title: Acute kidney injury and progression of renal failure after fetal programming in the offspring of diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diseases of adulthood, such as diabetes and hypertension, may be related to changes during pregnancy, particularly in kidney. We hypothesized that acute kidney injury progresses more rapidly in cases of fetal programming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic dams' offspring were divided into: CC (controls, receiving vehicle); DC (diabetics, receiving vehicle); CA (controls receiving folic Acid solution, 250 mg/kg); and DA (diabetics receiving folic acid solution). Renal function tests, morphometry, gene, and protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were analyzed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatinine, urea, Bowman's space, and EMT markers were increased in CA and DA groups. TGF-β3, actin, and fibronectin expression was higher in CA and DA, with significant increase in DA compared to CA 2-mo offspring. There was higher expression level of TGF-β1, TGF-β3, fibronectin, and vimentin in the offspring of diabetic dams at 5 mo. Increases in TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were more evident in the offspring of diabetic dams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal programming promotes remarkable changes in kidney morphology, and function in offspring and renal failure progression may be faster in younger offspring of diabetic dams subjected to an additional injury.
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosana R M
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karla R M
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Pereira Júnior
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Helmo
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lenaldo B
authors.identifier: 0000000243456994
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Physiology and Chemical, Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aldo R A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Glória
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila S O
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: 1] Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil [2] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Niels O S
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Câmara
authors.affiliation: General Pathology Discipline, Department of Genetics, Ecology and General Pathology. Biological and Natural Sciences Institute, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlene A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D005492:Folic Acid; D003404:Creatinine