title: Can formative quizzes predict or improve summative exam performance?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite wide use, the value of formative exams remains unclear. We evaluated the possible benefits of formative assessments in a physical examination course at our chiropractic college.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hypotheses were examined: (1) Receiving formative quizzes (FQs) will increase summative exam (SX) scores, (2) writing FQ questions will further increase SE scores, and (3) FQs can predict SX scores. Hypotheses were tested across three separate iterations of the class.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SX scores for the control group (Class 3) were significantly less than those of Classes 1 and 2, but writing quiz questions and taking FQs (Class 1) did not produce significantly higher SX scores than only taking FQs (Class 2). The FQ scores were significant predictors of SX scores, accounting for 52% of the SX score. Sex, age, academic degrees, and ethnicity were not significant copredictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the assertion that FQs can improve written SX performance, but students producing quiz questions didn't further increase SX scores. We concluded that nonthreatening FQs may be used to enhance student learning and suggest that they also may serve to identify students who, without additional remediation, will perform poorly on subsequent summative written exams.
authors.forename: Niu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Charles N R
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Henderson
keywords: Chiropractic; Education; Formative Assessment; Summative Evaluation