title: TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by motor symptoms including limb weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and respiratory compromise, and pathologically by inclusions of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43). Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also may demonstrate non-motor symptoms and signs of autonomic and energy dysfunction as hypermetabolism and weight loss that suggest the possibility of pathology in the forebrain, including hypothalamus. However, this region has received little investigation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, the frequency, topography, and clinical associations of TDP-43 inclusion pathology in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus were examined in 33 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 25 men and 8 women; mean age at death of 62.7 years, median disease duration of 3.1 years (range of 1.3 to 9.8 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TDP-43 pathology was present in 11 patients (33.3%), including components in both basal forebrain (n=10) and hypothalamus (n=7). This pathology was associated with non-motor system TDP-43 pathology (Χ2=17.5, p=0.00003) and bulbar symptoms at onset (Χ2=4.04, p=0.044), but not age or disease duration. Furthermore, TDP-43 pathology in the lateral hypothalamic area was associated with reduced body mass index (W=11, p=0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first systematic demonstration of pathologic involvement of the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, the findings suggest that involvement of the basal forebrain and hypothalamus has significant phenotypic associations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, including site of symptom onset, as well as deficits in energy metabolism with loss of body mass index.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cykowski
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Stanley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Suzanne Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001344:Autopsy; D066187:Basal Forebrain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051844:alpha-Synuclein