title: Effects of dihydroquercetin obtained from deodar (Cedrus deodara) on immune status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.).
abstract: The use of medicinal plants as prophylactic method in fish is considered safe and a very promising alternative to the use of chemicals in aquaculture practices. The prospective mode of action of dihydroquercetin, fraction of the medical plant deodar (Cedrus deodara), was evaluated on immune status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish were divided into 4 groups before being fed for 14 days with commercial diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% of dihydroquercetin. Cellular (phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities) and humoral (seric complement activity, antiprotease, total protein, peroxidase, bactericidal activity and IgM level) immune parameters were investigated. The results recorded enhancement in all the tested parameters and in all the dihydroquercetin supplemented groups compared to the control. Interestingly, the fish received the lowest dose of dihydroquercetin (0.1%) showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.05) in phagocytosis, respiratory burst, IgM level, total protein, complement, antiprotease and bactericidal activities compared to the control. Direct effect of different doses of dihydroquercetin on head-kidney leucocytes was also studied in a previous in vitro assay. Again, the lowest doses tested provoked the highest immune cellular activities, where, the highest phagocytic and respiratory bust activities were recorded in leucocytes incubated with 0.025% and 0.0125% doses, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that low concentrations of dihydroquercetin as food supplements are able to increase the immune status of gilthead seabream.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amani S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Awaad
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: aesteban@um.es.
authors.forename: M Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Esteban
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028203:Cedrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011794:Quercetin; C003377:taxifolin
keywords: Dihydroquercetin; Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.); Immunostimulation; Medical plants; Teleost