title: Therapeutic applications of botulinum neurotoxins in head and neck disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to review the mechanism of action, physiological effects, and therapeutic applications of botulinum neurotoxins in the head and neck area.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature search was performed using keywords. The resulting articles were analyzed for relevance in four areas: overview on botulinum neurotoxins, the role of botulinum neurotoxins in the management of salivary secretory disorders, the role of botulinum neurotoxins in the management of facial pain, and the role of botulinum neurotoxins in head and neck movement disorders. Institutional review board approval was not needed due the nature of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Botulinum neurotoxin therapy was demonstrated to be a valuable alternative to conventional medical therapy for many conditions affecting the head and neck area in terms of morbidly, mortality, and patient satisfaction with treatment outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum neurotoxin therapy provides viable alternatives to traditional treatment modalities for some conditions affecting the head and neck region that have neurological components. This therapy can overcome some of the morbidities associated with conventional therapy. More research is needed to determine the ideal doses of botulinum neurotoxin to treat different diseases affecting the head and neck regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston University-Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 100 East Newton Street, Suite G-407, Boston, MA 02118, United States ; King Feisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alshadwi
authors.affiliation: Academic Faculty King Abdulaziz University-Dental School, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadershah
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston University-Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 100 East Newton Street, Suite G-407, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osborn
keywords: Botox; Botulinum toxin; Dystonia; Facial pain; Temporomandibular disorder