title: Vitamin D and thyroid disease: to D or not to D?
abstract: The main role of vitamin D is to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, thus preserving bone health. Recent evidence has demonstrated that vitamin D may also have a role in a variety of nonskeletal disorders such as endocrine diseases and in particular type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, adrenal diseases and polycystic ovary syndrome. Low levels of vitamin D have also been associated with thyroid disease, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Similarly, patients with new-onset Graves' disease were found to have decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Impaired vitamin D signaling has been reported to encourage thyroid tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the role of vitamin D in thyroid diseases, both autoimmune diseases and thyroid cancer, and will summarize the results of vitamin D supplementation studies performed in patients with thyroid disorders. Although observational studies support a beneficial role of vitamin D in the management of thyroid disease, randomized controlled trials are required to provide insight into the efficacy and safety of vitamin D as a therapeutic tool for this dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muscogiuri
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tirabassi
authors.affiliation: The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bizzaro
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Transplantation Unit 'San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona' University Hospital, Scuola Medica Salernitana, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orio
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Paschou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vryonidou
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balercia
authors.affiliation: 1] The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel [2] Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kip Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colao
mesh_terms: D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D