title: A versatile electrophoresis-based self-test platform.
abstract: This paper reports on recent research creating a family of electrophoresis-based point of care devices for the determination of a wide range of ionic analytes in various sample matrices. These devices are based on a first version for the point-of-care measurement of Li(+), reported in 2010 by Floris et al. (Lab Chip 2010, 10, 1799-1806). With respect to this device, significant improvements in accuracy, precision, detection limit, and reliability have been obtained especially by the use of multiple injections of one sample on a single chip and integrated data analysis. Internal and external validation by clinical laboratories for the determination of analytes in real patients by a self-test is reported. For Li(+) in blood better precision than the standard clinical determination for Li(+) was achieved. For Na(+) in human urine the method was found to be within the clinical acceptability limits. In a veterinary application, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were determined in bovine blood by means of the same chip, but using a different platform. Finally, promising preliminary results are reported with the Medimate platform for the determination of creatinine in whole blood and quantification of both cations and anions through replicate measurements on the same sample with the same chip.
authors.affiliation: Medimate BV, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staal
authors.forename: Mathijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ungerer
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floris
authors.forename: Hans-Willem
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ten Brinke
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helmhout
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tellegen
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karstens
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Arragon
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lenk
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Staijen
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartholomew
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Movig
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubský
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eijkel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood*; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000097:blood; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D008094:Lithium; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Cation anion electrophoresis; In vitro diagnostic; Ion quantification; On chip electrophoresis; Self-test