title: Neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth: an application of propensity score matching.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On the basis of a neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), this study aims to examine the association between neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth (PTB) by applying propensity score matching (PSM) methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  NDI was calculated for all census tracts in South Carolina based on the US Census data. Live births in South Carolina during 2008 to 2009 (n = 98,456) were assigned to an NDI quartile group based on residential addresses. PSM was used to create matched pairs by NDI quartiles to avoid any potential inference on imbalanced data. The differences of prevalence of PTB were calculated for exposed and reference deprivation groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neighborhood deprivation was higher among blacks than whites. The overall prevalence of PTB was 8.5% for whites and 12.6% for blacks. Living in neighborhoods with higher deprivation was associated with increased risk of PTB among blacks compared with living in neighborhoods with lower deprivation among blacks. However, random-effect regression models showed that the most deprived whites experienced 1.13 times the odds of having PTB than the least deprived whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes might be partially explained by neighborhood deprivation in South Carolina. PSM may be an appropriate approach to avoid imbalanced data inferences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia. Electronic address: mxg@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Jihong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011203:Poverty; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000208:ethnology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D057216:Propensity Score; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013022:South Carolina; D044465:White People
keywords: Matching; Neighborhood deprivation index; Preterm birth; Principal component analysis; Propensity score