title: Inhibition of HIF-1α by PX-478 enhances the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine by inducing immunogenic cell death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the worst prognoses among all the malignancies. Now, gemcitabine (Gem) is the first line chemotherapeutic drug for advanced pancreatic cancer. However, Gem is usually ineffective to the PDAC because of high degree of drug resistance. Hypoxia and immune suppressive milieu are the best-described hallmarks of PDAC; therefore, we investigated the impact of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitor, PX-478, in combination with Gem on the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). We verified that combined treatment with Gem/PX-478 significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect and increased proportion of tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes in Panc02-bearing immune-competent but not in immune-deficient mice. Vaccination using Panc02 cell line treated with single agent or in combination showed significant anti-tumor effects. Pancreatic cell lines treated with Gem and PX-478 can induce an increase in eIF2α phosphorylation was correlated with down-regulation of HIF-1α and elicited exposure of CRT and release of HMGB1 and ATP. Only co-treated cells induced DC maturation/phagocytosis and IFN-γ secretion by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Altogether, combined treatment with Gem/PX-478 showed significantly inhibition on tumor growth and anti-tumor immunization. We propose that inhibition HIF-1α elicits Gem-induced immune response and eliminates PDAC cells by inducing ICD.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Tiansuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiuchao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Chongbiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jihui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007114:Immunization; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009150:Mustard Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: C492908:2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C103652:Elf2 protein, mouse; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009150:Mustard Compounds; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000093542:Gemcitabine