title: Effect of a multispecies probiotic on inflammatory markers in critically ill patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairment of intestinal barrier function and increased translocation of bacteria to the systemic blood flow contribute to the emergence of sepsis. Probiotics might be of beneficial effects on critically ill-patients, modulating intestinal barrier function and reducing inflammation. The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotics on inflammatory markers in critically ill-patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial was conducted on 40 critically ill-patients admitted to the ICU. Patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus thermophilus (VSL#3) for 7 days. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and systemic concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and protein C were measured before initiation of the study and on days 4 and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in IL-6 (P = 0.003), PCT (P = 0.014) and protein C (P < 0.001) levels, and also APACHE II and SOFA scores (P < 0.001) was seen over the treatment period between two groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in serum IL-6 levels (from 211.85 ± 112.76 to 71.80 ± 28.41) (P < 0.001) and PCT levels (from 1.67 ± 1.27 to 0.47 ± 0.41) (P < 0.001) and a significant increase in serum protein C levels (from 7.47 ± 3.61 to 12.87 ± 3.63) (P < 0.001) in probiotic group during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probiotics could reduce inflammation in critically ill-patients and might be considered as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of critically ill-patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sarvin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrangiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi-Mameghani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Applied Drug Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamishehkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mojtahedzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmoodpoor
keywords: Inflammation; probiotics; sepsis