title: Self-efficacy beliefs are associated with visual height intolerance: a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Responses to height may range from indifference to minor distress to severe symptoms of fear of heights (acrophobia); visual height intolerance (vHI) denotes the whole spectrum of symptoms. Although there are options to manage vHI, only a small part of persons affected by vHI are willing to seek professional help or confront their problem. Purpose of this study was to determine if persons with vHI, specifically those who show avoidant behavior towards heights (avoiders), score lower in their general self-efficacy (GSE) than those who confront vHI (confronters).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey in 607 individuals living in the urban region of Munich, Germany, using a mailed questionnaire on presence or absence of vHI, confronting or avoiding behaviour, and GSE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all participants (mean age 53.9, 50.3% female), 407 reported life-time presence of vHI. Participants with vHI had a mean GSE score of 31.8 (SD 4.3) points (participants without vHI: 32.5, SD 4.3, p = 0.008 for difference). Among individuals with vHI, 23% reported confronting behavior. Confronters were significantly younger (p<.0001, 50.2 vs. 55.7 years), more likely to be female (p = 0.0039, 64.3% female), and had a higher GSE score (p = 0.0049, 32.5 vs. 31.1). Associations remained significant after multiple adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides evidence for the association of GSE and vHI. These findings may have consequences for strategies of alleviation and therapy of vHI.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Hochschule München - University of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Am Stadtpark 20, 81243 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schäffler
authors.affiliation: German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huppert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kapfhammer
authors.affiliation: German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brandt
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires