title: Maternal intake of fatty acids and their food sources during lactation and the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined maternal dietary intake of fatty acids and foods which are sources of fatty acids during lactation and whether they are associated with the risk of preclinical and clinical type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects comprised a cohort of 2,939 mother-child pairs from the prospective Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Composition of maternal diet during the third month of lactation was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Among the children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, 172 developed preclinical and 81 clinical diabetes. Average follow-up for preclinical type 1 diabetes was 7.5 years (range 0.2-14.0 years) and for clinical type 1 diabetes 7.7 years (0.2-14.0 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal intake of fatty acids during lactation was not associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. After adjusting for putative confounders, maternal total consumption of red meat and meat products during lactation was associated both with increased risk for preclinical [hazard ratio (HR) 1.19, 95 % CI 1.02-1.40, p = 0.038] and clinical type 1 diabetes (HR 1.27, 95 % CI 1.06-1.52, p = 0.025). In particular, consumption of processed meat products showed an association with increased risk for type 1 diabetes (HR 1.23, 95 % CI 1.02-1.48, p = 0.045). Maternal use of vegetable oils was associated with increased risk for preclinical type 1 diabetes (HR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.03-1.41, p = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, during lactation may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland, sari.niinisto@thl.fi.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rautanen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vainio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lumia
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids