title: The Comparison of Infusion of Two Different Sedation Regimens with Propofol and Ketamine Combination During Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anesthetic agents are often combined to enhance their therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different sedation regimens of ketamine and propofol combination via infusion on perioperative variables in patients who underwent plastic and reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized double-blind clinical trial was done on 80 patients who were randomized to two groups; group 1 (n = 40) received a 2:1 mixture of 9 mg/ml propofol and 4.5 mg/ml ketamine, and group 2 (n = 40) received a 4:1 mixture of 9 mg/ml propofol and 2.25 mg/ml ketamine. After premedication and before local anesthetic injection, the infusion of mixtures was adjusted to attain the Ramsay sedation scores of 5 in both groups. We recorded induction time, sedation efficacy, cardiovascular and respiratory events, recovery time, and incidence of adverse events during and after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean of volume infusion of mixtures in the beginning of the procedure was higher in group 2 (3.2 ± 1. 2 ml) than in group 1 (2.4 ± 0.8 ml) (p < 0.001). The induction time for sedation was 2.8 ± 0.8 min and 2.6 ± 0.4 min in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p = 0. 92). The number of oversedated patients was greater in group 2 compared to group 1 but not statistically significant (p = 0. 80). The sedation efficacy was similar between the two groups. The hemodynamic changes during the procedure were greater in group 2 compared to group 1 (p = 0. 001). The recovery time was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.43). The mean pain score in the recovery room was lower in group 1 than group 2 (1.2 ± 0.8 vs 2.8 ± 1.8, p = 0. 01). Moreover, 4 (10 %) patients in group 1 and 10 (25 %) patients in group 2 needed opioid administration (p = 0. 02). Other postoperative adverse events were similar between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the use of a 2:1 combination of propofol-ketamine, because it reduced the rescue propofol requirement and consequently produced lower cardiovascular and respiratory depression effects and also less postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran, mehdi.sanatkar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanatkar
authors.forename: Shahriyar Haddadi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Abianeh
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghazizadeh
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.forename: Kourosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghanbarzadeh
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Atabak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadrossadat
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahriyari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol