title: Use of proteins as biomarkers and their role in carcinogenesis.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Improved diagnostic methods and medical therapies are necessary for early detection and treatment and an improved prognosis. It is thus vital to both examine and evaluate the role of the various existing proteins as biomarkers in carcinogenesis and to assess the contribution of these proteins in anti-cancer activity, for consideration in therapeutic strategies. It is essential to both examine and evaluate the role of the various existing proteins as biomarkers in carcinogenesis and to assess the contribution of these proteins in anti-cancer activity, for consideration in therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is twofold. Firstly, it is to evaluate recent data about which proteins can be utilized as biomarkers in carcinogenesis. The proteins reviewed include: CPTP, IL-6, CCN, and S100. Secondly, it is to evaluate the contribution of dietary proteins in cancer activity. Specifically, how whey protein, soy proteins and lectin, a phytochemical could be useful in cancer prevention and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whey protein, present in dairy products, is an excellent source of the sulphur amino acid cysteine, the rate limiting substrate in glutathione synthesis. Notably, this protein survives digestion and has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties in animal studies. Lectins are phytochemicals present in plant foods, and have active components which alters cancer initiation, promotion and progression. Lectins have been characterized as a useful tool in biochemistry, cell biology, immunology and in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer research. Soy proteins contain various compounds, including isoflavones, protease inhibitors and protein kinase inhibitors, which have been proven effective in tumor growth inhibition. They have therefore, been greatly emphasized in cancer prevention and treatment. It has been proved that soy food consumption was associated with decreased risk of death and recurrence of breast cancer. CPTP is a recently discovered protein whose main role is to transport C1P, a pro-inflammatory molecule. The discovery of CPTP may shine a light on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases, and hopefully offer a potential target for therapeutic purposes in cancer research. Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that affects the activity of cancer cells. It is involved in tumor growth, and elevated levels is associated with an increased risk of cancer. S100B is a well-established biomarker for malignant melanoma, and useful in assessing tumor load, stage and prognosis for patients with this disease. Other members of this family of proteins include S100A4, which has been associated with several malignancies and S100A2, which has been found to be decreased in some cancers. CCN are a group of regulatory proteins, located in the extracellular matrix (maricellular). They are involved in cellular adhesion, mitogenesis, chemotaxis, cell survival, and wound healing. CCN proteins are also able to modulate the signals of several proteins, which may also influence skeletal development and angiogenesis. Many of the functions of these proteins are thus also related to tumor growth. Furthermore, CCN interacts with estrogen in the development of cancer, and is implicated in some breast and ovarian cancers.
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: 2. Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Kosmas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsakiridis
authors.affiliation: 3. ORL-Oncology Unit, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrisanthi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karapantzou
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampaki
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kioumis
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitsiou
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaiwannou
authors.affiliation: 4. II Medical Department, ``Coburg`` Regional Clinic, University of Wuerzburg, Coburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenforst-Schmidt
authors.affiliation: 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 6. Oncology Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kesisis
authors.affiliation: 3. ORL-Oncology Unit, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karapantzos
authors.affiliation: 7. Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University hospital of Ioannina, Greece;
authors.forename: Serafeim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chlapoutakis
authors.affiliation: 6. Oncology Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Ippokratis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Korantzis
authors.affiliation: 2. Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mpakas
authors.affiliation: 7. Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University hospital of Ioannina, Greece;
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karavasilis
authors.affiliation: 9. Oncology Department, ``BioMedicine`` Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mpoukovinas
authors.affiliation: 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
keywords: biomarkers; lung cancer.; proteins