title: A national survey of defensive medicine among orthopaedic surgeons, trauma surgeons and radiologists in Austria: evaluation of prevalence and context.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Defensive medical practice represents an increasing concern in European countries and is reported to account for rising health care expenditures. Malpractice liability, current jurisdiction and the increasing claim for accountability appear to result in additional diagnostic requests with marginal clinical benefit. Investigations that evaluate the national Austrian prevalence and contextual principles and consequences of defensive medicine are lacking so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthopaedic and trauma surgeons as well as radiologists from public hospitals in Austria were invited to complete a study questionnaire retrieving personal estimation of the quantity of patient contacts and defensive requests in a typical month, subjective judgement of medico-legal climate, evolving defensive trends, working time usage for defensive considerations and prior confrontations with malpractice liability claims.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of defensive medicine was found to be 97.7%. The average orthopaedic or trauma surgeon requests 19.6 investigations per month for defensive reasons, which represents 28% of all diagnostic examinations. High-quality imaging modalities and short-term admissions yield increasing defensive significance. Participants are confronted with 1.4 liability claims per month. During the treatment of high-risk patients, 81% of doctors request additional diagnostic procedures for defensive considerations. Expenditure of time for defensive practice amounts to 9.2 hours/month in radiology and to 17 and 18% of total working time, respectively, in orthopaedic and trauma surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defensive medical practice represents a serious and common challenge in Austria. Our results indicate the urgent necessity for confrontation with and solution for the increasing effort of self-protection within the health care system.
authors.affiliation: Department for Trauma Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Academic Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osti
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steyrer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D003675:Defensive Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015995:Prevalence; D011871:Radiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014194:Traumatology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: defensive medicine; orthopaedics; prevalence; radiology; trauma