title: Age-related Defects in Ocular and Nasal Mucosal Immune System and the Immunopathology of Dry Eye Disease.
abstract: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent public health concern that affects up to 30% of adults and is particularly chronic and severe in the elderly. Two interconnected mechanisms cause DED: (1) an age-related dysfunction of lacrimal and meibomian glands, which leads to decreased tear production and/or an increase in tear evaporation; and (2) an age-related uncontrolled inflammation of the surface of the eye triggered by yet-to-be-determined internal immunopathological mechanisms, independent of tear deficiency and evaporation. In this review we summarize current knowledge on animal models that mimic both the severity and chronicity of inflammatory DED and that have been reliably used to provide insights into the immunopathological mechanisms of DED, and we provide an overview of the opportunities and limitations of the rabbit model in investigating the role of both ocular and nasal mucosal immune systems in the immunopathology of inflammatory DED and in testing novel immunotherapies aimed at delaying or reversing the uncontrolled age-related inflammatory DED.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: b Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine , University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fremgen
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chuyi
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Nesburn
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .|c Department of Molecular Biology , University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA .|d Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine , California , USA.
authors.forename: Lbachir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: BenMohamed
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000276:immunology*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology
keywords: Aging; Th1; Th17; dry eye; inflammation; nasal mucosal immune system; ocular mucosal immune system; treg