title: An evaluation of direct PCR amplification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate complete DNA profiles from blood and saliva samples deposited on FTA® and non-FTA® paper substrates following a direct amplification protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva samples from living donors and blood samples from deceased individuals were deposited on ten different FTA® and non-FTA® substrates. These ten paper substrates containing body fluids were kept at room temperature for varying lengths of time ranging from one day to approximately one year. For all assays in this research, 1.2 mm punches were collected from each substrate containing one type of body fluid and amplified with reagents provided in the nine commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification kits. The substrates were not subjected to purification reagent or extraction buffer prior to amplification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Success rates were calculated for all nine amplification kits and all ten substrates based on their ability to yield complete DNA profiles following a direct amplification protocol. Six out of the nine amplification kits, and four out of the ten paper substrates had the highest success rates overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that it is possible to generate complete DNA profiles following a direct amplification protocol using both standard (non-direct) and direct PCR amplification kits. The generation of complete DNA profiles appears to depend more on the success of the amplification kit rather than the than the FTA®- or non-FTA®-based substrates.
authors.affiliation: Daniel E. Hall, 1424 Park Place Avenue, Unit 922, Bedford, TX 76022, USA, hallde89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Reena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D017931:DNA Primers; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA