title: Surface topography and ultrastructural architecture of the tegument of adult Carmyerius spatiosus Brandes, 1898.
abstract: Adult Carmyerius spatiosus or stomach fluke has an elongate, cylindrical-shaped, straight to slightly curved body, with conical anterior end and truncated posterior end. The worm measures about 8.7-11.2mm in body length and 2.3-3.0mm in body width across the mid-section. When observed by SEM, the tegumental surface in all part of the body appears highly corrugated with ridges and furrows, and having no spines. The ventral surface has more complex corrugation than those of the dorsal surface. Both anterior and posterior suckers have thick edges covered with transverse folds and appear spineless. The genital pore is located at the anterior part of the body. There are two types of sensory papillae on the surface: type 1 is bulbous in shape with nipple-like tips; type 2 has a similar shape with short cilia on the tip. The dorsal surface exhibits similar surface features, but papillae appear less numerous and are smaller. When observed by TEM, the tegument is divided into four layers. The first layer includes the ridges and furrows which are covered by a trilaminate membrane underlined by a dense lamina and coated externally with the glycocalyx. The second layer of the tegument is a narrow region of cytoplasm that contains high concentrations of ovoid electron lucent tegumental granules (TG1), and disc-shaped electron dense tegumental granules (TG2) as well as lysosomes. TG1 close to the surface invariably exocytose their content into bottoms of the ridges, while some TG2 are fused and have their membrane joined up with the surface membrane. The third layer is the widest middle area of the tegument which contains numerous and evenly distributed mitochondria. Both TG1 and TG2 granules are present but in much fewer number than in the first and second layers. The fourth layer is the innermost zone that rests on and couples with a thick basal lamina. The cytoplasm in this layer is loosely packed and contains numerous infoldings of the basal plasma membrane with closely associated mitochondria. It also contains fairly large numbers of TG1 and TG2 granules which are produced and transported to the tegument by one type of tegumental cells lying in rows underneath the muscular layers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Science, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: Panat1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Panat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anuracpreeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Science, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sumittra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phutong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Culture and Ecotourism, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Klongtoey Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Arin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ngamniyom
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Klongtoey Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Busaba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panyarachun
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobhon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D014200:Trematoda / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Carmyerius spatiosus; Stomach fluke; Surface topography; Tegument; Ultrastructure