title: All-cause mortality increased by environmental cadmium exposure in the Japanese general population in cadmium non-polluted areas.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure indicated by urinary Cd on all-cause mortality in the Japanese general population. A 19-year cohort study was conducted in 1067 men and 1590 women aged 50 years or older who lived in three cadmium non-polluted areas in Japan. The subjects were divided into four quartiles based on creatinine adjusted U-Cd (µg g(-1) cre). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous U-Cd or the quartiles of U-Cd were estimated for all-cause mortality using a proportional hazards regression.The all-cause mortality rates per 1000 person years were 31.2 and 15.1 in men and women, respectively. Continuous U-Cd (+1 µg g(-1) cre) was significantly related to the all-cause mortality in men (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.09) and women (HR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07). Furthermore in men, the third (1.96-3.22 µg g(-1) cre) and fourth quartile (≥3.23 µg g(-1) cre) of U-Cd showed a significant, positive HR (third: HR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03-1.77, fourth: HR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.26-2.14) for all-cause mortality compared with the first quartile (<1.14 µg g(-1) cre). In women, the fourth quartile of U-Cd (≥4.66 µg g(-1) cre) also showed a significant HR (1.49, 95% CI 1.11-2.00) for all-cause mortality compared with the first quartile (<1.46 µg g(-1) cre).In the present study, U-Cd was significantly associated with increased mortality in the Japanese general population, indicating that environmental Cd exposure adversely affects the life prognosis in Cd non-polluted areas in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: all-cause mortality; cohort study; general population; proportional hazards regression; urinary cadmium