title: An intratracheal challenge murine model of asthma: can bronchial inflammation affect the nose?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extensive data support the influence of the upper airway on lower airway inflammation and pathophysiology in allergic disease. However, few studies have focused on allergic inflammation in the nose after an isolated lower airway allergen challenge, a situation that can exist clinically when human subjects breathe primarily through the mouth, as occurs when nasally congested. This study used a mouse model to investigate whether upper airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness were induced by an isolated lower airway allergen challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice were sensitized by systemic intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin/saline and challenged with intratracheal ovalbumin/saline. Inflammation in the nose and lungs was assessed by cytology and histology of nasal tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), while nasal airway resistance and response were measured over 3 days post-challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intratracheal application of an allergen in anaesthetized mice resulted in exclusive deposition in the lower airway. Compared to control animals, ovalbumin-sensitized mice after challenge showed bronchial hyperreactivity and increased IL-5 in the serum BALF, as well as eosinophil infiltration in the lungs. However, nasal histology of the ovalbumin-sensitized mice showed no increase in eosinophil infiltration. The nasal lavage fluid revealed no increase in eosinophils or IL-5, and the nasal airway resistance did not increase after challenge either.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a mouse allergy model, exclusive allergen challenge of the lower airway can elicit a pulmonary and systemic allergic response, but does not induce upper airway inflammatory or physiological responses.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiaxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qingling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guoqin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kefang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Nanshan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhong
keywords: Asthma; inflammation; mice; rhinitis