title: Unique database study linking gingival inflammation and smoking in carcinogenesis.
abstract: We investigated statistical association between gingival inflammation and cancer in a group of patients followed up for 26 years with the hypothesis that gingival inflammation affects carcinogenesis. Altogether, 1676 30- to 40-year-old subjects from Stockholm were clinically examined in 1985. In 2011, we compared the baseline oral examination and follow-up data with cancer diagnoses sourced from the Swedish national hospital register databases. Of 1676 individuals, 89 (55 women, 34 men) had got cancer by the year 2011. Women were found to be at higher risk for cancer than men. Smoking (expressed in pack-years) had been more prevalent in the cancer group than in those with no cancer diagnosis. Gingival index, marker of gingival inflammation, was higher in the cancer group than in subjects with no cancer. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding age, education, dental plaque and calculus index scores, or in the number of missing teeth. In multiple logistic regression analysis with cancer as the dependent variable and several independent variables, pack-years of smoking appeared to be a principal independent predictor with odds ratio (OR) 1.32 while gingival inflammation showed OR 1.29. Hence, our present findings showed that together with smoking, gingival inflammation indeed associated with the incidence of cancer in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden birgitta.soder@ki.se.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Söder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leif C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Östen
authors.initials: PÖ
authors.lastname: Söder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cancer; gingival inflammation; smoking