title: Comparative cost of illness analysis and assessment of health care burden of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our study aimed to determine the burden of illness in dystrophinopathy type Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD), both leading to progressive disability, reduced working capacity and high health care utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A micro-costing method was used to examine the direct, indirect and informal care costs measuring the economic burden of DMD in comparison to BMD on patients, relatives, payers and society in Germany and to determine the health care burden of these diseases. Standardized questionnaires were developed based on predefined structured interview guidelines to obtain data directly from patients and caregivers using the German dystrophinopathy patient registry. The health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was analyzed using PedsQL™ Measurement Model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 363 patients with genetically confirmed dystrophinopathies were enrolled. Estimated annual disease burden including direct medical/non-medical, indirect and informal care costs of DMD added up to € 78,913 while total costs in BMD were € 39,060. Informal care costs, indirect costs caused by loss of productivity and absenteeism of patients and caregivers as well as medical costs of rehabilitation services and medical aids were identified as the most important cost drivers. Total costs notably increased with disease progression and were consistent with the clinical severity; however, patients' HRQOL declined with disease progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, early assessments of economic aspects and the disease burden are essential to gain extensive knowledge of a distinct disease and above all play an important role in funding drug development programs for rare diseases. Therefore, our results may help to accelerate payer negotiations such as the pricing and reimbursement of new therapies, and will hopefully contribute to facilitating the efficient translation of innovations from clinical research over marketing authorization to patient access to a causative treatment.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schreiber-Katz
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schorling
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zowe
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reilich
authors.forename: Klaus H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nagels
authors.forename: Maggie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult