title: Array heterogeneity prevents catastrophic forgetting in infants.
abstract: Working memory is limited in adults and infants. But unlike adults, infants whose working memory capacity is exceeded often fail in a particularly striking way: they do not represent any of the presented objects, rather than simply remembering as many objects as they can and ignoring anything further (Feigenson & Carey, 2003, 2005). Here we explored the nature of this "catastrophic forgetting," asking whether stimuli themselves modulate the way in which infants' memory fails. We showed 13-month old infants object arrays that either were within or that exceeded working memory capacity--but, unlike previous experiments, presented objects with contrasting features. Although previous studies have repeatedly documented infants' failure to represent four identical hidden objects, in Experiments 1 and 2 we found that infants who saw four contrasting objects hidden, and then retrieved just two of the four, successfully continued searching for the missing objects. Perceptual contrast between objects sufficed to drive this success; infants succeeded regardless of whether the different objects were contrastively labeled, and regardless of whether the objects were semantically familiar or completely novel. In Experiment 3 we explored the nature of this surprising success, asking whether array heterogeneity actually expanded infants' working memory capacity or rather prevented catastrophic forgetting. We found that infants successfully continued searching after seeing four contrasting objects hidden and retrieving two of them, but not after retrieving three of them. This suggests that, like adults, infants were able to remember up to, but not beyond, the limits of their working memory capacity when representing heterogeneous arrays.
authors.affiliation: Penn State University, Brandywine, Department of Human Development & Family Studies, 25 Yearsley Mill Rd., Media, PA 19063, United States. Electronic address: jzosh@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zosh
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles, St. Baltimore, MD 21218, United States. Electronic address: feigenson@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feigenson
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Development; Heterogeneity; Infants; Objects; Working memory