title: Physically active lessons as physical activity and educational interventions: a systematic review of methods and results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physically active lessons aim to increase children's physical activity whilst maintaining academic time. This systematic review aimed to investigate the methods used in such interventions and their effects on physical activity and educational outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In March 2014; PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and ERIC electronic databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were: 1. Classroom lessons containing both PA and educational elements; 2. intervention studies featuring a control group or within-subjects baseline measurement period; 3. any age-group; and 4. English language. Studies assessing physically active lessons within complex interventions were excluded. Data were extracted onto a standardised form. Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies were identified: five examined physical activity outcomes only, three examined educational outcomes only and three examined both physical activity and educational outcomes. All studies found improved physical activity following physically active lessons: either in the whole intervention group or in specific demographics. Educational outcomes either significantly improved or were no different compared to inactive teaching. Studies ranged from low to high risk of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encouraging evidence of improved physical activity and educational outcomes following physically active lessons is provided. However, too few studies exist to draw firm conclusions. Future high-quality studies with longer intervention periods are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK. Electronic address: e.norris.11@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0DS, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunsmuir
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Studies, University College London, Foster Court, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Duke-Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Exercise & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012572:School Health Services
keywords: Academic achievement; Children; Elementary; Learning; Movement; Physical activity; Physically active lessons; School