title: Expected Problem Drinker Possible Self: Predictor of Alcohol Problems and Tobacco Use in Adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol and tobacco use commonly co-occur in adolescents. According to the cross-substance facilitation of information processing hypothesis, cognitive structures related to one substance increase use of another related substance through enhanced cognitive processing. In this study, the authors test this hypothesis by determining whether a problem drinker "possible self" in 8th grade predicts alcohol and tobacco use in 9th grade.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary data analysis of a 12-month longitudinal dataset was conducted. The outcome variables were alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and tobacco use in 9th grade. The main predictor of interest was presence of an expected problem drinker possible self in 8th grade. Zero-inflated gamma regression, zero-inflated negative binomial regression, and logistic regression were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 137 adolescents, controlling for known family, parent, and peer determinants, and corresponding 8th grade behavior, having an expected problem drinker possible self in 8th grade predicted alcohol problems, but not level of alcohol consumption in 9th grade. Moreover, the expected problem drinker possible self in 8th grade predicted tobacco use in 9th grade, controlling for known determinants and concurrent alcohol problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings provide support for the cross-substance facilitation hypothesis, suggesting that interventions designed to modify the expected problem drinker possible self may reduce not only adolescent alcohol use but also tobacco use. Further studies are needed to determine whether smoking content is embedded in a drinking cognition or 2 separate but related drinking and smoking cognitions account for the association between alcohol and tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.|b School of Nursing , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Chia-Kuei
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corte
authors.affiliation: b School of Nursing , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Karen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Lorna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finnegan
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: McCreary
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Chang G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cross-substance; drinking; identity development; self-cognition; smoking; substance use