title: A site-specific ecological risk assessment for corn-associated insecticides.
abstract: A site-specific ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to examine the simultaneous use of genetically modified corn (Bt corn) with a neonicotinoid seed coating, clothianidin, and use of a granular insecticide, tefluthrin, to protect crops from pest damage. A field study was conducted on site, and exposure data from the literature were summarized to determine the matrices and exposure concentrations that nontarget species could typically experience within an agricultural ecosystem. To determine ecological effects on nontarget species, acute toxicity bioassays were conducted on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and Elmid riffle beetle larvae (Ancyronyx spp.) in which the test species were exposed to single insecticides as well as the mixture of the 3 insecticides. In the risk characterization section of the ERA, stressor-response profiles for each species tested were compared with field distributions of the insecticides, and a margin of safety at the 10th percentile (MOS10) was calculated to estimate risk. No acute toxicity was observed in any of the 3 nontarget species after exposure to senescent Bt corn leaf tissue. Large MOS10 values were calculated for clothianidin to the nontarget species. When bioassays were compared with tefluthrin field distributions, very low MOS10 values were calculated for earthworms (0.06) and H. azteca (0.08) because the environmental concentrations often exceeded the stressor-response profile. No increased toxicity was observed when nontarget species were exposed to a mixture of the 3 insecticides. In summary, the genetically modified corn insecticidal proteins and clothianidin were not found at environmental concentrations exceeding benchmark values for ecological effects, but tefluthrin was consistently detected in the environment at levels that could be causing toxicity to nontarget species, especially if this pyrethroid is able to travel off site.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lydy
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D033304:Amphipoda; D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta; D018570:Risk Assessment; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Bt corn; Clothianidin; Mixture toxicity; Risk assessment; Tefluthrin