title: Quantifying frontal plane knee motion during single limb squats: reliability and validity of 2-dimensional measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical assessment of lower limb kinematics during dynamic tasks may identify individuals who demonstrate abnormal movement patterns that may lead to etiology of exacerbation of knee conditions such as patellofemoral joint (PFJt) pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability, validity and associated measurement error of a clinically appropriate two-dimensional (2-D) procedure of quantifying frontal plane knee alignment during single limb squats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine female and nine male recreationally active subjects with no history of PFJt pain had frontal plane limb alignment assessed using three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis and digital video cameras (2-D analysis) while performing single limb squats. The association between 2-D and 3-D measures was quantified using Pearson's product correlation coefficients. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were determined for within- and between-session reliability of 2-D data and standard error of measurement (SEM) was used to establish measurement error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frontal plane limb alignment assessed with 2-D analysis demonstrated good correlation compared with 3-D methods (r = 0.64 to 0.78, p < 0.001). Within-session (0.86) and between-session ICCs (0.74) demonstrated good reliability for 2-D measures and SEM scores ranged from 2° to 4°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-D measures have good consistency and may provide a valid measure of lower limb alignment when compared to existing 3-D methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of lower limb kinematics using 2-D methods may be an accurate and clinically useful alternative to 3-D motion analysis when identifying individuals who demonstrate abnormal movement patterns associated with PFJt pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gwynne
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curran
keywords: Patellofemoral joint pain; dynamic knee valgus; functional tasks