title: Cognitive reappraisal of peer rejection in depressed versus non-depressed adolescents: functional connectivity differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in adolescence, and is characterised by an inability to down-regulate negative emotional responses to stress. Adult studies suggest this may be associated with reduced functional connectivity between prefrontal and subcortical regions, yet the neurological mechanisms in adolescence remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel, age-appropriate, reappraisal paradigm to investigate functional connectivity during reappraisal of a real-life source of stress in 15 depressed and 15 non-depressed adolescents. During fMRI, participants i) attended to, and ii) implemented reappraisal techniques (learnt prior to fMRI) in response to, rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reappraisal reduced negative mood and belief in negative thoughts in both groups alike, however during reappraisal (versus attend) trials, depressed adolescents showed greater connectivity between the right frontal pole and numerous subcortical and cortical regions than non-depressed adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings tentatively suggest that, when instructed, depressed adolescents do have the ability to engage neural networks involved in emotion regulation, possibly because adolescence reflects a period of heightened plasticity. These data support the value of cognitive reappraisal as a treatment tool, identify neural markers that could be used to optimise current therapies, and lay the foundations for developing novel neuroscientific techniques for the treatment of adolescent depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3UD, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Waltherstraße 23, 80337, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: belinda.platt@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.affiliation: Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training, The Isis Education Centre, Roosevelt Drive, Warnford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
authors.forename: Susannah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training, The Isis Education Centre, Roosevelt Drive, Warnford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
authors.forename: Myra J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3UD, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer Y F
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012059:Rejection, Psychology
keywords: Brain imaging; Cognitive training; Developmental psychopathology; Emotion regulation; Mood disorder