title: Postdinner resistance exercise improves postprandial risk factors more effectively than predinner resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Abnormally elevated postprandial glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations are risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. The most effective time to exercise to lower postprandial glucose and TAG concentrations is unknown. Thus the aim of this study was to determine what time is more effective, either pre- or postdinner resistance exercise (RE), at improving postprandial risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thirteen obese patients with type 2 diabetes completed three trials in a random order in which they consumed a dinner meal with 1) no RE (NoRE), 2) predinner RE (RE → M), and 3) postdinner RE beginning 45 min after dinner (M → RE). Clinical outcome measures included postprandial glucose and TAG concentrations. In addition, postprandial acetaminophen (gastric emptying), endocrine responses, free fatty acids, and β-cell function (mathematical modeling) were measured to determine whether these factors were related to changes in glucose and TAG. The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was ∼92% lower (P ≤ 0.02) during M → RE compared with NoRE and RE → M, an effect due in part to lower very-low-density lipoprotein-1 TAG concentrations. The glucose iAUC was reduced (P = 0.02) by ∼18 and 30% during the RE → M and M → RE trials, respectively, compared with NoRE, with no difference between RE trials. RE → M and M → RE reduced the insulin iAUC by 35 and 48%, respectively, compared with NoRE (P < 0.01). The glucagon-like peptide-1 iAUC was ∼50% lower (P ≤ 0.02) during M → RE compared with NoRE and RE → M. Given that predinner RE only improves postprandial glucose concentrations, whereas postdinner RE improves both postprandial glucose and TAG concentrations, postdinner RE may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease more effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Heden
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy;
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thyfault
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; kanaleyj@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanaley
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose
keywords: exercise timing; glucose metabolism; glycemic control; lipid metabolism; obesity; weight training