title: Comparative investigation of seed coats of brown- versus yellow-colored soybean seeds using an integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach.
abstract: Seed coat color is an important attribute determining consumption of soybean seeds. Soybean cultivar Mallikong (M) has yellow seed coat while its naturally mutated cultivar Mallikong mutant (MM), has brown colored seed coat. We used integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to investigate the differences between seed coats of M and MM during different stages of seed development (4, 5, and 6 weeks after flowering). 2DE profiling of total seed coat proteins from three stages showed 178 differentially expressed spots between M and MM of which 172 were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Of these, 62 were upregulated and 105 were downregulated in MM compared with M, while five spots were detected only in MM. Proteins involved in primary metabolism showed downregulation in MM suggesting energy in MM might be utilized for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis via secondary metabolic pathways that leads to the development of brown seed coat color. Besides, downregulation of two isoforms of isoflavone reductase indicated reduced isoflavones in seed coat of MM that was confirmed by quantitative estimation of total and individual isoflavones using HPLC. We propose that low isoflavones level in MM may offer a high substrate for proanthocyanidin production that results in the development of brown seed coat in MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chul Woo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: So Wun
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Microbe Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal.|GRADE Academy Private Limited, Birgunj, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ganesh Kumar
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal.|GRADE Academy Private Limited, Birgunj, Nepal.|Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.|Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Randeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakwal
authors.affiliation: Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Gon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Crops, NICS, RDA, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byong Won
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Crops, NICS, RDA, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Crops, NICS, RDA, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: In Yeol
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D063990:Gene Ontology; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010858:Pigmentation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Isoflavone; Mallikong mutant; Phenylpropanoid pathway; Plant proteomics; Seed storage proteins; Soybean seed coat