title: Water pipe tobacco smoking in the United States: findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report prevalence and correlates of water pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) use among U.S. adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Estimates of WTS ever and current use were reported overall, and by sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, sexual orientation, and cigarette smoking status. State-level prevalence rates of WTS ever were reported using choropleth thematic maps for the overall population and by sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The national prevalence of WTS ever was 9.8% and 1.5% for current use. WTS ever was more prevalent among those who are male (13.4%), 18-24 years old (28.4%) compared to older adults, non-Hispanic White (9.8%) compared to non-Hispanic Black, with some college education (12.4%) compared to no high school diploma, and reporting sexual minority status (21.1%) compared to heterosexuals. States with highest prevalence included DC (17.3%), NV (15.8%), and CA (15.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WTS is now common among young adults in the US and high in regions where cigarette smoking prevalence is the lowest and smoke-free policies have a longer history. To reduce its use, WTS should be included in smoke-free regulations and state and federal regulators should consider policy development in other areas, including taxes, labeling, and distribution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Electronic address: rsalloum@sc.edu.
authors.forename: Ramzi G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Salloum
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thrasher
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.
authors.forename: Wasim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maziak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019529:Sexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Hookah; Shisha; Smoking; Tobacco; Water pipe