title: Network of GRAS transcription factors involved in the control of arbuscule development in Lotus japonicus.
abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, in symbiosis with plants, facilitate acquisition of nutrients from the soil to their host. After penetration, intracellular hyphae form fine-branched structures in cortical cells termed arbuscules, representing the major site where bidirectional nutrient exchange takes place between the host plant and fungus. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying this cellular reprogramming are still poorly understood. GRAS proteins are an important family of transcriptional regulators in plants, named after the first three members: GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE, REPRESSOR of GAI, and SCARECROW. Here, we show that among 45 transcription factors up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots of the legume Lotus japonicus, expression of a unique GRAS protein particularly increases in arbuscule-containing cells under low phosphate conditions and displays a phylogenetic pattern characteristic of symbiotic genes. Allelic rad1 mutants display a strongly reduced number of arbuscules, which undergo accelerated degeneration. In further studies, two RAD1-interacting proteins were identified. One of them is the closest homolog of Medicago truncatula, REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION1 (RAM1), which was reported to regulate a glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation. As in M. truncatula, the L. japonicus ram1 mutant lines show compromised AM colonization and stunted arbuscules. Our findings provide, to our knowledge, new insight into the transcriptional program underlying the host's response to AM colonization and propose a function of GRAS transcription factors including RAD1 and RAM1 during arbuscule development.
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buer
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Pierre-Marc
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Delaux
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.).
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Junkermann
authors.affiliation: Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.) m.bucher@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bucher
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000070116:Lotus / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009154:Mutation; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013559:Symbiosis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005966:Glucuronidase