title: Profiling the circulating miRNAs in mice exposed to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by Illumina small RNA deep sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We profiled the expression of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in mice using Illumina small RNA deep sequencing in order to identify the miRNAs that may potentially be used as biomarkers to distinguish between gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant-specific gram-negative pathogen Escherichia coli (Xen14) and gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (Xen29) were used to induce bacterial infection in mice at a concentration of 1 × 10(8) bacteria/100 μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Small RNA libraries generated from the serum of mice after exposure to PBS, Xen14, Xen29, and Xen14 + Xen29 via the routes of subcutaneous injection (I), cut wound (C), or under grafted skin (S) were analyzed using an Illumina HiSeq2000 Sequencer. Following exposure to gram-negative bacteria alone, no differentially expressed miRNA was found in the injection, cut, or skin graft models. Exposure to mixed bacteria induced a similar expression pattern of the circulating miRNAs to that induced by gram-positive bacterial infection. Upon gram-positive bacterial infection, 9 miRNAs (mir-193b-3p, mir-133a-1-3p, mir-133a-2-3p, mir-133a-1-5p, mir-133b-3p, mir-434-3p, mir-127-3p, mir-676-3p, mir-215-5p) showed upregulation greater than 4-fold with a p-value < 0.01. Among them, mir-193b-3p, mir-133a-1-3p, and mir-133a-2-3p presented the most common miRNA targets expressed in the mice exposed to gram-positive bacterial infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified mir-193b-3p, mir-133a-1-3p, and mir-133a-2-3p as potential circulating miRNAs for gram-positive bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. ersh2127@adm.cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Cheng-Shyuan
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. shaochunwu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shao-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. johnson.c.yang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Johnson Chia-Shen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. rabbit670326@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Tsu-Hsiang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. janewu0922@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. libe320@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. showlingltzeng@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Siou-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. alice8818@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Song District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan. m93chinghua@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ching-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs