title: Variation in pollen limitation and floral parasitism across a mating system transition in a Pacific coastal dune plant: evolutionary causes or ecological consequences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to self-fertilization are thought to occur because selfing provides reproductive assurance when pollinators or mates are scarce, but they could also occur via selection to reduce floral vulnerability to herbivores. This study investigated geographic covariation between floral morphology, fruit set, pollen limitation and florivory across the geographic range of Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia, a Pacific coastal dune endemic that varies strikingly in flower size and mating system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fruit set was quantified in 75 populations, and in 41 of these floral herbivory by larvae of a specialized moth (Mompha sp.) that consumes anthers in developing buds was also quantified. Experimental pollen supplementation was performed to quantify pollen limitation in three large-flowered, outcrossing and two small-flowered, selfing populations. These parameters were also compared between large- and small-flowered phenotypes within three mixed populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fruit set was much lower in large-flowered populations, and also much lower among large- than small-flowered plants within populations. Pollen supplementation increased per flower seed production in large-flowered but not small-flowered populations, but fruit set was not pollen limited. Hence inadequate pollination cannot account for the low fruit set of large-flowered plants. Floral herbivory was much more frequent in large-flowered populations and correlated negatively with fruit set. However, florivores did not preferentially attack large-flowered plants in three large-flowered populations or in two of three mixed populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selfing alleviated pollen limitation of seeds per fruit, but florivory better explains the marked variation in fruit set. Although florivory was more frequent in large-flowered populations, large-flowered individuals were not generally more vulnerable within populations. Rather than a causative selective factor, reduced florivory in small-flowered, selfing populations is probably an ecological consequence of mating system differentiation, with potentially significant effects on population demography and biotic interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dart
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada chris.eckert@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Eckert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002140:California; D035264:Flowers / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D020387:Food Chain; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D008800:Mexico; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D029594:Onagraceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009922:Oregon; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons
keywords: Beach evening primrose; Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia; coastal dunes; floral herbivory; fruit set; geographic variation; mating system variation; microlepidoptera; parasitism; pollen limitation; reproductive assurance; self-fertilization