title: Transformation of ceria nanoparticles in cucumber plants is influenced by phosphate.
abstract: Transformation is a critical factor that affects the fate and toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment and living organisms. This paper aims to investigate the effect of phosphate on the transformation of CeO2 NPs in hydroponic plants. Cucumber seedlings were treated with 2000 mg/L CeO2 NPs in nutrient solutions with or without adding phosphate (+P or -P) for 3 weeks. Large quantities of needle-like CePO4 was found outside the epidermis in the +P group. While in the -P group, CePO4 only existed in the intercellular spaces and vacuole of root cells. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) indicates that content and percentage of Ce-carboxylates in the shoots of -P group (418 mg/kg, 67.5%) were much higher than those in the +P group (30.1 mg/kg, 21%). The results suggest that phosphate might influence the transformation process of CeO2 NPs in plants and subsequently their ultimate fate in the ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China. Electronic address: ruiyukui@163.com.
authors.forename: Yukui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Yanbei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yuhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Shengqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zhifang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yuliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: zhangzhy@ihep.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000502:physiology*; D018527:Hydroponics; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D002563:Cerium
keywords: CeO(2); CePO(4); Nanoparticles; Plant; Transformation; Translocation