title: High-throughput fabrication and screening improves gold nanoparticle chemiresistor sensor performance.
abstract: Chemiresistor sensor arrays are a promising technology to replace current laboratory-based analysis instrumentation, with the advantage of facile integration into portable, low-cost devices for in-field use. To increase the performance of chemiresistor sensor arrays a high-throughput fabrication and screening methodology was developed to assess different organothiol-functionalized gold nanoparticle chemiresistors. This high-throughput fabrication and testing methodology was implemented to screen a library consisting of 132 different organothiol compounds as capping agents for functionalized gold nanoparticle chemiresistor sensors. The methodology utilized an automated liquid handling workstation for the in situ functionalization of gold nanoparticle films and subsequent automated analyte testing of sensor arrays using a flow-injection analysis system. To test the methodology we focused on the discrimination and quantitation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, and naphthalene (BTEXN) mixtures in water at low microgram per liter concentration levels. The high-throughput methodology identified a sensor array configuration consisting of a subset of organothiol-functionalized chemiresistors which in combination with random forests analysis was able to predict individual analyte concentrations with overall root-mean-square errors ranging between 8-17 μg/L for mixtures of BTEXN in water at the 100 μg/L concentration. The ability to use a simple sensor array system to quantitate BTEXN mixtures in water at the low μg/L concentration range has direct and significant implications to future environmental monitoring and reporting strategies. In addition, these results demonstrate the advantages of high-throughput screening to improve the performance of gold nanoparticle based chemiresistors for both new and existing applications.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hubble
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sosa-Pintos
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiiveri
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Lech
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raguse
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D009281:Naphthalenes; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014992:Xylenes; C031721:naphthalene; D014050:Toluene; C031286:4-xylene; D006046:Gold; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene
keywords: BTEX; automation; benzene; chemiresistor; environmental monitoring; gold nanoparticle; high-throughput; quantification; random forests; screening; sensor array