title: PTSD-like memory generated through enhanced noradrenergic activity is mitigated by a dual step pharmacological intervention targeting its reconsolidation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic memories have been resilient to therapeutic approaches targeting their permanent attenuation. One of the potentially promising pharmacological strategies under investigation is the search for safe reconsolidation blockers. However, preclinical studies focusing on this matter have scarcely addressed abnormal aversive memories and related outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  By mimicking the enhanced noradrenergic activity reported after traumatic events in humans, here we sought to generate a suitable condition to establish whether some clinically approved drugs able to disrupt the reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories in rodents would still be effective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was able to induce an inability to restrict behavioral (fear) and cardiovascular (increased systolic blood pressure) responses to the paired context when administered immediately after acquisition, but not 6h later, indicating the formation of a generalized fear memory, which endured for over 29 days and was less susceptible to suppression by extinction. It was also resistant to reconsolidation disruption by the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine or cannabidiol, the major non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa. Since signaling at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is important for memory labilization and because a dysfunctional memory may be less labile than is necessary to trigger reconsolidation on its brief retrieval and reactivation, we then investigated and demonstrated that pre-retrieval administration of the partial NMDA agonist D-cycloserine allowed the disrupting effects of clonidine and cannabidiol on reconsolidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the effectiveness of a dual-step pharmacological intervention to mitigate an aberrant and enduring aversive memory similar to that underlying the post-traumatic stress disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gazarini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rene R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Piornedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Reinaldo N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. leandro.bertoglio@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Leandro J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bertoglio
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002185:Cannabidiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003523:Cycloserine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D002185:Cannabidiol; D015016:Yohimbine; D003523:Cycloserine; D003000:Clonidine
keywords: PTSD; fear generalization; memory overconsolidation; norepinephrine