title: Obstructive sleep apnea pretreatment and posttreatment in symptomatic children with congenital craniofacial malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstructive sleep symptoms are common in children with craniofacial malformations (CFM). However objective data about obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is still limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of OSA in symptomatic children with CFM and to determine improvement in severity of OSA after treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatic children with CFM referred for a diagnostic polysomnogram (PSG) were identified. Obstructive sleep apnea was defined as an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 1, with moderate/severe OSA as an AHI ≥ 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 151 symptomatic children were identified; 87% were diagnosed with OSA, of whom 24% had moderate-to-severe OSA. Children with syndromic CFM, compared to non-syndromic CFM, were more likely to have an AHI ≥ 5 (syndromic 33% vs. non-syndromic 15%, p = 0.02). Of the 131 children with OSA, 64 were treated and 32 returned for a posttreatment PSG, with 22 treated with either positive airway pressure (PAP) or adenotonsillectomy (AT). Children treated with PAP demonstrated a decrease in AHI from 6.2 to 3.5 (p = 0.057) and an increase in SpO2 from 89.1% to 91.1% (p = 0.091). There were no significant improvements for those in the AT group for either AHI (2.5 to 1.8, p = 0.19) or SpO2 (90.4% to 91.3%, p = 0.46). Normalization of the AHI (AHI < 1) occurred in only one child in each group (7% and 14% of the PAP and AT groups, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of children with CFM referred for OSA evaluation are found to have objective evidence of OSA and a quarter of children have moderate-to-severe OSA. It is likely that many children with underlying OSA are not identified and referred for evaluation. Residual OSA after treatment is common in children with CFM.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.|Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moraleda-Cibrián
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kasten
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.|Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.|Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014068:Tonsillectomy
keywords: adenotonsillectomy; cleft; craniofacial malformations; obstructive sleep apnea; polysomnography; positive airway pressure; syndromes; treatment