title: Relationships among smoking, organic, and functional voice disorders in Korean general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between smoking and voice disorders is still controversial. This study has investigated the relationship between voice disorders and smoking by using a nationwide representative survey of the Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of a national health survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample 7941 Korean adults, aged 19 years or older (3422 men and 4519 women), who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationwide representative survey of the noninstitutionalized population of the Republic of Korea. Laryngeal disorders were classified into functional voice disorders (vocal cord nodule, vocal polyp, Reinke edema, and laryngitis) and organic voice disorders (sulcus vocalis, vocal cyst, laryngeal granuloma, laryngeal keratosis, laryngeal leukoplakia, laryngeal papilloma, and suspected malignant neoplasm of the larynx). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between smoking and voice disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for covariates (age, gender, education level, occupation, income, alcohol drinking, self-reported voice problems, and self-reported health status), past smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-9.03) and current smokers (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.18-10.25) compared with nonsmokers, were more likely to have organic voice disorders. However, smoking was not associated with functional voice disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is independently associated with organic voice disorders in the Korean general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Language Pathology & Audiology, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Speech-Language Pathology Center, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: byeon@nambu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Haewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Byeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Adult; Dysphonia; Epidemiology; Risk factor; Smoking; Voice disorder