title: Inhaled antibiotics beyond aminoglycosides, polymyxins and aztreonam: A systematic review.
abstract: We sought to evaluate published evidence regarding clinical or microbiological outcomes related to the use of inhaled antibiotics other than aminoglycosides, polymyxins and aztreonam. A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases as well as bibliographies of eligible articles was performed. In total, 34 eligible studies were identified. Among several inhaled β-lactams, ceftazidime was used with varying success in the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and improved clinical outcomes in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or bronchiectasis. Inhaled vancomycin, as an adjunctive therapy, was effective in treating Gram-positive VAP, whilst inhaled levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and an inhaled combination of fosfomycin and tobramycin were associated with improved microbiological or clinical outcomes in chronic LRTI in patients with CF or bronchiectasis. In conclusion, published evidence is heterogeneous with regard to antibiotics used, studied indications, patient populations and study designs. Therefore, although the currently available data are encouraging, no safe conclusion regarding the effectiveness and safety of the drugs in question can be reached.
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Iaso General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: m.falagas@aibs.gr.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kyriakos K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Trigkidis
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Iaso General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Vardakas
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000150:complications; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications; D005578:Fosfomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000188:drug therapy; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015363:Quinolones; D047090:beta-Lactams; D005578:Fosfomycin
keywords: Aerosolised antibiotics; Hospital-acquired pneumonia; Nebulised antibiotics; Nosocomial pneumonia