title: Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Dire need for targeted left ventricular lead placement and optimal device programming.
abstract: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) effected via biventricular pacing has been established as prime therapy for heart failure patients of New York Heart Association functional class II, III and ambulatory IV, reduced left ventricular (LV) function, and a widened QRS complex. CRT has been shown to improve symptoms, LV function, hospitalization rates, and survival. In order to maximize the benefit from CRT and reduce the number of non-responders, consideration should be given to target the optimal site for LV lead implantation away from myocardial scar and close to the latest LV site activation; and also to appropriately program the device paying particular attention to optimal atrioventricular and interventricular intervals. We herein review current data related to both optimal LV lead placement and device programming and their effects on CRT clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Sokratis Pastromas, Antonis S Manolis, Department of Cardiology, Evagelismos Hospital, and Athens University School of Medicine, 10676 Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Sokratis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pastromas
authors.affiliation: Sokratis Pastromas, Antonis S Manolis, Department of Cardiology, Evagelismos Hospital, and Athens University School of Medicine, 10676 Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Antonis S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Manolis
keywords: Biventricular pacing; Cardiac dyssynchrony; Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Heart failure; Left bundle branch block