title: Radiographic changes in nutritional ricket hips in children in response to treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review radiographic changes in the proximal femurs of children of different ages during the course of treatment for nutritional rickets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelvic radiographs of 161 children aged ≤ 13 years with nutritional rickets were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated with dietary counselling and vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Patients were followed up at week 3 and thereafter at a 2-month interval until ulnar convexity was achieved. Sequential radiographs of the hips in children of different ages were reviewed for each growth plate in terms of (1) the direction of growth, (2) active areas, (3) contribution of growth, and (4) the structure of the epiphysis. Radiographs were superimposed for comparison by matching the triradiate cartilage and the ischial portion of the obturator foramen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The direction of growth of the growth plates was from the physeal plate that is the longitudinal growth plate of the neck (LGP), the femoral neck isthmus (FNI), and the trochanteric growth plate (TGP) to the diaphyseal region, and from the perichondrium to the ossification centre in the proximal femoral epiphysis. Before the age of one year, the growth zone of the proximal femur was homogenous, with no differentiation between the LGP, FNI, and TGP. By the age of 2 years, the differentiation was more clearly established; the FNI was usually smaller than the TGP and LGP. By the age of 3 years, the FNI became prominent and the TGP remained small. By the age of 4 years, the ossification centre of the greater trochanter appeared, and the LGP extended medially as a medial overhang (MOH). During the children's growth, the LGP, FNI, or TGP remained active to a variable extent and were distinct until the age of 6 years. Gradually, the periphery of the LGP became less active than the centre of the LGP and gave rise to the 'eye sign'. The MOH generally ceased to be active beyond the age 9 years. By the age of 12 years, the TGP and FNI were minimally active and only the centre of the LGP remained active.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mineralisation process of healing rickets provides a useful biological marker for patterns of growth. Knowledge of the quantitative contribution of various growth plates of the proximal femur in childhood may increase the understanding of the pathomechanism of hip deformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta Colony, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Orthopaedics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Jatin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Talwar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012279:Rickets / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: child; child, preschool; femur; growth plate; rickets