title: In support of using computer-aided design and modeling for periorbital osteotomies.
abstract: Three-dimensional virtual surgical planning using computer-aided design and modeling (CAD/CAM) has gained popularity in planning complex orthognathic and osteocutaneous free flap reconstructions of the head and neck because of its ability to guide complex geometric planning in three-dimensional space and save time in the operating room. The purpose of this study was to review our experience using CAD/CAM concepts in periorbital osteotomies. Three complex periorbital osteotomies were planned and performed: 1 case of bilateral vertical and horizontal orbital dystopia, 1 case of a Monobloc-Le Fort II in an Apert patient, and 1 case of recurrent hypertelorism in a patient with craniofrontal nasal dysplasia. The patients' charts were reviewed, including photographs, medical records, and CAD/CAM plans. The CAD/CAM planning sessions were held 3 to 6 weeks preoperatively and lasted approximately 1 hour. Both cutting guides and positioning guides were used, translating to significant precision of both the osteotomy as well as the final position of the orbits. Qualitatively, the cutting and positioning guides were easy to use and improved operating room efficiency. To conclude, in our hands, CAD/CAM virtual surgical planning is safe and effective in the performance of complex periorbital osteotomies. More work is needed to more clearly define surgical indications for this costly, new technology.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Plastic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tahiri
authors.forename: Jesse Adam
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000601:surgery; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D024343:Open Bite / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface