title: In vitro mechanical loading models for periodontal ligament cells: from two-dimensional to three-dimensional models.
abstract: Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) respond to various mechanical stimuli, including mastication and orthodontic force, and thereby play an important functional role. A number of in vitro models have been widely used to study these mechanoresponses. Here, we comprehensively review the various in vitro mechanical loading approaches used for assessing PDLCs, including their force generation properties, mechanical characteristics, and simulation of authentic bioprocesses. Furthermore, we highlight the evolution of current cytomechanical studies, from conventional two-dimensional to novel three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures. Some representative 3-D PDLC culture and mechanical loading systems are also described, with the advantages and limitations of these discussed. From this review, we can conclude that optimal mechanical loading models must be chosen to match the specific research purpose, and that novel 3-D PDLC culture and mechanical loading models are promising for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China. Electronic address: yuli@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhihe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Cell culture; Mechanical loading; Periodontal ligament cells; Stress; Three-dimensional culture