title: Evaluating changes in driver behaviour: a risk profiling approach.
abstract: New road safety strategies continue to be devised by researchers and policy makers with pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) schemes gaining increasing attention. However, empirically measuring the effectiveness of these strategies is challenging due to the influence of the road environment and other factors external to the driver. The analysis presented here applies Temporal and Spatial Identifiers to control for the road environment and Driver Behaviour Profiles to provide a common measure of driving behaviour based on the risk of a casualty crash for assessing the effectiveness of a PAYD scheme on reducing driving risks. The results show that in many cases personalised feedback alone is sufficient to induce significant changes, but the largest reductions in risk are observed when drivers are also awarded a financial incentive to change behaviour. Importantly, the more frequent the exposure to the speeding information, the greater the magnitude of the change. However, the changes are disproportionately associated with those that were already safer drivers in the baseline period suggesting that some drivers may be predisposed to changing their behaviour. These results suggest that it would be beneficial to provide real-time or daily feedback on speeding behaviour in conjunction with a financial reward scheme, potentially as a component of insurance premiums.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: adrian.ellison@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Adrian B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: michiel.bliemer@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michiel C J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bliemer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: stephen.greaves@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Greaves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D065187:Controlled Before-After Studies; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007341:Insurance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavior change; GPS; Naturalistic driving data; PAYD; Risk profiling