title: Development of an automated ballast water treatment verification system utilizing fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of treatment efficacy.
abstract: Methods for verifying ballast water treatments in foreign vessels are needed to protect the Great Lakes from the discharge of live non-native organisms or pathogens. A prototype automated viability test system using fluorescein diacetate (FDA), a membrane permeable fluorogen, to differentiate live from dead bacteria and algae is described. The automated fluorescence intensity detection device (AFIDD) captures cultured algae or organisms in Detroit River water (simulated ballast water) on 0.2 μm filters, backwashes them from the filter into a cuvette with buffer and FDA for subsequent fluorescence intensity measurements, and washes the filters with sterile water for serial automated reuse. Preliminary manual versions of these procedures were also tested. Tests of various buffers determined N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)taurine (BES) and 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) at pH 7.0 to be the best buffers, causing the least spontaneous FDA breakdown without inhibiting enzymatic activity. Fluorescence in the presence of live organisms increased linearly over time, and the rate of increase was dependent on the sample concentration. Following simulated ballast water treatments with heat or chlorine, the fluorescence produced by Detroit River samples decreased to near control (sterile water) levels. Automated measurements of FDA hydrolysis with a reusable filter backwash system should be applicable to near real-time remote-controlled monitoring of live organisms in ballast water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moniri-Javid
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gizicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Banno
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: jeffram@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012767:Ships; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; C018506:diacetylfluorescein
keywords: Automation; Ballast verification; Fluorescein diacetate; Viability testing