title: Low intensity pulse ultrasound stimulate chondrocytes growth in a 3-D alginate scaffold through improved porosity and permeability.
abstract: A 3-D scaffold culture system has been used to promote in producing functional chondrocytes for repairing damaged cartilage. In the present study, the low intensity pulse ultrasound (LIPUS) (P(-)=0, 0.055, 0.085 and 0.11 MPa) was applied to improve the porosity and permeability of a 3-D alginate scaffold which was beneficial for the nutrition supply and metabolism during cell growth in 3-D alginate scaffold. The porosity and permeability of the scaffold was quantitatively analyzed based on scanning electron microscopy examination and fluorescence image observation. The results suggest that, for the scaffold exposed to LIPUS, its porosity and permeability could be significantly enhanced by the increasing LIPUS amplitude, which might be induced by the microstreaming shear stress generated by ultrasound-driven microbubble oscillations. Furthermore, the assessments of cell proliferation and collagen II expression confirmed that chondrocytes growth could be effectively promoted in 3-D alginate scaffolds treated by LIPUS, because of the improved scaffold porosity and permeability might benefit cell growth space and nutrition supply. It should also be noticed that appropriate LIPUS driving parameters should be adapted to achieve optimized chondrocytes culture effect in 3-D alginate scaffold.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Gepu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Xiasheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Information, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Junru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10080, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010539:Permeability; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D033081:Shear Strength; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: Alginate scaffold; Cell growth; Low intensity pulse ultrasound; Shear stress