title: Chemical composition, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and redox properties in vitro of the essential oil from Remirea maritima Aubl. (Cyperaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil from R. maritima (RMO) in experimental protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  The essential oil from the roots and rhizomes of RMO were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Here, we evaluated free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant potential of RMO using in vitro assays for scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and nitric oxide. The total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) indexes and in vitro lipoperoxidation were also evaluated. The ability of RMO to prevent lipid peroxidation was measured by quantifying thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). NO radical generated at physiological pH was found to be inhibited by RMO, that showed scavenging effect upon SNP-induced NO production at all concentrations. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by acetic acid writhing reflex, Formalin-induced nociception and Carrageenan-induced edema test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majors compounds identified was remirol (43.2%), cyperene (13.8%), iso-evodionol (5.8%), cyperotundone (5.7%), caryophyllene oxide (4.9%), and rotundene (4.6%). At the TRAP assay, RMO concentration of 1 mg.mL(-1) showed anti-oxidant effects and at concentration of 1 and 10 ng.mL(-1) RMO showed pro-oxidant effect. RMO at 1 mg.mL(-1) also showed significant anti-oxidant capacity in TAR measurement. Concentrations of RMO from 1 ng.mL(-1) to 100 μg.mL(-1) enhanced the AAPH-induced lipoperoxidation. RMO reduced deoxyribose oxidative damage, induced by the Fenton reaction induction system, at concentrations from 1 ng.mL(-1) to 100 μg.mL(-1). We observed that RMO caused a significant increase in rate of adrenaline auto-oxidation. On the other hand RMO did not present any scavenging effect in H2O2 formation in vitro. The results of this study revealed that RMO has both peripheral and central analgesic properties. The RMO, all doses, orally (p.o.) administered significantly inhibited (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) the acetic acid-induced writhings and two phases of formalin-induced nociception in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RMO demonstrated antioxidant and analgesic profile which may be related to the composition of the oil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. alessandrarabelo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandra Silva
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. maiserafini@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mairim Russo
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. thallitarabelo@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Thallita Kelly
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. marceliagdmelo@bol.com.br.
authors.forename: Marcelia Garcez Dória
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. maiserafini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: da Silva Prado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 13083-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. dgelain@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniel Pens
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gelain
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 13083-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 00006866@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: José Claudio Fonseca
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. lilinhabezerra@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: dos Santos Bezerra
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Orgânica de Sergipe (LABORGANICS), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. gmartesanato@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Thanany Brasil
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Orgânica de Sergipe (LABORGANICS), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. lucindoju@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Emmanoel Vilaça
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Orgânica de Sergipe (LABORGANICS), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. pclimanog@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Paulo Cesar
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Lima Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Orgânica de Sergipe (LABORGANICS), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. left.ufs@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Valéria Regina
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: de Souza Moraes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. adrianoasa7@2001.com.br.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: do Nascimento Prata
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. lucindo_junior@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Lucindo José
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quintans
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacêuticos e Toxicidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (LeFT/UFS), 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. adriasa2001@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Adriano Antunes Souza
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araújo
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase