title: Grape powder prevents cognitive, behavioral, and biochemical impairments in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: Previously, using the single-prolonged stress (SPS) rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder, we reported that moderate treadmill exercise, via modulation of oxidative stress-related mechanisms, rescued anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and reversed SPS-induced memory impairment. In this study using the SPS model (2-hour restrain, 20-minute forced swimming, 15-minute rest, and 1-2-minute diethyl ether exposure), we hypothesized that antioxidant rich grape powder (GP) prevents SPS-induced behavioral and memory impairment in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control (CON) (provided tap water), SPS (provided tap water), GP-SPS (provided 15 g/L GP in tap water for 3 weeks followed by SPS), or GP-CON (3 weeks of GP followed by CON exposure). Anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were significantly greater in SPS rats, when compared with CON- or GP-treated rats, and GP reversed these behavioral deficits. Single-prolonged stress rats made significantly more errors in both short- and long-term memory tests compared with CON- or GP-treated rats, which were prevented in GP-SPS rats. Grape powder prevented SPS-induced increase in plasma corticosterone level. Furthermore, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly decreased in amygdala of SPS rats but not in GP-SPS rats compared with CON or (GP-CON) rats. In addition, GP significantly increased acetylated histone 3 and histone deacetylase 5 in hippocampus and amygdala of SPS rats as compared with CON or GP-CON rats. In conclusion, we suggest protective role of GP in SPS-induced behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical impairments in rats. Perhaps, epigenetic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor enables GP-mediated prevention of SPS-induced deficits in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Naimesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Isam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alkadhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Fatin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atrooz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: ssalim@uh.edu.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D006657:Histones; D028321:Plant Preparations; D011208:Powders; C498619:Hdac5 protein, rat; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: PTSD; anxiety; cognition; depression; grape powder; single-prolonged stress