title: Effects of margarine enriched with plant sterol esters from rapeseed and tall oils on markers of endothelial function, inflammation and hemostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sterol profile of rapeseed oil differs from that of tall oil with higher contents of campesterol and brassicasterol. We previously found that margarines providing 2 g/day of sterols from rapeseed or tall oil resulted in similar reductions in LDL cholesterol of 8-9%. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the consumption of these margarines affected markers of endothelial function, inflammation and hemostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 58 hypercholesterolemic volunteers who completed a double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial. Subjects consumed each of the two sterol margarines and a control non-sterol margarine for 4 weeks separated by one-week washout periods. All the margarines had the same fatty acid composition. Concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-1), E-selection, circulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (total, tPAI-1; active, PAI-1) were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapeseed-sterol margarine reduced E-selection concentrations compared to the control margarine (p = 0.012) while tall-sterol margarine had no effect. The rapeseed-sterol margarine also reduced tPAI-1 (p = 0.008) compared to the tall-sterol margarine. No significant changes were observed in TNFα and VCAM-1. No association was found between LDL reduction and changes in E-selection and tPAI-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapeseed-sterol margarine demonstrated favorable effects on vascular risk markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Preventive cardiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heggen
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirkhus
authors.forename: Jan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000737:chemistry; D002775:Cholestadienols / Q000494:pharmacology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002775:Cholestadienols; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D010840:Phytosterols; D010938:Plant Oils; C546936:SELE protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C482568:tall oil; C003532:brassicasterol; D008383:Margarine
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; E-selectin; inflammation; margarine; plant sterols; plasminogen activator inhibitor