title: Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes.
abstract: Little attention has been paid to dermal absorption of phthalates even though modeling suggests that this pathway may contribute meaningfully to total uptake. We have concurrently collected handwipe and urine samples from 39 Beijing children (5-9 years) for the purpose of measuring levels of five phthalates in handwipes, corresponding concentrations of eight of their metabolites in urine, and to subsequently assess the contribution of dermal absorption to total uptake. In summer sampling, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate in handwipes (median: 1130 μg/m(2) ), while MnBP was the most abundant metabolite in urine (median: 232 ng/ml). We found significant associations between the parent phthalate in handwipes and its monoester metabolite in urine for DiBP (r = 0.41, P = 0.01), DnBP (r = 0.50, P = 0.002), BBzP (r = 0.48, P = 0.003), and DEHP (r = 0.36, P = 0.03). Assuming that no dermal uptake occurred under clothing-covered skin, we estimate that dermal absorption of DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, and DEHP contributed 6.9%, 4.6%, 6.9%, and 3.3%, respectively, to total uptake. Assuming that somewhat attenuated dermal uptake occurred under clothing-covered skin, these estimates increase to 19%, 14%, 17%, and 10%. The results indicate that absorption from skin surfaces makes a meaningful contribution to total phthalate uptake for children and should be considered in future risk assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that children’s hands acquire substantial amounts of various phthalates. The levels measured in handwipes, although higher, are somewhat representative of levels on other body locations. Via dermal absorption, as well as hand-to-mouth activity, phthalates on hands and other body locations contribute to the overall body burden of these compounds. Dermal absorption from air and contact transfer from surfaces is expected to occur for many SVOCs commonly found indoors (e.g. bisphenols, synthetic musks, organophosphates). However, the dermal pathway has often been neglected in exposure assessments of indoor pollutants. Knowledge regarding phthalates and other SVOCs in handwipes can facilitate our understanding of risks and aid in the mitigation of adverse health effects resulting from indoor exposures. To make progress toward these goals, further studies are necessary, including investigations of phthalate level variability in skinwipes collected at different locations on the body and the impact of clothing on dermal absorption from air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.|Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Weschler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urban Environment, Key Lab of Urban Environment Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urban Environment, Key Lab of Urban Environment Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundell
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000068476:Beijing; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010968:Plasticizers
keywords: Contact transfer; Dermal absorption; Exposure pathway; Indoor air quality; Indoor exposure; Percutaneous absorption