title: Reproductive state affects hiding behaviour under risk of predation but not exploratory activity of female Spanish terrapins.
abstract: Female investment during reproduction may reduce survivorship due to increased predation risk. During pregnancy, the locomotor performance of gravid females might be diminished due to the additional weight acquired. In addition, egg production may also increase thermoregulatory, metabolic and physiological costs. Also, pregnant females have greater potential fitness and should take fewer risks. Thus, females should ponder their reproductive state when considering their behavioural responses under risky situations. Here, we examine how reproductive state influence risk-taking behaviour in different contexts in female Spanish terrapins (Mauremys leprosa). We simulated predator attacks of different risk levels and measured the time that the turtles spent hiding entirely inside their own shells (i.e. appearance times). We also assessed the subsequent time after emergence from the shell that the turtles spent immobile monitoring for predators before starting to escape actively (i.e. waiting times). Likewise, we performed a novel-environment test and measured the exploratory activity of turtles. We found no correlations between appearance time, waiting time or exploratory activity, but appearance times were correlated across different risk levels. Only appearance time was affected by the reproductive state, where gravid females reappeared relatively later from their shells after a predator attack than non-gravid ones. Moreover, among gravid females, those carrying greater clutches tended to have longer appearance times. This suggests that only larger clutches could affect hiding behaviour in risky contexts. In contrast, waiting time spent scanning for predators and exploratory activity were not affected by the reproductive state. These differences between gravid and non-gravid females might be explained by the metabolic-physiological costs associated with egg production and embryo maintenance, as well as by the relatively higher potential fitness of gravid females.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: alexibanez@mncn.csic.es.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marzal
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Exploratory behaviour; Hiding behaviour; Predation risk; Reproductive state; Risk-taking