title: Whole organism responses and intersex severity in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) following exposures to municipal wastewater in the Grand River basin, ON, Canada. Part A.
abstract: Municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs) contain anthropogenic substances that can exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity. These complex mixtures have been observed to exert adverse effects on fish. Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum, RBD) is a small benthic fish that is widespread throughout the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, and has been previously shown to be adversely affected by MWWE exposure in this watershed. The objectives of this study were to quantify biological responses in this sentinel species and intersex severity in male fish, in relation to the area of urbanization. It focused on RBD populations adjacent to wastewater outfalls in the Grand River watershed. In May 2011, nine sites across the urban gradient were selected to evaluate the impact of MWWEs. Endpoints for energy storage (i.e. condition factor, k; liversomatic index, LSI) as well as reproductive endpoints (i.e. gonadosomatic index, GSI; gonad development, hormone production), and intersex were assessed in the fish. Rainbow darter showed a high incidence of intersex downstream of the wastewater outfalls, especially below the largest treatment plant outfall at Kitchener (∼85%). We applied an intersex index (score from 0 to 7) that considers the number of eggs within the testis and the stage of maturation of the egg. RBD exposed downstream of the largest wastewater outfall at Kitchener had a score of 3.81±0.37 compared to upstream to the urban areas where there were no intersex males found other than a single individual with a score 1 (average intersex score of site 0.06±0.06). In addition, several fish associated with the Kitchener outfall had macroscopic vitellogenic eggs in the testes (intersex scores 5 and 6). The sub-population of fish located at the wastewater outfall also showed a tendency towards skewed sex ratios (greater proportion of females to male fish) compared to the population at the reference sites. Male fish inhabiting the urbanized area of the Grand River also showed reduced levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). Intersex males had the lower levels of 11KT relative to the upstream reference fish but could not be distinguished from normal males collected at the exposed sites. Despite the high levels of intersex at these sites, no relationships were evident among intersex severity and other measured endpoints such as GSI, LSI or in vitro steroid production. The effects observed appear to be associated with urbanization and exposure to treated MWWEs in the watershed. Although intersex incidence and severity was a very good indicator of wastewater exposure, intersex could not be directly linked to other effects in this wild population. The effects of MWWEs on transcriptional changes in adult RBD exposed to the effluents are reported in the corresponding report (Part B).
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. Electronic address: p.bahamondec@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bahamonde
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fuzzen
authors.affiliation: Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tetreault
authors.affiliation: Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Servos
authors.affiliation: Current address: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and the Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Martyniuk
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Munkittrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010471:Perches / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C003600:11-ketotestosterone
keywords: Intersex; Municipal wastewater effluents; Rainbow darter; Steroid hormones