title: Calmodulin inhibitors from natural sources: an update.
abstract: Calmodulin (CaM) plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes, thus representing an important drug target. In previous reviews, our group has reported relevant information regarding natural anti-CaM compounds up to 2009. Natural sources continue to provide a diverse and unique reservoir of CaM inhibitors for drug and research tool discovery. This review provides an update of natural products with reported CaM inhibitory properties, which includes around 70 natural products and some synthetic analogues, belonging to different structural classes. Most of these natural inhibitors were isolated from fungi and plants and belong to the stilbenoid, polyketide, alkaloid, and peptide structural classes. These products were discovered mainly using a fluorescence-based method on rationally designed biosensors, which are highly specific, low-cost, and selective and have short reaction times. The effect of several antimitotic drugs on Ca(2+)-hCaM is also described.
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Andrade
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rivera-Chávez
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madariaga-Mazón
authors.affiliation: †Facultad de Química and ‡Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Valle
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D002147:Calmodulin; D005419:Flavonoids; D013729:Terpenes; D002118:Calcium