title: Dietary intake in 6-year-old children from southern Poland: part 2--vitamin and mineral intakes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on vitamin and mineral intakes in children are very important: firstly because of the high prevalence of diet-related diseases and secondly because of the widespread consumption of highly processed foods which are characterised by high energy content and low density of essential nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse vitamin and mineral intakes in 6-year-old children from southern Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from a three-day food record in 120 children, 64 girls and 56 boys, aged 6 years. Nutrient densities were estimated as amounts per 1000 kcal (4185 kJ) of energy intake. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the IBM SPSS Statistics computer programme, version 19. The studied population was divided according to gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes of folic acid (μg/1000 kcal) and vitamin C (mg, mg/1000 kcal) were significantly higher in girls. Nutrient densities for all vitamins were higher in girls, however, these results did not reach statistical significance. Intake of vitamin D was lower than EAR in all of the studied children. Intakes of sodium (mg) and zinc (mg) were significantly higher in boys. Intakes of the remaining minerals were higher in boys, however, these findings did not reach statistical significance. Nutrient densities for all minerals, except for sodium, zinc and manganese, were higher in girls. All of the studied children had sodium intakes above UL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequate intakes of vitamin D, calcium and potassium in the studied 6-year-olds along with excessive sodium intake are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis and hypertension. To prevent these diseases in the studied children, educational programmes for both preschool staff and parents should be worked out and implemented.
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Department of the Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland Królowej Jadwigi 27/39 Street, 61-871, Poznan, Poland. sylwiamerkiel@awf.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merkiel
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Department of the Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland Królowej Jadwigi 27/39 Street, 61-871, Poznan, Poland. chalcarz@awf.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chalcarz
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011044:Poland; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium