title: Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Structure and Function in the Nonhypertensive Population: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of sodium intake on the cardiovascular system remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between sodium intake and cardiovascular structure and function in the nonhypertensive population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 1,586 nonhypertensive subjects who participated in the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (2007-2008). Sodium intake was assessed by estimating the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from a spot urine sample. Changes in cardiovascular structure and function were assessed by using tissue Doppler echocardiography, the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with increasing tertiles of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. In multivariate analyses adjusting for covariates, there were stepwise decreases in the baPWV (P = 0.003) and CIMT (P = 0.001) values as the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion increased, whereas no significant differences in left ventricular (LV) structural and functional parameters were observed across the tertiles of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was independently and inversely associated with baPWV (P < 0.001) and CIMT (P = 0.001), but not with LV parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the nonhypertensive population, urinary sodium excretion was inversely related to baPWV and CIMT. However, there were no associations between urinary sodium excretion and LV structure or function.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea;
authors.forename: Seung Ku
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea;
authors.forename: Jin-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea; cardioguy@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seong Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea;
authors.forename: Yong Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea;
authors.forename: Hong Euy
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea;
authors.forename: Eung Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea;
authors.forename: Chang Gyu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea;
authors.forename: Goo-Yeong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
authors.forename: Jinyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea;
authors.forename: Inkyung
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea;
authors.forename: Juri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Bok
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea;
authors.forename: Chol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply; D001794:Blood Pressure; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000652:urine*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: blood pressure; brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; carotid intima-media thickness; epidemiology; hypertension; left ventricular function; left ventricular mass; urinary sodium.