title: Echocardiographic predictors of chronotropic incompetence to exercise in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is most often attributed to diastolic dysfunction (DD); however, chronotropic incompetence (CI) could also play an important role. We intended to examine whether there are predictive echocardiographic parameters of DD for impaired chronotropic response to exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n = 143) with unexplained dyspnea and/or exercise intolerance who fulfilled clinical and echocardiographic criteria of HFpEF presence underwent a symptom-limited exercise test using a treadmill (ETT) according to the Bruce protocol. CI was defined as an achieved heart rate reserve (HRR) of ≤ 80%. Comparison of the groups with (n = 98) and without CI (n = 45) did not show any statistically significant difference regarding demographic and clinical characterristics except for use of beta blockers (BB) that were more frequently present (p = 0.012) in patients with CI in comparison with those without. Patients with CI had a higher mean E-wave velocity, E/A ratio, increased E/E' septal, lateral as well as average ratio and abnormal IVRT/TE-e' index all consistent with elevated LV filling pressures. E/E' average ratio > 15 was statistically insignificantly more frequently present in patients with CI. In addition, by multivariate stepwise regression analysis value of E' septal (β = 3.697, 95%CI 0.921-6.473, p = 0.009) along with use of BB, current smoking and basal heart rate appeared as statistically significant independent predictors of lower HRR %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with HFpEF frequently have chronotropic incompetence to graded exercise which may partly be predicted with echocardiographic parameters that are consistent with elevated LV filling pressures.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hospital "Acibadem-Sistina", Skopje, R. Macedonia.
authors.forename: Zharko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hristovski
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Projevska-Donegati
authors.forename: Ljubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Georgievska-Ismail
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*