title: Acute and chronic toxicity of short chained perfluoroalkyl substances to Daphnia magna.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of a C4-C6 chemistry based fluoroalkylated polymer and the perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, PFBA, PFHxA and PFOA to Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity decreased with decreasing carbon chain length, but the polymer did not show a dose related effect. In a chronic toxicity test performed with PFHxA, mortality was observed at similar concentrations as in the acute toxicity test, indicating that toxicity did not increase with increasing exposure time. Effects on mortality, reproduction and population growth rate occurred at similar concentrations, indicating no specific effect of PFHxA on sublethal endpoints. C4-C6 chemistry is thus less hazardous to daphnids than C7-C8 chemistry. Yet, these compounds are persistent, hard to remove from the environment and production volumes are increasing.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S Henrik
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barmentlo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jente M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Doorn
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eschauzier
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.h.s.kraak@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Michiel H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kraak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acute and chronic toxicity; Daphnia magna; PFBA; PFHxA; PFOA