title: Acute idiopathic transverse myelitis in children: early predictors of relapse and disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify early prognostic factors of relapse and disability in children presenting with an acute idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five children with acute idiopathic TM from 2 national European cohorts (France and United Kingdom) of CNS demyelinating diseases in children were identified and studied for early factors that predict relapse and disability using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen (17%) relapsed, with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in 13 (14%) and neuromyelitis optica in 3 (3%). Logistic regression revealed 2 main criteria as risk factors for relapse: female sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-11.78) and presence of associated brain lesions (OR 14.0, 95% CI 2.8-69.3). Twenty-eight (30%) children had a poor outcome defined by a Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≥4 or an American Spinal Injury Association impairment (ASIA) scale <D at last follow-up. Five factors were associated with poor outcome: female sex (OR 5.8, 95% CI 0.99-32.7), severe ASIA scale at onset (OR 33.5, 95% CI 1.8-618), gadolinium enhancement on spinal MRI (OR 24.1, 95% CI 3.78-153.88), absence of pleocytosis (OR 4.6, 95% CI 0.87-26.0), and absence of cervical or cervico-thoracic lesion on spinal MRI (OR 3.9, 95% CI 0.78-19.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early predictors of relapse and disability identified in this large childhood study of acute idiopathic TM have important utility for clinical management. Larger prospective collaborative studies are required to validate these findings, which may improve the design of clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK. kumaran.deiva@bct.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Kumaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deiva
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Absoud
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Yaiza
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hussson
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maurey
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Giorgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niotakis
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Evangeline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wassmer
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D., H.M., M.T.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases in Children, and University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Children's Neurosciences (M.A., Y.H., M.L.), Evelina Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London; the Department of Paediatric Neurology (C.H., G.N.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Radiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and the Department of Paediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tardieu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009188:Myelitis, Transverse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000175:diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors