title: Bone quality and biomechanical function: a lesson from human ossicles.
abstract: In humans, the middle ear contains a chain of three ossicles with a major highly specific mechanical property (transmission of vibrations) and modeling that stops rapidly after birth. Their bone quality has been rarely studied either in noninflammatory ossicles or in those from ears with chronic inflammation. Our primary goal was to assess bone microarchitecture, morphology and variables reflecting bone quality from incuses, in comparison with those from human femoral cortical bone as controls. Secondly, the impact of chronic inflammation on quality of ossicles was documented. The study was performed on 15 noninflammatory incuses from 15 patients (35±32 years, range: 2-91). Comparisons were performed with 13 inflammatory incuses from 13 patients (55±20 years, range: 1-79) with chronic inflammation of the middle ear, essentially cholesteatoma. Microarchitecture and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed by microcomputed tomography. Microhardness was measured by microindentation. Mineral and organic characteristics were investigated by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Noninflammatory incuses were composed of a compact, well mineralized bone without bone marrow and with sparse vessels. Remodeling activity was rarely observed. Woven or lamellar textures and numerous osteocytes were observed. In inflammatory incuses, architecture was degraded, organic tissue was abundant and bone cavities contained fibrocellular tissue and adipocytes. BMD of noninflammatory incuses was significantly higher than BMD from both control bones (4 embedded cortical femoral bone samples; age: 72±15 years, range: 50-85) and inflammatory incuses. Noninflammatory incuses were less hard than both control bone (8 cortical femoral bone samples; age: 49±18 years, range: 24-74) and inflammatory incuses. All incuses were more mineralized and less mature than controls. In conclusion, bone quality of incuses (dense, well mineralized, hard) is well adapted to their function of sound transmission. In inflammatory condition, incuses were degraded, thus explaining the decline of hearing. Moreover, microhardness was found higher than in noninflammatory incuses. Compared to bone with remodeling, the mineralization index in incuses does not explain variation of microhardness. Interestingly, a linear multiple regression model indicated that a combination of two variables, i.e., crystallinity index (crystal size/perfection) and carbonation (incorporation of carbonate ions in apatite) explains 26% of the increase in microhardness variability. Because the low remodeling level of ossicles could not prevent the reversibility of their degradation which impacts audition quality, an early management of ear inflammation in chronic otitis is recommended.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1033, Equipe Qualité Osseuse et Marqueurs Biologiques, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: francois.duboeuf@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duboeuf
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1033, Equipe Qualité Osseuse et Marqueurs Biologiques, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: brigitte.burt-pichat@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burt-Pichat
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1033, Equipe Qualité Osseuse et Marqueurs Biologiques, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: delphine.farlay@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farlay
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. Electronic address: paul.suy@chu-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suy
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; ENT Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, CRNL, INSERM UMR 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France. Electronic address: eric.truy@chu-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Truy
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1033, Equipe Qualité Osseuse et Marqueurs Biologiques, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Electronic address: georges.boivin@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boivin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Architecture; Hardness; Human ossicles; Incus bone quality; Mineralization