title: Sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content per 1,000 kilocalories: temporal trends in fast-food restaurants, United States, 2000-2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat remain high despite recommendations to limit these nutrients for cardiometabolic risk reduction. A major contributor to intake of these nutrients is foods prepared outside the home, particularly from fast-food restaurants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the nutrient content of frequently ordered items from 3 US national fast-food chains: fried potatoes (large French fries), cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and a grilled chicken sandwich. We used an archival website to obtain data on sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content for these items from 2000 through 2013. The amount of each nutrient per 1,000 kcal was calculated to determine whether there were trends in product reformulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium content per 1,000 kcal differed widely among the 3 chains by food item, precluding generalizations across chains. During the 14-year period, sodium content per 1,000 kcal for large French fries remained high for all 3 chains, although the range narrowed from 316-2,000 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2000 to 700-1,420 mg per 1,000 kcal in 2013. Among the items assessed, cheeseburgers were the main contributor of saturated fat, and there was little change in content per 1,000 kcal for this item during the 14-year period. In contrast, there was a sharp decline in saturated and trans fat content of large French fries per 1,000 kcal. Post-2009, the major contributor of trans fat per 1,000 kcal was cheeseburgers; trans fat content of this item remained stable during the 14-year period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of French fries, little evidence was found during the 14-year period of product reformulation by restaurants to become more consistent with dietary guidance to reduce intakes of sodium and saturated fat.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lorien E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Freidman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fierstein
authors.affiliation: Freidman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gary
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111. Telephone: 617-556-3127. E-mail: alice.lichtenstein@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Alice H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000592:standards; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012147:Restaurants / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids