title: Metabolic syndrome in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness, active and sedentary behavior in HIV+ Hispanics with and without lipodystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hispanics in Puerto Rico (PR) have a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (met-syn), partially explained by low physical activity (PA) and possibly low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak). Met-syn is also associated with lipodystrophy in HIV infected (HIV+) adults taking antiretroviral therapies. However, associations between met-syn, VO2peak, PA, sedentary behavior and lipodystrophy among HIV+ Hispanics have not been adequately reported. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) HIV+ Hispanics with lipodystrophy (HIV-Lipo) would have a higher prevalence of met-syn, lower VO2peak and PA, and higher sedentary behavior compared with those without lipodystrophy (HIV-no-Lipo) and without HIV infection (Non-HIV); and 2) met-syn would be inversely associated with VO2peak and PA, and directly associated with sedentary behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety Hispanic adults (32 HIV-Lipo, 28 HIV-no-Lipo, 30 Non-HIV) completed measurements of VO2,peak, anthropometry, PA and sedentary behavior with accelerometry, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to detect differences between groups, and regression analyses to test associations between variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More HIV-Lipo (69%) had met-syn compared with HIV-no-Lipo (39%) and Non-HIV (37%) (P = 0.002). Sedentary behavior and PA were not different, but VO2peak differed between all groups: lowest in HIV-Lipo and highest in non-HIV. PA and sedentary behavior were not associated with met-syn, but PA was directly associated with VO2peak (R2 = 0.26, p < 0.01). Also, a lower odds ratio for met-syn was observed with higher VO2peak (0.87; 95% CI: 0.83-0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Met-syn is related to lipodystrophy in HIV+ Hispanics in PR, and high VO2peak may protect against met-syn in this population.
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico Department of Physical Education and Recreation, San Juan. Farah.ramirez1@upr.edu
authors.forename: Farah A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Marrero
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Santana-Bagur
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Zayas
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Frontera
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids