title: Characterization of ambrette seed oil and its mode of action in bacteria.
abstract: In the present study, chemical composition and the antibacterial mechanism of ambrette seed oil are investigated. Chemical composition of the oil was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-five compounds were identified and the major compounds were found to be farnesol acetate (51.45%) and ambrettolide (12.96%). The antibacterial activity was performed by well diffusion assay and the mechanisms were studied by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein leakage assays. The antibacterial effect of the ambrette seed oil showed inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The LDH activity was high in all tested bacteria compared with control, whereas the ALP and protein concentrations were also increased in E. faecalis. Molecular docking revealed the ligands farnesol acetate and ambrettolide had satisfactory binding energy towards the beta lactamase TEM-72 and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein. Due to its better antibacterial properties, the ambrette seed oil could be used as a source of antibacterial agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-daero 232916, Korea. arokiyaraj16@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arokiyaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chunbuk 361763, Korea. seongho@cbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seong Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-daero 232916, Korea. yoonseok95@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yoonseok
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College (Anna University), Chennai 600062, India. bharanitharshan76@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rajaraman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bharanidharan
authors.affiliation: Pondicherry Centre for Biological Sciences, Pondicherry 605005, India. pcbsresearch@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Villianur Ibrahim
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Hairul-Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech High Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College (Anna University), Chennai 600062, India. badathala@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Badathala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441706, Korea. oh665@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Young Kyoon
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment Research and Development, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, India. zoomin.dinesh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vannam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dinesh-Kumar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment Research and Development, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, India. svincentloyola@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Savariar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-daero 232916, Korea. khhkim@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyoung Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010938:Plant Oils; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase