title: The regulation of nitric oxide synthase isoform expression in mouse and human fallopian tubes: potential insights for ectopic pregnancy.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is highly unstable and has a half-life of seconds in buffer solutions. It is synthesized by NO-synthase (NOS), which has been found to exist in the following three isoforms: neuro nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). NOS activity is localized in the reproductive tracts of many species, although direct evidence for NOS isoforms in the Fallopian tubes of mice is still lacking. In the present study, we investigated the expression and regulation of NOS isoforms in the mouse and human Fallopian tubes during the estrous and menstrual cycles, respectively. We also measured isoform expression in humans with ectopic pregnancy and in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results confirmed the presence of different NOS isoforms in the mouse and human Fallopian tubes during different stages of the estrous and menstrual cycles and showed that iNOS expression increased in the Fallopian tubes of women with ectopic pregnancy and in LPS-treated mice. Elevated iNOS activity might influence ovulation, cilia beats, contractility, and embryo transportation in such a manner as to increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. This study has provided morphological and molecular evidence that NOS isoforms are present and active in the human and mouse Fallopian tubes and suggests that iNOS might play an important role in both the reproductive cycle and infection-induced ectopic pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. 11211250005@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Junting
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. slma@shmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shulan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China. zoushien@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Sien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China. lxsure@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. 13211010081@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Birgitta.Weijdegard@medfak.gu.se.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weijdegård
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. gcwu@shmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gencheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. ruijin.shao@fysiologi.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ruijin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. hakan.billig@fysiologi.gu.se.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Billig
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. fengyi17@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II