title: Two specific tongue regions receive bilateral hypoglossal innervation: a study in neonatal rat pups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional role of bilateral hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervation of the tongue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The possibility of bilateral innervation of XII nerve in the tongue was examined using postmortem fibre tracing in normal neonatal rats. In addition, immunohistochemical testing for synaptophysin or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was carried out in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postmortem fibre tracing revealed constant distribution of the nerve fibres extending across the midline and existence of bilateral innervated area in the rostroventral and caudodorsal regions of the tongue. Synaptophysin-positive and VAChT-positive nerve terminals were also distributed continuously from the XII nerve-intact to the nerve-resected side across the midline of the tongue. The contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in suckling P2 rats (6.6 ± 0.5/section) than those in non-suckling P2 rats (4.9 ± 0.3/section) 24 h after nerve resection. Furthermore, the contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in P7 rats with nerve resection on P1 (6.3 ± 0.2/section) than those in P7 rats with nerve resection on P6 (3.1 ± 0.8/section).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that neonatal rats have two specific tongue regions receiving bilateral XII innervation, which allowed suckling in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. Electronic address: nanae@shinshu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nanae
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokouchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawagishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriizumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004210:Dissection; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation*
keywords: Bilateral innervation; Contralateral projection; Hypoglossal nerve; Neonatal rats; Nerve injury; Suckling