title: Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets as oil-in-water emulsion stabilizers: influence of oil phase polarity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two-dimensional nanoparticles such as graphene oxide (GO) can serve as emulsion stabilizers due their ability to adsorb at oil-water (o/w) interfaces with high atom efficiency. The ability for GO to act as a surfactant is hypothesized to be highly dependent on the nature (i.e. polarity) of the oil phase, which has not considered previously.
  The stabilization energy associated with adsorption of GO sheets at an o/w interface was modelled as a function of the polarity of the oil phase using surface tension contributions terms and Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs). Oil-in-water (o/w) miniemulsions were prepared via ultrasonication in the presence of GO for a variety of different oil phases, and were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stabilization energy associated with GO adsorption was greater for non-polar oil phases compared to more polar oils. This behaviour is driven by the significant reduction in the oil-water interfacial tension as the polarity of the oil increases, to the point where GO adsorption is no longer thermodynamically favourable. This was verified by DLS measurements experiments, as GO-stabilized emulsion were successfully prepared for hydrophobic and aromatic oil phases (e.g. styrene), but not for polar oil phases such as methyl methacrylate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: stuart.thickett@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stuart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thickett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: p.zetterlund@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Per B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Zetterlund
keywords: Colloidal stability; Graphene oxide; Interfacial tension; Nanocomposites; Pickering emulsion; Surfactants; Two-dimensional stabilizers