title: Use of the temporal median and trimmed mean mitigates effects of respiratory motion in multiple-acquisition abdominal diffusion imaging.
abstract: Respiratory motion commonly confounds abdominal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, where averaging of successive samples at different parts of the respiratory cycle, performed in the scanner, manifests the motion as blurring of tissue boundaries and structural features and can introduce bias into calculated diffusion metrics. Storing multiple averages separately allows processing using metrics other than the mean; in this prospective volunteer study, median and trimmed mean values of signal intensity for each voxel over repeated averages and diffusion-weighting directions are shown to give images with sharper tissue boundaries and structural features for moving tissues, while not compromising non-moving structures. Expert visual scoring of derived diffusion maps is significantly higher for the median than for the mean, with modest improvement from the trimmed mean. Diffusion metrics derived from mono- and bi-exponential diffusion models are comparable for non-moving structures, demonstrating a lack of introduced bias from using the median. The use of the median is a simple and computationally inexpensive alternative to complex and expensive registration algorithms, requiring only additional data storage (and no additional scanning time) while returning visually superior images that will facilitate the appropriate placement of regions-of-interest when analysing abdominal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images, for assessment of disease characteristics and treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Jerome
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: d'Arcy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feiweier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tunariu
authors.forename: D-M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D012119:Respiration