title: Hypovitaminosis D in type 2 diabetes: relation with features of the metabolic syndrome and glycemic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of hypovitaminosis D with clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients and to determine the effect of glycemic control optimization on 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 63 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 60 ± 9.8 years, 69.8% men). Twenty of the 63 patients were also studied before and after glycemic control optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 63.64 ± 25.51 nmol/L and 74.6% of patients had hypovitaminosis D. Compared with patients with vitamin D sufficiency, patients with hypovitaminosis D had higher prevalence of overweight or obesity (72.3% versus 37.5%; p = 0.012) and higher VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-c) (0.71 (0.24-3.59) versus 0.45 (0.13-1.6) mmol/L; p = 0.011) and C-reactive protein (3.28 (0.36-17.69) versus 1.87 (0.18-17.47) mg/L; p = 0.033) concentrations. The composition of HDL particles also differed in both groups, with higher relative content of triglycerides and lower of cholesterol in patients with hypovitaminosis D. After adjustment for age, seasonality and BMI, differences remained significant for VLDL-c and triglyceride content of HDL. No differences were found regarding other diabetes characteristics. Improvement of glycemic control (HbA1c 9.4 (7.6-14.8) versus 7.3 (6.2-8.7)%; p = 0.000) was accompanied by a decrease in 25(OH)D concentrations (72.7 ± 33.3 to 59.0 ± 21.0 nmol/L; p = 0.035). Correlation analysis revealed that changes in 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated to changes in HbA1c (r - 0.482; p = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypovitaminosis D is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes and improvement of glycemic control decreases 25(OH)D concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona , Spain .
authors.forename: Inka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miñambres
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Quesada
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vinagre
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Hernández
authors.forename: Eulalia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Urgell
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Leiva
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D014807:Vitamin D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Atherogenic dyslipidemia; glucose; vitamin D