title: A systematic review of maternal confidence for physiologic birth: characteristics of prenatal care and confidence measurement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because a focus on physiologic labor and birth has reemerged in recent years, care providers have the opportunity in the prenatal period to help women increase confidence in their ability to give birth without unnecessary interventions. However, most research has only examined support for women during labor. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the research literature for information about prenatal care approaches that increase women's confidence for physiologic labor and birth and tools to measure that confidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were reviewed that explored any element of a pregnant woman's interaction with her prenatal care provider that helped build confidence in her ability to labor and give birth. Timing of interaction with pregnant women included during pregnancy, labor and birth, and the postpartum period. In addition, we looked for studies that developed a measure of women's confidence related to labor and birth. Outcome measures included confidence or similar concepts, descriptions of components of prenatal care contributing to maternal confidence for birth, and reliability and validity of tools measuring confidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases provided a total of 893 citations. After removing duplicates and articles that did not meet inclusion criteria, 6 articles were included in the review. Three relate to women's confidence for labor during the prenatal period, and 3 describe tools to measure women's confidence for birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research about enhancing women's confidence for labor and birth was limited to qualitative studies. Results suggest that women desire information during pregnancy and want to use that information to participate in care decisions in a relationship with a trusted provider. Further research is needed to develop interventions to help midwives and physicians enhance women's confidence in their ability to give birth and to develop a tool to measure confidence for use during prenatal care.
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saftner
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Elizabeth V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Weinfurter
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000523:psychology*; D036801:Parturition; D010358:Patient Participation; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D020377:Self Efficacy
keywords: confidence; physiologic birth; pregnancy; prenatal care; self-efficacy