title: Waist-to-height ratio is independently associated with chronic kidney disease in overweight type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most serious complications in obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are recognised as sensitive obesity measures. We aimed to investigate the association of BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR with CKD prevalence in overweight T2DM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained 125 overweight T2DM patients coming for their in-patient annual visit. Metabolic profiles and anthropometric indices were measured and calculated. Urine albumin excretion (UAE) was determined as the mean of 24-h urine from two consecutive days. Serum creatinine was measured from fasting blood sample in order to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula. Patients were divided into two groups according to CKD prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six (28.8%) patients met diagnostic criteria for CKD. The WHtR and WC were higher in the group with CKD. WHtR correlated positively with UAE (r = 0.828, p < 0.001) and negatively with eGFR (r = -0.262, p = 0.015). No significant correlation was observed with WC in relation to UAE (p = 0.335) nor eGFR (p = 0.121). WHtR yielded the significant and great OR in association with nephropathy after adjustment for all confounding risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WHtR might be of a greater importance in association to CKD compared to other anthropometric parameters that indicate central obesity. Whether it is a best measure of central obesity and its exact role in CKD pathology is yet to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: a Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blaslov
authors.affiliation: a Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bulum
authors.affiliation: a Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia.
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duvnjak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D055105:Waist Circumference
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; central obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus; waist-to-height ratio