title: Mineral Metabolism in Singleton and Twin-pregnant Dairy Goats.
abstract: During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes significant physiological changes. The present study assessed the changes on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) metabolism in singleton and twin-pregnant dairy goats. The 42 goats used (49.5 kg±7.6 body weight [BW]) were assigned at random to treatments that were factorially arranged to account for 2 breeds (Oberhasli and Saanen), 2 pregnancy types (singleton and twin) and 3 gestation periods (80, 110, and 140 days). Digestibility trials were performed at 80, 110, and 140 days of gestation. Mineral retention during pregnancy was determined in the maternal body, femur, uterus, mammary gland, fetus and fetal fluid. Blood samples were taken during pregnancy before and after a meal, and Ca, P, Mg, Na, K ions and alkaline phosphatase activity determined in serum. Bone mineral density was determined in the right femur. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS MIXED procedure. Dry matter intake decreased linearly up to 140 days of gestation. Maternal BW gain, and Ca, P, and Mg retention (g/kg) decreased linearly with the advance of gestation days. Macromineral retention in maternal body (g/kg) was greater in Oberhasli than Saanen goats, and their fetuses had higher Ca, P, and Mg deposition (mg/g). Mineral retention (mg/g) increased in fetuses according to pregnancy development, with no differences between singleton and twin pregnancy. In the mammary gland, the retention of all minerals (g) increased with the days of pregnancy. In conclusion, related to Ca, P, and Mg metabolism can be divided into two stages. Up to 80 days of gestation, was characterized by the preparation of the maternal body reserves for future mineral demands. From 80 days of gestation onward, was characterized by the transfer of maternal body reserves for fetal development and colostrum production. Na and K supply was provided by adjustments in endogenous excretion and an increase in intestinal absorption. Finally, mineral metabolism was specific to each genotype and, except for Na, was not affected by the number of fetuses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Härter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Castagnino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: H G O
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bonfim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland . ; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liesegang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA .
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: St-Pierre
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland .
authors.forename: I A M A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
keywords: Fetuses; Genotype; Maternal Body Reserves; Mineral Retention