title: Techniques for dental implant nanosurface modifications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dental implant has gained clinical success over last decade with the major drawback related to osseointegration as properties of metal (Titanium) are different from human bone. Currently implant procedures include endosseous type of dental implants with nanoscale surface characteristics. The objective of this review article is to summarize the role of nanotopography on titanium dental implant surfaces in order to improve osseointegration and various techniques that can generate nanoscale topographic features to titanium implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic electronic search of English language peer reviewed dental literature was performed for articles published between December 1987 to January 2012. Search was conducted in Medline, PubMed and Google scholar supplemented by hand searching of selected journals. 101 articles were assigned to full text analysis. Articles were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criterion. All articles were screened according to inclusion standard. 39 articles were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 39 studies, seven studies demonstrated that bone implant contact increases with increase in surface roughness. Five studies showed comparative evaluation of techniques producing microtopography and nanotopography. Eight studies concluded that osteoblasts preferably adhere to nano structure as compared to smooth surface. Six studies illustrated that nanotopography modify implant surface and their properties. Thirteen studies described techniques to produce nano roughness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of dental osseous implants at nanoscale level produced by various techniques can alter biological responses that may improve osseointegration and dental implant procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Rama Dental College-Hospital & Research Centre, Kanpur, India.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pachauri
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Lakshmana Rao
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bathala
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Rama Dental College-Hospital & Research Centre, Kanpur, India.
authors.forename: Rajashekar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sangur
keywords: Chemical vapor deposition; Engineered surface; Intelligent surfaces; Osseointegration; Sputtering; Superhydrophillic