title: Gender gaps--Life expectancy and proportion of life in poor health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature suggests that women report worse health but live longer than men--a phenomenon known as the gender paradox in health and mortality. Although studies examining the paradox abound, relatively little is known about mechanisms underlying the gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  With data on healthy life expectancy from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, this article analyses the relationship between length of life and health among men and women in 45 more-developed countries. The proportion of life spent in poor health is used as an indicator of health. This approach accounts for gender differences in longevity and illustrates the female health disadvantage pattern more clearly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Life expectancy at birth and the proportion of life in poor health are closely related for both genders. Furthermore, the larger the female excess in longevity, the larger the female excess in the proportion of life in poor health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By focusing on the proportion of life in poor health, this analysis suggests that women's longevity advantage translates into a health disadvantages relative to men. The results indicate that women suffer from poor health not in spite of living longer, but because they live longer.
authors.affiliation: Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, ÖAW/VID, WU), Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Liberal Arts, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minagawa
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Gender differences; health expectancy; morbidity; mortality; world health