title: Iodine status in Danish pregnant and breastfeeding women including studies of some challenges in urinary iodine status evaluation.
abstract: Denmark was previously iodine deficient with regional differences. Moderate iodine deficiency appeared in West Denmark and mild iodine deficiency in East Denmark and also Danish pregnant and breastfeeding women suffered from iodine deficiency. The Danish mandatory iodine fortification of salt was introduced in the year 2000 and has increased iodine intake in the Danish population. However, median urinary iodine concentration in the general population and in pregnant and breastfeeding women is still below the level recommended, corresponding to mild iodine deficiency. Certain characteristics may challenge the evaluation of urinary iodine status in pregnancy and during breastfeeding. This review also addresses methodological challenges related to spot urine sampling conditions and the use of iodine supplement and discusses the use of non-pregnant population groups as a proxy for iodine intake in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: stine.a@rn.dk.
authors.forename: Stine Linding
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Louise Kolding
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krejbjerg
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Margrethe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ditte Marie
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klitbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Education, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne Backman
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Nøhr
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klaus Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003718:Denmark; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Breastfeeding; Iodine; Pregnancy; Urinary creatinine concentration; Urinary iodine concentration