title: Current outcomes of the Norwood operation in patients with single-ventricle malformations other than hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsequent to increased experience with the Norwood operation in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), its application has expanded to allow palliation of single-ventricle (SV) malformations other than HLHS. We describe current palliation outcomes in this group of SV patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2002 and 2012, 65 of the 303 Norwood operations were performed in non-HLHS SV patients. Competing risk analysis modeled events after Norwood and after subsequent Glenn and examined risk factors affecting outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Competing risk analysis showed that one year following Norwood, 24% of patients had died or received transplantation, 72% had undergone Glenn, and 4% were alive awaiting Glenn/Kawashima. Five years following Glenn, 9% of patients had died, 68% had undergone Fontan, and 23% were alive awaiting Fontan. Overall seven-year survival following Norwood was 68%. On multivariable analysis, mortality risk factors were unplanned cardiac reoperation (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.0 [1.5-10.6], P = .006), right dominant ventricle morphology (HR: 3.3 [1.3-8.3], P = .012), and postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (HR: 3.1 [1.1-9.0], P = .035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative death and interstage mortality continue to be problematic following Norwood palliation for non-HLHS SV variants. Outcomes seem comparable to those reported for HLHS, however they are influenced by underlying pathology; children with dominant left ventricle morphology (tricuspid atresia and double inlet left ventricle) have superior survival compared to those with dominant right ventricle morphology (mitral atresia, unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect, and most patients with atrial isomerism). Unplanned reoperations for technical imperfections diminish survival. Large multicenter studies might be warranted to better identify high-risk patients and provide guidance toward improving their survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA balsoufi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bahaaldin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alsoufi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slesnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kogon
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D058327:Norwood Procedures; D010166:Palliative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: CHD; Norwood procedure; hypoplastic left heart syndrome; reoperation; univentricular heart