title: Mulberry and mulberry wine extract increase the number of mitochondria during brown adipogenesis.
abstract: Mulberry extract (ME) has been shown to possess beneficial effects towards obesity, but its mechanism is still unclear. In small mammals, mitochondria enriched brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to convert protein's electrochemical energy to heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Improving the mitochondrial function or increasing the number of mitochondria could promote the metabolism of carbohydrate and fat. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the mitochondrial function regulated by ME and mulberry wine extract (MWE) during the brown adipogenesis. The C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cell was treated with ME and MWE, both of which significantly (p < 0.05) increased the expression levels of fatty acid oxidation related genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, PR domain-containing 16 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α during brown adipogenesis. These changes were accompanied with increases in mitochondrial oxidative complex proteins upon ME and/or MWE exposure. Notably, ME and/or MWE also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the expression of the transcription factor A and the nuclear respiratory factor-1, which are the key transcription factors of mitochondrial biogenesis. In parallel, the mitochondrial copy number and brown adipose tissue specific gene-uncoupling protein-1 expression were dramatically (p < 0.05) elevated after ME or MWE treatment. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glu) was found to be one of the most abundant anthocyanins in ME and MWE. Therefore, the BAT regulatory activity of ME and MWE might be, at least in part, due to the effect of Cy-3-glu. These results suggested that ME and MWE could ameliorate metabolic disease through an improvement in mitochondrial functions.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Tsinghua East Road 17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China. zhanjicheng@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yilin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Xiaoxue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Hyuek Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wanzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014157:Transcription Factors; C000604372:Ucp1 protein, mouse; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases