title: Beta-Blockers and Nitrates: Pharmacotherapy and Indications.
abstract: Many clinically important differences exist between beta blockers. B1-selectivity is of clinical interest because at clinically used doses, b1- selective agents block cardiac b-receptors while having minor effects on bronchial and vascular b-receptors. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents significantly decrease the frequency and duration of angina pectoris, instead the prognostic benefit of beta-blockers in stable angina has been extrapolated from studies of post myocardial infarction but has not yet been documented without left ventricular disfunction or previous myocardial infarction. Organic nitrates are among the oldest drugs, but they still remain a widely used adjuvant in the treatment of symptomatic coronary artery disease. While their efficacy in relieving angina pectoris symptoms in acute settings and in preventing angina before physical or emotional stress is undisputed, the chronic use of nitrates has been associated with potentially important side effects such as tolerance and endothelial dysfunction. B-blockers are the firstline anti-anginal therapy in stable stable angina patients without contraindications, while nitrates are the secondline anti-anginal therapy. Despite 150 years of clinical practice, they remain fascinating drugs, which in a chronic setting still deserve investigation. This review evaluated pharmacotherapy and indications of Beta-blockers and nitrates in stable angina.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Facchini
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degiovanni
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallino
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.affiliation: Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy. arognoni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rognoni
authors.forename: Angelo S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bongo
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009566:Nitrates; D014665:Vasodilator Agents