title: Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improving glycaemic control in people with Type 1 diabetes is known to reduce complications. Our aim was to compare glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes using data gathered in regional or national registries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained for children and/or adults with Type 1 diabetes from the following countries (or regions): Western Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, Champagne-Ardenne (France), Germany, Epirus, Thessaly and Thessaloniki (Greece), Galway (Ireland), several Italian regions, Latvia, Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Otago (New Zealand), Norway, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Volyn (Ukraine), USA and Wales) from population or clinic-based registries. The sample size with available data varied from 355 to 173 880. Proportions with HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) and ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥ 9.0%) were compared by age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 324 501 people. The proportions with HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) varied from 15.7% to 46.4% among 44 058 people aged < 15 years, from 8.9% to 49.5% among 50 766 people aged 15-24 years and from 20.5% to 53.6% among 229 677 people aged ≥ 25 years. Sex differences in glycaemic control were small. Proportions of people using insulin pumps varied between the 12 sources with data available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that there are substantial variations in glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes between the data sources and that there is room for improvement in all populations, especially in young adults.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK.|Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.|Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.|Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group.
authors.forename: M J E
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine F, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almdal
authors.affiliation: Salford Royal Foundation NHS Trust, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK.|National Pediatric Diabetes Audit and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, American Memorial Hospital, University Hospital of Rheims, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Delemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, University Hospital of Rheims, France.|CARéDIAB Network.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Souchon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karges
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Division, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsmedizin Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany.|German/Austria DPV database.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kieninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tigas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Thessaly, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bargiota
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sampanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, SalesiHospital, Ancona, Italy.|RIDI Study Group.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.affiliation: Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gesuita
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Strele
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pildava
authors.affiliation: Edgar Diabetes and Obesity Research, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Coppell
authors.affiliation: Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, County Down, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Adult Diabetes Register, Noklus, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland.|NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland.|Galway University Hospitals Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dinneen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.|National Diabetes Register in Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.affiliation: Centre of Registers in Region VöstraGötaland, Göteborg, Sweden.|National Diabetes Register in Sweden.
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.|Centre of Registers in Region VöstraGötaland, Göteborg, Sweden.|National Diabetes Register in Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjornsdottir
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, National Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Veeze
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, National Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aanstoot
authors.affiliation: Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education and Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kiev, Ukraine.|Ukrainian Diabetes Register Team.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalangot
authors.affiliation: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.|T1D Exchange Clinic Network.
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Centre for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA.|T1D Exchange Clinic Network.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D003718:Denmark; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006115:Greece; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007494:Ireland; D007558:Italy; D007844:Latvia; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009520:New Zealand; D009660:Northern Ireland; D009664:Norway; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012042:Registries; D012606:Scotland; D013548:Sweden; D014455:Ukraine; D014481:United States; D014852:Wales; D014904:Western Australia; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human