title: Predicting treatment failure in pathological gambling: the role of personality traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was twofold: First, to assess the personality profile of treatment-seeking adult outpatients with pathological gambling compared to a matched control group under the Alternative Five Factor Model perspective, and second, to determine which personality variables would predict treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The final total sample consisted of 44 consecutive treatment-seeking pathological gamblers (PGs) and 88 controls paired by age and sex who completed the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). Twelve months after starting an open program of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy, PGs were categorized as abstinent or treatment failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PGs scored significantly higher on Neuroticism-Anxiety. Those who had relapsed or dropped out showed higher Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking scores. Impulsivity emerged as a significant predictor of treatment failure. Treatment-seeking PGs scored higher on Neuroticism-Anxiety and Impulsivity appeared as a risk factor of relapsing or dropping out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the importance of individual differences in personality on therapy outcomes. The ZKPQ may constitute a useful tool to identify these individual differences that might be considered when making personalized treatment decisions to improve the effectiveness and quality of treatment interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: iramos@cst.cat.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ramos-Grille
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: montserrat.goma@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomà-i-Freixanet
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: naragay@cst.cat.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aragay
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: svalero@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: vvalles@cst.cat.
authors.forename: Vicenç
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vallès
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005715:Gambling / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dropout; Pathological gambling; Personality; Relapse; Treatment outcome; ZKPQ