title: Comparing time use in individuals at different stages of psychosis and a non-clinical comparison group.
abstract: Social functioning difficulties are a common and disabling feature of psychosis and have also been identified in the prodromal phase. However, debate exists about how such difficulties should be defined and measured. Time spent in structured activity has previously been linked to increased psychological wellbeing in non-clinical samples and may provide a useful way of assessing social functioning in clinical settings. The current study compared hours in structured activity, assessed with the Time Use Survey, in three clinical groups at different stages of psychosis: individuals with at-risk mental states (N=199), individuals with first-episode psychosis (N=878), and individuals with delayed social recovery following the remission of psychotic symptoms (N=77). Time use in the three clinical groups was also compared with norms from an age-matched non-clinical group (N=5686) recruited for the Office for National Statistics UK 2000 Time Use Survey. Cutoff scores for defining social disability and recovery were examined. All three clinical groups spent significantly fewer hours per week in structured activity than individuals in the non-clinical group. Reduced activity levels were observed before the onset of psychosis in individuals with at-risk mental states. Additional reductions in activity were observed in the first-episode psychosis and delayed recovery groups compared to the at-risk mental state group. Assessing time spent in structured activity provides a useful way to assess social disability and recovery across the spectrum of psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. Electronic address: j.hodgekins@uea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodgekins
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birchwood
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugford
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Birmingham and Solihull NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Everard
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.affiliation: University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Swaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, University of Chester, UK.
authors.forename: Vimal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK,. Electronic address: d.fowler@sussex.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: At-risk mental state; Psychosis; Recovery; Social functioning; Time use