title: Cognitive manifestations of drinking-smoking associations: preliminary findings with a cross-primed Stroop task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite tremendous growth in research examining the role of cognitive bias in addictive behaviors, scant consideration has been paid to the close association between smoking and drinking behavior. This study sought to determine whether an association between smoking and drinking could be observed at an implicit level using a novel cognitive bias task, as well as characterize the relationship between performance on this task and clinically relevant variables (i.e., heaviness of use/dependence).
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (N=51) with a range of smoking and drinking patterns completed a modified Stroop task in which participants identified the color of drinking, smoking and neutral words that were each preceded by drinking, smoking or neutral picture primes. Participants also provided information regarding the heaviness of their smoking and drinking behavior and completed self-report measures of alcohol and nicotine dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response times to smoking and drinking words were significantly slowed following the presentation of either smoking or drinking picture primes. This effect did not differ across subgroups. However, the strength of the coupling between smoking and drinking prime effects was greater among heavier drinkers, who also exhibited a concordant looser coupling of the effects of smoking and drinking primes on smoking words.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between smoking and drinking can be observed at an implicit level and may be strongest for heavier drinkers.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, USA.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, USA. Electronic address: David.Drobes@moffitt.org.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drobes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D057190:Stroop Test; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Attentional bias; Cognition; Tobacco