title: Immunohistochemical expression of p53, p63, c-myc, p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) proteins in urothelial bladder carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reevaluate the expression levels of p53, p63, c-myc, p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) proteins and their potential association with standard clinicopathological parameters, including tumor stage and grade, in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was performed in 100 transurethral resection specimens obtained from prospectively identified patients with primary UBC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 26, 41 and 75% of the cases showed positive staining for p53, p63 and c-myc, respectively, while p21(WAF1/cip1) and p27(kip1) expression levels were altered in 75 and 88% of the cases, respectively. Positive staining for p53 was associated with increased tumor stage (pT2) (p=0.037), while altered expression of p27(kip1) was strongly associated with male gender (p=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study imply that p53 overexpression may be a useful marker of tumor invasion in UBC. In contrast, we failed to demonstrate any statistically significant correlation between the remaining markers evaluated and tumor stage or grade.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" General Hospital, Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grapsa
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dokou
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsokanou-Kouli
authors.forename: Serafim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaltsas
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dalakou
authors.forename: Rodoula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trigidou
authors.forename: Muhammad W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.forename: Ekaterini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Politi
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27