title: Arsenic exposure, hyperuricemia, and gout in US adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is very limited information on the association between arsenic and serum uric acid levels or gout. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of arsenic with hyperuricemia and gout in US adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5632 adults aged 20years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010 with determinations of serum uric acid and urine total arsenic and dimethylarsinate (DMA). Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid higher than 7.0mg/dL for men and 6.0mg/dL for women. Gout was defined based on self-reported physician diagnosis and medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities and arsenobetaine levels, the increase in the geometric means of serum uric acid associated with one interquartile range increase in total arsenic and DMA levels was 3% (95% CI 2-5) and 3% (2-5), respectively, in men and 1% (0-3) and 2% (0-4), respectively, in women. In men, the adjusted odds ratio for hyperuricemia comparing the highest to lowest quartiles of total arsenic was 1.84 (95% CI, 1.26-2.68) and for DMA it was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.01-1.96). The corresponding odds ratios in women were 1.26 (0.77, 2.07) and 1.49 (0.96, 2.31), respectively. The odds ratio for gout comparing the highest to lowest tertiles was 5.46 (95% CI, 1.70-17.6) for total arsenic and 1.98 (0.64-6.15) for DMA among women older than 40years old. Urine arsenic was not associated with gout in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low level arsenic exposures may be associated with the risk of hyperuricemia in men and with the prevalence of gout in women. Prospective research focusing on establishing the direction of the relationship among arsenic, hyperuricemia, and gout is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fadrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guallar
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navas-Acien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D001152:Arsenicals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D014527:Uric Acid; D001151:Arsenic; C038992:arsenobetaine
keywords: Arsenic; Gout; Hyperuricemia; Lead; Uric acid