title: Does a healthy lifestyle behaviour influence the prognosis of low back pain among men and women in a general population? A population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the influence of healthy lifestyle behaviour on the prognosis of occasional low back pain among men and women in a general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with a 4-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population in Stockholm County, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample comprised 3938 men and 5056 women aged 18-84 from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort reporting occasional low back pain in the baseline questionnaire 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifestyle factors and potential confounders were assessed at baseline. The lifestyle factors smoking habits, alcohol consumption, leisure physical activity and consumption of fruit and vegetables were dichotomised using recommendations for a health-enhancing lifestyle and combined to form the exposure variable 'healthy lifestyle behaviour'. The exposure was categorised into five levels according to the number of healthy lifestyle factors met. The follow-up questionnaire in 2010 gave information about the outcome, long duration troublesome low back pain. Crude and adjusted binomial regression models were applied to estimate the association between the exposure and the outcome analysing men and women separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of developing long duration troublesome low back pain among women with occasional low back pain decreased with increasing healthy lifestyle behaviour (trend test: p=0.006). 21% (28/131) among women with no healthy lifestyle factor (reference) experienced the outcome compared to 9% (36/420) among women with all four factors. Compared to the reference group, the risk was reduced by 35% (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.96) for women with one healthy lifestyle factor and 52% (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.77) for women with all four healthy lifestyle factors. There were no clear associations found among men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy lifestyle behaviour seems to decrease the risk of developing long duration troublesome low back pain among women with occasional low back pain and may be recommended to improve the prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bohman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vingård
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Scandinavian College of Naprapathic Manual Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skillgate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden