title: [Chemical, physical and biological risks in law enforcement].
abstract: Chemical, physical and biological risks among public safety and security forces. Law enforcement personnel, involved in routine tasks and in emergency situations, are exposed to numerous and several occupational hazards (chemical, physical and biological) whith likely health and security consequences. These risks are particularly high when the organization and preparation are inadequate, there is a lacking or insufficient coordination, information, education and communication and safety and personal protective equipment are inadequate or insufficient. Despite the objective difficulties, caused by the actual special needs related to the service performed or the organizational peculiarities, the risk identification and assessment is essential for worker health and safety of personnel, as provided for by Legislative Decree no. 81/2008. Chemical risks include airborne pollutants due to vehicular traffic (carbon monoxide, ultrafine particles, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, lead), toxic gases generated by combustion process following fires (aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, dioxins and furans, biphenyls, formaldehyde, metals and cyanides), substances emitted in case of chemical accidents (solvents, pesticides, toxic gases, caustics), drugs (methylamphetamine), riot control agents and self-defence spray, lead at firing ranges, and several materials and reagents used in forensic laboratory. The physical hazards are often caused by activities that induce biomechanical overload aid the onset of musculoskeletal disorders, the use of visual display terminals and work environments that may expose to heat stress and discomfort, high and low pressure, noise, vibrations, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The main biological risks are blood-borne diseases (viral hepatitis, AIDS), airborne diseases (eg, tuberculosis, meningitis, SARS, anthrax), MRSA, and vector-borne diseases. Many of these risk factors are unavoidable or are not predictable; so a proper risk assessment is very important, especially in case of emergencies, and also the necessary preventive measures, a careful analysis of alternative options for action and decision-making, implementation of security measures due to the provision of appropriate PPE and effective management of risk communication have great importance. Another important aspect is the education and training of staff, as in emergency situations should be able to take protective measures as quickly as possible.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione,  Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vicentini
mesh_terms: D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D055884:Chemical Hazard Release; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D016288:Computer Terminals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005389:Firearms; D005390:Fires; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D035846:Law Enforcement; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D009676:Noxae / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D016495:Police; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017751:Safety Management; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects; D014754:Violence; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009676:Noxae