title: Developmental profile of anthocyanin, flavonol, and proanthocyanidin type, content, and localization in saskatoon fruits (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.).
abstract: Saskatoons (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) are small fruits that contain substantial quantities of flavonoids. To further characterize and understand the role of these flavonoids during fruit development, anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins were identified, quantified, and localized over development in cultivars that produce blue-purple or white fruit at maturity. Anthocyanin content was low in young fruit and then dramatically increased as the fruit transitioned into ripening only in the pigmented-fruit (blue-purple) cultivars. Proanthocyanidins with both A-type and B-type linkages were detected in fruit, with (-)-epicatechin as the most abundant proanthocyanidin subunit. Flavonol and proanthocyanidin content was high in, and localized throughout, the tissues of young fruit and in the developing seed coats, with levels decreasing as the fruit expanded. Our data show that flavonoid type, content, and tissue localization vary throughout development in saskatoon fruit. These data can be used to target specific fruit developmental stages and flavonoid classes for optimization of health-beneficial flavonoid content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
authors.forename: Alena L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jocelyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ozga
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Jayma L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Koerner-Smith
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botar
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Reinecke
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D044948:Flavonols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044948:Flavonols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin
keywords: Amelanchier alnifolia; Rosaceae; anthocyanins; flavonoids; flavonols; fruit development; proanthocyanidins; saskatoon fruits