title: High stocking density as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks.
abstract: Stocking density is a management factor which has critical implications for the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high stocking density as a predisposing factor in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. The experimental challenge model included an oral inoculation with 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of Clostridium perfringens. Two hundred and forty as hatched day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the following experimental design: group N, with normal stocking density (15 birds/m(2)) and no challenge; group D, with high stocking density (30 birds/m(2)) and no challenge; group P, with normal stocking density and positive challenge; and group DP, with high stocking density and positive challenge. From each bird, the intestine, gizzard and liver were collected and scored for gross lesions. The intestinal digesta was collected for pH and viscosity determination. One caecum from each bird was taken for microbiological analysis. The statistical analysis and evaluation of the experimental data revealed significant interaction effects between "stocking density" and "challenge", regarding gross lesion scores in intestine and liver, pH values in jejunum, ileum and caeca as well as C. perfringens counts in the caeca (P ≤ 0.05). High stocking density in challenged birds increased the gross lesion score in the intestine (P ≤ 0.05), contrary to unchallenged birds. It can be concluded that high stocking density affects unfavourably the welfare and gut health of broiler chicks, predisposes to necrotic enteritis in a subclinical experimental model and increases further its importance as a management factor for the poultry industry.
authors.affiliation: a Unit of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsiouris
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgopoulou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batzios
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pappaioannou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ducatelle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortomaris
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015984:Causality; D002645:Chickens; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003441:Crowding; D004751:Enteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines