title: Modeling raindrop strike performance on copper wash-off from vine leaves.
abstract: Copper lost in foliar wash-off from vine leaves treated with Cu-based fungicides was analyzed with a single-drop rainfall simulator. The temporal losses of the particulate Cu (CuP) and the solution Cu (CuS) from raindrop strikes on leaves were modeled using a Poisson point process. This model estimated maximum detachment rates of 0.82 ng CuP and 0.033 ng CuS per raindrop. The total amount of Cu (CuT) in the leaves before rainfall ranged between 0.4 and 4.4 g Cu kg(-1) dry weight. Wash-off reduced the amount of CuT present in the leaves by 0.6 g kg(-1). Particulate losses of CuT ranged from 75 to 90%, while soluble losses of CuT ranged from 10 to 25%. The kinetic energy of the raindrops influenced the loss of CuS but not the loss of CuP. The Poisson point approach can provide an interesting starting point to model non-point source pollution produced from agricultural chemicals washed-off by rain.
authors.affiliation: Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; SIMBIOS Centre, University of Abertay Dundee, Kydd Building, 40 Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland, UK. Electronic address: paulaperezr@uvigo.es.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soto-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: López-Periago
authors.affiliation: Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paradelo
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011891:Rain; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper
keywords: Modeling; Non-point source pollution; Wash-off; copper fate; copper pollutants