title: Loss of ion transporters and increased unfolded protein response in Fuchs' dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which affects approximately 5% of the population over 40 in the U.S.A., is a major cause of corneal transplantation. FECD is associated with mutations of a variety of unrelated genes: SLC4A11, COL8A2, TCF8, and LOXHD1. The current pathological description of the dystrophy includes deficiency of corneal endothelium (CE) pump function and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). This study aims to determine the contribution of the two mechanisms by assessing the expression levels of (1) seven endothelial ion transporters known to regulate stromal hydration and (2) UPR related genes in a set of six CE samples obtained from FECD patients compared to that of normal controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  CE samples collected during FECD keratoplasty or from an eye bank (normal control) were transferred into an RNA stabilizing agent and refrigerated. Total RNA from each CE specimen was individually extracted. The expression levels of ion transporters and UPR genes were tested using quantitative real-time (RT) PCR and a UPR specific PCR array, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal CE, the comparative expression levels of ion transporters in decreasing order were SLC4A11, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, pNBCe1, and NHE1, followed by the isoforms of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). In FECD samples, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and MCTs 1 and 4 were significantly downregulated compared to normal controls (p<0.05). The PCR array tested 84 UPR related genes. Data analysis showed upregulation of 39 genes and downregulation of three genes, i.e., approximately 51% of the tested genes had their expression altered in FECD samples with a difference greater than ± twofold regulation. Thirteen of the altered genes showed significant changes (p<0.05). The PCR array results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FECD samples had evident UPR with significant changes in the expression of the protein processing pathway genes. The significant downregulation of ion transporters indicates simultaneous compromised CE pump function in Fuchs' dystrophy.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
authors.forename: Supriya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jalimarada
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
authors.forename: Diego G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ogando
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bonanno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D027321:Anion Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017920:Antiporters / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000378:metabolism; D005642:Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D016623:Ion Pumps / Q000235:genetics*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D027321:Anion Transport Proteins; D017920:Antiporters; D016623:Ion Pumps; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C425809:SLC4A11 protein, human