title: Environmental fate and ecological risks of nonylphenols and bisphenol A in the Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong.
abstract: Nonylphenols (NPs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are the most common endocrine disruptors detected in the coastal waters of Hong Kong. The Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve (CAMR), the only marine reserve in Hong Kong is close to urbanized areas, thus the resident marine organisms are inevitably influenced by partially treated wastewater from adjacent sewage treatment plants (STPs). Elevated levels of NPs and BPA were detected in all seawater, sediment and biota samples collected from the CAMR. Estrogenic activities of seawater from the CAMR, and sludge and sewage from a nearby STP were assessed using yeast estrogen screen assay. We found aromatase, estrogen receptor and vitellogenin genes in the marine medaka fish Oryzias melastigma were significantly up-regulated after exposure to the reserve's seawater. According to a tissue-residue-based probabilistic risk assessment, the marine species living in the CAMR are having 35% and 21% of chance to be at risk due to exposure to NPs and BPA, respectively.
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Elvis G B
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Joseph H W
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: kmyleung@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Kenneth M Y
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006723:Hong Kong; D009990:Oryzias; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014819:Vitellogenins; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Ecological risk assessment; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Marine reserve; Yeast estrogen screen assay; mRNA assay