title: Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuates hemorrhagic transformation through increasing PPARγ in hyperglycemic MCAO rats.
abstract: Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) has been demonstrated to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in hyperglycemic rats. However, the mechanisms remain to be illustrated. Recently, HBO-PC has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) by increasing 15d-PGJ2 in primary cultured neurons. We hypothesize that HBO-PC reduces HT by suppressing inflammation through increasing 15d-PGJ2 and activating PPARγ in hyperglycemic MCAO rats. HBO (2.5ATA) was administered for 1h daily for 5 consecutive days. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was administered intraperitoneally to designated animals. Infarction volume, hemorrhage volume, neurological scores and mortality were analyzed. The levels of 15d-PGJ2, PPARγ, TNF-α and IL-1β, tight junction proteins as well as the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated 24h after MCAO. HBO-PC reduced HT, improved neurological function, down-regulated inflammatory molecules and inhibited the activation of MMP-9 by increasing 15d-PGJ2 and PPARγ at 24h after MCAO. The results suggested that HBO-PC might be an alternative measure to decrease HT in ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Hetao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. Electronic address: johnzhang3910@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma
keywords: Hemorrhagic transformation; Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning; MCAO; PPARγ