title: Consistency of arsenic speciation in global tobacco products with implications for health and regulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoke is a major risk to the health of its users and arsenic is among the components of smoke present at concentrations of toxicological concern. There are significant variations in human toxicity between inorganic and organic arsenic species and the aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 samples of tobacco were studied spanning a wide range of concentrations in samples from different geographical regions, including certified reference materials and cigarette products. Inorganic and major organic arsenic species were extracted from powdered tobacco samples by nitric acid using microwave digestion. Concentrations of arsenic species in these extracts were determined using HPLC-ICPMS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of total inorganic arsenic species range from 144 to 3914 μg kg(-1), while organic species dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) ranges from 21 to 176 μg As kg(-1), and monomethylarsonic acid (MA) ranges from 30 to 116 μg kg(-1). The percentage of species eluted compared to the total arsenic extracted ranges from 11.1 to 36.8% suggesting that some As species (possibly macro-molecules, strongly complexed or in organic forms) do not elute from the column. This low percentage of column-speciated arsenic is indicative that more complex forms of arsenic exist in the tobacco. All the analysed species correlate positively with total arsenic concentration over the whole compositional range and regression analysis indicates a consistent ratio of about 4:1 in favour of inorganic arsenic compared with MA + DMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study. Such consistency is important in the context of a WHO expert panel recommendation to regulate tobacco crops and products using total arsenic concentration. If implemented more research would be required to develop models that accurately predict the smoker's exposure to reduced inorganic arsenic species on the basis of leaf or product concentration and product design features.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL UK.
authors.forename: Robert Cj
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL UK.
authors.forename: W Edryd
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stanmills Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG UK.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Meharg
keywords: Arsenic; Health; Regulation; Smoking; Speciation; Tobacco