title: Study on the impact of lead acetate pollutant on immunotoxicity produced by thiamethoxam pesticide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The curtailed knowledge about neonicotinoids that it has low affinity for vertebrate relative to insect nicotinic receptors is a major factor for its widespread use assuming that it is much safer than the previous generation insecticides. But literature regarding effect of thiamethoxam (second generation neonicotinoid)on immune system is not available. Also, there might be chances of interaction of heavy persistent metals in the water table with these pesticides. So, this study was undertaken with the objective to find immunotoxic alterations of lead acetate after exposure with thiamethoxam in animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this albino mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (numbered I to VI) each containing 6 mice. Animals of groups I and II were administered 87.1 mg/kg b.w.(body weight) and 43.5 mg/kg b.w. respectively of thiamethoxam. Group III animals, lead acetate was administered orally and IV and V mice were administered combination of lead acetate and thiamethoxam at higher and lower dose level for 28 days. The group VI was control group. On 29(th) day and humoral and cell mediated immune responses, TLC (Total leukocyte count), DLC (Differential leukocyte count), serum total protein, globulin and albumin, and histopathological studies were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result obtained clearly indicated that on oral administration of thiamethoxam immunotoxicity was induced in mice in dose related manner. Lead acetate when administered for 28 days showed immunotoxic potential. Thiamethoxam and lead acetate when administered together did not lead to any new altered immunotoxic response but additive toxic effects of both were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Suprita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012756:Sheep; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C008261:lead acetate
keywords: Immunotoxicity; Thiamethoxam; albino mice; interaction; lead acetate; oral