title: Cost-effectiveness of intestinal transplantation for adult patients with intestinal failure: a simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and intestinal transplantation (ITx) are the 2 treatment options for irreversible intestinal failure (IF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study simulated the disease course of irreversible IF and both of these treatments--HPN and ITx--to estimate the cost-effectiveness of ITx.
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated IF treatment in adults as a discrete event model with variables derived from the Dutch Registry of Intestinal Failure and Intestinal Transplantation, the Intestinal Transplant Registry, hospital records, the literature, and expert opinions. Simulated patients were enrolled at a rate of 40/mo for 10 y. The maximum follow-up was 40 y. Survival was simulated as a probabilistic function. ITx was offered to 10% of patients with <12 mo of remaining life expectancy with HPN if they did not undergo ITx. Costs were calculated according to Dutch guidelines, with discounting. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of ITx by comparing models conducted with and without ITx and by calculating the cost difference per life-year gained [incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average survival was 14.6 y without ITx and 14.9 y with ITx. HPN costs were €13,276 for treatment introduction, followed by €77,652 annually. The costs of ITx were ∼€73,000 during the first year and then €13,000 annually. The ICER was €19,529 per life-year gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our simulations show that ITx slightly improves survival of patients with IF in comparison with HPN at an additional cost of €19,529 per life-year gained.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Anne Margot
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roskott
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Edmond H H M
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rings
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Jan Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Haveman
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Rutger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ploeg
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Mireille J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Serlie
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wanten
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Paul F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (AMR and GD), Surgery (AMR, JWH, and RJP), Epidemiology (HG and PFMK), and Pediatrics (EHHMR), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (MJS); and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GW).
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008499:Medical Records; D008954:Models, Biological; D009426:Netherlands; D016562:Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total / Q000191:economics; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: cost-effectiveness; home parenteral nutrition; intestinal failure; intestinal transplantation; simulation model