title: Kidney cancer risk in oil refining in Finland: a nested case-referent study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess whether occupational exposure to hydrocarbons in the oil-refining activity increases the risk of kidney cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-referent study was nested within the cohort of employees in the oil refinery industry in Finland in 1967 to 1982 (n = 9454). The final data included 30 cases of kidney cancer and 81 age- and sex-matched referents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a threefold increase in the kidney cancer risk for exposure to hydrocarbons in crude oil (odds ratio, 3.1; confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.9; 11 exposed cases). The risk was associated with the highest cumulative exposure category to hydrocarbons in crude oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational exposure in oil refining, particularly to crude oil, may increase kidney cancer risk. The study assessed historical exposures; further information needs to be collected for evaluating current exposures.
authors.affiliation: From the Finnish Cancer Registry (Drs Anttila, Pokhrel, and Pukkala), Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Unioninkatu 22; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Dr Heikkilä), Topeliuksenkatu 41aA, Helsinki; RV Chem Oy (Mr Viinanen), Ruoriniemenkatu 12, Lahti; and School of Health Sciences (Dr Pukkala), University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Ahti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viinanen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum