title: Cardiac imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) carry a high cardiovascular risk. In this patient group, cardiac structure and function are frequently abnormal and 74% of patients with CKD stage 5 have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) at the initiation of renal replacement therapy. Cardiac changes, such as LVH and impaired left ventricular systolic function, have been associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Despite the prevalence of underlying cardiac abnormalities, symptoms may not manifest in many patients. Fortunately, a range of available and emerging cardiac imaging tools may assist with diagnosing and stratifying the risk and severity of heart disease in patients with CKD. Moreover, many of these techniques provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac abnormalities in patients with renal disease. Knowledge of the currently available cardiac imaging modalities might help nephrologists to choose the most appropriate investigative tool based on individual patient circumstances. This Review describes established and emerging cardiac imaging modalities in this context, and compares their use in CKD patients with their use in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: Diana Y Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Nik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abidin
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Smeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK. [2] Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kalra
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*