title: Sm16, a major component of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial excretory/secretory products, prevents macrophage classical activation and delays antigen processing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schistosoma mansoni cercariae penetrate the skin by releasing excretory/secretory (E/S) products known as 0-3hRP, which are associated with immune modulation through Toll like receptor (TLR) signalling. Furthermore, these secretions contain Sm16, which when given to cells as a recombinant protein inhibits human monocyte derived cytokine responses to TLR4 and TLR3 ligands. Nonetheless, the extent and mechanism(s) of these inhibitory effects remain largely uncharacterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Murine bone marrow derived macrophages were exposed to different fractions of 0-3hRP, obtained via ultracentrifugation, or recombinant Sm16. These cells were exposed to the parasite molecules in combination with different TLR ligands, or Interferon gamma, and tested for the production of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12p40, and their ability to process antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immunomodulatory function of 0-3hRP is enriched predominantly in the pellet fraction, which contains a greater proportion of Sm16, also corroborating the ability of recombinant Sm16 to inhibit macrophage activation in response to TLR ligands. We further demonstrate that Sm16 blocks classical activation of macrophages to LPS or IFN-γ stimulation in vitro, and that inhibition of macrophage classical activation is independent of TLR2 recognition. Finally we show that Sm16 shares the altered intracellular processing observed for 0-3hRP, and is able to delay antigen processing by macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our findings show that Sm16 is a major component of S. mansoni cercarial E/S products, and is partly responsible for its immune-regulatory properties. Moreover, we propose that the mechanism employed by Sm16 to exert its inhibitory function is likely to be linked with alteration of endosomal trafficking and is not dependent on particular TLR receptors. Finally, we suggest that accumulation of Sm16 in the skin after percutaneous infection with S. mansoni cercariae could contribute to limiting dermal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK. david.sanin@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sanin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK. adrian.mountford@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mountford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000378:metabolism*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000378:metabolism*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D008024:Ligands; C411707:SM16 protein, Schistosoma mansoni; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors