title: HPLC-SPE-NMR characterization of major metabolites in Salvia fruticosa Mill. extract with antifungal potential: relevance of carnosic acid, carnosol, and hispidulin.
abstract: Plant pathogenic fungi are considered of significant economic importance for adversely affecting both quantitatively and qualitatively fresh and processed produce. Extracts of Salvia fruticosa were initially screened for their antifungal activity, and the ethyl acetate fraction, being the most active, was further analyzed using HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenation. The methoxylated flavones hispidulin, salvigenin, and cirsimaritin and the diterpenes carnosic acid, carnosol, and 12-methoxycarnosic acid were identified as the major components of the extract. In addition, the concentration levels of all identified components were determined using q-NMR. The antifungal activity of the crude extract and selected phytochemicals was estimated against the fungal species Aspergillus tubingensis, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium digitatum. The estimated MIC and MFC values of the ethyl acetate extract of S. fruticosa, as well as three of its major constituents, carnosic acid, carnosol, and hispidulin, support their antifungal activity, especially against B. cinerea and P. digitatum, suggesting their potential use in food and agricultural systems.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Exarchou
authors.forename: Loukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kanetis
authors.forename: Zenovia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apers
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gekas
authors.forename: Vlasios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goulas
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D047309:Flavones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; C068623:carnosol; C018381:salvin; C055957:hispidulin
keywords: Aspergillus tubingensis; Botrytis cinerea; Greek sage; Penicillium digitatum; diterpenes; flavonoids; phytochemicals; q-NMR