title: Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase potential and flavonol glycosides of Biscutella raphanifolia (Brassicaceae).
abstract: Different extracts of the aerial parts of Biscutella raphanifolia (Brassicaceae), which has not been the subject of any study, were screened for the phytochemical content, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities. We used four methods to identify the antioxidant activity namely, ABTS(•+), DPPH• scavenging, CUPRAC and ferrous-ions chelating methods. Since there is a relationship between antioxidants and cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors, we used two methods to determine the in vitro anti-cholinesterase activity by the use of the basic enzymes that occur in causing Alzheimer's disease: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The extracts were also tested in vitro antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. The phytochemical study of B. raphanifolia afforded four flavonol glycosides; namely, quercetin-3-O-β-D-g1ucoside, quercetin-3-O-[β-D-glucosyl(1→2)-O-β-D-glucoside], quercetin-3-O-[β-D-glucosyl(1→3)-O-β-D-glucoside] and kaempferol-3-O-[β-D-glucosyl(1→2)-[(6'''p-coumaroyl)- β-D-glucoside], being isolated here for the first time from Biscutella raphanifolia and the genus. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity in ABTS(•+), DPPH• and CUPRAC assays, while the petroleum ether extract demonstrated optimum efficiency metal chelating activity. The dicloromethane and petroleum ether extracts showed a mild inhibition against AChE and BChE. However, the petroleum ether extract showed a good antibacterial activity against the pathovars Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterococcus feacalis, whereas the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain was more sensitive to dichloromethane and n-butanol extracts.
authors.affiliation: University of Constantine 1, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), Constantine, Algeria.
authors.forename: Houria Berhail
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Boudouda
authors.affiliation: University of Constantine 1, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), Constantine, Algeria.
authors.forename: Assia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeghib
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Ugo Schiff, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Anastazia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karioti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Ugo Schiff, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bilia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Ugo Schiff, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Ugo Schiff, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Mahjoub
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aouni
authors.affiliation: University of Constantine 1, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), Constantine, Algeria.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabouche
authors.affiliation: University of Constantine 1, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), Constantine, Algeria.
authors.forename: Zahia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kabouche
mesh_terms: D020001:1-Butanol / Q000737:chemistry; D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000473:Alkanes / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000473:Alkanes; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D044948:Flavonols; D006027:Glycosides; D012997:Solvents; D008752:Methylene Chloride; C007650:ethyl acetate; D020001:1-Butanol; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; C004544:naphtha