title: Criterion-referenced fitness standards for predicting physical independence into later life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was to develop sex and age-adjusted criterion-referenced fitness standards to predict independent physical functioning into later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Survey of Physical Fitness and Physical Activity, Portugal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national representative sample of 3074 non-institutionalized older adults (65-84years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Projected capacity for physical independence was assessed by the Composite Physical Function (CPF) scale, and physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test battery. ROC analyses were used to evaluate the classification accuracy of physical fitness components, and determine the best cutoff values of functional fitness to predict loss of independence. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to identify sex and age category fitness components that were predictors of independence with follow-up ROC analysis to verify the model's discriminative capability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROC curve analysis showed that the fitness tests were good in diagnosing physical independence (AUC>0.7). Logistic regression models demonstrated that different fitness components should be targeted according to age and sex, but with an emphasis on aerobic endurance and agility/dynamic balance. Overall, models provided higher AUC (males: 0.79-0.86; females: 0.73-0.85) when comparing the best fitness tests for each sex and age category. The sensitivity of newly developed models ranged from 80.5 to 87.7 in males and from 68.2 to 86.3 in females, while the specificity ranged from 62.1 to 73.8 in males and between 58.2 and 82.9 in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Senior Fitness Test provides a good field tool that allows the identification of fitness levels that older adults need to achieve to be physically independent later in life, and permits the accurate planning and implementation of exercise-based interventions for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Quebrada, Portugal. Electronic address: lsardinha@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Luís B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sardinha
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Quebrada, Portugal. Electronic address: dianasantos@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Diana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: emarques@fade.up.pt.
authors.forename: Elisa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: jmota@fade.up.pt.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mota
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012372:ROC Curve
keywords: Functional fitness; Healthy aging; Physical fitness; Physical independence; Standards