title: Temporal and spatial characteristics of high frequency oscillations as a new biomarker in epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interictal high frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising candidate as a biomarker in epilepsy as well as for defining the seizure-onset zone as for the prediction of the surgical outcome after epilepsy surgery. The purpose of the study is to investigate properties of HFOs in long-term recordings with respect to the sleep-wake cycle and anatomic regions to verify previous results based on observations from short intervals and patients mainly with temporal lobe epilepsy to the analysis of hours of recordings and focal epilepsies with extratemporal origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Automatic HFO detection using a radial basis function neural network detector was performed in long-term recordings of 15 presurgical patients investigated with subdural strip, grid, and depth contacts. Periods with visual marked sleep stages based on parallel scalp recordings from two consecutive nights were compared to awake intervals. Statistical analysis was based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFO rates in seizure-onset contacts differed from other brain regions independent of the sleep-wake cycle. For temporal contacts, the HFO rate increased significantly with sleep stage. In addition, contacts covering the parietal lobe, including rolandic cortex, showed a significant increase of HFO rates during sleep. However, no significant HFO rate changes depending on the sleep-wake cycle were found for frontal contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of interictal HFOs predicted the SOZ with statistical significance at the group level, but properties other than the HFO rate may need to be considered to improve the diagnostic utility of HFOs. This study gives evidence that the modulation of HFO rates by states of the sleep-wake cycle has particular characteristics within different neocortical regions and in mesiotemporal structures, and contributes to the establishment of HFOs as a biomarker in epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dümpelmann
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze-Bonhage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Automatic detection; Biomarker; Epilepsy surgery; High frequency oscillations; Invasive EEG