title: Cluster formation and drag reduction-proposed mechanism of particle recirculation within the partition column of the bottom spray fluid-bed coater.
abstract: Bottom spray fluid-bed coating is a common technique for coating multiparticulates. Under the quality-by-design framework, particle recirculation within the partition column is one of the main variability sources affecting particle coating and coat uniformity. However, the occurrence and mechanism of particle recirculation within the partition column of the coater are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to visualize and define particle recirculation within the partition column. Based on different combinations of partition gap setting, air accelerator insert diameter, and particle size fraction, particle movements within the partition column were captured using a high-speed video camera. The particle recirculation probability and voidage information were mapped using a visiometric process analyzer. High-speed images showed that particles contributing to the recirculation phenomenon were behaving as clustered colonies. Fluid dynamics analysis indicated that particle recirculation within the partition column may be attributed to the combined effect of cluster formation and drag reduction. Both visiometric process analysis and particle coating experiments showed that smaller particles had greater propensity toward cluster formation than larger particles. The influence of cluster formation on coating performance and possible solutions to cluster formation were further discussed.
authors.affiliation: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Li Kun
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paul Wan Sia
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: Celine Valeria
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Liew
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009038:Motion; D010316:Particle Size; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives
keywords: cluster formation; coating; drying; fluid bed; high-speed imaging; image analysis; particle recirculation; particle size; processing; visiometrics