title: Nanomiemgel--a novel drug delivery system for topical application--in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate a unique matrix mixture (nanomiemgel) of nanomicelle and nanoemulsion containing aceclofenac and capsaicin using in vitro and in vivo analyses and to compare it to a marketed formulation (Aceproxyvon).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanomicelles were prepared using Vitamin E TPGS by solvent evaporation method and nanoemulsion was prepared by high-pressure homogenization method. In vitro drug release and human skin permeation studies were performed and analyzed using HPLC. The efficiency of nanomiemgel as a delivery system was investigated using an imiquimod-induced psoriatic like plaque model developed in C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atomic Force Microscopy images of the samples exhibited a globular morphology with an average diameter of 200, 250 and 220 nm for NMI, NEM and NMG, respectively. Nanomiemgel demonstrated a controlled release drug pattern and induced 2.02 and 1.97-fold more permeation of aceclofenac and capsaicin, respectively than Aceproxyvon through dermatomed human skin. Nanomiemgel also showed 2.94 and 2.09-fold greater Cmax of aceclofenac and capsaicin, respectively than Aceproxyvon in skin microdialysis study in rats. The PASI score, ear thickness and spleen weight of the imiquimod-induced psoriatic-like plaque model were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in NMG treated mice compared to free drug, NEM, NMI & Aceproxyvon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a new combination of two different drug delivery systems (NEM+NMI), the absorption of the combined system (NMG) was found to be better than either of the individual drug delivery systems due to the utilization of the maximum possible paths of absorption available for that particular drug.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jaganmohan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Somagoni
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cedar H A
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Boakye
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chandraiah
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godugu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
authors.forename: Apurva R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, USP, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Antonio
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mendonca Faria
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, USP, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valtencir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zucolotto
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mandip
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008823:Micelles; D017551:Microdialysis; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D012212:Rheology; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D008823:Micelles; D004008:Diclofenac; D000077271:Imiquimod; C056498:aceclofenac; D002211:Capsaicin