title: The influence of natural organic matter and aging on suspension stability in guideline toxicity testing of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with Daphnia magna.
abstract: The present study investigated changes in suspension stability and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) by addition of Suwannee River natural organic matter and aging of stock and test suspensions prior to testing. Acute toxicity tests of silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) ENPs with Daphnia magna were carried out following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines. Daphnia magna was found to be very sensitive to Ag ENPs (48-h 50% effective concentration 33 μg L(-1) ), and aging of the test suspensions in M7 medium (up to 48 h) did not decrease toxicity significantly. Conversely, the presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM; 20 mg L(-1) ) completely alleviated Ag ENP toxicity in all testing scenarios and did not aid in stabilizing suspensions. In contrast, addition of Suwannee River NOM stabilized ZnO ENP suspensions and did not decrease toxicity. Aging for 48 h generated monotonous concentration-response curves in the presence and absence of Suwannee River NOM. At concentrations up to 100 mg L(-1) TiO2 ENPs did not cause immobilization of D. magna under any of the tested conditions. Presence of Suwannee River NOM caused agglomeration in stock suspensions. The authors' results suggest that aging and presence of Suwannee River NOM are important parameters in standard toxicity testing of ENPs, which in some cases may aid in gaining better control over the exposure conditions but in other cases might contribute to agglomeration or elimination of ENP toxicity. Therefore, modifications to the current guidelines for testing ENPs should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:497-506. © 2014 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Denisa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cupi
authors.forename: Nanna B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007103:Immobilization; D008027:Light; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D013535:Suspensions; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000379:methods*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013535:Suspensions; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Agglomeration; Aquatic invertebrates; Nanoecotoxicology; Nanoparticles; Standard testing