title: Developing dual hemofiltration plus cardiopulmonary bypass in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emerging therapies for prolonged cardiac arrest (CA) include advanced circulatory interventions like emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVHF). However, preclinical studies are limited because of the absence of a practical method of using CVVHF along with ECPB in rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modified a CA model with ECPB resuscitation to include the CVVHF circuit. Adult rats were cannulated via the femoral artery or vein and the jugular vein for the ECPB circuit. A new circuit for CVVHF was added to allow ECPB and CVVHF to be started simultaneously. CVVHF blood flow at 3 mL/min could be controlled with a screw clamp during ECPB. After cessation of ECPB, the CVVHF flow was maintained using a roller pump. The filtration rate was controlled at 40 mL/h/kg in the standard volume of CVVHF and 120 mL/h/kg in the high volume (HV) of CVVHF. The driving force of hemofiltration was evaluated by monitoring transmembrane pressure and filter clearance (FCL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transmembrane pressure in both groups was stable for 6 h throughout CVVHF. FCL of blood urea nitrogen and potassium in the standard volume group was significantly less than the HV group (P < 0.01). FCL of blood urea nitrogen and potassium was stable throughout the CVVHF operation in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a method of CVVHF along with ECPB in rodents after CA. We further demonstrated the ability to regulate both standard and HV filtration rates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: koichiro.shinozaki@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery and Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Junhwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.affiliation: Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Lance B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000601:surgery*; D006440:Hemofiltration; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Hemofiltration; Resuscitation; Rodent