title: Altering blood flow does not reveal differences between nitrogen and helium kinetics in brain or in skeletal miracle in sheep.
abstract: In underwater diving, decompression schedules are based on compartmental models of nitrogen and helium tissue kinetics. However, these models are not based on direct measurements of nitrogen and helium kinetics. In isoflurane-anesthetized sheep, nitrogen and helium kinetics in the hind limb (n = 5) and brain (n = 5) were determined during helium-oxygen breathing and after return to nitrogen-oxygen breathing. Nitrogen and helium concentrations in arterial, femoral vein, and sagittal sinus blood samples were determined using headspace gas chromatography, and venous blood flows were monitored continuously using ultrasonic Doppler. The experiment was repeated at different states of hind limb blood flow and cerebral blood flow. Using arterial blood gas concentrations and blood flows as input, parameters and model selection criteria of various compartmental models of hind limb and brain were estimated by fitting to the observed venous gas concentrations. In both the hind limb and brain, nitrogen and helium kinetics were best fit by models with multiexponential kinetics. In the brain, there were no differences in nitrogen and helium kinetics. Hind limb models fit separately to the two gases indicated that nitrogen kinetics were slightly faster than helium, but models with the same kinetics for both gases fit the data well. In the hind limb and brain, the blood:tissue exchange of nitrogen is similar to that of helium. On the basis of these results, it is inappropriate to assign substantially different time constants for nitrogen and helium in all compartments in decompression algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Acute Care Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and david.doolette.as@navy.mil.
authors.forename: David J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9027-3536
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Doolette
authors.affiliation: Acute Care Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9996-4886
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.affiliation: Acute Care Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and.
authors.forename: Cliff
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3657-6944
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003664:Decompression; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004058:Diffusion; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism; D006371:Helium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D006371:Helium; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: decompression sickness; gases; pharmacokinetics