title: Pathognomonic features of Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion: A comparative cephalometric and arch width study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A thorough knowledge of the salient features of malocclusion helps the clinician in arriving at a proper diagnosis and treatment plan, and also to predict the prognosis, prior to the onset of treatment process. Among the four classes of Angle's classification of malocclusion, Class II division 2 occurs with the least frequency. There is still continuing debate in the literature whether the Class II division 2 patients ascribe the pathognomonic skeletal and dental features.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to describe the unique features of Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion to differentiate it from Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 582 pre-treatment records (study models and cephalograms), with the age of patients ranging from 15 to 22 years, were obtained from the hospital records of Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram and Geetam's Dental College, Visakhapatnam. Out of these, 11 pre-treatment records were excluded because of lack of clarity. In the rest of the sample, 283 were Class II division 1 and 288 were Class II division 2. The lateral cephalograms were analyzed by using digiceph and the arch width analysis was done based on the anatomical points described by Staley et al. and Sergl et al.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An intergroup evaluation was done by using unpaired Student's "t" test. The skeletal vertical parameters, dental parameters, and the maxillary arch width parameters revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups of malocclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion has a pronounced horizontal growth pattern with decreased lower anterior facial height, retroclined upper anteriors, and significantly increased maxillary arch width parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Drs S and NR Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinaoutpally, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Singamsetty E R V
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saraswathi Dhanwantari Dental College, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Ravikishore Reddy
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Indukuri
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, General Dentistry, Resident Dentist, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rupesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Private Practitioner, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nooney
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, RAMA Dental College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Firoz Babu
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Palagiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, KLR Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Veera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Narayana
keywords: Class II division 2; facial height; growth pattern; malocclusion