title: Management considerations to minimize environmental impacts of arsenic following monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) applications to turfgrass.
abstract: Monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) is an organic arsenical herbicide currently utilized in turfgrass and cotton systems. In recent years, concerns over adverse impacts of arsenic (As) from MSMA applications have emerged; however, little research has been conducted in controlled field experiments using typical management practices. To address this knowledge gap, a field lysimeter experiment was conducted during 2012-2013 to determine the fate of As following MSMA applications to a bareground and an established turfgrass system. Arsenic concentrations in soil, porewater, and aboveground vegetation, were measured through one yr after treatment. Aboveground vegetation As concentration was increased compared to nontreated through 120 d after initial treatment (DAIT). In both systems, increased soil As concentrations were observed at 0-4 cm at 30 and 120 DAIT and 0-8 cm at 60 and 365 DAIT, suggesting that As was bound in shallow soil depths. Porewater As concentrations in MSMA-treated lysimeters from a 30-cm depth (22.0-83.8 μg L(-1)) were greater than those at 76-cm depth (0.4-5.1 μg L(-1)). These results were combined with previous research to devise management considerations in systems where MSMA is utilized. MSMA should not be applied if rainfall is forecasted within 7 DAIT and/or in areas with shallow water tables. Further, disposing of MSMA-treated turfgrass aboveground vegetation in a confined area - a common management practice for turfgrass clippings - may be of concern due to As release to surface water or groundwater as the vegetation decomposes. Finally, long-term MSMA use may cause soil As accumulation and thus downward migration of As over time; therefore, MSMA should be used in rotation with other herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, 101 Derieux St., Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Electronic address: djmhny@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Denis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, 101 Derieux St., Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, 101 Derieux St., Campus Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, 101 Derieux St., Campus Box 7619, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, 101 Derieux St., Campus Box 7619, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Polizzotto
mesh_terms: D001152:Arsenicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014872:Water Movements; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C020300:monomethylarsonic acid
keywords: Arsenic; Environmental fate; MSMA; Porewater; Soil; Turfgrass