title: Peripheral retinal vasculopathy in childhood glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report wide-field fluorescein angiography findings in the peripheral retina of eyes with childhood glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescein angiograms were examined retrospectively in 12 patients with childhood glaucoma who underwent wide-field fluorescein angiography after surgical or medical treatment of glaucoma. This series included 12 eyes of 6 patients with primary congenital glaucoma, 5 eyes of 3 patients with glaucoma associated with congenital cataract surgery, 4 eyes of 2 patients with glaucoma associated with a systemic condition, and 1 eye of 1 patient with phakomatosis pigmentovascularis Type II. RetCam fundus photography images and digital fluorescein angiography were performed under general anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common finding observed in our series was peripheral retinal nonperfusion, which affected 20 eyes (91%). Other notable features seen were circumferential branching of the retinal vessels parallel to the ora serrata (77%), venous shunts (50%), and abnormal capillary branching patterns, including capillary dilatation (41%) and tortuous capillary tangles (18%). Leakage at the junction of vascular and avascular retina was not commonly seen (13.6%). None of the eyes had evidence of retinal neovascularization or fibrovascular proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal vascular abnormalities and peripheral nonperfusion are novel findings in childhood glaucoma. Further studies are needed to understand the significance and possible long-term consequences of these findings.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; †Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis; and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Dr. Kim is now at the Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente, Woodland Hills, California.
authors.forename: Hanna Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hodapp
authors.forename: Alana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Grajewski
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarraf
authors.forename: Vishak J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Ditte J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Audina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Berrocal
mesh_terms: D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D006871:Hydrophthalmos / Q000150:complications*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies