title: Factors that influence soft tissue thickness over the greater trochanter: application to understanding hip fractures.
abstract: Fall-related hip injuries are a concern for the growing population of older adults. Evidence suggests that soft tissue overlying the greater trochanter attenuates the forces transmitted to the proximal femur during an impact, reducing mechanical risk of hip fracture. However, there is limited information about the factors that influence trochanteric soft tissue thickness. The current study used ultrasonography and electromyography to determine whether trochanteric soft tissue thickness could be quantified reproducibly and whether it was influenced by: (1) gender; (2) hip postures associated with potential falling configurations in the sagittal plane (from 30° of extension to 60° of flexion, at 15° intervals), combined adduction-flexion, and combined adduction-extension; and (3) activation levels of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles. Our results demonstrated that soft tissue thickness can be measured reliably in nine hip postures and three muscle activation conditions (for all conditions, ICC >0.98). Mean (SD) thickness in quiet stance was 2.52 cm. Thickness was 27.0% lower for males than females during quiet stance. It was 16.4% greater at maximum flexion than quiet standing, 27.2% greater at maximum extension, and 12.5% greater during combined adduction-flexion. However, there was no significant difference between combined adduction-extension and quiet standing. Thickness was not affected by changes in muscle activity. Forces applied to the femoral neck during a lateral fall decrease as trochanteric soft tissue thickness increases; gender and postural configuration at impact could influence the loads applied to the proximal femur (and thus hip fracture risk) during falls on the hip.
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Iris C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Minty
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: fall-related injury; hip fracture; hip posture; muscle activation; soft tissue thickness