title: Evaluation of a nonpeptidic ligand for imaging of cholecystokinin 2 receptor-expressing cancers.
abstract: Tumor-specific targeting ligands were recently exploited to deliver both imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to cancer tissues in vivo. Because the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) is overexpressed in various human cancers (e.g., lung, medullary thyroid, pancreatic, colon, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors) but displays limited expression in normal tissues, natural ligands of CCK2R were recently explored for use in the imaging of CCK2R-expressing cancers. Unfortunately, the results from these studies revealed not only that the peptidic CCK2R ligands were unstable in vivo but also that the ligands that mediated good uptake by tumor tissues also promoted a high level of retention of the radioimaging agent in the kidneys, probably because of capture of the conjugates by peptide-scavenging receptors. In an effort to reduce the normal organ retention of CCK2R-targeted drugs, we synthesized a nonpeptidic ligand of CCK2R and examined its specificity for CCK2R both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonpeptidic agonists and antagonists of CCK2R described in the literature were evaluated for their affinities and specificities for CCK2R. Z-360, a benzodiazepine-derived CCK2R antagonist with subnanomolar affinity, was selected for complexation to (99m)Tc via multiple spacers. After synthesis and purification, 4 complexes with different physicochemical properties were evaluated for binding to CCK2R-transfected HEK 293 cells. The best conjugate, termed CRL-3-(99m)Tc, was injected into mice bearing CCK2R tumor xenografts and examined by γ scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. The uptake of the conjugate in various organs was also quantified by tissue resection and γ counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRL-3-(99m)Tc was shown to bind with low nanomolar affinity to CCK2R in vitro and was localized to tumor tissues in athymic nu/nu mice implanted with CCK2R-expressing tumors. At 4 h after injection, tumor uptake was measured at 12.0 ± 2.0 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the uptake of CRL-3-(99m)Tc by nonmalignant tissues was negligible and retention in the kidneys was only transient, we suggest that CRL-3-(99m)Tc may be a useful radioimaging agent for the detection, sizing, and monitoring of CCK2R-expressing tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Charity
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wayua
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana plow@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001570:Benzodiazepinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001570:Benzodiazepinones; D008024:Ligands; D043887:Receptor, Cholecystokinin B; C528831:Z-360
keywords: antagonist; cancer imaging; cholecystokinin 2/gastrin receptor; nonpeptide; radioimaging of tumors; tumor-targeted therapy