title: Meta-analyses of animal studies: an introduction of a valuable instrument to further improve healthcare.
abstract: In research aimed at improving human health care, animal studies still play a crucial role, despite political and scientific efforts to reduce preclinical experimentation in laboratory animals. In animal studies, the results and their interpretation are not always straightforward, as no single study is executed perfectly in all steps. There are several possible sources of bias, and many animal studies are replicates of studies conducted previously. Use of meta-analysis to combine the results of studies may lead to more reliable conclusions and a reduction of unnecessary duplication of animal studies. In addition, due to the more exploratory nature of animal studies as compared to clinical trials, meta-analyses of animal studies have greater potential in exploring possible sources of heterogeneity. There is an abundance of literature on how to perform meta-analyses on clinical data. Animal studies, however, differ from clinical studies in some aspects, such as the diversity of animal species studied, experimental design, and study characteristics. In this paper, we will discuss the main principles and practices for meta-analyses of experimental animal studies.
authors.forename: Carlijn R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hooijmans
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: IntHout
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ritskes-Hoitinga
authors.forename: Maroeska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rovers
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D023421:Models, Animal
keywords: experimental animal studies; guidance; meta-analysis; principles and practices; systematic review