title: European surveillance network for influenza in pigs: surveillance programs, diagnostic tools and Swine influenza virus subtypes identified in 14 European countries from 2010 to 2013.
abstract: Swine influenza causes concern for global veterinary and public health officials. In continuing two previous networks that initiated the surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in European pigs between 2001 and 2008, a third European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs (ESNIP3, 2010-2013) aimed to expand widely the knowledge of the epidemiology of European SIVs. ESNIP3 stimulated programs of harmonized SIV surveillance in European countries and supported the coordination of appropriate diagnostic tools and subtyping methods. Thus, an extensive virological monitoring, mainly conducted through passive surveillance programs, resulted in the examination of more than 9 000 herds in 17 countries. Influenza A viruses were detected in 31% of herds examined from which 1887 viruses were preliminary characterized. The dominating subtypes were the three European enzootic SIVs: avian-like swine H1N1 (53.6%), human-like reassortant swine H1N2 (13%) and human-like reassortant swine H3N2 (9.1%), as well as pandemic A/H1N1 2009 (H1N1pdm) virus (10.3%). Viruses from these four lineages co-circulated in several countries but with very different relative levels of incidence. For instance, the H3N2 subtype was not detected at all in some geographic areas whereas it was still prevalent in other parts of Europe. Interestingly, H3N2-free areas were those that exhibited highest frequencies of circulating H1N2 viruses. H1N1pdm viruses were isolated at an increasing incidence in some countries from 2010 to 2013, indicating that this subtype has become established in the European pig population. Finally, 13.9% of the viruses represented reassortants between these four lineages, especially between previous enzootic SIVs and H1N1pdm. These novel viruses were detected at the same time in several countries, with increasing prevalence. Some of them might become established in pig herds, causing implications for zoonotic infections.
authors.affiliation: Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dürrwald
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foni
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Reims, Germany.
authors.forename: Timm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Reeth
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Markowska-Daniel
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Hipra, Gerona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Finnish Food Safety Authority, Veterinary Virology, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huovilainen
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Karditsa, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Billinis
authors.affiliation: Kimron Veterinary Institute, Rishon L'Tzion, Israel.
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Central Veterinario-Sanidad Animal, Algete, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agüero
authors.affiliation: Merial, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Thaïs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hervé
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Solvej Østergaard
authors.initials: SØ
authors.lastname: Breum
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiapponi
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Urbaniak
authors.affiliation: University of Thessaly, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Karditsa, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kyriakis
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Loeffen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring / Q000662:veterinary*; D005060:Europe; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral