title: Relationship between the pH of enema solutions and intestinal damage in rabbits.
abstract: Mechanical enemas can lead to intestinal mucosal injuries and bowel barrier damage, presenting as electrolyte disturbances and functional intestinal disorders. Most researchers believe that the mechanism of injury is related to osmolality, volume and temperature of the solution, infusion pressure, and the composition of the enema tube. We hypothesized that the pH of the enema solution may also contribute to intestinal damage. We administered enema solutions--normal saline, soapsuds, or vinegar (neutral, alkaline, or acidic solutions, respectively)--to three groups of rabbits (n = 20 per group). The solutions were standardized for volume and temperature and the soapsuds and vinegar solutions were adjusted to be isotonic with normal saline or deionized water. We also included a control group (n = 20) in which the enema tubes were inserted but no solution was administered. We biopsied 3 sites (rectum and distal and proximal colon). Damage to intestinal mucosa was observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In order to explore the detection of damage using noninvasive methods, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression was measured in the exfoliated cells gathered from postenema defecation. Epithelial loss, inflammatory reaction, and cellular microstructure damage was increased in the vinegar and soapsuds groups. Also, exfoliated cells in these groups had higher COX-2 expression than the normal saline group. The acidic and alkaline enema solutions thus caused more severe damage to the intestinal mucosa compared to the neutral liquid, supporting our hypothesis. Further, the detection of COX-2 expression shows promise as a noninvasive method for estimating enema-induced damage.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China zhangfeng820909@163.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Affiliated hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Xujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Duanying
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Affiliated hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D004733:Enema / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012996:Solutions; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); damage; enema solution; normal saline; power of hydrogen (pH); soapsuds; vinegar