title: An analysis of challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome.
abstract: The present study sought to investigate the relationship between challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in Fragile X Syndrome (FRAX). Additionally, this study sought to examine how such disorders are predicted by gender, presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and presence of intellectual disability (ID). A total of 47 children and adolescents with FRAX were assessed. Results revealed high levels of challenging behavior and AD/HD symptoms within the sample, with some participants exhibiting symptoms of comorbid psychopathology. Further analysis revealed that challenging behavior and comorbid psychopathology were positively correlated, with stereotypy correlating most strongly with comorbid psychopathology. In addition, ASD was found to predict challenging behavior, and gender was found to predict AD/HD symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. Electronic address: geraldine.leader@nuigalway.ie.
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leader
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, United States.
authors.forename: June L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannion
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior
keywords: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Challenging behavior; Comorbid psychopathology; Comorbidity; Fragile X Syndrome