title: Diagnostic opportunities for evaluation of the exposure of dairy cows to the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN): reliability of blood plasma, bile and follicular fluid as indicators.
abstract: To investigate the usefulness of follicular fluid (FF) in relation to blood plasma and bile as indicators of exposure of dairy cows to ZEN, DON and their metabolites, a dose-response study was performed with 30 dairy cows. The cows, 10 in each group (named CON; FUS-50, FUS-100), received a diet with three different concentrations of Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize. Thereby, the following dietary concentration were reached: CON (0.02 mg ZEN and 0.07 mg DON, per kg dry matter, DM), FUS-50 (0.33 mg ZEN and 2.62 mg DON, per kg DM) and FUS-100 (0.66 mg ZEN and 5.24 mg DON, per kg DM). ZEN, DON and de-epoxy-DON (de-DON) were detected in FF. Based on the linear regression between toxin concentration in plasma and FF, it seems that about 50% (m = 0.5) of ZEN present in plasma is present in FF while an increase of 1 ng/ml DON or de-DON in plasma is paralleled by an increase of 1.5 ng/ml DON or 1.1 ng/ml de-DON in FF. ZEN, DON and their metabolites, except zearalenone (ZAN), were also detected in bile. Contrary to DON and de-DON, ZEN and its metabolites were accumulated in bile so that the concentration of ZEN and metabolites was much higher than for DON and de-DON. The main compound was β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). The biliary ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-ZEL concentration correlated linearly with each other with an uncertainty of <15% (r(2) ≥ 0.86), whereas the ratio between ZEN: α-ZEL: β-ZEL was about 1.5:1:11. With the help of established linear relationship between toxin intake and toxin concentration, bile could be used as diagnostic indicator to assess the exposure of cows.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stinshoff
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Locher
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehage
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wrenzycki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: U H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: bile; dairy cows; deoxynivalenol; follicular fluid; zearalenone