title: Cylindrical agar gel with fluid flow subjected to an alternating magnetic field during hyperthermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), nanoparticles are injected into diseased tissue and subjected to an alternating high frequency magnetic field. The process triggers sufficient heat to destroy the cancerous cells. One of the challenging problems during MFH is blood flow in tissue. In real conditions the heat which is transferred by blood flow should be considered in the analysis of MFH.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, heat transfer was investigated in an agar gel phantom containing fluid flow. Fe3O4 as a nano-fluid was injected into the centre of a gel cylinder which was filled with another gel cylinder and subjected to an alternating magnetic field of 7.3 kA/m and a frequency of 50 kHz for 3600 s. The temperature was measured at three points in the gel. Temperature distributions regarding the time at these three points were experimentally measured. Moreover, the specific absorption rate (SAR) function was calculated with a temperature function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SAR function was a key asset in the hyperthermia and was obtained on the condition that the fluid flowed through the gel. Finally, a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to verify the SAR function. The results revealed that there was good agreement between the measured temperature and the one obtained from FEA. In addition, the effects of fluid flow and accuracy of function obtained for heat production in the gel were presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is believed that the proposed model has the potential ability to get close to reality in this type of investigation. The proposed function has implications for use in further modelling studies as a heat generation source.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran .
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javidi
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heydari
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haghpanahi
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navidbakhsh
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amanpour
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005782:Gels; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008962:Models, Theoretical
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D000362:Agar
keywords: Flow; SAR function; hyperthermia; magnetic nanoparticles; specific absorption rate