title: Progress in late results among pediatric cardiac surgery patients: a population-based 6-decade study with 98% follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical treatment of congenital cardiac defects in Finland started >60 years ago. We analyzed the survival of all the pediatric cardiac surgery patients operated on before 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained retrospectively from a pediatric cardiac surgery database. Patient status was received from the Finnish Population Registry. Survival was determined with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the survival rate was compared with a sex- and age-matched general population. Between 1953 and 2009, 13 876 cardiac operations were performed on 10 964 pediatric patients in Finland. Follow-up coverage was 98%. The 60-year survival for the entire study was 70% versus 86% for the general population. The number and proportion of severe cardiac defects increased in the 2000s. The long-term survival of patients with severe defects improved significantly across decades. For instance, the 22-year survival rate of patients with transposition of the great arteries operated on in 1953 to 1989 and in 1990 to 2009 improved from 71% to 93% (hazard ratio for death, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.49; P<0.0001), respectively. The mean patient age at operation decreased from 8.9 to 2.2 years (95% confidence interval, 6.2-7.1; P<0.0001). The early mortality of patients decreased from a maximum of 7% in the 1970s to 3% in the 2000s (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.08; P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients are diagnosed and treated at an increasingly younger age. Advanced diagnostics, surgical methods, and postoperative intensive care have led to substantial improvements in both early and late results among pediatric cardiac surgery patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery and Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. alireza.raissadati@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raissadati
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery and Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery and Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery and Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sairanen
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000639:trends*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: cardiac surgical procedure; cardiology; heart defects, congenital; pediatrics; survival