title: The factors affecting adherence to a long-term interval walking training program in middle-aged and older people.
abstract: No long-term exercise training regimen with high adherence and effectiveness in middle-aged and older people is broadly available in the field. We assessed the adherence to, and effects of, our long-term training program comprising an interval walking training (IWT) and an information technology network system and the factors affecting adherence. Middle-aged and older men and women [n = 696, aged 65 ± 7(SD) yr] underwent IWT. The subjects were instructed to repeat five or more sets of fast and slow walking for 3 min each at ≥70 and 40% peak aerobic capacity for walking (V̇O2peak), respectively, per day ≥4 days/wk for 22 mo. Adherence was assessed as training days accomplished relative to the target of 4 days/wk over 22 mo. The effects on the V̇O2peak and lifestyle-related disease score were evaluated every 6 mo. The independent factors affecting adherence were assessed by multiple-regression analysis after adjustment for baseline physical characteristics and other possible covariates, including vasopressin V1a receptor polymorphisms. The adherence over 22 mo averaged 70% and was highly correlated with a 13% reduction in the lifestyle-related disease score (R(2) = 0.94, P = 0.006) and with a 12% increase in V̇O2peak (R(2) = 0.94, P = 0.006). The major determinant of higher adherence was lower baseline body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0001) and male sex (P < 0.0001). For men, in addition to BMI, nonsmokers (P = 0.031) and V1a receptor polymorphisms (P = 0.033) were independent determinants of higher adherence. Thus the long-term IWT program is an effective regimen. Moreover, baseline BMI and sex for all subjects, and smoking and V1a receptor polymorphisms for men, were associated with adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Shizue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Research and Education and Division of Anti-aging Genomics, Ehime Proteo-Medicine Research Center, Toon, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabara
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Advanced Preventive Medical Center, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Shigenari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan; and Division of Anti-aging Genomics, Ehime Proteo-Medicine Research Center, Toon, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan;
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nose
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: aging; exercise training; genetics; remotely supervised system; vasopressin