title: The effects of psychological interventions on depression and anxiety among Chinese adults with cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies found the high prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese cancer patients, and many empirical studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of psychological interventions on depression and anxiety among Chinese cancer patients. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis in order to assess the effects of psychological interventions on depression and anxiety in Chinese adults with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The four most comprehensive Chinese academic database- CNKI, Wanfang, Vip and CBM databases-were searched from their inception until January 2014. PubMed and Web of Science (SCIE) were also searched from their inception until January 2014 without language restrictions, and an internet search was used. Randomized controlled studies assessing the effects of psychological interventions on depression and anxiety among Chinese adults with cancer were analyzed. Study selection and appraisal were conducted independently by three authors. The pooled random-effects estimates of standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Moderator analysis (meta-regression and subgroup analysis) was used to explore reasons for heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We retrieved 147 studies (covering 14,039 patients) that reported 253 experimental-control comparisons. The random effects model showed a significant large effect size for depression (SMD = 1.199, p < 0.001; 95% CI = 1.095-1.303) and anxiety (SMD = 1.298, p < 0.001; 95% CI = 1.187-1.408). Cumulative meta-analysis indicated that sufficient evidence had accumulated since 2000-2001 to confirm the statistically significant effectiveness of psychological interventions on depression and anxiety in Chinese cancer patients. Moderating effects were found for caner type, patients' selection, intervention format and questionnaires used. In studies that included lung cancer, preselected patients with clear signs of depression/anxiety, adopted individual intervention and used State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the effect sizes were larger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that psychological interventions in Chinese cancer patients have large effects on depression and anxiety. The findings support that an adequate system should be set up to provide routine psychological interventions for cancer patients in Chinese medical settings. However, because of some clear limitations (heterogeneity and publication bias), these results should be interpreted with caution.
authors.forename: Yi-Long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Guang-Cong
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: De-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Si-Meng
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China. liewang@mail.cmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D002681:China; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome