title: Determination of atmospheric amines by on-fiber derivatization solid-phase microextraction with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride.
abstract: Alkylamines play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and are of concern for human health. Determining them from the vapor phase is challenging owing to their high polarity and volatility, water solubility, low concentrations, and poor chromatographic properties. We propose on-fiber derivatization solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to increase sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of alkylamines in air samples. SPME fibers coated in head-space with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate (PFBCF, 10min) or 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) chloride (5min) were exposed to the sample for 5-120min, after which the derivatized alkylamines were thermally desorbed in the GC injection port and analyzed by GC-MS. The specific focus of the research was dimethylamine (DMA) but, as well as secondary amines, both coating agents readily react with primary and tertiary amines and with ammonia at ambient temperatures. The fiber coating procedures, sampling times, and analytical conditions were optimized, and methods were tested with natural samples. PFBCF was more selective and almost an order of magnitude more sensitive than FMOC chloride. Both reagents are applicable, however, depending on the requirements. With scan mode and use of molecular ion for quantification, the limit of quantification for DMA was 0.17μgL(-1) when derivatized with PFBCF and 3.4μgL(-1) when derivatized with FMOC chloride. When selected ion monitoring was used with the most abundant ion, the limit of quantification for DMA was 2.8ngL(-1). Intermediate reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation was around 30% with PFBCF and less than 20% with FMOC chloride. Fibers coated with PFBCF could be used at least up to 24h when stored at 4°C and for 5 to 7h when stored at room temperature. After sampling/derivatization, storage time before analysis should not exceed 48h at 4°C or 24h at room temperature. At maximum, the PFBCF-coated fiber can be used in 100 coating/sampling/analysis cycles.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: evgeny.parshintsev@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Jevgeni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parshintsev
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuukka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönkkö
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Aku
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartonen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: marja-liisa.riekkola@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Riekkola
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D005449:Fluorenes; D005561:Formates; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; C099644:pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D017402:Chlorofluorocarbons; C054007:1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
keywords: 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate; 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride; Alkylamines; Dimethylamine; On-fiber derivatization; SPME