title: Hydrogen sulfide suicide: a new trend and threat to healthcare providers.
abstract: First popularized in Japan, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas suicide is an underreported form of suicide with known risk for secondary disaster. Mortality rate commonly exceeds 90% because of the gas's lethal, noncontained nature. Instances in the United States are increasing, up from 2 cases in 2008 to 18 in 2010. Because H2S poisonings remain rare, there exists a lack of knowledge regarding the residual effects of gas venting after victim extrication. Identifying instances of the efficacious use of personal protection equipment (PPE) is critical in the effort to alleviate risks faced by hospital and rescue personnel. The current case demonstrates the effective use of PPEs after prolonged H2S exposure. In 2011, a 20-year-old man threatened suicide using H2S gas inside a vehicle on a remote rural highway. First responders identified a "rotten egg smell" and subsequently experienced low poisoning symptoms. After prolonged Hazmat-assisted extrication (4 hours) the patient was unconscious and experiencing seizures. He was decontaminated on-scene (20 minutes) and transported to the closest hospital (22 minutes). Ambulance personnel who wore PPE and used the ambulance's reverse ventilation system (RVS)reported no adverse effects. The patient was transferred to the authors' burn facility by helicopter (38 minutes). Life-flight personnel, who did not wear PPE (no ventilatory system available), complained of watery eyes, headache, and dizziness. Hospital personnel, who did not use PPE (or RVS), complained of watery eyes or headache. Exposed personnel demonstrated no deficits or residual effects. In spite of spontaneous movement, the patient began to seize and died. This case is unique given the multiple primary and secondary H2S gas exposures involved. Exposed personnel without RVS and not using PPE demonstrated moderate H2S symptoms. PPE (self-contained breathing apparatuses) and RVS were shown to be effective during an H2S emergency; however, there are currently limited data supporting their appropriate use. Until data demonstrating duration of H2S venting for small enclosed spaces are made available, PPEs should be required.
authors.affiliation: From the *Via Christi Regional Burn Unit, Departments of †Trauma Services, ‡Pharmacy, and §Emergency Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis, Wichita, Kansas; and **Department of Surgery, The University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.forename: Jeanette G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Karon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haan
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000506:poisoning*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011482:Protective Devices; D013405:Suicide; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide