title: Obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive function in a Hispanic/Latino population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and neurocognitive function among community-dwelling Hispanic/Latino individuals in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos middle-aged and older adults, aged 45 to 74 years, with neurocognitive test scores at baseline measurements from 2008 to 2011. Neurocognitive scores were measured using the Word Fluency (WF) Test, the Brief-Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) Test. OSA was defined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Multivariable linear regression models were fit to evaluate relations between OSA and neurocognitive scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis consisted of 8,059 participants, mean age of 56 years, 55% women, and 41% with less than high school education. The mean AHI was 9.0 (range 0-142; normal AHI <5/h). There was an association between the AHI and all 4 neurocognitive test scores: Brief-SEVLT-sum (β = -0.022) and -recall (β = -0.010), WF (β = -0.023), and DSS (β = -0.050) at p < 0.01 that was fully attenuated by age. In the fully adjusted regression model, female sex was a moderating factor between the AHI and WF (β = -0.027, p < 0.10), SVELT-sum (β = -0.37), SVELT-recall (β = -0.010), and DSS (β = -0.061) at p < 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSA was associated with worse neurocognitive function in a representative sample of Hispanic/Latino women in the United States.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Alberto R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tarraf
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Jose S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Loredo
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lazalde
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Choca
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (A.R.R., T.R., R.L.S.) and Epidemiology and Public Health (T.R., R.L.S., D.J.L.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; Institute of Gerontology (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (W.K.W.), Miami, FL; Department of Medicine (J.S.L.), University of California San Diego; The Children's Hospital at Montefiore (R.A.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; HCHS/SOL Field Center (P.L.), San Diego State University, CA; Department of Psychology (J.P.C.), Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing. hmgonzalez@epi.msu.edu.
authors.forename: Hector M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology