title: Framing of feedback impacts student's satisfaction, self-efficacy and performance.
abstract: Feedback is considered important to acquire clinical skills. Research evidence shows that feedback does not always improve learning and its effects may be small. In many studies, a variety of variables involved in feedback provision may mask either one of their effects. E.g., there is reason to believe that the way oral feedback is framed may affect its effect if other variables are held constant. In a randomised controlled trial we investigated the effect of positively and negatively framed feedback messages on satisfaction, self-efficacy, and performance. A single blind randomised controlled between-subject design was used, with framing of the feedback message (positively-negatively) as independent variable and examination of hearing abilities as the task. First year medical students' (n = 59) satisfaction, self-efficacy, and performance were the dependent variables and were measured both directly after the intervention and after a 2 weeks delay. Students in the positively framed feedback condition were significantly more satisfied and showed significantly higher self-efficacy measured directly after the performance. Effect sizes found were large, i.e., partial η (2) = 0.43 and η (2) = 0.32 respectively. They showed a better performance throughout the whole study. Significant performance differences were found both at the initial performance and when measured 2 weeks after the intervention: effects were of medium size, respectively r = -.31 and r = -.32. Over time in both conditions performance and self-efficacy decreased. Framing the feedback message in either a positive or negative manner affects students' satisfaction and self-efficacy directly after the intervention be it that these effects seem to fade out over time. Performance may be enhanced by positive framing, but additional studies need to confirm this. We recommend using a positive frame when giving feedback on clinical skills.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, m.van.de.ridder@asz.nl.
authors.forename: J M Monica
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van de Ridder
authors.forename: Claudia M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Karel M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stokking
authors.forename: J Alexander
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Ru
authors.forename: Olle Th J
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult