title: Breast ultrasound in the management of gynecomastia in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in monozygotic twins: two case reports.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance and variable expression caused by germline mutation of serine threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1; it is characterized by hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation, and increased predisposition to neoplasms. In Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, bilateral Sertoli cell testicular tumors cause endocrine manifestations including gynecomastia and feminization. This study aimed to assess the role of breast ultrasound in the evaluation of the effectiveness of an innovative surgical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report presents a pair of European 9-year-old identical male twins with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, bilateral prepubertal gynecomastia, and testicular multifocal calcifications. Both twins were treated with anastrozole for 2 years. After finishing treatment, both underwent subcutaneous mastectomy performed by the "modified" Webster technique. Breast examination and ultrasound were performed before and after the pharmacological and surgical treatment. A breast ultrasound scan before surgery showed bilateral gynecomastia in both patients. No solid nodular or cystic formations were present on either side. After pharmacological therapy and surgical glandular removal, a breast examination showed a significant reduction in breast volume; 1 year after surgery, a breast ultrasound scan of both patients showed a total absence of glandular parenchyma, with muscle planes well represented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast examination and ultrasound have proved to be a valid approach in the assessment of the treatment of prepubertal gynecomastia because they allow the efficacy of the pharmacological and surgical treatment to be evaluated in a multidisciplinary approach to one of the most frequent endocrine manifestations of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine "F, Magrassi, A, Lanzara", Section of Radiology and Radiotherapy, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. graziella.digrezia@libero.it.
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Grezia
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Francesco
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Somma
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatta
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010580:Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary