title: 10 year course of IQ in first-episode psychosis: relationship between duration of psychosis and long-term intellectual trajectories.
abstract: A substantial proportion of patients suffering from schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs) exhibit a general intellectual impairment at illness onset, but the subsequent intellectual course remains unclear. Relationships between accumulated time in psychosis and long-term intellectual functioning are largely uninvestigated, but may identify subgroups with different intellectual trajectories. Eighty-nine first-episode psychosis patients were investigated on IQ at baseline and at 10-years follow-up. Total time in psychosis was defined as two separate variables; Duration of psychosis before start of treatment (i.e. duration of untreated psychosis: DUP), and duration of psychosis after start of treatment (DAT). The sample was divided in three equal groups based on DUP and DAT, respectively. To investigate if diagnosis could separate IQ-trajectories beyond that of psychotic duration, two diagnostic categories were defined: core versus non-core SSDs. No significant change in IQ was found for the total sample. Intellectual course was not related to DUP or stringency of diagnostic category. However, a subgroup with long DAT demonstrated a significant intellectual decline, mainly associated with a weaker performance on test of immediate verbal recall/working memory (WAIS-R Digit Span). This indicates a relationship between accumulated duration of psychosis and long-term intellectual course, irrespective of diagnostic category, in a significant subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: helene.barder@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Helene Eidsmo
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Barder
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundet
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004, Drammen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn Rishovd
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rund
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evensen
authors.affiliation: Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Psychiatry Roskilde, Region Zealand, Smedegade 1-16, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haahr
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Wenche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: ten Velden Hegelstad
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; Faculty of social sciences, University of Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Joa
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; Faculty of social sciences, University of Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Olav
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langeveld
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor Ketil
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melle
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Stein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Opjordsmoen
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Røssberg
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Research Unit, Zealand Region, Psychiatry Roskilde, Roskilde University and University of Copenhagen, Smedegade 10-16, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1130 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaglum
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Psychiatric Research at Congress Place, 301 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Svein P I
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Friis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Longitudinal; Neurocognition; Positive symptoms; Psychosis; Subgroups; WAIS-R