title: Galanin modulates human and murine neutrophil activation in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are key players in innate immunity. The innate immune system needs to be tightly controlled to ensure proper activation but also no overactivation. Galanin has been shown to regulate inflammatory reactions, and therefore, we aimed to elucidate the expression of galanin and its three receptors (GAL1 -GAL3 ) in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and to evaluate whether galanin exerts direct or indirect effects on human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from fresh blood of healthy donors, and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from bone marrow of C57BL/6N mice. Gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR. As a marker for polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation, CD11b integrin surface expression was measured by FACS analysis. Furthermore, a label-free technology measuring ligand-induced dynamic mass redistribution was used to evaluate the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to galanin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GAL2 receptor expression was found in both human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils, galanin and GAL3 receptor were exclusively expressed in murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and GAL1 receptor was not detectable in polymorphonuclear neutrophils of either species. Galanin treatment was not able to induce CD11b integrin surface expression or dynamic mass redistribution in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils. However, galanin treatment significantly enhanced the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils of both species to interleukin-8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice.
authors.affiliation: Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locker
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kofler
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019004:Galanin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044088:Receptors, Galanin / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D039481:CD11b Antigen; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C056567:GAL protein, human; C509295:ITGAM protein, human; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044088:Receptors, Galanin; D019004:Galanin
keywords: galanin; immunomodulation; interleukin-8; neutrophil; sensitization