title: Sex-specific urinary biomarkers for diagnosing bipolar disorder.
abstract: Sex-based differences are prominent in affective disorders, but there are no biomarkers available to support sex-specific, laboratory-based diagnostics for male and female bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Here, a NMR-based metabonomic approach was used to preliminarily identify sex-specific urinary metabolite biomarkers for diagnosing male and female BD patients. A male-specific biomarker panel consisting of four metabolites (α-hydroxybutyrate, choline, formate, and N-methylnicotinamide) effectively discriminated between male BD and healthy controls (HC) subjects, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.942. A female-specific biomarkers panel consisting of four metabolites (α-hydroxybutyrate, oxalacetate, acetone, and N-methylnicotinamide) effectively discriminated between female BD and HC subjects, achieving an AUC of 0.909. The male-specific biomarker panel displayed low discriminatory power in the female group, and the female-specific biomarker panel displayed low discriminatory power in the male group. Moreover, several other metabolites showed different trends between male and female BD subjects. These findings suggest that male and female BD patients have distinct biomarker fingerprints and that these two sex-specific biomarker panels may serve as effective diagnostic tools in distinguishing male and female BD patients from their healthy counterparts. Our work may provide a window into the mechanisms underlying the pathoetiology of BD in both men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jian-jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Li-bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: De-zhi
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yong-tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: De-yu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jing-jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D062907:Oxaloacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D012372:ROC Curve; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D000096:Acetone; D009536:Niacinamide; D062907:Oxaloacetic Acid; C008472:N-methylnicotinamide