title: Matrix metalloproteinase-13 downregulation and potential cartilage protective action of the Korean Red Ginseng preparation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was designed to prepare and find the optimum active preparation or fraction from Korea Red Ginseng inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression, because MMP-13 is a pivotal enzyme to degrade the collagen matrix of the joint cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  From total red ginseng ethanol extract, n-BuOH fraction (total ginsenoside-enriched fraction), ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction (GDF), and ginsenoside triol-type-enriched fraction (GTF) were prepared, and ginsenoside diol type-/F4-enriched fraction (GDF/F4) was obtained from Panax ginseng leaf extract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The n-BuOH fraction, GDF, and GDF/F4 clearly inhibited MMP-13 expression compared to interleukin-1β-treated SW1353 cells (human chondrosarcoma), whereas the total extract and ginsenoside diol-type-enriched fraction did not. In particular, GDF/F4, the most effective inhibitor, blocked the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun-activated protein kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/2 (STAT-1/2) among the signal transcription pathways involved. Further, GDF/F4 also inhibited the glycosaminoglycan release from interleukin-1α-treated rabbit cartilage culture (30.6% inhibition at 30 μg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some preparations from Korean Red Ginseng and ginseng leaves, particularly GDF/F4, may possess the protective activity against cartilage degradation in joint disorders, and may have potential as new therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea.
authors.forename: Je Hyeong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shehzad
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeong Shik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Pyo
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Panax ginseng; cartilage protection; ginsenoside; matrix metalloproteinase