title: Structural connectivity of neural reward networks in youth at risk for substance use disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Having a positive family history of alcohol use disorders (FHP), as well as aberrant reward circuitry, has been implicated in the initiation of substance use during adolescence. This study explored the relationship between FHP status and reward circuitry in substance naïve youth to better understand future risky behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 49 FHP and 45 demographically matched family history negative (FHN) substance-naïve 12-14 year-olds (54 % female). Subjects underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging. Nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were derived using FreeSurfer, and FSL probabilistic tractography probed structural connectivity and differences in white matter diffusivity estimates (e.g. fractional anisotropy, and mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) between fiber tracts connecting these regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FHP and FHN youth did not differ on nucleus accumbens or orbitofrontal cortex volumes, white matter tract volumes, or percentages of streamlines (a proxy for fiber tract count) connecting these regions. However, within white matter tracts connecting the nucleus accumbens to the orbitofrontal cortex, FHP youth had significantly lower mean and radial diffusivity (ps < 0.03) than FHN youth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While white matter macrostructure between salience and reward regions did not differ between FHP and FHN youth, FHP youth showed greater white matter coherence within these tracts than FHN youth. Aberrant connectivity between reward regions in FHP youth could be linked to an increased risk for substance use initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29452, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Squeglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sorg
authors.affiliation: VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ty
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brumback
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA. stapert@ucsd.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. stapert@ucsd.edu.|VA San Diego Healthcare System, Psychology Service (116B), 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA. stapert@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012201:Reward; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D066127:White Matter / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Adolescence; Cognitive control; Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); Family history of alcohol use disorders; Nucleus accumbens; Orbitofrontal cortex; Probabilistic tractography; Reward circuitry; Structural connectivity; Substance use disorders; White matter integrity