title: Quantification of free formaldehyde in carrageenan and processed Eucheuma seaweed using high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: In 2010 the European Commission placed a limit on the amount of free formaldehyde in carrageenan and processed Eucheuma seaweed (PES) of 5 mg kg(-1). Formaldehyde is not used in carrageenan and PES processing and accordingly one would not expect free formaldehyde to be present in carrageenan and PES. However, surprisingly high levels up to 10 mg kg(-1) have been found using the generally accepted AOAC and Hach tests. These findings are, per proposed reaction pathways, likely due to the formation of formaldehyde when sulphated galactose, the backbone of carrageenan, is hydrolysed with the strong acid used in these conventional tests. In order to minimise the risk of false-positives, which may lead to regulatory non-compliance, a new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed. Initially, carrageenan or PES is extracted with 2-propanol and subsequently reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) to form the chromophore formaldehyde-DNPH, which is finally quantified by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet light detection at 355 nm. This method has been found to have a limit of detection of 0.05 mg kg(-1) and a limit of quantification of 0.2 mg kg(-1). Recoveries from samples spiked with known quantities of formaldehyde were 95-107%. Using this more specific technique, 20 samples of carrageenan and PES were tested for formaldehyde. Only one sample had a detectable content of formaldehyde (0.40 mg kg(-1)), thus demonstrating that the formaldehyde content of commercial carrageenan and PES products are well below the European Commission maximum limit of 5 mg kg(-1).
authors.affiliation: a DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS , Brabrand , Denmark.
authors.forename: Bettina Høj
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hornshøj
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobbelgaard
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Blakemore
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stapelfeldt
authors.forename: Harris J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klinger
mesh_terms: D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis*; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: DNPH; HPLC; PES; carrageenan; formaldehyde; formaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; method validation; seaweed