title: Alteration of spontaneous neuronal activity within the salience network in partially remitted depression.
abstract: Of major depression patients, 29-66% show only partial remission on a single antidepressant trial. Such patients are characterized by residual depressive symptoms such as anhedonia, psychic anxiety, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. Despite having a tremendous impact on outcomes such as future relapse, morbidity, and mortality, the neural mechanisms of partially remitted depression remain unclear. Using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) approach, we investigated the intrinsic neural oscillation alterations during resting state in partially remitted depression. A total of 23 partially remitted depression patients and 68 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging for functional imaging. We compared ALFF differences between groups as well as correlations between clinical measurements and ALFF in the brain regions showing significant group differences. Compared with healthy controls, partially remitted depression patients showed increased ALFF in the left ventral anterior insula, bilateral posterior insula, and bilateral supramarginal gyrus, and decreased ALFF in the left calcarine gyrus. A trend positive correlation between the number of depressive episodes and ALFF values was found in the right posterior insula in the partially remitted depression group. In addition, the ALFF in the right supramarginal gyrus were negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. Consistent with the emerging theory of the role of the salience network in sensing the changes of homeostasis that contributes to partially remitted depression, the current findings suggest that the increased intrinsic neural oscillation of the insula is related to the refractoriness to treatment and may be an imaging marker for predicting future depression recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China. Electronic address: maxinanding@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation College of Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China. Electronic address: songluping882002@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Lu-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Li-Rong
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Chuan-Yue
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010507:Periodicity; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012074:Remission Induction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: Depression; Insula; Low-frequency oscillations; Partial remission; Resting-state fMRI