title: Belowground eco-restoration of a suburban waste-storage landscape: Earthworm dynamics in grassland and in a succession of woody vegetation covers.
abstract: Restoration of belowground ecology is seldom a priority in designing revegetation strategies for disturbed landscapes. We determined earthworm abundance and diversity in a 16-year old grass sward (grassland), a 6-year old (Plantation-04) and a 4-year old (Plantation-06) plantation, both of mixed woody species, on a reclaimed waste disposal site, and in nearby remnant woodland, in suburban Sydney, Australia. While no catches were made in autumn, more earthworms were found in spring (21 ± 8.6 m-2) than in winter (10.2 ± 5.9 m-2) or summer (14.4 ± 5.5 m-2). Earthworm abundance in spring was in the order grassland ≈ Plantation-04 (35.2 m-2) > woodland (12.8 m-2) > Plantation-06 (0.8 m-2). None of the revegetated covers had restored earthworm diversity to levels found in the woodland. Exotic species, mostlyMicroscolex dubius, dominated in the four vegetation covers at any time; the only two native species (Heteroporodrilussp. andMegascoleceidessp.) found were in the woodland. We also assessed how quality of the evolving soils from the three revegetated covers, compared with that from the woodland, impacted viability of common exotic earthworm species. Both weight gain and cocoon production by the exotic earthworms were higher in the soil from Plantation-04 than in soils from the other vegetation covers, including the woodland; the two variables were positively correlated with the pH and mineral nutrient content (as indicated by electrical conductivity that was in turn correlated with clay content) of the soil. Age of vegetation rather than its composition explained differences in the level of earthworm recovery observed.
authors.affiliation: Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
authors.forename: Isa A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Yunusa
authors.affiliation: Manildra Group, 36 Bolong Road, Bomaderry, NSW 2541, Australia.
authors.forename: Glenys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lugg
authors.affiliation: Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gribben
authors.affiliation: Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eamus
keywords: Belowground ecological restoration; Earthworms; Soil nutrient content; Soil salinity; Vegetation age; Waste management