title: [The Influence of risk factors on visual performance in of phototoxic maculopathy in occupational welders].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the Influence of risk factors that cause the phototoxic maculopathy by welding arc in occupational welders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined randomly a group of 86 male occupational welders 172 eyes from some local metal manufacturing enterprise from August 2010 to December 2013. The ophthalmologic examination which the participants underwent thorough including the best visual acuity, fundus examination by the supplementary lens, fundus photography, and the high definition optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan. All participants of this study underwent thorough the medicine examined by a specialist of occupational who prior to the OCT. All the subjects were divided into groups according to age, protection degrees , length of service, operating time . The incidences of phototoxic maculopathy were compared within groups. The subjects was divided randomly into the lutein group and the placebo group. The examination including the best visual acuity, serum lutein concentrations, macular pigmentoptical density (MPOD), Contrast and glare Sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The total incidence of phototoxic maculopathy is 32.0%. (2) The incidences of phototoxic maculopathy in the strict protection group, the randomed protective group and the nonprofessional protection group were respectively 21.4%, 36.7%, 53.6%. The incidence in the strict protection group was lower than the other two groups, the incidence was the highest in the nonprofessional protection group, and the difference was statistically significant. (3) The longer length of service, and operating time , the more incidence of phototoxic maculopathy develop. (4) The lutein group prior to the placebo group at the best visual acuity, serum lutein concentrations, macular pigmentoptical density (MPOD), Contrast and glare Sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors of phototoxic maculopathy in male occupational welders are the length of service, operating time, protection degrees and the lutein assistantly. The incidence of phototoxic maculopathy occurs regardless of age.
authors.affiliation: Minda Hospital of Hubei Nationalities Institute, Enshi 445000, China.
authors.forename: Qingtao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Minda Hospital of Hubei Nationalities Institute, Enshi 445000, China.
authors.forename: Xinfang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000528:radiation effects*; D065348:Macular Pigment / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment; D011832:Radiation Injuries; D012164:Retinal Diseases; D012307:Risk Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D065348:Macular Pigment; D014975:Lutein