title: Insulin influences autophagy response distinctively in macrophages of different compartments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia, associated to a lack or inefficiency of the insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. DM is also marked by alterations in a diversity of cellular processes that need to be further unraveled. In this study, we examined the autophagy pathway in diabetic rat macrophages before and after treatment with insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and splenic tissue of diabetic male Wistar rats (alloxan, 42 mg/kg, i.v., 10 days) and control rats (physiological saline, i.v.). Some diabetic rats were given neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (4 IU, s.c.) 8 h before experiments. For characterization of the model and evaluation of the effect of insulin on the autophagic process, the following analyzes were performed: (a) concentrations of cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 and CINC-2 in the BAL supernatant was measured by ELISA; (b) characterization of alveolar macrophage (AM) of the BAL as surface antigens (MHCII, pan-macrophage KiM2R, CD11b) and autophagic markers (protein microtubule-associated light chain (LC)3, autophagy protein (Atg)12 by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy (c) study of macrophages differentiated from the bone marrow by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy (d) histology of the spleen by immunohistochemistry associated with confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interestingly, insulin exerted antagonistic effects on macrophages from different tissues. Macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) enhanced their LC3 autophagosome bound content after treatment with insulin whereas splenic macrophages from red pulp in diabetic rats failed to enhance their Atg 12 levels compared to control animals. Insulin treatment in diabetic rats did not change LC3 content in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM). M1 and M2 macrophages behaved accordingly to the host they were derived from. Diabetic M1 BMM had their LC3 vesicle-bound content diminished and M2 BMM enhanced their LC3 levels and insulin treatment failed to rescue autophagy to control levels. Insulin normalizes CINC-2 level but does not modulate autophagy markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking these results together, diabetic macrophages derived from different compartments show different levels of autophagy markers compared to healthy animals, therefore, they suffer distinctively in the absence of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen K S
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sunahara
authors.forename: Fernanda P B
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Marisa A P
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strell
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sannomiya
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Westerberg
authors.forename: Joilson O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000496:Alloxan / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10; D000496:Alloxan; D005947:Glucose