title: Cytokine production in patients with cirrhosis and TLR4 polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the cytokine production by peripheral blood cells from cirrhotic patients with and without TLR4 D299G and/or T399I polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included nine patients with cirrhosis and TLR4 D299G and/or T399I polymorphisms, and 10 wild-type patients matched for age, sex and degree of liver failure. TLR4 polymorphisms were determined by sequence-based genotyping. Cytokine production by peripheral blood cells was assessed spontaneously and also after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with TLR4 polymorphisms had a higher incidence of previous hepatic encephalopathy than wild-type patients (78% vs 20%, P = 0.02). Spontaneous production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 was lower in patients with TLR4 polymorphisms than in wild-type patients [IL-6: 888.7 (172.0-2119.3) pg/mL vs 5540.4 (1159.2-26053.9) pg/mL, P < 0.001; IL-10: 28.7 (6.5-177.1) pg/mL vs 117.8 (6.5-318.1) pg/mL, P = 0.02]. However, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-10 after LPS and LTA stimulation was similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR4 polymorphisms were associated with a distinctive pattern of cytokine production in cirrhotic patients, suggesting that they play a role in the development of cirrhosis complications.
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Camilo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Román
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guarner-Argente
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poca
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Torras
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cándido
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juárez
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guarner
authors.affiliation: Juan Camilo Nieto, Silvia Vidal, Laia Oliva, Cándido Juárez, Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soriano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C009900:lipoteichoic acid
keywords: Genetic factors; Hepatic encephalopathy; Infections; Inflammatory response