title: Assessing the application of non-pharmacological interventions for people with dementia in German nursing homes: feasibility and content validity of the dementia care questionnaire (DemCare-Q).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-pharmacological interventions are guideline-recommended as initial treatment for people with dementia in nursing homes. In Germany, there is no instrument available to collect standardized data on the application of all of these interventions; an investigation of their use in large-scale samples is not currently possible. This article describes the development and initial testing of a questionnaire (Dementia Care Questionnaire (DemCare-Q)) to assess provided non-pharmacological interventions in residents with dementia in nursing homes that can be completed by nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire development comprised the following steps to achieve content validity and feasibility: a structured content analysis of the German guideline for the care of people with dementia and challenging behavior in nursing homes and a systematic literature review of projects that implemented these; quantitative expert ratings and calculation of content validity indices; qualitative pre-test with future users using cognitive techniques; quantitative pre-test using frequency analysis of item non-response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed questionnaire covers seven dementia-specific non-pharmacological interventions in nursing homes. Problematic items could be improved by revising them successively, bringing forth a feasible and content valid version of the DemCare-Q. The DemCare-Q enables researchers to collect data on the application of dementia interventions in German nursing homes in large-scale studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A literature review, expert rating and multi-method pre-test are important steps of questionnaire development. The applied methods ensure content validity and the practicability of the instrument. The publication of this process enhances the transparency of questionnaire design and supports researchers in solving problems in developing questions to assess the application of interventions. Since these are initial steps of questionnaire development, further testing of its reliability is needed.
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Stockumer Str, 12, Witten 58453, Germany. Rebecca.Palm@dzne.de.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartholomeyczik
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holle
mesh_terms: D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009740:Nursing Staff; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires