title: Hemodynamic instability in patients undergoing pulmonary embolectomy: institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute pulmonary embolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients presenting for emergent cardiac surgery with overall mortality ranging from 6% to as high as 85%. While the initial focus of treatment is nonsurgical or percutaneous interventions, surgical treatment continues to be a treatment for patients with refractory thrombus burden or cardiogenic shock. Our institution regularly performs surgical pulmonary embolectomy with improved outcomes compared to current reports. We thus performed a retrospective analysis of outcomes of pulmonary embolectomy patients and anesthetic management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 40 patients undergoing emergent pulmonary embolectomy over a 4 year period (2008-2012) at our institution was performed to assess for a 2nd period of critical instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a tertiary, level 1, trauma university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed through chart review of patient hospital records.
  
  
  METHODS
  No interventions were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetic records were reviewed along with echocardiographic records and surgical reports to assess cardiac function, need for emergent cardiopulmonary bypass, and degree of patient morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 40 patients were studied. Hemodynamic instability occurred in 12.5% of patients at time of induction requiring emergent cardiopulmonary bypass. Another 17% of patients who remained stable following induction developed subsequent instability requiring emergent cardiopulmonary bypass during pericardial opening or manipulation which has not been previously reported. One patient died during hospitalization. Patients who required emergent bypass following induction of general anesthesia tended to receive higher doses of induction drugs than the other groups. In patients who needed emergent bypass during pericardial manipulation there were no identifiable factors suggesting that these patients remain at risk despite a stable post-induction course.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232. Electronic address: Jeremy.m.bennett@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.
authors.forename: Mias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgical Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.
authors.forename: Rashid M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Eagle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D017128:Embolectomy; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Cardiac surgery; Emergent cardiac surgery; Emergent surgery; Hemodynamic instability; Pericardiotomy; Pulmonary embolectomy; Right ventricle; Right ventricular failure