title: A review of pharmaceutical extrusion: critical process parameters and scaling-up.
abstract: Hot melt extrusion has been a widely used process in the pharmaceutical area for three decades. In this field, it is important to optimize the formulation in order to meet specific requirements. However, the process parameters of the extruder should be as much investigated as the formulation since they have a major impact on the final product characteristics. Moreover, a design space should be defined in order to obtain the expected product within the defined limits. This gives some freedom to operate as long as the processing parameters stay within the limits of the design space. Those limits can be investigated by varying randomly the process parameters but it is recommended to use design of experiments. An examination of the literature is reported in this review to summarize the impact of the variation of the process parameters on the final product properties. Indeed, the homogeneity of the mixing, the state of the drug (crystalline or amorphous), the dissolution rate, the residence time, can be influenced by variations in the process parameters. In particular, the impact of the following process parameters: temperature, screw design, screw speed and feeding, on the final product, has been reviewed.
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. Electronic address: jthiry@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krier
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Evrard
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Cocrystallization; Critical process parameters; Design space; Pharmaceutical extrusion; Poorly water-soluble drugs; Scaling-up