title: Embryo production in the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp Synalpheusapioceros (Decapoda, Alpheidae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama.
abstract: Caridean shrimps of the genus Synalpheus are abundant and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but knowledge of their reproductive biology remains scarce. We report reproductive traits of Synalpheusapioceros from Bocas del Toro, Panama, based on collections in August 2011. The 46 ovigerous females that were analyzed ranged in size from 3.8 to 7.4 mm in carapace length. Fecundity varied between 8 and 310 embryos and increased with female size. Females invested 18.6 ± 10.3% of their body weight in Embryo production. Embryo volume increased considerably (77.2%) during embryogenesis, likely representing water uptake near the end of incubation period. Compared to Synalpheus species with abbreviated or direct development, Synalpheusapioceros produced substantially smaller embryos; however, Synalpheusapioceros seems to have a prolonged larval phase with at least five zoeal stages, which may explain the combination of relatively small and numerous embryos. We did not find nonviable, minute, chalky embryos, previously reported for Synalpheusapioceros specimens obtained from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, which supports the hypothesis that the production of this type of embryos may be a physiological response of this warm-water species to the temperature decrease near to its latitudinal range limit.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP) of the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Adriana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rebolledo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP) of the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Ingo S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Wehrtmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laboratory for Crustacean Research, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA.
authors.forename: Darryl L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioecology and Crustacean Systematics, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Postgraduate Program on Comparative Biology, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mantelatto
keywords: Central America; embryo volume; fecundity; incubation period; reproductive output; water uptake