title: Polymorphism and synergism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genes in coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the genetic factors for coronary artery diseases, PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms can be noted. This study was carried out to investigate the association of these two polymorphisms and their synergism in coronary artery disease (CAD) from a sample of the Iranian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients with a history of CAD and 92 healthy controls participated in our study. After DNA extraction from leukocytes, PCR was performed to characterize PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms, using an amplification refractory mutation system technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the studied patients, PAI-1 polymorphisms were 24.6%, 45.9%, and 29.5% for 4G/4G, 4G/5G and 5G/5G, respectively; the values for controls were 20.7%, 42.2% and 37.0%. The distribution rates of genotypes I/I, I/D and D/D in patients accounted for 29.5%, 45.9% and 24.6%; in the control group these figures were estimated to be 40.2%, 40.2% and 19.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single and multivariate analyses showed a significant difference for the conventional risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking and family history, for CAD between patients and controls (p value ≤ 0.001). However, no significant correlation was demonstrated considering ACE and PAI-1 polymorphisms either in association with 4G/4G or D/D genotypes or a combination of them in the Iranian population in the current study.
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakhteh
authors.affiliation: Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poopak
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amirizadeh
authors.affiliation: Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Center,Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmadreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shamshiri
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolhamid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran faranoush47@gmail.com faranoush.m@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faranoush
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D003710:Demography; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Coronary artery disease; angiotensin-converting enzyme; genetic polymorphism; plasminogen activator inhibitor