title: Cricothyrotomy training increases adherence to the ASA difficult airway algorithm in a simulated crisis: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-adherence to airway guidelines in a 'cannot intubate-cannot oxygenate' (CICO) crisis situation is associated with adverse patient outcomes. This study investigated the effects of hands-on training in cricothyrotomy on adherence to the American Society of Anesthesiologists difficult airway algorithm (ASA-DAA) during a simulated CICO scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 postgraduate second-year anesthesia residents completed a pre-test teaching session during which they reviewed the ASA-DAA, became familiarized with the Melker cricothyrotomy kit, and watched a video on cricothyrotomy. Participants were randomized to either the intervention 'Trained' group (n = 10) (taught and practiced cricothyrotomy) or the control 'Non-Trained' group (n = 11) (no extra training). After two to three weeks, performances of the groups were assessed in a simulated CICO scenario. The primary outcome measure was major deviation from the ASA-DAA. Secondary outcome measures were (1) performance of the four categories of non-technical behaviours using the validated Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills scale (ANTS) and (2) time to perform specific tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more non-trained than trained participants (6/11 vs 0/10, P = 0.012) committed at least one major ASA-DAA deviation, including failure to insert an oral airway, failure to call for help, bypassing the laryngeal mask airway, and attempting fibreoptic intubation. ANTS scores for all four categories of behaviours, however, were similar between the groups. Trained participants called for help faster [26 (2) vs 63 (48) sec, P = 0.012] but delayed opening of the cricothyrotomy kit [130 (50) vs 74 (36) sec, P = 0.014].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hands-on training in cricothyrotomy resulted in fewer major ASA-DAA deviations in a simulated CICO scenario. Training in cricothyrotomy may play an important role in complying with the ASA-DAA in a CICO situation but does not appear to affect non-technical behaviours such as decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Rm 19-104, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada, eyou-ten@mtsinai.on.ca.
authors.forename: Kong Eric
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: You-Ten
authors.forename: M Dylan
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bould
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riem
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sydor
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boet
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery; D014481:United States