title: Oral delivery of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor: AKB-4924 promotes localized mucosal healing in a mouse model of colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacological induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a global transcriptional regulator of the hypoxic response, by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDi) is protective in murine models of colitis, and epithelial cells are critical for the observed therapeutic efficacy. Because systemic HIF activation may lead to potentially negative off-target effects, we hypothesized that targeting epithelial HIF through oral delivery of PHDi would be sufficient to protect against colitis in a mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a chemically induced trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid murine model of colitis, we compared the efficacy of oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) delivery of the PHDi; AKB-4924 in preventing colitis, as measured by endoscopy, histology, barrier integrity, and immune profiling. Furthermore, we measured potential off-target effects, examining HIF and HIF target genes in the heart and kidney, as well as erythropoietin and hematocrit levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of AKB-4924 exhibited mucosal protection comparable i.p. dosing. Oral delivery of PHDi led to reduced colonic epithelial HIF stabilization compared with i.p. delivery, but this was still sufficient to induce transcription of downstream HIF targets. Furthermore, oral delivery of PHDi led to reduced stabilization of HIF and activation of HIF targets in extraintestinal organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral delivery of PHDi therapies to this intestinal mucosa protects against colitis in animal models and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease, which also precludes unwanted extraintestinal effects.
authors.affiliation: *School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; †Gastrointestinal Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; ‡School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; and §Aerpio Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Bridie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Goggins
authors.forename: Jocelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Kyra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minahan
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mateer
authors.forename: Marjorie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shalwitz
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keely
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D064800:Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C575838:AKB-4924; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D010879:Piperazines; D064800:Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors; D011728:Pyridones; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid