title: Preventing iatrogenic overdose: a review of in-emergency department opioid-related adverse drug events and medication errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe characteristics of patients with in-emergency department (ED) opioid-related adverse drug events, medication errors, and harm resulting from medication errors; identify patient-, provider-, and system-based factors associated with in-ED opioid-related medication errors and harm; and create a list of strategies to prevent future events.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was conducted at 2 urban academic EDs. Potential iatrogenic opioid overdoses were identified by querying the ED electronic medical record for cases when naloxone was administered after an opioid was administered in the ED. Cases involving medication errors resulting in harm were reviewed qualitatively for common patient-, provider-, and systems-based factors that might have contributed to the event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 73 ED patients with in-ED opioid-related adverse events that required reversal with naloxone, 43 had a medication error resulting in harm. Patient-, provider-, and systems-based factors that might have contributed to the events included chronic health conditions that could predispose an individual to an opioid-related adverse event, failure to adjust opioid dosing in the elderly and for hepatic or renal impairment, multiple doses and routes of administration of opioids, coadministration of opioids with other sedating medications, and systems-based problems with patient handoffs and pharmacy oversight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified patient-, provider-, and systems-based factors related to opioid-related adverse drug events and medication errors among ED patients who had received naloxone. The results from our assessment can be used to inform educational and policy initiatives aimed to prevent in-ED opioid-related adverse drug events and medication errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Electronic address: francesca_beaudoin@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Francesca L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Beaudoin
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Roland C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McKaig
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
authors.forename: Kavita M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Babu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009270:Naloxone