title: Time dependent antinociceptive effects of morphine and tramadol in the hot plate test: using different methods of drug administration in female rats.
abstract: Morphine and tramadol which have analgesic effects can be administered acutely or chronically. This study tried to investigate the effect of these drugs at various times by using different methods of administration (intraperitoneal, oral, acute and chronic). Sixty adult female rats were divided into six groups. They received saline, morphine or tramadol (20 to 125 mg/Kg) daily for 15 days. A hot plate test was performed for the rats at the 1(st), 8(th) and 15(th) days. After drug withdrawal, the hot plate test was repeated at the 17(th), 19(th), and 22(nd) days. There was a significant correlation between the day, drug, group, and their interaction (P<0.001). At 1(st) day (d1), both morphine, and tramadol caused an increase in the hot plate time comparing to the saline groups (P<0.001), while there was no correlation between drug administration methods of morphine and/or tramadol. At the 8(th) day (d8), morphine and tramadol led to the most powerful analgesic effect comparing to the other experimental days (P<0.001). At the 15(th) day (d15), their effects diminished comparing to the d8. After drug withdrawal, analgesic effect of morphine, and tramadol disappeared. It can be concluded that the analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol increases with the repeated use of them. Thereafter, it may gradually decrease and reach to a level compatible to d1. The present data also indicated that although the analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol is dose-and-time dependent, but chronic exposure to them may not lead to altered nociceptive responses later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saboory
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Sogol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehraban
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Afsaneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niakani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Nafiseh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banihabib
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.affiliation: Department of English Language, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Javid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fereidoni
keywords: Antinociceptive; Hot plate; Morphine; Rat; Tramadol