title: The experience of traumatic brain injury in Botswana.
abstract: Whilst the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are understood in Western countries, it is not known how cultural background and beliefs affect response and outcome following TBI in low and middle income countries. This study aimed to explore the experiences of TBI in Botswana. Participants included 21 individuals with moderate to severe TBI (68% males, mean age 35.2 years), 18 caregivers and 25 healthcare workers. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were transcribed, translated and thematically coded. Thematic analysis indicated several themes: Injury-related changes, attributions and beliefs about the cause of the injury, family reactions, attitudes, and resources. Participants described the common injury-related effects of TBI. Many participants attributed their injury to supernatural causes. Immediate family members of participants with TBI expressed a sense of love and devotion towards the injured person. Communication was characterised by inadequate information given to those injured and their caregivers. Provision of care was impeded by insufficient staff, limited supplies and lack of training of nurses. The current healthcare system would therefore appear to be ill-equipped to meet the needs of TBI survivors in Botswana. This study will improve understanding of cultural responses and approaches to brain injuries in Botswana which may, in turn, inform improved practice.
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Lingani
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mbakile-Mahlanza
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manderson
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ponsford
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001902:Botswana; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003906:Developing Countries; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Botswana; Caregivers; Coping; Experiences; Healthcare workers; Qualitative; Traumatic brain injury