title: Vascular malformations revisited.
abstract: Vascular malformations are congenital anomalies that can affect each part of the vasculature. Combined forms are common and they are often part of complex syndromes. Most malformations are diagnosed during infancy, but some get obvious only later in life. The field of vascular malformations is emerging with recently described new entities and treatments. Still, misdiagnosis is common in this field, leading to nosologic confusion and wrong treatment. Clinical evaluation and imaging are the gold standard for diagnostic confirmation. Sclerotherapy and embolization are the main treatment techniques but are also used preoperatively to reduce blood loss and shrink the lesion if surgery is planned. Despite new treatment options, especially if extensive in size or involving vulnerable structures, vascular malformations are still considered chronic diseases and cause significant morbidity. Common understanding and agreement on terminology and a multidisciplinary approach are the basis of successful treatment and long-term support for these patients. Continuing research in the field of vascular anomalies will improve knowledge and create further treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston Childrens Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmad I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Alomari
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beatrice R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Amann-Vesti
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Vascular anomalies; arteriovenous malformation; sclerotherapy; vascular malformation; venous malformation