title: Fasting gut hormone levels change with modest weight loss in obese adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were a subset of those taking part in the 'Eat Smart Study'. They were aged 10-17 years with body mass index (BMI) > 90th centile and were randomized to one of three groups: wait-listed control, structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks. Outcomes were fasting glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, total amylin, acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine. Pre- and postprandial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 87 'Eat Smart' participants, 74 participated in this sub-study. The mean (standard deviation) BMI z-score was 2.1 (0.4) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 (0.4) in the control group. Fasting insulin (P = 0.05) and leptin (P = 0.03) levels decreased, while adiponectin levels increased (P = 0.05) in the intervention groups compared with control. The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other. A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin (P < 0.001), homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (P < 0.001), leptin (P < 0.001), total amylin (P = 0.03), GIP (P = 0.01), PP (P = 0.02) and increased adiponectin (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in appetite sensations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain.
authors.affiliation: Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.|Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nguo
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.affiliation: Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cardinal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.|School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Truby
authors.affiliation: Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.|Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Batch
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019894:Peptide YY; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Adolescent obesity; appetite; gut hormones