title: Influence of interleukin 10 polymorphisms -592 and -1082 to the HIV, HBV and HCV serostatus among intravenous drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by macrophages, monocytes, and T-helper cells. Two polymorphisms at positions -592 and -1082 have been associated with HIV susceptibility. However, their associations with susceptibility to HIV and its co-infections among intravenous drug users (IDUs) are largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 345 IDUs were recruited. Of the 173 HIV negative IDUs, 20 were classified as highly exposed HIV seronegative subjects (HESNs). A control group consisted of 496 blood donors; all HIV, HCV, and HBV negative. The IL-10-592C/A and -1082A/G were determined using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the IDUs, 50% were HIV positive, 89% HCV positive, 67% HBV positive and 41% had triple infection. IL-10-592C allele and -1082A allele were the most common and the -1082AG/-592CC was the most common genotype pair. All HESNs exhibited -1082A allele as compared to 81.4% of the HIV positive IDUs and 79% of donors (p=0.029 and p=0.019, respectively). None of HESNs had GG/CC genotype pair compared with 18.6% of HIV positive IDUs and 21.0% of donors (p=0.029 and p=0.019, respectively). The possession of -592AC and genotype pair AG/AC were associated with the decreased odds of HBV infection (OR=0.28; 95% CI 0.09-0.87; p=0.028 and OR=0.19; 95% CI 0.06-0.61; p=0.052, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of low producing IL-10-1082A and -592A alleles and their containing genetic variants protect highly exposed IDUs against acquisition of HIV and HBV infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1). Electronic address: eveli.kallas@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Eveli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kallas
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Merit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauskar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Ene-Ly
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jõgeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Tõnis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uusküla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Radko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
authors.forename: Irja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lutsar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Co-infection; Genetic factors; HIV susceptibility; IDU; IL-10; Inflammation