title: The burden of nocturia among middle-aged and older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence, predictors, and effects of nocturia in women and evaluate overlaps with established urinary tract disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional analysis of 2,016 women, aged 40 years and older, recruited from Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2008 to 2012. Nocturia and other urinary symptoms were assessed using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Nocturia was defined as patient-reported nocturnal voiding of two or more times per night over a typical week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four percent (n=692) reported nocturia, and 40% of women with nocturia reported no other urinary tract symptom. Women with nocturia were older (mean age 58 compared with 55 years) (odds ratio [OR] per 5-year increase 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.31), more likely black (45%) (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.30-2.35) or Latina (37%) (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.83) compared with non-Latina white (30%), have worse depression (mean Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score 3.8 compared with 2.8) (OR per 1-point increase in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12), and worse mobility (mean Timed Up-and-Go 11.3 compared with 10 seconds) (OR per 5-second increase in Timed Up-and-Go 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.58). Nocturia occurred more among women with hysterectomy (53% compared with 33%) (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.08-2.94), hot flushes (38% compared with 32%) (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.19-1.87), and vaginal estrogen use (42% compared with 34%) (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04-2.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocturia is common in women and not necessarily attributable to other urinary tract disorders. Factors not linked to bladder function may contribute to nocturia risk, underlining the need for multiorgan prevention and treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services, and Family and Community Medicine and the Divisions of Geriatrics and General Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, and the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Van Den Eeden
authors.forename: Jeanette S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: Sei J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens