title: Characterization of the behavior of a novel low-stiffness posterior spinal implant under anterior shear loading on a degenerative spinal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic implants have been developed to address potential adjacent level effects due to rigid instrumentation. Rates of revision surgeries may be reduced by using improved implants in the primary surgery. Prior to clinical use, implants should be rigorously tested ex vivo. The objective of our study was to characterize the load-sharing and kinematic behavior of a novel low-stiffness spinal implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human cadaveric model of degenerative spondylolisthesis was tested in shear. Lumbar functional spinal units (N = 15) were tested under a static 300 N axial compression force and a cyclic anterior shear force (5-250 N). Translation was tracked with a motion capture system. A novel implant was compared to three standard implants with shear stiffness ranging from low to high. All implants were instrumented with strain gauges to measure the supported shear force. Each implant was affixed to each specimen, and the specimens were tested intact and in two progressively destabilized states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimen condition and implant type affected implant load-sharing and specimen translation (p < 0.0001). Implant load-sharing increased across all degeneration-simulating specimen conditions and decreased across the three standard implants (high- to low-stiffness). Translation increased with the three standard implants (trend). The novel implant behaved similarly to the medium-stiffness implant (p > 0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel implant behaved similarly to the medium-stiffness implant in both load-sharing and translation despite having a different design and stiffness. Complex implant design and specimen-implant interaction necessitate pre-clinical testing of novel implants. Further in vitro testing in axial rotation and flexion-extension is recommended as they are highly relevant loading directions for non-rigid implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Melnyk
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chak
authors.forename: Vaneet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cripton
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oxland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing