title: Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency.
abstract: Frailty is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome. Cognitive frailty has been considered as a subtype of frailty. In this study, we refine the definition of cognitive frailty based on existing reports about frailty and the latest progress in cognition research. We obtain evidence from the literature regarding the role of pre-physical frailty in pathological aging. We propose that cognitive impairment of cognitive frailty results from physical or pre-physical frailty and comprises two subtypes: the reversible and the potentially reversible. Reversible cognitive impairment is indicated by subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and/or positive fluid and imaging biomarkers of amyloid-β accumulation and neurodegeneration. Potentially reversible cognitive impairment is MCI (CDR=0.5). Based on the severity of cognitive impairment, it is possible to determine the primary and secondary preventative measures for cognitive frailty. We further determine whether SCD is a component of pre-clinical AD or the early stage of other neurodegenerative diseases, which is required for guiding personal clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai 200040, China; Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Qingwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai 200040, China; Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China. Electronic address: qingweir@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zhuowei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai 200040, China; Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: PET-CT Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D011315:Preventive Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cognitive frailty; Physical frailty; Pre-MCI; Pre-clinical AD; Pre-physical frailty; Subjective cognitive decline