title: Efficiently screening heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to develop a screening tool for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 581 consecutive patients from 21 primary care practices in The Netherlands with type 2 diabetes, in whom the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) was not known, underwent an extensive diagnostic assessment, including medical history taking, physical examination, ECG, and echocardiography. The presence or absence of HF was established by a panel of two cardiologists and one general practitioner following the guidelines on HF of the European Society of Cardiology. In 161 patients, HF was considered present. A model based on the medical history and symptoms had a good discriminative value for detecting or excluding HF [C-statistic after bootstrapping 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.83]. Adding signs improved the C-statistic to 0.82 (95% CI 0.79-0.86). A diagnostic screening score based on the clinical model had good discriminative properties applying a cut-off of 3 points (24.7% risk of HF) with sensitivity 70.8%, specificity 79.0%, negative predictive value 87.6%, and positive predictive value 56.4%. ECG and natriuretic peptides both had independent added value beyond the clinical model and increased the C-statistic to 0.86 (95% CI 0.83- 0.89). With a 20% threshold, the net reclassification of adding ECG and NT-proBNP to the clinical model was only 0.06.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decision aid based on items from the clinical assessment is useful for screening HF in older patients with type 2 diabetes and to pre-select for echocardiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NL2271704108.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Center for Diagnostic Support in Primary Care (SHL-Groep), Department of Scientific Research, Etten-Leur, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leandra J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Boonman-de Winter
authors.forename: Frans H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Marcel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Nicolaas P A
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Zuithoff
authors.forename: Anho H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Arno W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
keywords: Diagnosis; Heart failure; Primary care; Screening; Sensitivity and specificity; Type 2 diabetes