title: Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of S-11C-methyl-D-cysteine as a new amino acid PET tracer for cancer imaging.
abstract: S-(11)C-methyl-L-cysteine (LMCYS) is an attractive amino acid tracer for clinical tumor positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. D-isomers of some radiolabeled amino acids are potential PET tracers for tumor imaging. In this work, S-(11)C-methyl-D-cysteine (DMCYS), a D-amino acid isomer of S-(11)C-methyl-cysteine for tumor imaging was developed and evaluated. DMCYS was prepared by (11)C-methylation of the precursor D-cysteine, with an uncorrected radiochemical yield over 50 % from (11)CH3I within a total synthesis time from (11)CO2 about 12 min. In vitro competitive inhibition studies showed that DMCYS uptake was primarily transported through the Na(+)-independent system L, and also the Na(+)-dependent system B(0,+) and system ASC, with almost no system A. In vitro incorporation experiments indicated that almost no protein incorporation was found in Hepa 1-6 hepatoma cell lines. Biodistribution studies demonstrated higher uptake of DMCYS in pancreas and liver at 5 min post-injection, relatively lower uptake in brain and muscle, and faster radioactivity clearance from most tissues than those of L-isomer during the entire observation time. In the PET imaging of S180 fibrosarcoma-bearing mice and turpentine-induced inflammatory model mice, 2-(18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) exhibited significantly high accumulation in both tumor and inflammatory lesion with low tumor-to-inflammation ratio of 1.40, and LMCYS showed low tumor-to-inflammation ratio of 1.64 at 60 min post-injection. By contrast, DMCYS showed moderate accumulation in tumor and very low uptake in inflammatory lesion, leading to relatively higher tumor-to-inflammation ratio of 2.25 than (11)C-methyl-L-methionine (MET) (1.85) at 60 min post-injection. Also, PET images of orthotopic transplanted glioma models demonstrated that low uptake of DMCYS in normal brain tissue and high uptake in brain glioma tissue were observed. The results suggest that DMCYS is a little better than the corresponding L-isomers as a potential PET tumor-detecting agent and is superior to MET and FDG in the differentiation of tumor from inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ganghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dahong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Kongzhen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Baoguo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Caihua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D003545:Cysteine; C017507:mecysteine