title: Normative data of frontal plane patellar alignment in athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide normative data of frontal plane patellar alignment according to McConnell and Arno angles, verify the association between theses angles and identify the presence of patellar rotation in different sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine participants (18 knees) were assessed in a preliminary study to verify the intra and inter-examiner reliabilities of the patellar alignment measures. In the main study, 230 volleyball, basketball, gymnastics and soccer athletes (460 knees) were evaluated in order to obtain normative data of patellar alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontal plane patellar alignment (McConnell and Arno angles) measured in standing position by means of photogrammetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standardized method demonstrated intra and inter-examiner reliability coefficients varying from .85 to .98. The mean McConnell and Arno angles were 2.05° (±5.9) and 2.89° (±7.57), respectively. A low association was observed (r = .189, p < .0001) between these angles. There was a difference in distribution of medial and lateral rotations, according to the McConnell angle, between different sports (p < .014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed procedure for measuring patellar alignment according to McConnell and Arno angles proved to be highly reliable. This made possible the establishment of normative data in a large sample of healthy athletes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30494-270, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana De Michelis
authors.initials: Lde M
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Melo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ocarino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Minas Tenis Clube, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30112-011, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Franco Netto
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Bittencourt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Ribeiro Teles
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Almeida
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Injuries Rehabilitation and Prevention (LAPREV), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil; Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. Electronic address: sergioteixeirafonseca@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sérgio Teixeira
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010329:Patella / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010780:Photogrammetry; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alignment; Assessment; Patella; Reliability