title: Preoperative three-dimensional echocardiography to assess risk of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular failure (RVF) is associated with significant morbidity after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery. Hemodynamic, clinical, and 2-dimensional echocardiographic variables poorly discriminate patients at risk of RVF. We examined the utility of 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) right ventricular (RV) volumetric assessment to identify patients at risk for RVF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RVF was defined as the need for inotropic infusion for >14 days after LVAD surgery or the need for biventricular assist device support. Preoperative RV volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were measured, blinded to clinical data, from transthoracic 3DE full volume data sets in 26 patients. Baseline variables and 3DE RV indices were compared between patients with and without RVF. Twenty-four patients received continuous-flow LVADs, and 2 required biventricular support devices. Ten patients required prolonged inotropes after LVAD placement. Baseline characteristics associated with RVF included higher right atrial pressure, higher right atrial pressure to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio, and lower cardiac index and RV stroke work index (RVSWI). Echocardiographic indices associated with RVF included 3DE indexed RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (RVEDVI and RVESVI) and RV ejection fraction (RVEF). The relationship between 3DE quantification of RV volumes and the development of RVF was independent from RVSWI: RVEDVI: odds ratio (OR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.33 (P = .04); RVESVI: OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28 (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative 3DE is a promising method for pre-LVAD RV assessment. RV volumes assessed by 3DE are predictive of RVF in LVAD recipients independently from hemodynamic correlates of RV function.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: mkiernan@tuftsmedicalcenter.org.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kiernan
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeNofrio
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamic Laboratory, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Yuvrajsinh J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Duc Thinh
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Navin K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamic Laboratory, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Natesa G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pandian
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamic Laboratory, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ayan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Right ventricular failure; left ventricular assist device; preoperative risk assessment; three-dimensional echocardiography