title: Factors associated with hopelessness in epileptic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors related to hopelessness in a sample of epileptic patients, including measures of depression and quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine participants were administered the following psychometric instruments: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and QOL in Epilepsy (QOLIE)-89. Patients were dichotomized into two categories: those affected by epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures vs those having epilepsy with partial seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups differed on the QOLIE Role Limitation/Emotional dimension. Patients with generalized seizures reported more limitations in common social/role activities related to emotional problems than patients with other types of epilepsy (89.57 ± 25.49 vs 72.86 ± 36.38; t 63 = -2.16; P < 0.05). All of the respondents reported moderate to severe depression, and 21.7% of patients with generalized seizures and 28.6% of patients with other diagnoses had BHS total scores ≥ 9 indicating a higher suicidal risk. The study did not control for years of the illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with generalized seizures reported more limitations in common social/role activities related to emotional problems compared to patients with other types of seizures. Patients at increased suicide risk as evaluated by the BHS were older than those who had a lower suicidal risk. Future studies are required to further investigate the impact of hopelessness on the outcome of epileptic patients.
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montebovi
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Dorian A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lamis
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariantonietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milelli
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caporro
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tisei
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.affiliation: Maurizio Pompili, Marco Innamorati, Franco Montebovi, Mariantonietta Milelli, Paolo Girardi, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buttinelli
keywords: Emotional problems; Epilepsy; Hopelessness; Social/role activities; Suicide risk