title: Structure and functional evaluation of porcine NANOG that is a single-exon gene and has two pseudogenes.
abstract: Nanog plays an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of murine and human embryonic stem cells. However, the molecular features and transcriptional regulation of the NANOG gene have not been well investigated in pig. Here, we report, for the first time, that porcine NANOG is encoded by a single exon gene (SEG) mapped on chromosome 1 and has two daughter genes, one pseudogene NANOGP1 on chromosome 5 and one tandem duplicate on chromosome 1. The duplicated pseudogene NANOGP2 has high sequence similarity to NANOG, but does not encode a functional protein due to deletions and in-frame stop codons. The NANOGP1 contains four exons and three introns, but is short of the homeodomain sequence. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that NANOG mRNA in porcine iPS cells is transcribed from the SEG NANOG, but not from NANOGP1, because the NANOGP1 promoter is highly methylated, as confirmed by global DNA methylation analysis. The NANOG protein encoded by NANOG retains N, H, and C1/W/C2 domains. The H domain is required for nuclear translocation, while the C1/W/C2 domain ensures the NANOG regulatory function. Overexpression of NANOG in porcine embryonic fibroblasts promoted upregulation of its target genes SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. In conclusion, the functional porcine NANOG that is different in chromosomal structure from mouse and human genes is a single exon gene and encodes the functional NANOG protein that can be specifically regulated by OCT4/SOX2, and can promote the activation of target pluripotent factors in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Jinglong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. Electronic address: hhwang101@163.com.
authors.forename: Huayan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007438:Introns; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011544:Pseudogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4
keywords: Homeodomain; NANOG; Pig; Promoter; Pseudogene