title: Identification of risk factors for malaria control by focused interventions in Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand state is endemic for malaria, particularly the Bundu Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the worst affected. Therefore, a study was initiated during 2009 using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) to identify risk factors responsible for high endemicity in this PHC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bundu and Angara in Ranchi district were identified as high and low malaria endemic PHCs based on epidemiological data of three years (2007-09). The habitation, streams, other water body, landform, PHC and village boundary thematic maps were prepared using IRS-P6/LISS III-IV imageries and macro level breeding sites were identified. Digital elevation model (DEM) of the PHCs was generated using Cartosat Stereo Pair images and from DEM, slope map was derived to calculate flat area. From slope, aspect map was derived to indicate direction of water flow. Length of perennial streams, area under rocky terrain and buffer zones of 250, 500 and 750 m were constructed around streams. High resolution remote sensing imageries were used to identify micro level breeding sites. Based on macro-micro breeding sites, six villages from each PHC were selected randomly having combination of different parameters representing all ecotypes. Entomological data were collected during 2010-11 in pre- and post-monsoon seasons following standard techniques and analyzed statistically. Differential analysis was attempted to comprehend socioeconomic and other determinants associated with malaria transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study identified eight risk factors responsible for higher malaria endemicity in Bundu in comparison to Angara PHC based on ecological, entomological, socioeconomic and other local parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focused interventions in integrated vector management (IVM) mode are required to be carried out in the district for better management and control of disease.
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Sanjeev Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Arvind Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tomar
authors.forename: A T S
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Rajkumari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vidyotma
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jeyaseelan
authors.forename: Vijay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Baraik
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D009033:Culicidae / Q000254:growth & development; D017753:Ecosystem; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D004772:Entomology; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D058974:Phylogeography; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors