title: Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose-Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig.
abstract: The application of the exponential model is extended by the inclusion of new nonhuman primate (NHP), rabbit, and guinea pig dose-lethality data for inhalation anthrax. Because deposition is a critical step in the initiation of inhalation anthrax, inhaled doses may not provide the most accurate cross-species comparison. For this reason, species-specific deposition factors were derived to translate inhaled dose to deposited dose. Four NHP, three rabbit, and two guinea pig data sets were utilized. Results from species-specific pooling analysis suggested all four NHP data sets could be pooled into a single NHP data set, which was also true for the rabbit and guinea pig data sets. The three species-specific pooled data sets could not be combined into a single generic mammalian data set. For inhaled dose, NHPs were the most sensitive (relative lowest LD50) species and rabbits the least. Improved inhaled LD50 s proposed for use in risk assessment are 50,600, 102,600, and 70,800 inhaled spores for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. Lung deposition factors were estimated for each species using published deposition data from Bacillus spore exposures, particle deposition studies, and computer modeling. Deposition was estimated at 22%, 9%, and 30% of the inhaled dose for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. When the inhaled dose was adjusted to reflect deposited dose, the rabbit animal model appears the most sensitive with the guinea pig the least sensitive species.
authors.affiliation: CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Bradford W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Gutting
authors.affiliation: Sensor Fusion Branch (Q33), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rukhin
authors.affiliation: CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.affiliation: Sensor Fusion Branch (Q33), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marchette
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Brandolyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thran
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000254:growth & development*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D011817:Rabbits; D013171:Spores, Bacterial
keywords: Acute; anthrax; deposition; dose response; guinea pig; inhalation; nonhuman primate; rabbit; risk assessment