title: Resistance Exercise in Already-Active Diabetic Individuals (READI): study rationale, design and methods for a randomized controlled trial of resistance and aerobic exercise in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The Resistance Exercise in Already Active Diabetic Individuals (READI) trial aimed to examine whether adding a 6-month resistance training program would improve glycemic control (as reflected in reduced HbA₁c) in individuals with type 1 diabetes who were already engaged in aerobic exercise compared to aerobic training alone. After a 5-week run-in period including optimization of diabetes care and low-intensity exercise, 131 physically active adults with type 1 diabetes were randomized to two groups for 22weeks: resistance training three times weekly, or waiting-list control. Both groups maintained the same volume, duration and intensity of aerobic exercise throughout the study as they did at baseline. HbA₁c, body composition, frequency of hypoglycemia, lipids, blood pressure, apolipoproteins B and A-1 (ApoB and ApoA1), the ApoB-ApoA1 ratio, urinary albumin excretion, serum C-reactive protein, free fatty acids, total daily insulin dose, health-related quality of life, cardiorespiratory fitness and musculoskeletal fitness were recorded at baseline, 3 (for some variables), and 6 months. To our knowledge, READI is the only trial to date assessing the incremental health-related impact of adding resistance training for individuals with type 1 diabetes who are already aerobically active. Few exercise trials have been completed in this population, and even fewer have assessed resistance exercise. With recent improvements in the quality of diabetes care, the READI study will provide conclusive evidence to support or refute a major clinically relevant effect of exercise type in the recommendations for physical activity in patients with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yardley
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Hospital and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.affiliation: Healthy Active Living & Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Goldfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada.
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.affiliation: Healthy Active Living & Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
authors.forename: Stasia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjiyannakis
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada. Electronic address: rsigal@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sigal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000378:metabolism; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011788:Quality of Life; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: HbA(1c); Randomized controlled trial; Resistance exercise; Type 1 diabetes