title: The effect of 2 mMol glutamine supplementation on HSP70 and TNF-α release by LPS stimulated blood from healthy children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glutamine has been shown to promote heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) release both within experimental in vitro models of sepsis (2-10 mM) and in adults post trauma (0.5 g/kg), although the efficacy varies and is dependent on the model used. The effect of glutamine supplementation on HSP70 release in children is less clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 mM glutamine added to incubation media on HSP70 and inflammatory mediator release in an in vitro model of paediatric sepsis using whole blood from healthy paediatric volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro whole blood endotoxin stimulation model using 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over a 24 h time period was used to investigate the effects of 2 mM glutamine on HSP70 and inflammatory mediator release in healthy children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of 2 mM glutamine to the incubation media significantly increased HSP70 release over time (p < 0.05). This was associated with an early pro-inflammatory effect on TNF-α release at 4 h (p < 0.005) which was not seen at 24 h. There was a non significant trend towards higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 following the addition of 2 mM glutamine, which appears to differ from the response reported in adult and animal models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine supplementation of incubation media promotes HSP70 and early TNF- α release in an in vitro model using blood samples from healthy children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK. Electronic address: luise.marino@uhs.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habibi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Critical illness; Glutamine; HSP70; Inflammatory mediators; Paediatrics; Sepsis