title: Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and analyse the characteristics of oral cholera vaccination campaigns; including location, target population, logistics, vaccine coverage and delivery costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, the World Health Organization (WHO) website and the Cochrane database with no date or language restrictions. We contacted public health personnel, experts in the field and in ministries of health and did targeted web searches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 33 documents were included in the analysis. One country, Viet Nam, incorporates oral cholera vaccination into its public health programme and has administered approximately 10.9 million vaccine doses between 1997 and 2012. In addition, over 3 million doses of the two WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines have been administered in more than 16 campaigns around the world between 1997 and 2014. These campaigns have either been pre-emptive or reactive and have taken place under diverse conditions, such as in refugee camps or natural disasters. Estimated two-dose coverage ranged from 46 to 88% of the target population. Approximate delivery cost per fully immunized person ranged from 0.11-3.99 United States dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experience with oral cholera vaccination campaigns continues to increase. Public health officials may draw on this experience and conduct oral cholera vaccination campaigns more frequently.
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines .
authors.forename: Anna Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellos
authors.affiliation: Delivering Oral Vaccine Effectively (DOVE), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America (USA).
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deen
authors.affiliation: Delivering Oral Vaccine Effectively (DOVE), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America (USA).
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Plaza, New York, USA .
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam .
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, Paris, France .
authors.forename: Rebecca F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Grais
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Legros
authors.affiliation: Epicentre, Paris, France .
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Luquero
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Megan B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ghai
authors.affiliation: Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perea
authors.affiliation: Delivering Oral Vaccine Effectively (DOVE), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America (USA).
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sack
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002771:Cholera / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022121:Cholera Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics; D015980:Public Health Practice; D014744:Vietnam; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D022121:Cholera Vaccines