title: Determination of ATP-activity as a useful tool for monitoring microbial load in aqueous humidifier samples.
abstract: Air humidifier water tanks are potential sources of microbial contaminants. Aerosolization of these contaminants is associated with the development of airway and lung diseases; therefore, implementation of preventive strategies including monitoring of the microbial contamination is recommended. So far, culture-based methods that include measuring colony forming units (CFU) are widely used to monitor microbial load. However, these methods are time consuming and have considerable drawbacks. As a result, alternative methods are needed which provide not only clear and accurate results concerning microbial load in water samples, but are also rapid and easy to use in the field. This paper reports on a rapid test for ATP quantification as an alternative method for microbial monitoring, including its implementation, validation and application in the field. For this purpose, 186 water samples were characterized with different methods, which included ATP analysis, culture-based methods, endotoxin activity (common and rapid test), pyrogenic activity and number of particles. Half of the samples was measured directly in the field and the other half one day later in the laboratory. The results of both tests are highly correlated. Furthermore, to check how representative the result from one sample of a water source is, a second sample of the same water tank were collected and measured. Bioluminescence results of the undiluted samples covered a range between 20 and 25,000 relative light units (RLU) and correlated with the results obtained using the other methods. The highest correlation was found between bioluminescence and endotoxin activity (rs=0.79) as well as pyrogenic activity (rs=0.75). Overall, the results of this study indicate that ATP measurement using bioluminescence is a suitable tool to obtain rapid, reproducible and sensitive information on the microbial load of water samples, and is suitable to use in the field. However, to use ATP measurement as an indicator of water quality, criteria of assessment has to be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany. Electronic address: liebers@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Liebers
authors.affiliation: Berufsgenossenschaft Energie Textil Elektro Medienerzeugnisse (BG ETEM), Präventionsabteilung, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.affiliation: Berufsgenossenschaft Energie Textil Elektro Medienerzeugnisse (BG ETEM), Präventionsabteilung, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freundt
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stubel
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Düser
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kendzia
authors.affiliation: Berufsgenossenschaft Energie Textil Elektro Medienerzeugnisse (BG ETEM), Präventionsabteilung, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böckler
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.affiliation: Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raulf
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006795:Household Products; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods; D013227:Steam / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013227:Steam; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: ATP-determination; Bioluminescence; Humidifier water; Microbial load; Rapid test; Water quality