title: Characteristics of Lake Chad level variability and links to ENSO, precipitation, and river discharge.
abstract: This study used trend, correlation, and wavelet analysis to characterize Lake Chad (LC) level fluctuations, river discharge, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and precipitation regimes and their interrelationships. Linear correlation results indicate a negative association between ENSO and LC level, river discharge and precipitation. Trend analysis shows increasing precipitation in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) but decreasing LC level. The mode of interannual variability in LC level, rainfall, and ENSO analyzed using wavelet analysis is dominated by 3-4-year periods. Results show that variability in ENSO could explain only 31% and 13% of variations in LC level at Kindjeria and precipitation in the northern LCB, respectively. The wavelet transform coherency (WTC) between LC level of the southern pool at Kalom and ENSO is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level and phase-locked, implying a cause-and-effect association. These strong coherencies coincide with the La Niña years with the exception of 1997-1998 El Niño events. The WTC shows strong covariance between increasing precipitation and LC level in the northern pool at a 2- to 4-year band and 3- to 4-year band localized from 1996 to 2010. Implications for water resource planning and management are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation (BCCSO), Atmospheric Science Program, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Churchill
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9146-2440
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.affiliation: Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation (BCCSO), Atmospheric Science Program, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Belay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demoz
authors.affiliation: Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation (BCCSO), Atmospheric Science Program, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Sium
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebremariam
mesh_terms: D002596:Chad; D060106:Lakes; D011891:Rain; D045483:Rivers