title: Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance applied to the discrimination of freshwater planktonic coccoid green microalgae.
abstract: Despite the recent advances on fine taxonomic discrimination in microorganisms, namely using molecular biology tools, some groups remain particularly problematic. Fine taxonomy of green algae, a widely distributed group in freshwater ecosystems, remains a challenge, especially for coccoid forms. In this paper, we propose the use of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as part of a polyphasic approach to identify and classify coccoid green microalgae (mainly order Sphaeropleales), using triplicated axenic cultures. The attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique was tested to reproducibility of IR spectra of the biological material, a primary requirement to achieve good discrimination of microalgal strains. Spectral window selection was also tested, in conjunction with the first derivative treatment of spectra, to determine which regions of the spectrum provided better separation and clustering of strains. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and hierarchical clusters (HCA), demonstrated a correct discrimination and classification of closely related strains of chlorophycean coccoid microalgae, with respect to currently accepted classifications. FTIR-ATR was highly reproducible, and provided an excellent discrimination at the strain level. The best separation was achieved by analyzing the spectral windows of 1500-1200 cm(-1) and 900-675 cm(-1), which differs from those used in previously studies for the discrimination of broad algal groups, and excluding spectral regions related to storage compounds, which were found to give poor discrimination. Furthermore, hierarchical cluster analyses have positioned the strains tested into clades correctly, reproducing their taxonomic orders and families. This study demonstrates that FTIR-ATR has great potential to complement classical approaches for fine taxonomy of coccoid green microalgae, though a careful spectrum region selection is needed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Pavan
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Armando Augusto Henriques
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vieira
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000145:classification*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D058086:Microalgae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*