title: Effects of context and word class on lexical retrieval in Chinese speakers with anomic aphasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in processing nouns and verbs have been investigated intensely in psycholinguistics and neuropsychology in past decades. However, the majority of studies examining retrieval of these word classes have involved tasks of single word stimuli or responses. While the results have provided rich information for addressing issues about grammatical class distinctions, it is unclear whether they have adequate ecological validity for understanding lexical retrieval in connected speech which characterizes daily verbal communication. Previous investigations comparing retrieval of nouns and verbs in single word production and connected speech have reported either discrepant performance between the two contexts with presence of word class dissociation in picture naming but absence in connected speech, or null effects of word class. In addition, word finding difficulties have been found to be less severe in connected speech than picture naming. However, these studies have failed to match target stimuli of the two word classes and between tasks on psycholinguistic variables known to affect performance in response latency and/or accuracy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study compared lexical retrieval of nouns and verbs in picture naming and connected speech from picture description, procedural description, and story-telling among 19 Chinese speakers with anomic aphasia and their age, gender, and education matched healthy controls, to understand the influence of grammatical class on word production across speech contexts when target items were balanced for confounding variables between word classes and tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elicitation of responses followed the protocol of the AphasiaBank consortium (http://talkbank.org/AphasiaBank/). Target words for confrontation naming were based on well-established naming tests, while those for narrative were drawn from a large database of normal speakers. Selected nouns and verbs in the two contexts were matched for age-of-acquisition (AoA) and familiarity. Influence of imageability was removed through statistical control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When AoA and familiarity were balanced, nouns were retrieved better than verbs, and performance was higher in picture naming than connected speech. When imageability was further controlled for, only the effect of task remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of word class effects when confounding variables are controlled for is similar to many previous reports; however, the pattern of better word retrieval in naming is rare but compatible with the account that processing demands are higher in narrative than naming. The overall findings have strongly suggested the importance of including connected speech tasks in any language assessment and evaluation of language rehabilitation of individuals with aphasia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Sam-Po
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony Pak-Hin
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, Tuen Mun Hospital, NT, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Loretta Wing-Shan
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lai
keywords: Chinese; Connected speech; Picture naming; Word class dissociation