title: Denial of pain medication by health care providers predicts in-hospital illicit drug use among individuals who use illicit drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undertreated pain is common among people who use illicit drugs (PWUD), and can often reflect the reluctance of health care providers to provide pain medication to individuals with substance use disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between having ever been denied pain medication by a health care provider and having ever reported using illicit drugs in hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from participants enrolled in two Canadian prospective cohort studies between December 2012 and May 2013. Using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, the relationship between having ever been denied pain medication by a health care provider and having ever reported using illicit drugs in hospital was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1053 PWUD who had experienced ≥ 1 hospitalization, 452 (44%) reported having ever used illicit drugs while in hospital and 491(48%) reported having ever been denied pain medication. In a multivariable model adjusted for confounders, having been denied pain medication was positively associated with having used illicit drugs in hospital (adjusted OR 1.46 [95% CI 1.14 to 1.88]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that the denial of pain medication is associated with the use of illicit drugs while hospitalized. These findings raise questions about how to appropriately manage addiction and pain among PWUD and indicate the potential role that harm reduction programs may play in hospital settings.
authors.forename: Lianping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ti
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voon
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dobrer
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016079:Refusal to Treat; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D013287:Illicit Drugs