title: Noninvasive characterization of locally advanced breast cancer using textural analysis of quantitative ultrasound parametric images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of tumor pathologic characteristics is an important part of breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning but currently requires biopsy as its standard. Here, we investigated a noninvasive quantitative ultrasound method for the characterization of breast tumors in terms of their histologic grade, which can be used with clinical diagnostic ultrasound data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumors of 57 locally advanced breast cancer patients were analyzed as part of this study. Seven quantitative ultrasound parameters were determined from each tumor region from the radiofrequency data, including mid-band fit, spectral slope, 0-MHz intercept, scatterer spacing, attenuation coefficient estimate, average scatterer diameter, and average acoustic concentration. Parametric maps were generated corresponding to the region of interest, from which four textural features, including contrast, energy, homogeneity, and correlation, were determined as further tumor characterization parameters. Data were examined on the basis of tumor subtypes based on histologic grade (grade I versus grade II to III).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear discriminant analysis of the means of the parametric maps resulted in classification accuracy of 79%. On the other hand, the linear combination of the texture features of the parametric maps resulted in classification accuracy of 82%. Finally, when both the means and textures of the parametric maps were combined, the best classification accuracy was obtained (86%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Textural characteristics of quantitative ultrasound spectral parametric maps provided discriminant information about different types of breast tumors. The use of texture features significantly improved the results of ultrasonic tumor characterization compared to conventional mean values. Thus, this study suggests that texture-based quantitative ultrasound analysis of in vivo breast tumors can provide complementary diagnostic information about tumor histologic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tadayyon
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Naini
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: Gregory.Czarnota@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Czarnota