title: Minimally invasive surgery for pediatric trauma-a multicenter review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The published experience with minimally invasive techniques to treat injured children is currently small. In this multicenter case series, we aimed to characterize the contemporary role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in pediatric trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval at six pediatric regional trauma centers in the United States, a retrospective review was conducted on children who have undergone thoracoscopy or laparoscopy for the management of trauma over the past 13 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 200 patients with a mean age of 9.6 ± 4.2 years, and 73% were male. Laparoscopy was performed for 187 (94%) and thoracoscopy for 8 (4%), whereas 5 (2%) patients had both, for a total of 205 MIS procedures. Conversion to open surgery occurred in 36% (n=73). Median operative time was 77 (range, 16-369) minutes. Of the 132 procedures completed without conversion, 81 (61%) were diagnostic, whereas the remaining were therapeutic, including the repair of bowel injuries (n=20), distal pancreatectomy (n=5), splenectomy (n=2), repair of traumatic abdominal wall hernias (n=2), evacuation of hemothorax (n=3), and other thoracoscopic or laparoscopic interventions (n=19). Procedures that required conversion were most commonly for bowel injury (n=56). Patients with peritonitis were most likely to require conversion to an open procedure (77.4%). Mean time to a regular diet was 4.2 ± 8.6 days, and mean hospital stay was 6.3 ± 6.5 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 19 patients, long-term sequelae in 10 patients, and permanent disability in 2 patients. There were no deaths or missed injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the stable pediatric trauma patient, laparoscopy and thoracoscopy can be performed safely and effectively for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Children's Mercy Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alemayehu
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santore
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diesen
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrosyan
authors.forename: Ashanti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ponsky
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nalugo
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: Shawn D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: St Peter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D061887:Conversion to Open Surgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*