title: Control systems engineering in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. May 20-21, 2014 Continuous Manufacturing Symposium.
abstract: This white paper provides a perspective of the challenges, research needs, and future directions for control systems engineering in continuous pharmaceutical processing. The main motivation for writing this paper is to facilitate the development and deployment of control systems technologies so as to ensure quality of the drug product. Although the main focus is on small-molecule pharmaceutical products, most of the same statements apply to biological drug products. An introduction to continuous manufacturing and control systems is followed by a discussion of the current status and technical needs in process monitoring and control, systems integration, and risk analysis. Some key points are that: (1) the desired objective in continuous manufacturing should be the satisfaction of all critical quality attributes (CQAs), not for all variables to operate at steady-state values; (2) the design of start-up and shutdown procedures can significantly affect the economic operation of a continuous manufacturing process; (3) the traceability of material as it moves through the manufacturing facility is an important consideration that can at least in part be addressed using residence time distributions; and (4) the control systems technologies must assure quality in the presence of disturbances, dynamics, uncertainties, nonlinearities, and constraints. Direct measurement, first-principles and empirical model-based predictions, and design space approaches are described for ensuring that CQA specifications are met. Ways are discussed for universities, regulatory bodies, and industry to facilitate working around or through barriers to the development of control systems engineering technologies for continuous drug manufacturing. Industry and regulatory bodies should work with federal agencies to create federal funding mechanisms to attract faculty to this area. Universities should hire faculty interested in developing first-principles models and control systems technologies for drug manufacturing that are easily transportable to industry. Industry can facilitate the move to continuous manufacturing by working with universities on the conception of new continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing process unit operations that have the potential to make major improvements in product quality, controllability, or reduced capital and/or operating costs. Regulatory bodies should ensure that: (1) regulations and regulatory practices promote, and do not derail, the development and implementation of continuous manufacturing and control systems engineering approaches; (2) the individuals who approve specific regulatory filings are sufficiently trained to make good decisions regarding control systems approaches; (3) provide regulatory clarity and eliminate/reduce regulatory risks; (4) financially support the development of high-quality training materials for use of undergraduate students, graduate students, industrial employees, and regulatory staff; (5) enhance the training of their own technical staff by financially supporting joint research projects with universities in the development of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and the associated control systems engineering theory, numerical algorithms, and software; and (6) strongly encourage the federal agencies that support research to fund these research areas.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139.
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Myerson
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krumme
authors.forename: Moheb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Braatz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D055818:Public-Private Sector Partnerships; D011786:Quality Control; D018511:Systems Integration; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D057188:Workflow
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: analysis; control systems; dynamic simulation; manufacturing; mathematical model; multivariate analysis; process analytical technology; processing; quality by design; systems integration