title: Validated green high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of coformulated pharmaceuticals: a comparison with reported conventional methods.
abstract: The introduction of sustainable development concepts to analytical laboratories has recently gained interest, however, most conventional high-performance liquid chromatography methods do not consider either the effect of the used chemicals or the amount of produced waste on the environment. The aim of this work was to prove that conventional methods can be replaced by greener ones with the same analytical parameters. The suggested methods were designed so that they neither use nor produce harmful chemicals and produce minimum waste to be used in routine analysis without harming the environment. This was achieved by using green mobile phases and short run times. Four mixtures were chosen as models for this study; clidinium bromide/chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride, phenobarbitone/pipenzolate bromide, mebeverine hydrochloride/sulpiride, and chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride/caffeine/8-chlorotheophylline either in their bulk powder or in their dosage forms. The methods were validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, system suitability, and robustness. The developed methods were compared to the reported conventional high-performance liquid chromatography methods regarding their greenness profile. The suggested methods were found to be greener and more time- and solvent-saving than the reported ones; hence they can be used for routine analysis of the studied mixtures without harming the environment.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Elzanfaly
authors.forename: Maha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hegazy
authors.forename: Samah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Maissa Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Laila E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Abd El Fattah
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Caffeine; Chlordiazepoxide; Green analytical methods; High-performance liquid chromatography; Phenobarbitone