title: Facial paralysis reconstruction in children and adolescents with central nervous system tumors.
abstract: Facial paralysis remains a vexing problem in the treatment of posterior cranial fossa tumors in children. Fortunately, current techniques are available to reconstruct the paralyzed face in restoring balance, symmetry, and amelioration of functional sequelae. The restoration of structure and function of the paralyzed face is tantamount to proper social integration and psychosocial rehabilitation. In addition, the facial nerve is important in preventing drying of the eyes, drooling, and speech abnormalities, among other functions. The most visible evidence of facial paralysis is stark asymmetry, especially with animation. This is perhaps the most troubling aspect of facial paralysis and the one that leads to the greatest amount of psychosocial stress for the child and family members. Management strategies include early and late intervention. Early reconstructive goals focus on preservation and strengthening of intact motor end plates through native stimulatory pathways. Late reconstructive efforts are centered on surgically reconstructing permanently lost function based on each third of the face. Use of adjunct modalities such as chemical or surgical denervation and myectomies are also critical tools in restoring symmetry. Physical therapy plays a large role in both early and late facial nerve paralysis in optimizing cosmetic and functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panossian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D003714:Denervation / Q000379:methods; D004954:Esthetics / Q000523:psychology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology
keywords: Facial paralysis; brain tumors; facial asymmetry; facial nerve palsy; facial reanimation; facial rehabilitation; oral continence; permanent denervation; smile reconstruction; speech pathology