title: Analysis of pig movements across eastern Indonesia, 2009-2010.
abstract: Knowledge of live animal movement through markets and from farm-to-farm is needed to inform strategies for control of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) in south-east Asia, particularly due to consumer preference for fresh meat. In eastern Indonesia a TAD of principal interest for control is classical swine fever (CSF) due to its impacts on smallholder farmers. Pig movement is considered a contributor to failure of current CSF control efforts but pig movement patterns are not well understood. This study investigated movement of live pigs in West Timor, Flores and Sumba islands during 2009-2010, with the aim of informing CSF control policies for Nusa Tenggara Timor province. A market survey of 292 pig sellers and 281 pig buyers across nine live pig markets and a farmer survey across 18 villages with 289 smallholder farmers were conducted and information collected on pig movements. The data obtained was used for social network analysis (SNA) on formal (via a market) and informal (village-to-village) movements using information on trading practices, source and destination locations, and the number of pigs being moved. Both inter- and intra-island movements were identified, however inter-island movement was only observed between Flores and Sumba islands. West Timor and Sumba had highly connected networks where large numbers of villages were directly and indirectly linked through pig movement. Further for West Timor, both formal and informal pig movements linked the capital Kupang, on the eastern end of the island to the western districts bordering East Timor connecting all five districts and demonstrating that informal movement transports pigs over distances similar to formal movement on this island. Sumba had a higher potential for pigs to move to a greater number of sequential locations across the entire island. Flores was found to have a more fragmented network, with pig movements concentrated in its eastern or western regions, influenced by terrain. Markets were confirmed as high-risk locations for the introduction and spread of disease, having over 20 contacts (based on in- and out-degree values) depending on operational day. Villages considered high-risk for CSF spread via informal movements were characterised by higher volume of pig exits and/or linkage to higher numbers of other villages. These findings demonstrate that informal movement (often related to cultural practices) can be extensive and the high level of connectivity dictates that control strategies for CSF and other highly transmissible diseases must be formulated at the provincial level and in collaboration with East Timor.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: edwina.leslie@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Edwina E C
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infectious and Global Health, Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Christley
authors.affiliation: Provincial Animal Health Services, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geong
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jenny-Ann L M L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Toribio
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003132:Commerce / Q000379:methods; D005843:Geography; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D060756:Social Networking; D013552:Swine; D049648:Timor-Leste; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods
keywords: Biosecurity; Classical swine fever; Eastern Indonesia; Pigs; Smallholder farmer; Social network analysis