title: Mepivacaine-induced intracellular calcium increase appears to be mediated primarily by calcium influx in rat aorta without endothelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mepivacaine induces contraction or decreased blood flow both in vivo and in vitro. Vasoconstriction is associated with an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). However, the mechanism responsible for the mepivacaine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increase remains to be determined. Therefore, the objective of this in vitro study was to examine the mechanism responsible for the mepivacaine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increment in isolated rat aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric tension was measured in isolated rat aorta without endothelium. In addition, fura-2 loaded aortic muscle strips were illuminated alternately (48 Hz) at two excitation wavelengths (340 and 380 nm). The ratio of F340 to F380 (F340/F380) was regarded as an amount of [Ca(2+)]i. We investigated the effects of nifedipine, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB), gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (Gd(3+)), low calcium level and Krebs solution without calcium on the mepivacaine-evoked contraction in isolated rat aorta and on the mepivacaine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increment in fura-2 loaded aortic strips. We assessed the effect of verapamil on the mepivacaine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mepivacaine produced vasoconstriction and increased [Ca(2+)]i. Nifedipine, 2-APB and low calcium attenuated vasoconstriction and the [Ca(2+)]i increase evoked by mepivacaine. Verapamil attenuated the mepivacaine-induced [Ca(2+)]i increment. Calcium-free solution almost abolished mepivacaine-induced contraction and strongly attenuated the mepivacaineinduced [Ca(2+)]i increase. Gd(3+) had no effect on either vasoconstriction or the [Ca(2+)]i increment evoked by mepivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mepivacaine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i increment, which contributes to mepivacaine-evoked contraction, appears to be mediated mainly by calcium influx and partially by calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Korea.
authors.forename: Sebin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Mun-Jeoung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sohn
keywords: Aorta; Calcium influx; Fura-2; Intracellular calcium concentration; Isometric tension; Mepivacaine