title: Dendritic cell immunotherapy: clinical outcomes.
abstract: The use of tumour-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy studies is exacerbated by tolerance to these self-antigens. Tolerance may be broken by using ex vivo monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with self-antigens. Targeting tumour-associated antigens directly to DCs in vivo is an alternative and simpler strategy. The identification of cell surface receptors on DCs, and targeting antigens to DC receptors, has become a popular approach for inducing effective immune responses against cancer antigens. Many years ago, we demonstrated that targeting the mannose receptor on macrophages using the carbohydrate mannan to DCs led to appropriate immune responses and tumour protection in animal models. We conducted Phase I, I/II and II, clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness of oxidised mannan-MUC1 in patients with adenocarcinomas. Here we summarise DC targeting approaches and their efficacy in human clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Biomedicine, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Vasso
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Apostolopoulos
authors.affiliation: BioOrganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Immunology, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pietersz
authors.affiliation: Prolipsis Medical Centre , Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsibanis
authors.affiliation: Prolipsis Medical Centre , Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Annivas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsikkinis
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Biomedicine, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stojanovska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian Fc
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Prolipsis Medical Centre , Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stamatis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassilaros