title: Work stress and alcohol consumption among adolescents: moderation by family and peer influences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive alcohol use in adolescence can be detrimental to health and academic performance. Few studies consider the moderating effects of parental and peer influence within the context of adolescent work outside of the school environment. This study aims to examine work stress among adolescents and the association with alcohol use and drunkenness, in the context of parental and peer influences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grade 12 students who participated in Monitoring the Future surveys between 2005 and 2009 (n = 12,341) were included in this study. Independent variables included work stress (job satisfaction, perceived safety, and perceived safety of possessions), self-reported perceptions towards academics and influence from parents and peers. Frequency of alcohol use and drunkenness were measured for lifetime, last 30 days and 12 months. The moderating effects of academic aspiration, parental, and peer influence were assessed on the relationship between work stress and alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any work stress was positively associated with alcohol use over the past 12 months (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.23). Stratified analysis found that peer influence significantly moderated the relationship between work stress and alcohol use over the lifetime and past 12 months. Among adolescents with work stress, odds ratios of alcohol use over the lifetime was 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.97) for those with low negative peer influence and 1.09 (95% CI 0.97-1.22) for those with high negative peer influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Problematic drinking patterns were more apparent among high school students who experienced stress at work. Positive peer influence, however, may buffer the adverse effect of work stress on alcohol use.
authors.forename: Xianfang C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA. kmk2104@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D010067:Ownership; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012449:Safety; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students; D014937:Work