title: Risk Factors for Early Hemorrhagic Progression after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Focus on Lipid Profile.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors related to the hemorrhagic progression (HP) of brain contusion in patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, many studies have reported abnormal lipid levels associated with hemorrhagic stroke. Unlike hemorrhage stroke, however, the lipid profiles in patients with TBI have not been examined. Therefore, we evaluated the risk factors of HP in patients with TBI and focused on lipid profiles. Fifty-six patients with TBI with mild to moderate injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale ≥9) who initially did not need surgical intervention were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent repeated computed tomography (CT) scans at 4 h and 24 h after injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 7 days after the initial injury. In each noncontrast CT scan, the hemorrhage volume was quantified using the ABC/2 technique. Clinical features, previous medical history, initial CT, and microbleeding on follow-up MRI were analyzed retrospectively. There were 31 (55%) patients in whom significant HP developed (volume >30%). Current smoking (p=0.034), higher initial systolic blood pressure (p=0.035), and lower triglyceride levels (p=0.039) were significantly associated with HP. Current smoking and a triglyceride (TG) level <150 mg/dL were the only statistically significant predictors of HP in the multivariate analysis (p=0.019, p=0.021, respectively). HP with TBI is common in patients who currently smoke and have lower TG levels (150 mg/dL). These patients should be monitored closely, and surgery may be considered before deterioration occurs.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital , Pohang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Tak
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Rim
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ik Seong
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Wook
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: brain contusion; hemorrhagic progression; smoking; traumatic brain injury; triglyceride