title: Prevalence of superficial siderosis following singular, acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial siderosis is presumably a consequence of recurrent bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of superficial siderosis after singular, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively identified all patients who presented with a singular, acute, aneurysmal SAH at our institution between 2010 and 2013 and in whom a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including T2*-weighted imaging was available at least 4 months after the acute bleeding event. MRI scans were judged concerning the presence and distribution of superficial siderosis. Influence of clinical data, Fisher grade, localization, and cause of SAH as well as the impact of neurosurgical interventions on the occurrence of superficial siderosis was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two patients with a total of 117 MRIs were included. Mean delay between SAH and the last available MRI was 47.4 months (range 4-129). SAH was Fisher grade 1 in 2 cases, 2 in 4 cases, 3 in 10 cases, and 4 in 56 cases. Superficial siderosis was detected in 39 patients (54.2%). In all patients with more than one MRI scan, localization and distribution of superficial siderosis did not change over time. Older age (p = 0.02) and higher degree of SAH (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with the development of superficial siderosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Superficial siderosis develops in approximately half of patients after singular, aneurysmal SAH and might be more common in patients with an older age and a greater amount of blood. However, additional factors must play a role in whether a patient is prone to develop superficial siderosis or not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany, nina.lummel@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lummel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernau
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bochmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linn
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012806:Siderosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery