title: Effects of the neonatal intensive care unit environment on preterm infant oral feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of neonatal intensive care unit environmental characteristics (perceived levels of light and sound, and time of day) in open unit wards and single-family rooms (SFRs) on oral feeding outcomes in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at each scheduled oral feeding for 87 preterm infants from the first oral feeding until discharge. Data included the prescribed volume of feeding and the volume consumed, the infant's level of wakefulness before feeding, and the nurse's perception of light and sound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected on 5111 feedings in the ward unit and 5802 in the SFR unit from feedings involving 87 preterm infants. Light and sound were rated significantly lower in the SFR (χ2= 139 and 1654.8, respectively). Feeding times of 9 am, 12 noon, and 3 pm were associated with the highest perceived levels of light and sound, regardless of unit design (P< 0.0001). Moderate light levels and feeding times of 12, 3, and 6 am were associated with improved feeding outcomes. Infants consumed a greater proportion of their prescribed feeding volume when fed in the open ward and when awake before feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further study on the clinical effects of unit design is needed, as is study on the effects of environmental stimuli, so that interventions can be appropriately developed and tailored for infants needing the most support for optimal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Rita H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pickler
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Connecticut and Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: VCU Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reyna
authors.affiliation: Department of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Tubbs-Cooley
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Ai M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: VCU Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: VCU Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wetzel
keywords: NICU design; clinical outcomes; environment