title: The urothelium: anatomy, review of the literature, perspectives for veterinary medicine.
abstract: Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Laboratory of Anatomy and Confocal Microscopy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: silvana.arrighi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrighi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Anatomy; Histophysiology; Low urinary tract; Urothelium