title: First case studies of successful ABO-incompatible living-related liver transplantation in infants in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A series study mainly from Asia suggests that ABO-incompatible (ABOi) living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) for pediatric recipients is associated with excellent short- and long-term graft and patient survival. Until now, ABOi LRLT has been rarely performed in Europe. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and early results of an ABOi LRLT in a German high-volume pediatric liver transplant center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six consecutive pediatric patients (four males and two females) were included in this prospective study from January, 2010 to January, 2013 with a median age of 13 months (range, 6-30 months) receiving ABOi LRLT and were matched with six patients receiving ABO-compatible LRLT in the same period. In the ABOi group, titers of IgG and IgM isoagglutinins against the donor's blood group were determined at day 14 before the transplantation and from day 1 to 14 after the transplantation, and then twice a week for another 8 weeks. The titer results were determined as the reciprocal number of the highest serum dilution that caused macroscopical reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients receiving ABOi and those receiving ABO-compatible LRLT were comparable regarding the recipient's preoperative pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD), age, gender, and technical aspects of transplantation. The median follow-up was 2.6 years (range, 1-4.5 years). At the time of operation, the mean body weight was 7.7 kg (range, 5.7-16 kg) in ABO-compatible LRLT recipients and 8.8 kg (range, 5.5-18 kg) in ABOi LRLT recipients. In each group, the median PELD score was 28 (range, 28-35), respectively. All recipients received tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil-based standard immunosuppression and four ABOi transplanted patients received intravenous immunoglobulins at days 1, 3, and 5 after liver transplantation. Patient and graft survival in this group was 83%. One female patient died within 24 hours due to fulminant gram-negative sepsis. Another patient developed acute cellular rejection at the 8th postoperative day, which responded to steroid treatment. No further complications occurred. In the ABO-compatible group, patient survival was 100% and graft survival was 83%; one patient in this group received retransplantation after 4 days. During follow-up, two patients of the ABOi group had maximum alloantibody titers of four against the donor's blood group; all other patients had titers below four.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABOi LRLT seems to be safe without an escalation of immunosuppression and should be considered as an additional option to timely facilitate the transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of General-Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nagoud
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schukfeh
authors.affiliation: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of General-Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Metzelder
authors.affiliation: Department of General-Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of General-Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mathe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dohna-Schwake
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerner
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System