title: Serum IL-9, IL-17, and TGF-β levels in subjects with diabetic kidney disease (CURES-134).
abstract: The role of inflammation in both diabetes and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is becoming more widely accepted. However, the role of recently characterized T cell cytokines interleukin (IL)-9 and IL-17 in diabetes and especially DKD is less well studied. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) controls the secretion of both of these cytokines. In this study, we estimated the levels of IL-9, IL-17, and TGF-β in the serum of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT = 88) and subjects with type 2 diabetes without (diabetes mellitus (DM) = 65) and with DKD (DKD = 97) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and we correlated these levels with the clinical risk factors of diabetes and DKD. IL-17 levels showed a serial decline and TGF-β levels showed a serial increase from NGT to DM to DKD (p < 0.001). However, the IL-9 levels were significantly reduced in the DM group compared to the NGT and DKD group (p < 0.001). While TGF-β and IL-17 showed a positive and negative correlation, respectively, with fasting and postprandial glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), IL-9 showed positive correlation with urea and microalbuminuria. Apart from pro-inflammatory cytokines, T helper (Th) cytokines might play an important role in insulin resistance and DKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Institute of Technology and Management, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Rathinam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasanthakumar
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Gowrisankar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Subash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.affiliation: AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Genetics, Dr. A.L.M. PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: cvaravindhan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vivekanandhan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aravindhan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000097:blood*; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D020381:Interleukin-17; D016906:Interleukin-9; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Diabetic kidney disease; IL-17; IL-9; Nephropathy; TGF-β and insulin resistance