title: Phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity is associated with sinonasal symptoms in healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bitter taste receptor T2R38, expressed in the tongue and nasal epithelium, has been shown to trigger sinonasal innate immunity contributing to the prevention of gram-negative upper airway bacterial infections. Common polymorphisms of the T2R38 gene, correlating with bitter taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), have been linked to differences in sinonasal innate immune response, with specific genotypes significantly more common in medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis patients. The purpose of this study was to examine this association between T2R38 function and sinonasal infection or symptoms in a healthy population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of the frequency of sinus infections, as well as other nasal symptoms such as colds, allergies, and overall nasal quality of life (nQOL), was administered to healthy adult participants. nQOL was measured using a 0 to 3 scale of worsening symptoms. A PTC compound taste strip was administered with T2R38 taste sensitivity classified as extremely, somewhat, or not sensitive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 217 participants (55% female, 70% Caucasian, 42% age 21 to 25 years), 30% did not detect bitterness (nontasters), 34% were moderate tasters, and 36% were "supertasters," experiencing a strong, unpalatable bitterness. Supertasters were associated with less frequent sinus infections (p = 0.04), and PTC sensitivity was predictive of nasal symptoms: Supertasters had the best nQOL scores, followed by moderate tasters and nontasters (means: 0.65, 0.81, 1.00, respectively; p = 0.014 for trend). There were no significant associations with other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that T2R38 functionality in the tongue correlates with nasal symptoms in healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farquhar
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kovatch
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Shofer
authors.forename: Nithin D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Adappa
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010670:Phenylthiourea; D011788:Quality of Life; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2; D010670:Phenylthiourea
keywords: T2R gene; T2R38; allergy; bitter taste receptor; quality of life; rhinitis; sinusitis