title: Late adult skeletofacial growth after adolescent Herbst therapy: a 32-year longitudinal follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this longitudinal 32-year follow-up investigation was to analyze the very long-term effects of Herbst treatment on the dentoskeletal structures. We followed 14 patients from a sample of 22 with Class II Division 1 malocclusions who were consecutively treated with the banded Herbst appliance at ages 12 to 14 years. The subjects were reexamined after therapy at the ages of 20 years (when the radius epiphysis/diaphysis plate was closed) and 46 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral head films were analyzed from before (T1) and after (T2) treatment, and at 6 years (T3) and 32 years (T4) after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) In the standard analysis (angular measurements) during the T2 to T3 period of 6 years, significant skeletal changes were the following: increase of the SNB (1.0°; P <0.01), decrease of the ANB (0.9°; P <0.01), and decrease of the ML/NSL (2.5°; P <0.001). During the T3 to T4 period of 24 years, no further significant angular changes occurred. (2) In the analysis of the sagittal changes in the occlusion (linear measurements) during the T2 to T3 period of 6 years, the mandible (6.1 mm; P <0.001) and the maxilla (3.0 mm; P <0.01) grew forward. During the T3 to T4 period of 24 years, the mandible (2.8 mm; P <0.01) and the maxilla (3.1 mm; P <0.01) continued to grow forward. Thus, during the total posttreatment (T2-T4) period of 32 years, there was continuous forward growth of the mandible (8.9 mm; P <0.001) and the maxilla (6.1 mm; P <0.001). (3) The analysis of superimposed lateral head films showed in all 14 subjects large amounts of sagittal and vertical skeletofacial growth during T3 to T4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all 14 subjects, large amounts of sagittal and vertical skeletofacial growth occurred after the age of 20 years. However, the question of when, during the period from 20 to 46 years, growth had come to an end remains open. Closure of the radius epiphysis/diaphysis plate is not useful as an indicator for completed skeletofacial growth. Our findings indicate the importance of considering late adult skeletofacial growth in dentofacial orthopedics, orthognathic surgery, and tooth implantology with respect to treatment timing, posttreatment retention, and relapse.
authors.affiliation: Professor and chair emeritus, Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: hans.pancherz@dentist.med.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pancherz
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Krister
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bjerklin
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashemi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000254:growth & development; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000254:growth & development; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000254:growth & development; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult