title: Gestational dietary patterns are not associated with blood pressure changes during pregnancy and early postpartum in a Brazilian prospective cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify gestational dietary patterns and evaluate the association between these patterns and the blood pressure (BP) rate of change during pregnancy and the postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study composed of 191 healthy pregnant women. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were obtained at the 5th-13th, 20th-26th, 30th-36th gestational weeks, and with 30-45 days postpartum. A food frequency questionnaire administered at the 30th-36th gestational week was used to measure dietary intake during pregnancy. Principal component analysis was performed to identify the dietary patterns. A longitudinal linear mixed-effects regression model was used to evaluate the association between the dietary patterns and BP (adjusted for time elapsed after conception and the women's age, education, parity, body mass index and total energy intake).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three gestational dietary patterns were identified: healthy, common-Brazilian and processed. SBP/DBP mean values (SD) were 110.1 (9.0)/66.9 (7.5), 108.7 (9.0)/64.9 (6.7), 111.3 (9.2)/67.0 (6.9) and 115.0 (10.7)/73.7 (8.6) mmHg at the first, second and third gestational trimesters and postpartum, respectively. Women with higher/lower adherence to the processed pattern presented SBP of 117.9 and 113.0 mmHg (P = 0.037), respectively, during postpartum. No association was found between any of the three dietary patterns and SBP in the multiple longitudinal linear regression models, whereas 1 SD increase in the common-Brazilian pattern was associated with a small change of DBP (β = 0.0006; 95% CI 4.66e-06, 0.001; P = 0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three dietary patterns identified revealed no association with changes of SBP and DBP levels during pregnancy and at early postpartum in this sample of healthy Brazilian women.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.|Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eshriqui
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.|Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Amélia Freitas
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vilela
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.|National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rebelo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.|Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana Rodrigues
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz Trindade
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2º andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil. gilberto.kac@gmail.com.|Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. gilberto.kac@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood pressure; Cohort study; Dietary pattern; Food consumption; Pregnancy