title: Transpapillary drug delivery to the breast.
abstract: The study was aimed at investigating localized topical drug delivery to the breast via mammary papilla (nipple). 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and estradiol (EST) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds respectively. Porcine and human nipple were used for in-vitro penetration studies. The removal of keratin plug enhanced the drug transport through the nipple. The drug penetration was significantly higher through the nipple compared to breast skin. The drug's lipophilicity had a significant influence on drug penetration through nipple. The ducts in the nipple served as a major transport pathway to the underlying breast tissue. Results showed that porcine nipple could be a potential model for human nipple. The topical application of 5-FU on the rat nipple resulted in high drug concentration in the breast and minimal drug levels in plasma and other organs. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate the feasibility of localized drug delivery to the breast through nipple.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kaushalkumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ranjith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Averineni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, United States of America.
authors.forename: Preety
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sahdev
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, United States of America.
authors.forename: Omathanu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Perumal
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D001940:Breast; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D009558:Nipples / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051381:Rats; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol; D005472:Fluorouracil