title: Arachis batizocoi: a study of its relationship to cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) and its potential for introgression of wild genes into the peanut crop using induced allotetraploids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arachis batizocoi is a wild relative of cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea), an allotetraploid with an AABB genome. Arachis batizocoi was once considered the ancestral donor of the peanut B genome, but cytogenetics and DNA phylogenies have indicated a new genome classification, 'K'. These observations seem inconsistent with genetic studies and breeding that have shown that A. batizocoi can behave as a B genome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genetic behaviour, genome composition and phylogenetic position of A. batizocoi were studied using controlled hybridizations, induced tetraploidy, whole-genome in situ fluorescent hybridization (GISH) and molecular phylogenetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sterile diploid hybrids containing AK genomes were obtained using A. batizocoi and the A genome species A. duranensis, A. stenosperma, A. correntina or A. villosa. From these, three types of AAKK allotetraploids were obtained, each in multiple independent polyploidy events. Induced allotetraploids were vigorous and fertile, and were hybridized to A. hypogaea to produce F1 hybrids. Even with the same parental combination, fertility of these F1 hybrids varied greatly, suggesting the influence of stochastic genetic or epigenetic events. Interestingly, hybrids with A. hypogaea ssp. hypogaea were significantly more fertile than those with the subspecies fastigiata. GISH in cultivated × induced allotetraploids hybrids (harbouring AABK genomes) and a molecular phylogeny using 16 intron sequences showed that the K genome is distinct, but more closely related to the B than to the A genome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The K genome of A. batizocoi is more related to B than to the A genome, but is distinct. As such, when incorporated in an induced allotetraploid (AAKK) it can behave as a B genome in crosses with peanut. However, the fertility of hybrids and their progeny depends upon the compatibility of the A genome interactions. The genetic distinctness of A. batizocoi makes it an important source of allelic diversity in itself, especially in crosses involving A. hypogaea ssp. hypogaea.
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA soraya.bertioli@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Soraya C M
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Leal-Bertioli
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Silvio P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Karinne M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Inglis
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielen
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Ana C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Joseane P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Uiara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Brasileiro
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carrasquilla-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: R Varma
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Penmetsa
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Márcio C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Moretzsohn
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB W5 Norte Final, CP 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil, University of Brasilia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil, Catholic University of Brasilia, Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, SGAN 916 Avenida W5, CEP 70.790-160, Brasilia, DF, Brazil, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna A-1400, Austria and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bertioli
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis / Q000235:genetics*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011123:Polyploidy; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: A. hypogaea; Arachis batizocoi; GISH; K genome; allotetraploid; groundnut; introgression; intron sequences; orthologous genes; peanut; polyploidization; pre-breeding; wild species