title: The prediction of treatment outcomes by early maladaptive schemas and schema modes in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher levels of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema modes according to schematherapy by Jeffrey Young are present in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to healthy controls. This study examines the relationship of EMS and schema modes to OC symptom severity and the predictive value of EMS and schema modes on treatment outcome in inpatients receiving Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP). The main assumption was a negative association between the EMS of the domain 'disconnection' and dysfunctional coping and parent schema modes and the treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMS, schema modes, depression and traumatic childhood experiences were measured in 70 patients with OCD. To analyze the predictors, two regression analyses were conducted considering multiple variables, such as depression, as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses demonstrated that higher scores on the EMS named failure and emotional inhibition and depressive symptom severity at pretreatment were significantly related to poor outcome and explained a high percentage of the variance in OC symptoms at posttreatment. No influence on the treatment outcome was observed for schema modes, other EMS or other covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the approach to extend the CBT with ERP treatment with therapeutic elements focusing on maladaptive schemas, particularly in non-responders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. nicola.thiel@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstrasse 41, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. tuschen@psychologie.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Brunna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tuschen-Caffier
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. nirmal.herbst@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. Anne.Katrin.Kuelz@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Anne Katrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Külz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. Christoph.nissen@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. Elisabeth.Hertenstein@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hertenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. ellen.gross@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany. UVoderholzer@Schoen-Kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Voderholzer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D040921:Stress Disorders, Traumatic / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult