title: Treatment of microvascular micro-embolization using microbubbles and long-tone-burst ultrasound: an in vivo study.
abstract: Despite epicardial coronary artery reperfusion by percutaneous coronary intervention, distal micro-embolization into the coronary microcirculation limits myocardial salvage during acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis using ultrasound and microbubbles (sonothrombolysis) is an approach that induces microbubble oscillations to cause clot disruption and restore perfusion. We sought to determine whether this technique could restore impaired tissue perfusion caused by thrombotic microvascular obstruction. In 16 rats, an imaging transducer was placed on the biceps femoris muscle, perpendicular to a single-element 1-MHz treatment transducer. Ultrasound contrast perfusion imaging was performed at baseline and after micro-embolization. Therapeutic ultrasound (5000 cycles, pulse repetition frequency = 0.33 Hz, 1.5 MPa) was delivered to nine rats for two 10-min sessions during intra-arterial infusion of lipid-encapsulated microbubbles; seven control rats received no ultrasound-microbubble therapy. Ultrasound contrast perfusion imaging was repeated after each treatment or control period, and microvascular volume was measured as peak video intensity. There was a 90% decrease in video intensity after micro-embolization (from 8.6 ± 4.8 to 0.7 ± 0.8 dB, p < 0.01). The first and second ultrasound-microbubble sessions were respectively followed by video intensity increases of 5.8 ± 5.1 and 8.7 ± 5.7 dB (p < 0.01, compared with micro-embolization). The first and second control sessions, respectively, resulted in no significant increase in video intensity (2.4 ± 2.3 and 3.6 ± 4.9) compared with micro-embolization (0.6 ± 0.7 dB). We have developed an in vivo model that simulates the distal thrombotic microvascular obstruction that occurs after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Long-pulse-length ultrasound with microbubbles has a therapeutic effect on microvascular perfusion and may be a valuable adjunct to reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Electronic address: pacellajj@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pacella
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Schnatz
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Xucai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound and Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Flordeliza S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Villanueva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008833:Microcirculation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Micro-embolization; Microbubble; Microvascular obstruction; Sonothrombolysis; Ultrasound