title: In vitro study of human osteoblast proliferation and morphology on orthodontic mini-implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the proliferation and morphology of human osteoblasts cultured on two brands of mini-implants after 24, 48, and 72 hours, in addition to the chemical composition found on their surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two brands of mini-implant (Morelli and Neodent) were evaluated; polystyrene was used as a control group (n  =  3). Osteoblasts were cultured on the surface of sterilized mini-implants in a CO2 incubator at different time periods (24, 48, and 72 hours). Osteoblast proliferation was quantified by scanning electron microscopy using up to 5000× magnification, and cell morphology was analyzed by a single observer. For the chemical analysis, spectroscopy X-ray fluorescence was used to identify and quantify chemical components on the surface of the mini-implants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA showed no significant interaction between the factors studied (P  =  0.686). A Tukey test revealed no significant difference in osteoblast proliferation between the mini-implants at all studied periods; however, a difference in cell proliferation was detected between the Neodent and the control group (P  =  .025). For all groups, time had a direct and positive effect on osteoblast proliferation (P < .001). The significant elements present in both brands of mini-implants were titanium, aluminum, vanadium, and iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoblast proliferation was present on the mini-implants studied, which increased over time; however, no significant difference between brands was observed. No difference was seen between the mini-implants evaluated in terms of chemical composition. Cell adhesion after 72 hours suggests that areas of bone remodeling can be achieved, thus initiating the process of mini-implant anchorage.
authors.affiliation: a   Research Assistant, Department of Dental Materials and Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic School of Dentistry and Research Institute, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Carvalho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: b   Professor and Department Chair, Department of Dental Materials and Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic School of Dentistry and Research Institute, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta Tarkany
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Basting
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Mini-implants; Osteoblast