title: Visual areas exert feedforward and feedback influences through distinct frequency channels.
abstract: Visual cortical areas subserve cognitive functions by interacting in both feedforward and feedback directions. While feedforward influences convey sensory signals, feedback influences modulate feedforward signaling according to the current behavioral context. We investigated whether these interareal influences are subserved differentially by rhythmic synchronization. We correlated frequency-specific directed influences among 28 pairs of visual areas with anatomical metrics of the feedforward or feedback character of the respective interareal projections. This revealed that in the primate visual system, feedforward influences are carried by theta-band (∼ 4 Hz) and gamma-band (∼ 60-80 Hz) synchronization, and feedback influences by beta-band (∼ 14-18 Hz) synchronization. The functional directed influences constrain a functional hierarchy similar to the anatomical hierarchy, but exhibiting task-dependent dynamic changes in particular with regard to the hierarchical positions of frontal areas. Our results demonstrate that feedforward and feedback signaling use distinct frequency channels, suggesting that they subserve differential communication requirements.
authors.affiliation: Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands; Center for Neuroscience and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
authors.forename: André Moraes
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vezoli
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Conrado Arturo
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan-Mathijs
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schoffelen
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oostenveld
authors.affiliation: Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Jarrod Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dowdall
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Neurocognition, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Weerd
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, 18 Avenue Doyen Lépine, 69675 Bron, France; Université de Lyon, 37 rue du Repos, 69361 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands. Electronic address: pascal.fries@esi-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fries
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D065818:Gamma Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*