title: Degenerative changes in adolescent spines: a comparison of motocross racers and age-matched controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motocross racing is a popular sport; however, its impact on the growing/developing pediatric spine is unknown. Using a retrospective cohort model, the authors compared the degree of advanced degenerative findings in young motocross racers with findings in age-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had been treated for motocross-related injury at the authors' institution between 2000 and 2007 and had been under 18 years of age at the time of injury and had undergone plain radiographic or CT examination of any spinal region were eligible for inclusion. Imaging was reviewed in a blinded fashion by 3 physicians for degenerative findings, including endplate abnormalities, loss of vertebral body height, wedging, and malalignment. Acute pathological segments were excluded. Spine radiographs from age-matched controls were similarly reviewed and the findings were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The motocross cohort consisted of 29 riders (mean age 14.7 years; 82% male); the control cohort consisted of 45 adolescents (mean age 14.3 years; 71% male). In the cervical spine, the motocross cohort had 55 abnormalities in 203 segments (average 1.90 abnormalities/patient) compared with 20 abnormalities in 213 segments in the controls (average 0.65/patient) (p = 0.006, Student t-test). In the thoracic spine, the motocross riders had 51 abnormalities in 292 segments (average 2.04 abnormalities/patient) compared with 25 abnormalities in 299 segments in the controls (average 1.00/patient) (p = 0.045). In the lumbar spine, the motocross cohort had 11 abnormalities in 123 segments (average 0.44 abnormalities/patient) compared with 15 abnormalities in 150 segments in the controls (average 0.50/patient) (p = 0.197).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased degenerative changes in the cervical and thoracic spine were identified in adolescent motocross racers compared with age-matched controls. The long-term consequences of these changes are unknown; however, athletes and parents should be counseled accordingly about participation in motocross activities.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: T David
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puffer
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: A Noelle
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Wetjen
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: degenerative changes; motocross; pediatric spine trauma; spine trauma; sports injuries