title: The reuse of wastepaper for the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals.
abstract: The study reports on the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from wastepaper, as an environmental friendly approach of source material, which can be a high availability and low-cost precursor for cellulose nanomaterial processing. Alkali and bleaching treatments were employed for the extraction of cellulose particles followed by controlled-conditions of acid hydrolysis for the isolation of CNCs. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the cellulose particles extracted while Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the presence of CNCs. The diameters of CNCs are in the range of 3-10nm with a length of 100-300nm while a crystallinity index of 75.9% was determined from X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesis of this high aspect ratio of CNCs paves the way toward alternative reuse of wastepaper in the production of CNCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wan Hazman
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Danial
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Environment and Water Resource Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: zaiton@kimia.fs.utm.my.
authors.forename: Zaiton
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abdul Majid
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Nazlan
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mohd Muhid
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sugeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Triwahyono
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Bakri
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zainab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ramli
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010209:Paper; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Cellulose; Cellulose nanocrystals; Nanomaterials; Wastepaper