title: Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive?
abstract: Early enteral nutrition (EN) is consistently recommended as first-line nutrition therapy in critically ill patients since it favorably alters outcome, providing both nutrition and nonnutrition benefits. However, critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation are at risk for regurgitation, pulmonary aspiration, and eventually ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). EN may increase these risks when gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is present. Gastric residual volume (GRV) is considered a surrogate parameter of GI dysfunction during the progression of enteral feeding in the early phase of critical illness and beyond. By monitoring GRV, clinicians may detect patients with delayed gastric emptying earlier and intervene with strategies that minimize or prevent VAP as one of the major risks of EN. The value of periodic GRV measurements with regard to risk reduction of VAP incidence has frequently been questioned in the past years. Increasing the GRV threshold before interrupting gastric feeding results in marginal increases in EN delivery. More recently, a large randomized clinical trial revealed that abandoning GRV monitoring did not negatively affect clinical outcomes (including VAP) in mechanically ventilated patients. The results have revived the discussion on the role of GRV monitoring in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients receiving early EN. This review summarizes the most recent clinical evidence on the use of GRV monitoring in critically ill patients. Based on the clinical evidence, it discusses the pros and cons and further addresses whether GRV is a dead marker or still alive for the nutrition management of critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany gunnar.elke@uksh.de.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elke
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Neuperlach Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Felbinger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000379:methods; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: critical illness; enteral nutrition; gastric residual volume; gastrointestinal motility; gastrointestinal transit; pneumonia; respiratory aspiration; ventilator associated pneumonia