title: Bench-top testing of suction forces generated through endoscopic ultrasound-guided aspiration needles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate needle size and tissue acquisition techniques for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) need further elucidation. Moreover, the actual negative pressure and suction forces of FNA needles remain unknown. We evaluated the suction forces of 19-gauge, 22-gauge, and 25-gauge conventional FNA needles and side hole aspiration needles using conventional negative pressure and the slow pull technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a manometer, we determined the mean (SD) negative pressure and suction force for needle gauge, aspiration volume, and aspiration technique. We also evaluated the time to reach the maximum negative pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suction force was comparatively higher in the 19-gauge needle when 50 ml of negative pressure was applied. Suction force using the slow pull method was very weak at 5% of pressure found with conventional methods. With the use of a 20-ml syringe, the time to reach the maximum negative pressure was 4 s in the 19-gauge needle, 11 s in the 22-gauge needle, and 80 s in the 25-gauge needle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bench-top testing showed that suction force increases with a larger gauge needle and larger aspiration volume. The slow pull method produces a very weak suction force. The time to reach the maximum negative pressure was longest in the 25-gauge needle.
authors.affiliation: Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, 1-40-1-12 Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo, 006-8555, Japan. akatanuma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katanuma
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoi
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kin
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yane
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maguchi
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Itsuki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Ryuki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Sen-yo
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Manabu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikarashi
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osanai
authors.forename: Kuniyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008365:Manometry; D011312:Pressure; D013396:Suction
keywords: Bench-top test; Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; Fine needle aspiration needle; Negative pressure; Slow pull method