title: Endovascular management of external ventricular drain-associated cerebrovascular injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placement of external ventricular drains (EVDs) is a common, life-saving neurosurgical procedure indicated across a variety of settings. While advances have made the procedure quite safe, the potential for iatrogenic morbidity and mortality continues. We document our experience with the endovascular management of three pseudoaneurysms associated with EVD placement and discuss the endovascular treatment options for EVD-associated cerebrovascular injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis to identify all EVDs placed from 2008 through 2013 at our institution. In instances of EVD-associated cerebrovascular injury, all admission and subsequent radiographic studies were reviewed, including cerebral angiograms and computed tomography (CT) scans where available. Angiograms were reviewed to record the extent of vascular injury and outcomes after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One female and two male patients (age range, 40-75 years) were found to have developed vascular injuries associated with EVD placement. Three pseudoaneurysms, of the posterior communicating artery (PCOM), pericallosal artery branch, and the middle meningeal artery, respectively, were treated by coil and/or glue embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although EVD-associated cerebrovascular injury remains a rare phenomenon, such procedures are not entirely benign. Endovascular repair for such lesions proves a viable, effective option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Choudhri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Mihir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Abdullah H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Feroze
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Heit
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Huy M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Do
keywords: Cerebrovascular injury; endovascular repair; external ventricular drain; pseudoaneurysm