title: Robust differences in antisaccade performance exist between COGS schizophrenia cases and controls regardless of recruitment strategies.
abstract: The impaired ability to make correct antisaccades (i.e., antisaccade performance) is well documented among schizophrenia subjects, and researchers have successfully demonstrated that antisaccade performance is a valid schizophrenia endophenotype that is useful for genetic studies. However, it is unclear how the ascertainment biases that unavoidably result from recruitment differences in schizophrenia subjects identified in family versus case-control studies may influence patient-control differences in antisaccade performance. To assess the impact of ascertainment bias, researchers from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) compared antisaccade performance and antisaccade metrics (latency and gain) in schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-1, a family-based schizophrenia study, to schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-2, a corresponding case-control study. COGS-2 schizophrenia subjects were substantially older; had lower education status, worse psychosocial function, and more severe symptoms; and were three times more likely to be a member of a multiplex family than COGS-1 schizophrenia subjects. Despite these variations, which were likely the result of ascertainment differences (as described in the introduction to this special issue), the effect sizes of the control-schizophrenia differences in antisaccade performance were similar in both studies (Cohen's d effect size of 1.06 and 1.01 in COGS-1 and COGS-2, respectively). This suggests that, in addition to the robust, state-independent schizophrenia-related deficits described in endophenotype studies, group differences in antisaccade performance do not vary based on subject ascertainment and recruitment factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Veteran affairs (DVA), VISN-20, Mental Health Services, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Allen D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Radant
authors.affiliation: DVA, VISN-20, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Millard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; DVA, VISN-22 MIRECC, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Braff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; DVA, VISN-20, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Dorcas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dobie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lazzeroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Light
authors.affiliation: DVA, VISN-20, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Meichle
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Keith H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nuechterlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olincy
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; DVA, VISN-3, MIRECC, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Siever
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; DVA, VISN-3, MIRECC, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Neal R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Turetsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; DVA, VISN-20, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Debby W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Tsuang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D058068:Endophenotypes; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012438:Saccades; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antisaccade task; Recruitment