title: Deproteinized bovine bone remodeling pattern in alveolar socket: a clinical immunohistological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Considering the low rate of deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) graft resorption in vivo and vitro, the aim of this study was to investigate, through an immunohistochemical method, DBB remodeling patterns in human.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socket preservation, a highly documented and affirmed technique, was selected as the best in vitro model to analyze DBB effect on bone remodeling. Following premolar extraction (T0), 20 patients were randomized into two treatment groups. In the test group (t), the alveolar sockets were grafted with DBB, while in the control group (c) no bone graft was applied and the alveolar sockets were left to heal spontaneously. After 5 months, a re-entry procedure was performed, and one implant was placed according to manufacturer's protocols (T1). Bone biopsies were harvested for each patient both at T0 and at T1. On the bone samples, immunohistochemical investigations were performed to analyze BMP-2, BMP-7, ALP, IL-6, TNF-α expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone morphogenetic proteins were more expressed in the control group than in the test group (BMP-2: P < 0.001; BMP-7: P = 0.017), while TNF-α value was larger in the test group (P < 0.001); no statistically significant differences were observed for the other markers. When considering time as the main variable, statistically significant differences were found for BMP-2 (P < 0.001), BMP-7 (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.05), and TNF-α (P < 0.001). Significant interaction between groups and time was found for BMP-2 (P < 0.001), BMP-7 (P < 0.001), TNF-α (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deproteinized bovine bone guarantees the activity of bone remodeling processes in human extraction socket at 5 months of healing, bringing to a higher expression of anabolic and catabolic bone markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dal Pozzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.|Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Polyclinic, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rasperini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dellavia
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000601:surgery; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525819:BMP7 protein, human; C077540:Bio-Oss; D015415:Biomarkers; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008903:Minerals; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: biomaterials; bone substitutes; microbiology; structural biology; tissue physiology; wound healing