title: Apexification, apexogenesis and regenerative endodontic procedures: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this paper was to present the therapeutical approaches to the management of the immature apex and discuss the evolution of materials and techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed limited to human studies published. The keywords searched were apexogenesis, apexification, pulp regeneration, revascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apexogenesis and apexification techniques using Calcium hydroxide or MTA give a high succes rate. Recent regeneration procedures may be helpful for apexification in non vital elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard material used in apexogenesis and apexification. New technologies are promoting the growing interest in strategies used for vitality preservation and pulp regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dentistry Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy - stefano.corbella@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Kabbaney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taschieri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056624:Apexification / Q000379:methods*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide