title: Cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine-hydrogen peroxide combination in different concentrations on cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A strong antimicrobial synergism between chlorhexidine (CHX) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been reported, but there is not enough data on the cytotoxicity of this combination. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of CHX-H2O2 combination in different concentrations and secondary aim is to assess the influence of H2O2 on cytotoxicity of CHX on cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PDL cells were cultured from healthy human third molar teeth and were exposed to six prepared solutions (0.2% and 2% CHX separately and in combination with 1% and 3% H2O2). The MTT assay was applied to assess their effects on the viability of the PDL cells. Two-way analysis of variance approach and subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in mean cell viability values. A level of P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested solutions were toxic to PDL cells. There was a significant interaction effect between CHX and H2O2. The 2% CHX combined with 3% H2O2 was the most and 0.2% CHX was the least cytotoxic solutions. The 2% CHX was significantly more toxic than 0.2% CHX and H2O2 combinations. The cytotoxicity of 0.2% CHX and H2O2 combinations did not significantly rise by increasing the concentration of H2O2 from 1% to 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H2O2 affected the cytotoxicity of CHX in a variable concentration-dependent manner. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that 2% CHX alone and in combination with either 1 or 3% H2O2 are significantly more toxic than 0.2% CHX alone and in combination with 1 and 3% H2O2. Therefore, to benefit from the synergistic antimicrobial effect between CHX and H2O2, with a minimal cytotoxicity, it is recommended to use 0.2% concentration of CHX combined with 3% H2O2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirhadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbaszadegan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geramizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Shima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahsaz
keywords: Chlorhexidine; cytotoxicity; hydrogen peroxide; root canal irrigation solution