title: In vitro effect of Paullinia cupana (guaraná) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and adhesion of Candida albicans' to polystyrene, composites, and buccal epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro evaluation of the effect of guaraná (GUAR) on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), on biofilm formation, and on adhesion of C. albicans to polystyrene, to composite resins, and to buccal epithelial cells (BEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lyophilised aqueous extract of GUAR was tested on C. albicans ATCC (90028). The effect of GUAR was evaluated by examining the CSH of C. albicans, as determined by microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons test, by assessing biofilm production and through adhesion assays (microplates of polystyrene, BEC and composites). One nanoparticle (Z350(®)) and two microhybrid (LLis(®), Opallis(®)) composites were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse adhesion of C. albicans composites. Assays were performed in triplicate and the results analysed by Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's Multiple Comparison post hoc test at 5% significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GUAR did not inhibit growth of C. albicans at any concentration, but it reduced adhesion to polystyrene surface (p < 0.001). Exposure to GUAR did not change CSH and biofilm formation, but it increased adhesion of C. albicans to the nanoparticle composite (p = 0.042) and reduced its adhesion to BEC (p < 0.001). SEM confirmed an aggregatory pattern of adhesion of C. albicans to composites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GUAR increased the adhesion of C. albicans to the surface of the nanoparticle composite. However, it reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to BEC and to polystyrene, which reveals its potential use in prevention of oral diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Mandacaru 1550, CEP 87080-000, Maringá, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: ematsuura1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ermelinda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, bloco T20 sala 203, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janine Silva Ribeiro
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, bloco T20 sala 203, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia de Souza
authors.initials: Pde S
authors.lastname: Bonfim-Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Departament of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, bloco K80, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos Palazzo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, bloco T20 sala 203, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Terezinha Inez Estivalet
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Svidzinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Mandacaru 1550, CEP 87080-000, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Mandacaru 1550, CEP 87080-000, Maringá, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: sandramaciel53@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandra Mara
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Maciel
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D032126:Paullinia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011137:Polystyrenes
keywords: Adhesion; Biofilm; Candida albicans; Composite resin; Guarana (Paullinia cupana)