title: Improvement in binocular summation after strabismus surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Binocular summation (BiS), or improvement in visual acuity using binocular vision compared with the better eye alone, is diminished in patients with strabismus. However, it is still not known how strabismus surgery affects BiS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether BiS improves after strabismus surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of 97 patients undergoing strabismus surgery between September 1, 2011, and January 31, 2014, comparing preoperative and postoperative measures of BiS. Patients were recruited within 1 month before undergoing strabismus surgery. The study took place at an academic pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strabismus surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent high- and low-contrast visual acuity testing binocularly and monocularly at preoperative and 2-month postoperative visits. Binocular summation was calculated for high-contrast Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts and Sloan low-contrast acuity charts at 2.5% and 1.25% contrast as the difference between the binocular score and that of the better eye. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an improvement in BiS at the 2 low-contrast levels for all patients and for all contrast levels in the 75 patients in whom surgery successfully restored binocular alignment. For low-contrast acuity, the proportion of patients with a BiS score of at least 5 letters postoperatively was almost twice that of preoperatively (21% to 30% and 13% to 26% for 2.5% contrast and 1.25% contrast, respectively). Similarly, the proportion of patients with binocular inhibition (BiS score worse by at least 5 letters than the better eye score) was decreased postoperatively at all contrast levels (from 22% to 14% for 1.25% contrast). Thirty-one percent of patients experienced improvement in BiS scores postoperatively at the lowest contrast level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Binocular summation scores improved postoperatively in most patients undergoing strabismus surgery. This occurred most frequently at the lowest contrast level. These findings suggest that improved BiS could represent a newly recognized functional benefit from the surgical correction of strabismus. Further studies evaluating the correlation of BiS with stereopsis, visual field expansion, and quality of life will be necessary to fully evaluate the role that improved BiS has in improving binocularity postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Stacy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pineles
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Sherwin J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas3University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
authors.forename: Eileen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Federico G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Velez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*