title: Psychosis and cardiovascular disease: is diet the missing link?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the diets of people living with psychotic disorders, and to compare their dietary composition to the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  184 people with psychotic disorders in Adelaide, South Australia completed a food frequency questionnaire. Physical information and mental health status were collected. Outcome measures included energy and macronutrient intake; fish, sodium, fruit and vegetable intake; micro-nutrient intake; body mass index; waist circumference; and diagnoses of diabetes and hypertension. The RDI of nutrients was derived from Australian Government publications. Comparison dietary data was obtained from surveys carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of participants were overweight or obese (78%) and 77.5% met the criteria for at-risk waist circumference; and 58% of participants consumed salt and saturated fat in excess of the RDI. Most did not achieve the RDI for fruits and vegetables (97.8%), fibre (88.6%), fish (61.4%), magnesium (73.4%) or folate (86.4%). Women with psychosis had significantly higher intakes of vitamins and minerals compared to women in the general population. Men and women with psychosis consumed more daily total fat, saturated fat and sodium compared to adults in the Australian population, but lower fibre and vitamin E than their male and female counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with psychosis, especially women, report poor dietary choices including increased energy and fat intake, heightening their risk for cardiovascular disease. Women with psychosis report higher intake of vitamins and minerals than women in the general population. Whilst dietary intake contributes to obesity in psychosis, other factors including antipsychotic agents, decreased physical activity and smoking add to the cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Marni A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nenke
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Campbell H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Area Health Network, Australia.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Area Health Network, Australia; Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Cherrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Galletly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Diet; Nutrients; Psychosis