title: On social and cognitive influences: relating adolescent networks, generalized expectancies, and adolescent smoking.
abstract: We examine the moderating role of friendship and school network characteristics in relationships between 1) youths' friends smoking behavior and youths' own generalized expectancies regarding risk and future orientation and 2) generalized expectancies of youths' friends and youths' own generalized expectancies. We then relate these constructs to smoking. Using a longitudinal sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 15,142), the relationship between friends' generalized expectancies and youths' expectancies is stronger for those more central in the network, with more reachability, or stronger network ties, and weaker for those with denser friendship networks. Risk expectancies exhibited an inverted U shaped relationship with smoking at the next time point, whereas future orientation expectancies displayed a nonlinear accelerating negative relationship. There was also a feedback effect in which smoking behavior led to higher risk expectancies and lower future orientation expectancies in instrumental variable analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lakon
authors.affiliation: Departments of Criminology Law and Society and Sociology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hipp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support