title: Thermal characterization of phacoemulsification probes operated in axial and torsional modes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze temperature increases and identify potential sources of heat generated when sleeved and sleeveless phacoemulsification probes were operated in axial and torsional modes using the Infiniti Vision System with the Ozil torsional handpiece.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phacodynamics Laboratory, Pasteur Ophthalmic Clinic, Santiago, Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two computer-controlled thermal transfer systems were developed to evaluate the contribution of internal metal stress and tip-to-sleeve friction on heat generation during phacoemulsification using axial and torsional ultrasound modalities. Both systems incorporated infrared thermal imaging and used a black-body film to accurately capture temperature measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axial mode was consistently associated with greater temperature increases than torsional mode whether tips were operated with or without sleeves. In tests involving bare tips, axial mode and torsional mode peaked at 51.7°C and 34.2°C, respectively. In an example using sleeved tips in which a 30.0 g load was applied for 1 second, temperatures for axial mode reached 45°C and for torsional mode, 38°C. Friction between the sleeved probe and the incisional wall contributed more significantly to the temperature increase than internal metal stress regardless of the mode used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all experiments, the temperature increase observed with axial mode was greater than that observed with torsional mode, even when conditions such as power or amplitude and flow rate were varied. Tip-to-sleeve friction was a more dominant source of phaco probe heating than internal metal stress. The temperature increase due to internal metal stress was greater with axial mode than with torsional mode.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dr. Zacharias received research funding from Alcon Laboratories, Inc., to conduct this study. He has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
authors.affiliation: From Clinica Oftalmologica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: jaime.zacharias@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zacharias
mesh_terms: D017276:Friction; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013817:Thermography