title: ORC4 surrounds extruded chromatin in female meiosis.
abstract: Six proteins, ORC1-6, make up the origin recognition complex (ORC) that initiates licensing of DNA replication origins. We have previously reported that subunit ORC2 is localized between the separating maternal chromosomes at anaphase II just after fertilization and is present in zygotic pronuclei at G1. Here, we found that ORC1, 3, and 5 all localize between the chromosomes at anaphase II, but could not be detected in zygotic G1. ORC6 localized to the periphery of the nucleoli at all zygotic stages. We identified an unexpected potential role for ORC4 in polar body formation. We found that in both female meiotic divisions, ORC4 surrounds the set of chromosomes, as a sphere-like structure, that will eventually be discarded in the polar bodies, but not the chromosomes that segregate into the oocyte. None of the other five ORC proteins are involved in this structure. In Zygotic G1, ORC4 surrounds the nuclei of the polar bodies, but was not detectable in the pronuclei. When the zygote entered mitosis ORC4 was only detected in the polar body. However, ORC4 appeared on both sets of separating chromosomes at telophase. At this point, the ORC4 that was in the polar body also migrated into the nuclei, suggesting that ORC4 or an associated protein is modified during the first embryonic cell cycle to allow it to bind DNA. Our results suggest that ORC4 may help identify the chromosomes that are destined to be expelled in the polar body, and may play a role in polar body extrusion. ORC4 surrounds the chromatin that will be extruded in the polar body in both female meiotic divisions, then makes a transition from the cytoplasm to the chromosomes at zygotic anaphase, suggesting multiple roles for this replication licensing protein.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biogenesis Research Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry & Physiology, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Hieu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Myungjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marh
authors.forename: W Steven
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000235:genetics; D008540:Meiosis; D051379:Mice; D051738:Origin Recognition Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D059705:Polar Bodies / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; C497231:Orc4 protein, mouse; D051738:Origin Recognition Complex
keywords: DNA LICENSING; MOUSE ZYGOTE; ORC1; ORC2; ORC3; ORC4; ORC5; ORC6; POLAR BODY EXTRUSION