title: Effect of maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction and mammary gland development in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: The aim of the study is to determine whether low doses of "endocrine disrupting chemicals" (EDCs) affect the development and proliferative activity of the mammary glands (MGs). Adult parous/nulliparous female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated from post-natal day (PND) 1 until PND 180 with diethylphthalate (DEP), methylparaben (MPB), triclosan (TCS) and a mixture at doses comparable to human exposure. The doses (mg/kg b.w./day) were: DEP=0.173; MPB=0.105; TCS=0.05. EDC treatment resulted in mortality rates >20% in pups as early as lactation day 7. Significant morphological/histological changes were observed at the end of lactation in the MGs of EDC-treated dams. The total transcriptome profile as well as lactation-related genes in MGs also corroborate the morphological findings as more profound gene expression changes are present only at the weaning period. The study highlights the heightened sensitivity of the MGs during critical windows of exposure, particularly pregnancy and lactation, with an impact on pups' survival.
authors.affiliation: Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy(1). Electronic address: manservisif@ramazzini.it.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manservisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy(1).
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tibaldi
authors.affiliation: Immuno-Oncology Laboratory Aging Research Center (CeSI), G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Albana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hysi
authors.affiliation: Immuno-Oncology Laboratory Aging Research Center (CeSI), G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iezzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambertini
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy(1). Electronic address: belpoggif@ramazzini.it.
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Belpoggi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D005865:Gestational Age; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010226:Parabens / Q000633:toxicity; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D046468:Sexual Development / Q000187:drug effects; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014260:Triclosan; C015358:methylparaben; C007379:diethyl phthalate
keywords: Endocrine disruptors; Mammary glands; Rats; Windows of susceptibility