title: Nurses' experiences of restraint and seclusion use in short-stay acute old age psychiatry inpatient units: a qualitative study.
abstract: Restraint and seclusion are often ineffective and can affect patients adversely. In this study, we explored nurses' experiences of restraint and seclusion in short-stay acute old age psychiatry inpatient units and how these experiences underpin resistance to eliminating these practices. Qualitative interviews were conducted with nurses in three old age psychiatry units in Melbourne, Australia. The results provide one overarching theme, lack of accessible alternatives to restraint and seclusion, indicating that nurses believe there are no effective, accessible alternatives to these practices. Three related themes contribute to this perception. First, an adverse interpersonal environment contributes to restraint and seclusion, which relates to undesirable consequences of poor staff-to-patient relationships. Second, an unfavourable physical environment contributes to aggression and restraint and seclusion use. Third, the practice environment influences the adoption of restraint and seclusion. The findings contribute to the limited evidence about nurses' experiences of these practices in short-stay old age psychiatry, and how account needs to be taken of these experiences and contextual influences when introducing measures to address these practices. Policies addressing these measures need to be accompanied by wide-ranging initiatives to deal with aggression, including providing appropriate education and support and addressing ethical and workplace cultural issues surrounding these practices.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Muir-Cochrane
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: McCann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D005852:Geriatric Psychiatry; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010356:Patient Isolation; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012149:Restraint, Physical
keywords: aggression; old age psychiatry; qualitative research; restraint; seclusion