title: A novel approach to patient self-monitoring of sonographic examinations using a head-mounted display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients' use of a head-mounted display during their sonographic examinations could provide them with information about their diseases in real time and might help improve "patient-centered care." We conducted this prospective study to evaluate the feasibility of a modern head-mounted display for patient self-monitoring of sonographic examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In November and December 2013, 58 patients were enrolled. Patients wore a head-mounted display (HMZ-T2; Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) during their sonographic examinations and watched their own images in real time. After the sonographic examinations, the patients completed a questionnaire, in which they evaluated the utility of the head-mounted display, their understanding of their diseases, their satisfaction with using the head-mounted display, and any adverse events. Until November 26, 2013, patients' names were requested on the questionnaire; after that date, the questionnaire was changed to be anonymous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 58 patients, 56 (97%) elected to participate in this study. The head-mounted display was reported to have good image quality by 42 patients (75%) and good wearability by 39 (70%). Thirty-six patients (64%) reported they had deepened their understanding of their diseases. There were no major complications, and only 2 patients (4%) had mild eye fatigue. There was no significant association between questionnaire results and patient characteristics. None of the questionnaire results changed significantly after the questionnaire was made anonymous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a modern head-mounted display by patients during sonographic examinations provided good image quality with acceptable wearability. It could deepen their understanding of their diseases and help develop patient-centered care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.). k-kihara.uro@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Soichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Yoh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Numao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan (M.In., K.K., S.Y., M.It., H.T., J.I., Y.M., N.N., K.S., Y.F.); and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, University Hospital of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.K., J.I.).
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003626:Data Display; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: clinical utility; head-mounted display; patient-centered care; sonography