title: Family members affected by a relative's substance misuse looking for social support: who are they?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study proposes to describe family members in the city of Sao Paulo who are seeking support in mutual self-help groups to deal with a substance misusing relative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred participants (one participant per family) completed a structured questionnaire collecting socio-demographic information, length of time taken to seek help, and where they sought help. Participants were recruited from the mutual self-help group 'Amor Exigente' in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of substance misusers counted as the largest group of family members. It took an average time of 3.7 years for the family members to discover their relatives' substance misuse. 42% had then sought help immediately; it took an average of 2.6 years for the remaining 58% of the sample to seek some form of support. A belief that the substance misuse of their relatives was just a transient problem or that they could cope with the situation by themselves were among the most indicated reasons for delay in seeking help.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings stress the importance of implementing services that take into account the difficulties families have in finding help to deal with the substance misusing relative.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia para Politicas Publicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas), Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Brazil. Electronic address: helenasakiyama@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Helena M T
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sakiyama
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia para Politicas Publicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas), Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Brazil. Electronic address: Fatima.psi@globo.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Fatima Rato Padin
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia para Politicas Publicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas), Brazil; University of Roehampton, London, UK. Electronic address: Martha.canfield@roehampton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia para Politicas Publicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas), Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Brazil. Electronic address: laranjeira@uniad.org.br.
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laranjeira
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (Instituto Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia para Politicas Publicas do Álcool e Outras Drogas), Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Brazil. Electronic address: smitsuhi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandro Sendin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mitsuhiro
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Affected family members; Seeking help; Substance misusing relatives