title: The effect of footwear and foot orthoses on transverse plane knee motion during running - A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the immediate effects of footwear and foot orthoses on transverse plane rotation of the knee joint during the stance phase of jogging gait.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental, within subjects, repeated measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional knee kinematics were estimated in the transverse plane by surface-mounted markers as 14 asymptomatic participants ran in four randomised conditions; neutral shoe, neutral shoe with customised orthoses, neutral shoe with prefabricated orthoses, and a stability shoe. Peak internal/external rotation joint angles and ranges of motion (ROM) during loading response, midstance and propulsion were determined. Immediate subjective comfort was also recorded for each condition using a 100 mm visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant main effects of condition were observed for all outcomes except transverse plane knee ROM during loading response (p < 0.05). All significant differences occurred between the stability shoe and another condition, with less knee internal rotation in the stability shoe (mean differences ranged between 1.7° and 6.1°) (p < 0.05). The neutral shoe with prefabricated orthoses was reported as more uncomfortable than all other testing conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stability shoe reduced peak knee internal rotation throughout stance phase of jogging more than any other condition. Importantly, it was subjectively as comfortable as the other conditions. These results identify the ability for footwear alone to induce immediate proximal kinematic effects. The use of the kinematic theory behind foot orthoses therapy is also questioned.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scharfbillig
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uden
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: christopher.bishop@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bishop
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007590:Jogging / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D012775:Shoes; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biomechanics; Knee; Orthotic devices; Running; Shoes