title: Effect of blue light emitting diodes on melanoma cells: involvement of apoptotic signaling.
abstract: The present study was undertaken to examine whether blue LED irradiation induces cellular apoptosis in B16-F10 cells and whether it blocks the early growth of melanoma cells in mice. Irradiation with blue LED was observed to reduce cell viability and to induce apoptotic cell death, as accompanied by exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma outside membrane and an accumulation of a sub-G1 population. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential increased, and mitochondria-related apoptotic proteins (cytochrome c, caspase 3, and PARP) were observed. In addition, the level of intracellular superoxide anion (O2(-)) gradually increased. Interestingly the phosphorylation of p53 increased at earlier times under blue LED irradiation, but reduced after exposure for a longer time. Additionally, the thickness of the mice footpad injected with B16-F10 cells decreased significantly until the 9th day of blue LED irradiation, indicating the inhibition of the early growth rate of the melanoma cells. Our data demonstrate that blue LED irradiation induces apoptotic cell death by activating the mitochondria-mediated pathway and reduces the early growth rate of melanoma cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of blue LED in melanoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Phil-Sun
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyosook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: SeokTae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jayjeong@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hwan-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000528:radiation effects; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D013481:Superoxides; D045304:Cytochromes c; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3