title: In situ N2O emissions are not mitigated by hippuric and benzoic acids under denitrifying conditions.
abstract: Ruminant urine patches deposited onto pasture are a significant source of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from livestock agriculture. Increasing food demand is predicted to lead to a rise in ruminant numbers globally, which, in turn will result in elevated levels of urine-derived N2O. Therefore mitigation strategies are urgently needed. Urine contains hippuric acid and together with one of its breakdown products, benzoic acid, has previously been linked to mitigating N2O emissions from urine patches in laboratory studies. However, the sole field study to date found no effect of hippuric and benzoic acid concentration on N2O emissions. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the in situ effect of these urine constituents on N2O emissions under conditions conducive to denitrification losses. Unadulterated bovine urine (0 mM of hippuric acid, U) was applied, as well as urine amended with either benzoic acid (96 mM, U+BA) or varying rates of hippuric acid (8 and 82 mM, U+HA1, U+HA2). Soil inorganic nitrogen (N) and N2O fluxes were monitored over a 66 day period. Urine application resulted in elevated N2O flux for 44 days. The largest N2O fluxes accounting for between 13% (U) and 26% (U+HA1) of total loss were observed on the day of urine application. Between 0.9 and 1.3% of urine-N was lost as N2O. Cumulative N2O loss from the control was 0.3 kg N2O-Nha(-1) compared with 11, 9, 12, and 10 kg N2O-Nha(-1) for the U, U+HA1, U+HA2, and U+BA treatments, respectively. Incremental increases in urine HA or increase in BA concentrations had no effect on N2O emissions. Although simulation of dietary manipulation to reduce N2O emissions through altering individual urine constituents appears to have no effect, there may be other manipulations such as reducing N content or inclusion of synthetic inhibitory products that warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland. Electronic address: dominika.krol@teagasc.ie.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Forrestal
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lanigan
authors.affiliation: Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D058440:Denitrification; D058751:Livestock; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001565:Benzoates; D009609:Nitrous Oxide
keywords: Benzoic acid; Denitrification; Greenhouse gas; Hippuric acid; N(2)O mitigation; Urine constituents; Urine patches