title: Strategies of symbolization in cardiovascular time series to test individual gestational development in the fetus.
abstract: The analysis of symbolic dynamics applied to physiological time series retrieves dynamical properties of the underlying regulation which are robust against the symbolic transformation. In this study, three different transformations to produce a symbolic series were applied to fetal RR interval series to test whether they reflect individual changes of fetal heart rate variability in the course of pregnancy. Each transformation was applied to 215 heartbeat datasets obtained from 11 fetuses during the second and the third trimester of pregnancy (at least 10 datasets per fetus, median 17). In the symbolic series, the occurrence of symbolic sequences of length 3 was categorized according to the amount of variations in the sequence: no variation of the symbols, one variation, two variations. Linear regression with respect to gestational age showed that the individual course during pregnancy performed best using a binary transformation reflecting whether the RR interval differences are below or above a threshold. The median goodness of fit of the individual regression lines was 0.73 and also the variability among the individual slopes was low. Other transformations to symbolic dynamics performed worse but were still able to reflect the individual progress of fetal cardiovascular regulation.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany d.cysarz@rhythmen.de.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8303-0261
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cysarz
authors.affiliation: Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-188X
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Edelhäuser
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomagnetism, Grönemeyer Institute for Microtherapy, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2394-412X
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
keywords: cardiovascular regulation; fetal heart rate; heart rate variability; symbolic dynamics; time-series analysis