title: Association of heart rate with albuminuria in a general adult population: the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Albuminuria is associated with increased risk of multiple adverse health outcomes, such as progressive renal failure, cardiovascular disease and death. However, in the general population, it is uncertain whether albuminuria is associated with elevated heart rate, which is an independent and powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether an elevated heart rate is an independent factor associated with albuminuria in the general adult population of Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was carried out on 5198 Korean adults aged 19 years or older who participated in the fifth (2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of albuminuria showed an increasing trend throughout the whole range of heart rate, even after adjusting for confounders (P = 0.002). The increment was most profound at the heart rate of 70-75 and >76 beats per minute (b.p.m.; P = 0.011). In multiple logistic regression analysis, age (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), diabetes (P < 0.001), hypertriglyceridaemia (P = 0.025), estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.028) and heart rate (P = 0.023) were independently associated with the presence of albuminuria in Korean adults. Compared with participants with heart rate ≤ 64 b.p.m., the odds ratio (95% CI) for albuminuria was 1.50 (1.15-1.96) for those with heart rate ≥ 76 b.p.m.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of albuminuria is independently associated with heart rate in the general adult population of Korea.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Koyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends; D011159:Population Surveillance; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: albuminuria; cardiovascular disease; heart rate; microalbuminuria