title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in urban road dusts from Xi'an, Central China.
abstract: Urban road dusts are carriers of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are therefore considered to be a major source of contamination of other environmental compartments and a source of exposure to PACs for urban populations. We determined the occurrence, composition pattern and sources of several PACs (29 alkyl- and parent-PAHs, 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 4 azaarenes (AZAs), and 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs)) in twenty urban road dusts and six suburban surface soils (0-5cm) from Xi'an, central China. The average concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, and ∑11NPAHs were 15767, 673, 4754, and 885 n gg(-1) in road dusts and 2067, 784, 854, and 118 ng g(-1) in surface soils, respectively. The concentrations of most individual PACs were higher in street dusts than suburban soils, particularly for PACs with molecular weight>192 g mol(-1). The enrichment factors of individual PACs were significantly positively correlated with log KOA and log KOW, indicating an increasing deposition and co-sorption of the PACs in urban dusts with decreasing volatility and increasing hydrophobicity. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual and sum of PACs, carbon fractions (soot and char), and source-characteristic PACs (combustion-derived PAHs and retene, etc.), indicated that PAHs, OPAHs and AZAs were mostly directly emitted from combustion activities and had similar post-emission fates, but NPAHs were possibly more intensely photolyzed after deposition as well as being emitted from vehicle exhaust sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) resulting from exposure to urban dust bound-PACs was higher than 10(-6), indicating a non-negligible cancer risk to residents of Xi'an.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benjamin A Musa
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bandowe
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China. Electronic address: yongming@ieecas.cn.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China.
authors.forename: Changlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.wilcke@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilcke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D009566:Nitrates; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D004391:Dust; D009566:Nitrates; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011804:Quinolines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C041514:carbazole; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cancer risk; Carbon fractions; Enrichment factor; Polycyclic aromatic compounds; Road dust