title: Effects of cadmium exposure on growth and metabolic profile of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers].
abstract: Metabolic responses to cadmium (Cd) may be associated with variations in Cd tolerance in plants. The objectives of this study were to examine changes in metabolic profiles in bermudagrass in response to Cd stress and to identify predominant metabolites associated with differential Cd tolerance using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two genotypes of bermudagrass with contrasting Cd tolerance were exposed to 0 and 1.5 mM CdSO4 for 14 days in hydroponics. Physiological responses to Cd were evaluated by determining turf quality, growth rate, chlorophyll content and normalized relative transpiration. All these parameters exhibited higher tolerance in WB242 than in WB144. Cd treated WB144 transported more Cd to the shoot than in WB242. The metabolite analysis of leaf polar extracts revealed 39 Cd responsive metabolites in both genotypes, mainly consisting of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, fatty acids and others. A difference in the metabolic profiles was observed between the two bermudagrass genotypes exposed to Cd stress. Seven amino acids (norvaline, glycine, proline, serine, threonine, glutamic acid and gulonic acid), four organic acids (glyceric acid, oxoglutaric acid, citric acid and malic acid,) and three sugars (xylulose, galactose and talose) accumulated more in WB242 than WB144. However, compared to the control, WB144 accumulated higher quantities of sugars than WB242 in the Cd regime. The differential accumulation of these metabolites could be associated with the differential Cd tolerance in bermudagrass.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Longxing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amombo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jibiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D031744:Cynodon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002104:Cadmium