title: The Risk-Benefit Paradigm vs the Causal Exposure Paradigm: LDL as a primary cause of vascular disease.
abstract: All current guidelines use the 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event to select subjects for statin primary preventive therapy. Benefit from therapy is stated to be determined by risk with the result that statin primary preventive therapy is initiated only when the risk of a cardiovascular event over the next decade exceeds a specified level. Thus all current guidelines are based primarily on the Risk-Benefit paradigm of primary prevention. The recent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines differ from others in basing selection for statin therapy virtually exclusively on risk except for those few subjects with markedly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The Causal Exposure paradigm differs from the Risk-Benefit paradigm in that the objective of therapy is to prevent the anatomic disease within arterial walls that produces cardiovascular risk. Moreover, the anatomic disease and, therefore, the cardiovascular risk, is a function of the injurious action of the causal factors of vascular disease, such as blood pressure and LDL, on the arterial wall over long periods. In this article, we explain the strengths and weaknesses of both paradigms to provide a more secure framework to compare the strengths and weaknesses in the different cholesterol guidelines with particular emphasis on the evidence that the cardiovascular risk and the benefit from statin therapy is related to the level of LDL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: Peter.toth@cghmc.com.
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thanassoulis
authors.affiliation: KenAnCo Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Curt D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sniderman
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015984:Causality; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular risk; Causal exposure paradigm; Cholesterol; Guideline; Risk-benefit paradigm