title: Patient-controlled analgesia for children at home.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is a common and significant symptom experienced by children with advanced malignant disease. There is limited research on pain management of these children at home.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and review the indications for using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in the form of a Computerized Ambulatory Drug Delivery device (CADD(®)) in the home setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted in children discharged home with opioid infusions using a CADD. Charts from January 2008 to February 2012 were surveyed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven CADDs were dispensed during the study period, and of these, 33 were prescribed for patients with cancer-related pain. A third of the CADDs were commenced at home and almost all PCA CADDs were used for end-of-life care. Hydromorphone was the most commonly prescribed opioid. Patients remained at home and pain control was achieved by either increasing the opioid dose or switching the opioid and using adjuvant therapy. Sixteen patients were readmitted to hospital from home and three admissions were related to pain. The median duration on a PCA CADD at home was 33.7 days (range, 1-150 days), and the mean morphine equivalent dose was 2.13 mg/kg/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA with a CADD can be used to manage pain in the home setting. Dose adjustments and opioid switches were performed with no adverse incidents.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: Martha.mherekumombe@health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Martha F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mherekumombe
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012646:Self Administration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: CADD; PCA; analgesia; cancer; end-of-life care; fentanyl; hydromorphone; morphine; palliative care