title: [Cardiac auscultation in children].
abstract: Cardiac auscultation permits to distinguish between the innocent heart murmurs and pathologic murmurs; characteristics of pathologic murmurs include a holosystolic or diastolic murmur, maximal murmur intensity at the upper left sternal border and increased intensity when the patient stands. Murmurs should be described by their timing in the cardiac cycle, intensity, shape, pitch, location, radiation, and response to dynamic maneuvers. When the medical history and physical examination support the diagnosis of innocent heart murmur, neither further investigation nor referal is indicated. On the contrary, echocardiography is recommended for patients with any other abnormal physical examination findings that increase the likelihood of structural heart disease. In this review we discuss the definition and classification of murmurs, how to evaluate it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ratti
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cappelli
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D054160:Systolic Murmurs / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology