title: Characterization of an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in calves with respect to the acute-phase response.
abstract: Our objective was to develop a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammation model in calves to evaluate the acute-phase response with respect to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, fever development and sickness behaviour. Fourteen 4-week-old male Holstein Friesian calves were included and randomly assigned to a negative control group (n=3) and an LPS-challenged group (n=11). The latter received an intravenous bolus injection of 0.5 μg of LPS/kg body weight. Blood collection and clinical scoring were performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 28, 32, 48, 54 and 72 h post LPS administration (p.a.). In the LPS group, the following clinical signs were observed successively: tachypnoea (on average 18 min p.a.), decubitus (29 min p.a.), general depression (1.75 h p.a.), fever (5h p.a.) and tachycardia (5h p.a.). Subsequent to the recovery from respiratory distress, general depression was prominent, which deteriorated when fever increased. One animal did not survive LPS administration, whereas the other animals recovered on average within 6.1h p.a. Moreover, the challenge significantly increased plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, with peaking levels at 1, 3.5, 24 and 18 h p.a., respectively. The present LPS model was practical and reproducible, caused obvious clinical signs related to endotoxemia and a marked change in the studied inflammatory mediators, making it a suitable model to study the immunomodulatory properties of drugs in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. Electronic address: Elke.Plessers@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plessers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wyns
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anneleen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watteyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pardon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Siska
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croubels
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Acute-phase proteins; Calves.; Cytokines; Fever; Lipopolysaccharide; Sickness behaviour