title: Quantitative evaluation of apically extruded debris during root canal instrumentation with ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and self-adjusting file systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the amount of apically extruded debris during preparation with ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer), a reciprocating single-file (WaveOne; VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), and a self-adjusting file (SAF; ReDent Nova, Ra'anna, Israel).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six intact mandibular premolar teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. The root canals were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions using the ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and SAF. Apically extruded debris was collected in preweighted Eppendorf tubes during instrumentation. The net weight of the apically extruded debris was determined by subtracting the preweights and postweights of the tubes. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference tests at a significance level of P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A measurable amount of debris was apically extruded in all groups, and the amounts of debris extrusion in the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The ProTaper Next and WaveOne groups resulted in less debris extrusion than the ProTaper Universal group (P < 0.05), and the SAF group resulted in the least debris extrusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that all systems extruded debris beyond the apical foramen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Damla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karatas
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Meltem C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Topcu
keywords: Apically extruded debris; ProTaper Next; ProTaper Universal; WaveOne; self-adjusting file