title: CeO2 nanoparticles induce no changes in phenanthrene toxicity to the soil organisms Porcellionides pruinosus and Folsomia candida.
abstract: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are used as diesel fuel additives to catalyze oxidation. Phenanthrene is a major component of diesel exhaust particles and one of the most common pollutants in the environment. This study aimed at determining the effect of CeO2 NPs on the toxicity of phenanthrene in Lufa 2.2 standard soil for the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus and the springtail Folsomia candida. Toxicity tests were performed in the presence of CeO2 concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000mg Ce/kg dry soil and compared with results in the absence of CeO2 NPs. CeO2 NPs had no adverse effects on isopod survival and growth or springtail survival and reproduction. For the isopods, LC50s for the effect of phenanthrene ranged from 110 to 143mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s from 17.6 to 31.6mg/kg dry soil. For the springtails, LC50s ranged between 61.5 and 88.3mg/kg dry soil and EC50s from 52.2 to 76.7mg/kg dry soil. From this study it may be concluded that CeO2 NPs have a low toxicity and do not affect toxicity of phenanthrene to isopods and springtails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: paulatourinho@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Paula S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tourinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pauline L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Waalewijn-Kool
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zantkuijl
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park OX5 1PF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jurkschat
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Gestel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects; D002563:Cerium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D033321:Isopoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D010616:Phenanthrenes; D012987:Soil; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002563:Cerium; C031181:phenanthrene; C030583:ceric oxide
keywords: Cerium oxide nanoparticles; Isopods; Mixture toxicity; Springtails