title: Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptosis by Annona muricata (Annonaceae) extract on human cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annona muricata (A. muricata) is widely distributed in Asia, Africa and South America. Different parts of this plant are used to treat several diseases in Cameroon. The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro anti-proliferative effects and apoptotic events of A. muricata extracts on HL-60 cells as well as to quantify its phenols content.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell viability was measured by using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while the changes in morphology of HL-60 cells, membrane mitochondrial potential (MMP) and the cell cycle were used for assessment apoptosis induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the concentration of phenols, flavonoids and flavonols in the extracts varied depending on the part of the plant. All the extracts tested inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells in a concentration dependent manner with IC50 varied from 6-49 μg/mL. The growth inhibition of the cells by extracts was associated with the disruption of MMP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the G0/G1 cell arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the extracts from A. muricata have strong antiproliferation potential and can induce apoptosis through loss of MMP and G0/G1 phase cell arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon. apieme@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Constant Anatole
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pieme
authors.forename: Santosh Guru
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mireille Sylviane
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dongmo
authors.forename: Bruno Moukette
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Moukette
authors.forename: Fabrice Fekam
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Boyoum
authors.forename: Jeanne Yonkeu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ngogang
authors.forename: Ajit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Saxena
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D031041:Annona / Q000737:chemistry*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species