title: Clinical biomarkers in sickle cell disease.
abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a single gene. Various blood and urine biomarkers have been identified in SCD which are associated with laboratory and medical history. Biomarkers have been proven helpful in identifying different interconnected disease-causing mechanisms of SCD, including hypercoagulability, hemolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, vasculopathy, reperfusion injury and reduced vasodilatory responses in endothelium, to name just a few. However, there exists a need to establish a panel of validated blood and urine biomarkers in SCD. This paper reviews the current contribution of biochemical markers associated with clinical manifestation and identification of sub-phenotypes in SCD.
authors.affiliation: Hematology Research Lab, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ghazi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Damanhouri
authors.affiliation: Hematology Research Lab, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jummanah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarullah
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marouf
authors.affiliation: Hematology Research Lab, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hindawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Gohar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
keywords: Biomarkers; Hypercoagulability; Polymerization; Reticulocytes count; Sickle cell disease; Vaso-occlusion