title: A pilot study on behavioral and cognitive effects of Cognitive Stimulation Training based on 3R Mental Stimulation. The Treviso Dementia (TREDEM) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive Stimulation (CS) trainings are non-pharmacological treatments widely used in dementia care. 3R Mental Stimulation is a particular type of CS, which consists of sequential association of ROT, Reminiscence and Remotivation during the same session. This pilot study sought to investigate whether CS, based on 3R program, could benefit cognitive functions, autonomy and behavioral disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  3R-CS treatment was applied to 36 patients, which are part of the "TREDEM" study sample, and their caregivers. All patients received a multidimensional assessment consisting of a socio-demographic, clinical and neuropsychological data collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After CS treatment a significant improvement was detected in cognition and autonomy in basic activities of daily living. Caregiver distress was decreased. Behavioral disturbances were reduced even when considering a potential confounding factor such as treatment with anticholinesterase or NMDA receptor antagonist drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrated that 3R-CS can benefit cognitive functions and level of autonomy in the basic activities of daily living and also it can reduce behavioral disorders and caregiver's distress.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Health Districts of Treviso, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spagnolo
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Health Districts of Treviso, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aricò
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Health Districts of Treviso, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergamelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzucco
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boldrini
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Health Districts of Treviso, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Giorgi
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Impairment Center, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Health Districts of Treviso, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Local Health Authority 9, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003704:Dementia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 3R Mental Stimulation; Cognitive Stimulation Training; TREDEM study; caregiver distress; dementia