title: Gender differences in the association of sleep apnea and inflammation.
abstract: Over the last 15years, many studies have established an association of sleep apnea with inflammation and metabolic aberrations. However, no controlled studies have examined potential gender effects in this association. We recruited 120 middle-aged, predominantly non-obese mild-to-moderate sleep apneics and controls (62 males, 58 females). All participants underwent a clinical history, physical examination, and 1-night 8-h polysomnography recording and provided a single fasting blood sample for assessment of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin levels. Among non-sleep apneics, females had higher levels of TNFR1 (p=0.01), CRP (p=0.005), leptin (p<0.001), and adiponectin (p<0.001) compared to males, independent of age and body mass index. When analyzed separately by gender, sleep apneic men had elevated TNFR1 (p=0.04), CRP (p=0.06) and IL-6 (p=0.11) relative to control men; in sleep apneic females, only CRP was elevated (p=0.04). Furthermore, CRP was associated with apnea severity in a dose-response manner (p-linear=0.04 in both genders) and was independently associated with comorbid hypertension in apnea (p-linear=0.005 for women; p-linear=0.09 for men). In conclusion, although women have naturally higher levels of inflammatory and metabolic markers than men, sleep apneic men appear to have a more severe inflammatory profile compared to women. Our findings suggest that these markers should be analyzed and interpreted separately in men and women, and that a single measure of plasma CRP appears to be a clinically-useful marker of apnea severity and comorbid cardiovascular morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. Electronic address: avgontzas@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Alexandros N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ilia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kritikou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Apnea; CRP; Gender; Hypertension; Inflammation; Sleep