title: Anatomical basis of female pelvic cavity for nerve sparing radical hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The separation and sparing of the vesical branch of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP), to preserve the pelvic autonomic nerve, is critical and difficult in nerve sparing radical hysterectomy. Pelvic local anatomy was performed to provide the necessary anatomical information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Precise pelvic anatomy was performed in 15 adult corpses, and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out on the parametrial tissues of three fresh cadavers to analyze the nerve fiber type and content of the vesical branch of the IHP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The deep uterine vein is located in the upper region of the cardinal ligament (CL), with three to six multiple branches and anatomical variation, including one or two cervical branches, and two to four vesical branches. Three branches were found to be most common (63.3 %). The major distribution of the vesical branch of the IHP is dorsomedial to the middle and inferior vesical veins, with less ventral and lateral distribution. There are more sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers in the vesical branch. There is a region rare of vasculature and nerve between the vaginal lateral margin and the vesical branch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deep uterine vein is suggested as an anatomical landmark during surgery, to process the CL and preserve the pelvic splanchnic nerves. The middle and inferior vesical veins can be used as the landmark to preserve the vesical branch of the IHP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haili
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yanlai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000294:innervation*