title: Screening methods for AMP-activated protein kinase modulators: a patent review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a cellular energy gauge that maintains cellular homeostasis and has been suggested to play important roles in tumorigenesis, lifespan and autophagy. Accordingly, AMPK is a potential target of drugs for controlling a growing number of human diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to cancer, highlighting the need for rational and robust screening systems for identifying compounds that modulate AMPK.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relevant screening methods in the patent and scientific literature were analyzed, and key features of direct AMPK modulators are discussed in the context of their physiological relevance and the three-dimensional structure of the AMPK complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism of action of modulators is important in designing drugs with enhanced efficacy, specificity and stability. Most patented assay formats for identifying AMPK modulators are based on classical enzyme assays that monitor AMPK activity or changes in AMPK-dependent cellular physiology. However, these systems do not provide information about underlying mechanisms. Two patented assay systems use a specific domain or the three-dimensional structure of AMPK to identify AMPK modulators. The recent identification of two AMPK modulators, A-769662 and C-2 (or its prodrug, C-13), suggests the promise of structure-based assays in discovering more potent and specific modulators of AMPK.
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, School of Dentistry, Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joungmok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joonsoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Joohun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D015195:Drug Design; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D010330:Patents as Topic; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D011753:Pyrones; D013876:Thiophenes; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C512408:4-hydroxy-3-(4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenyl)-6-oxo-7H-thieno(2,3-b)pyridine-5-carbonitrile
keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase; AMP-activated protein kinase modulators; AMP-activated protein kinase structure; screening methods