title: Association between the dietary factors and metabolic syndrome with chronic kidney disease in Chinese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of study was to examine the relationship between the dietary nutrition and the prevalence and risk of renal damage in patients with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  260 patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic renal disease meeting criterion were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP-ATPIII guidelines. Food-frequency questionnaire was performed to collect the information on dietary nutrition. Anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height and waist circumference were collected. Blood pressure, triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose, renal function and 24-hour urine protein were measured. The correlations between GFR and actual nutrient intakes of participants were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The actual intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat and cholesterol in participate were all significantly higher than recommended nutrient intakes/adequate intakes of Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes. GFR was significantly inversely correlated with energy, protein intake, cholesterol intake, carbohydrates intake, sodium intake, calcium intake and actual protein/energy ratio. Logistic regression analyses showed that actual protein intakes/recommended protein intakes (APIs/RPIs) were significant independent predictors of GFR < 60 ml/min•1.73 m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary nutrition is closely correlated with kidney damage in patients with metabolic syndrome. High protein intakes may be one of the risk factors of renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Union Medicine Center Tianjin 300121, PR China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Union Medicine Center Tianjin 300121, PR China.
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Examination Center, Tianjin Union Medicine Center Tianjin 300121, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunjie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Union Medicine Center Tianjin 300121, PR China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Long
keywords: Metabolic syndrome; chronic kidney disease; dietary