title: Double pigtail ureteral stenting and renal pelvic lavage for renal-sparing treatment of obstructive pyonephrosis in dogs: 13 cases (2008-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the technical aspects and clinical outcome of endoscopic- and fluoroscopic-guided ureteropelvic lavage and ureteral stent placement for treatment of obstructive pyonephrosis in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 client-owned dogs (14 obstructed ureters).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with obstructive pyonephrosis were treated with a ureteral stent. Medical records were reviewed for history, clinical signs, pre- and postprocedural clinical and imaging data, and short- and long-term outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13 dogs (14 ureters) had unilateral or bilateral ureteral obstructions and pyonephrosis due to ureterolithiasis (n = 13) or a suspected ureteral stricture (1). Eleven dogs had positive results of bacteriologic culture of urine obtained from the bladder, renal pelvis, or both. Ten were thrombocytopenic, and 8 were azotemic. Stents were placed fluoroscopically with endoscopic (n = 11) or surgical (3) assistance. Median hospitalization time was 48 hours (range, 6 to 260 hours). Median follow-up time was 480 days (range, 2 to 1,460 days). Intraoperative complications occurred in 2 patients (stent occlusion from shearing of a guide wire, and wire penetration of the ureter at the location of a stone). Short-term complications included a bladder hematoma (n = 1) and transient dysuria (1). Long-term complications included stent encrustation (n = 1), stent migration (1), and tissue proliferation at the ureterovesicular junction (5), which had no clinical implications. Recurrent urinary tract infections were documented in 7 dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral stenting was a successful renal-sparing treatment for obstructive pyonephrosis in dogs and could often be performed in a minimally invasive manner. There were few major complications. This technique may be considered as an effective treatment option for this condition in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065.
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.forename: Allyson C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berent
authors.forename: Chick W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Weisse
authors.forename: Demetrius H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bagley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D053018:Pyonephrosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000662:veterinary*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary