title: Personality features in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a comparative study with schizophrenia and control subjects using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R).
abstract: Several variables have been identified as risk factors for conversion to overt psychosis in ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) individuals. Although almost two-thirds of them do not experience a transition to psychosis, they still exhibit functional disabilities. Other subjective developmental features may be useful for a more precise identification of individuals at UHR. Avoidant behaviors are consistently reported in schizophrenia and in UHR individuals and may be the reflection of a pattern of personality. Thus, personality features in UHR individuals deserves further research. The objective of the present study was to compare temperament and character dimensions between UHR individuals, patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. One hundred participants (25 UHR individuals, 25 schizophrenia patients and 50 control subjects) where evaluated with the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Univariate ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni tests were used. UHR individuals and schizophrenia patients exhibited higher levels of Harm Avoidance (HA) when compared to control subjects. For HA1 Anticipatory worry vs Uninhibited optimism and HA4 Fatigability & asthenia, UHR and schizophrenia groups showed similar scores and both groups were higher compared to control subjects. With respect to Cooperativeness (CO), UHR and schizophrenia reported lower scores than control subjects, in particular CO2 Empathy vs Social disinterest and CO3 Helpfulness vs unhelpfulness. This study replicates and extends the consideration of HA as a psychopathological related endophenotype and gives us further information of the possible role of personality features in the expression of some of the social dysfunctions observed both in prodromal subjects and schizophrenia patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fresán
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Education, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: León-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological and Social Research Direction, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robles-García
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azcárraga
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guizar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reyes-Madrigal
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Academic Division, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos Alfonso
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tovilla-Zárate
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico; Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: fcamilo@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente-Sandoval
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D002605:Character; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Character; Harm avoidance; Prodromal; Schizophrenia; Temperament; Ultra-high risk