title: Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Static measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was performed using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus in April 2014, to identify prospective cohort studies that investigated foot posture and function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury. Eligible studies were classified based on the method of foot assessment: (i) static foot posture assessment; and/or (ii) dynamic foot function assessment. This review presents studies evaluating static foot posture. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by two independent reviewers, using an adapted version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI). Where possible, effects were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous scaled data, and risk ratios (RR) for nominal scaled data. Meta-analysis was performed where injuries and outcomes were considered homogenous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one studies were included (total n = 6,228; EAI 0.8 to 1.7 out of 2.0). There was strong evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) development and very limited evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for patellofemoral pain development, although associated effect sizes were small (0.28 to 0.33). No relationship was identified between a pronated foot posture and any other evaluated pathology (i.e. foot/ankle injury, bone stress reactions and non-specific lower limb overuse injury).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review identified strong and very limited evidence of small effect that a pronated foot posture is a risk factor for MTSS and patellofemoral pain respectively. Evaluation of static foot posture should be included in a multifactorial assessment for both MTSS and patellofemoral pain, although only as a part of the potential injury risk profile. Whilst the included measures are clinically applicable, further studies are required to determine their relationship with dynamic foot function.
authors.affiliation: Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK ; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.affiliation: Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoffrey J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia ; Lower Extremity and Gait studies program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Murley
authors.affiliation: Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia ; Lower Extremity and Gait studies program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Munteanu
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Melinda M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Franettovich Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK ; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ; Lower Extremity and Gait studies program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia ; Complete Sports Care, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Barton
keywords: Foot; Lower extremity; Musculoskeletal diseases; Pronation; Prospective studies; Review; Risk factors; Supination