title: Repeatability and Sample Size Assessment Associated with Computed Tomography-Based Lung Density Metrics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Density-based metrics assess severity of lung disease but vary with lung inflation and method of scanning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of single center, CT-based density metrics of the lung in a normal population and assess study sample sizes needed to detect meaningful changes in lung density metrics when scan parameters and volumes are tightly controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven subjects (normal smokers and non-smokers) gave consent to have randomly assigned repeated, breath-held scans at either inspiration (90% vital capacity: TLC) or expiration (20% vital capacity: FRC). Repeated scans were analyzed for: mean lung density (MLD), 15thpercentile point of the density histogram (P15), low attenuation areas (LAA) and alpha (fractal measure of hole size distribution). Using inter-subject differences and previously reported bias, sample size was estimated from month or yearly change in density metrics obtained from published literature (i.e. meaningful change).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-scan difference measurements were small for density metrics (ICC > 0.80) and average ICCs for whole lung alpha-910and alpha-950were 0.57 and 0.64, respectively. Power analyses demonstrated that, under the control conditions with minimal extrinsic variation, population sizes needed to detect meaningful changes in density measures for TLC or FRC repeated scans ranged from a few (20-40) to a few hundred subjects, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A meaningful sample size was predicted from this study using volume-controlled normal subjects in a controlled imaging environment. Under proper breath-hold conditions, high repeatability was obtained in cohorts of normal smokers and non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Randall W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Grout
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Gideon K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Zamba
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
keywords: Air Trap ping; COPD; Lung Volume Control; Pulmonary Imaging; Quantitative Computed Tomography