title: The MCP-1, CCL-5 and SDF-1 chemokines as pro-inflammatory markers in generalized anxiety disorder and personality disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The co-occurrence of generalized anxiety disorder and personality disorders suggests the existence of association between the neurobiological predispositions leading to the development of these disorders and activation of cytokine system. Pro-inflammatory chemokines such as CCL-5/RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and CXCL12/SDF-1 (stromal derived factor) play an important role in immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 participants were enrolled in the study, 120 of whom comprised the study group (people with the dual diagnosis of personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder). The mean age was 41.4 ± 3.5 years (range: 20-44 years). The control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals in the mean age of 40.8 ± 3.1 years (range: 20-43 years). A blood sample was collected from each participant and the plasma levels of the CCL-2/MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), RANTES and SDF-1 chemokines were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased levels of MCP-1 and SDF-1 were found both in women and in men versus the control group for all types of personality disorders. The levels of CCL-5 in men were significantly increased versus the control group and significantly higher in women than in men. Neither women nor men with avoidant or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder showed any significant differences in MCP-1 or SFD-1 levels. In subjects with borderline personality disorder, the levels of the study chemokines were higher in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has shown the need for determination of proinflammatory interleukins which are considered as biomarkers of personality disorders and generalized anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland. Electronic address: maxeva@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ogłodek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Szota
authors.affiliation: Piekary Medical Centre, Department of General Surgery, Municipal Hospital in Piekary Śląskie, Piekary Śląskie, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Just
authors.affiliation: Health Care Centre Euro-Med Bytom, Bytom, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moś
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araszkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000097:blood*; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12
keywords: Chemokine; Generalized anxiety disorder; Personality disorders