title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese survey of musculoskeletal conditions, playing characteristics and warm-up patterns of golfers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The University of Western Ontario Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Conditions in Senior Golfers (MSK Golfers) was developed in Canada because of a lack of knowledge concerning musculoskeletal conditions directly related to golf play and warm-up, although the high injury incidence in golf practice. This lack of epidemiological measures also exists for the Portuguese golf population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the MSK Golfers questionnaire into Portuguese and to test its construct validity and reproducibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MSK Golfers was translated from English to Portuguese and tested for psychometric properties. Sixty-one golfers, aged between 14 and 70 years and with at least 1 year of practice in golf, were recruited. The validity of the MSK Golfers was assessed by evaluating data quality (missing, floor and ceiling effects). Reproducibility analysis included intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) (2,1) and Cohen's Kappa coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICC values for continuous items ranged from 0.634 to 0.998 with the exception of one item on golf activity. Kappa statistics for the categorical items ranged between 0.714 and 1.00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Portuguese version of the MSK Golfers, including playing characteristics and warm-up patterns of golfers, showed a high reliability for a golfing population with an age range of 14 to 70 years.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Dafundo, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department of Coimbra Health School, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, and Mechanical Engineering Research Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria António
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Dafundo, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marta
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Dafundo, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Dafundo, Portugal.
authors.forename: João R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Dafundo, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pezarat-Correia
authors.affiliation: Department Physical Performance, Norwegian School for Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cabri
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006055:Golf / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating
keywords: Questionnaire; golf; musculoskeletal injuries; sport medicine