title: Dual-hormone treatment with insulin and glucagon in patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Intensive insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes reduces the incidence and slows the progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications; however, it is associated with an increased risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. In this review, we propose dual-hormone treatment with insulin and glucagon as a method for achieving near normalization of blood glucose levels without increasing hypoglycaemia frequency and weight gain. We briefly summarize glucagon pathophysiology in type 1 diabetes as well as the current applications of glucagon for the treatment of hypoglycaemia. Until now, the use of glucagon has been limited by the need for reconstitution immediately before use, because of instability of the available compounds; however, stabile compounds are soon to be launched and will render long-term intensive dual-hormone treatment in type 1 diabetes possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Reiband
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.affiliation: NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005934:Glucagon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon
keywords: closed-loop glucose control; dual-hormone treatment; glucagon; open-loop glucose control; type 1 diabetes