title: Maternal and infant factors associated with infancy-onset hydrocephalus in Washington State.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrocephalus, a complex condition characterized by progressive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system of the brain, affects ∼ 6 in 10,000 infants and is heterogeneous in nature. Previous investigations of risk factors have not considered etiologic heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of 1748 children with hydrocephalus identified through birth certificate check boxes and ICD-9 codes of linked hospital discharge records through the first year of life. Control infants were identified from birth records (N = 19,700), frequency matched to cases by year of birth. Three mutually exclusive, nonexhaustive subgroups were identified: hydrocephalus associated with a neural tube defect (n = 332); prenatal-onset hydrocephalus (n = 402); and hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage (n = 446). Within each group, we examined associations with maternal age, race/ethnicity, parity, diabetes and hypertension, and infant sex and gestation. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asian ethnicity was independently associated with an inverse risk of all subtypes of hydrocephalus (hydrocephalus associated with a neural tube defect: odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.84; prenatal-onset hydrocephalus: odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.83; hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage: odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.33 to 1.07) compared with whites. Pre-existing diabetes was associated to varying degrees with all three subtypes (hydrocephalus associated with a neural tube defect: odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 6.17; prenatal-onset hydrocephalus: odds ratio, 5.20; 95% confidence interval, 2.60 to 10.40; hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage: odds ratio, 5.26; 95% confidence intervals, 2.85 to 9.69). Hypertension had a positive association with hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.46 to 2.52) but an inverse association with hydrocephalus associated with a neural tube defect (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.98). Gestation ≤ 30 weeks was associated with all three subgroups, most notably hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 443.56; 95% confidence intervals, 326.34 to 602.87); nearly two-thirds (64%) of hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage infants were born ≤ 30 weeks. Male gender was independently associated only with hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.40 to 2.39). No associations were observed with advanced or young maternal age or with parity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different risk profiles seen among these three subgroups support the biologically heterogeneous nature of infantile hydrocephalus. Future research should take specific etiologic subtypes into account.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: hmtully@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Raquel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Capote
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Babette S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Saltzman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: epidemiology; hydrocephalus; intraventricular hemorrhage; myelomeningocele