title: Assessment of left ventricular function by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in small breed dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension. This study investigated the left ventricular function using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) in small breed dogs affected with spontaneous HAC. Age-matched healthy controls (n = 9), dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH, n = 10), and dogs with adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH, n = 9) were included in this study. Conventional echocardiography, global longitudinal and circumferential strain, and strain rate were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On group-wise comparison, left ventricular free wall (LVFWd) and interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) were thickest in the ADH group, followed by the PDH and controls (P = 0.014 and P = 0.001, respectively). Neither LVFWd nor IVSd was correlated with systemic blood pressure (P = 0.238 and P = 0.113, respectively). The values of all variables derived from the global strain and strain rate in longitudinal and circumferential directions followed the same pattern: highest in the controls, followed by PDH and then ADH (all P < 0.05, respectively). On multiple regression analyses, global longitudinal strain, global longitudinal strain rate in systole and early diastole, and global circumferential strain all decreased linearly with increased IVSd (all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was more prevalent in the HAC group compared to the control group. Association between hypertension and development of LVH was not identified. Decreased global longitudinal and circumferential strains were associated with increased IVSd. 2D-STE revealed significant decreases in systolic functions that were undetected using conventional echocardiography in the ADH and PDH groups.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, Veterinary School, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. r98643011@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hung-Yin
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Azu Clinic for Animals, No. 92, Section 1, Kin-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. d95629004@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, Veterinary School, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. hphuang@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hui-Pi
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000308:Adrenocortical Hyperfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013624:Taiwan; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left