title: Positron emission tomography quantification of serotonin(1A) receptor binding in suicide attempters with major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serotonergic system dysfunction has been associated with increased lethal suicide attempts and suicide. Dysfunction includes higher binding of serotonin(1A) autoreceptor in the brainstem raphe of individuals who die by suicide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationships between brain serotonin(1A) binding and suicidal behavior in vivo in major depressive disorder (MDD) using positron emission tomography and the serotonin(1A) antagonist radiotracer carbon C 11 [11C]-labeled WAY-100635.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional positron emission tomography study at an academic medical center from 1999 through 2009. We compared serotonin(1A) binding between individuals with MDD who did not attempt suicide (nonattempters) (n = 62) and those who attempted suicide (attempters) (n = 29). We subdivided the attempters into those with lower (n = 16) and higher (n = 13) levels of lethality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The binding potential (BPF) of [11C]WAY-100635 (calculated as the number of receptors available divided by affinity) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and brainstem, estimated by kinetic modeling with an arterial input function; the severity of suicidal behaviors, including lethality and intent of suicide attempts; and suicidal ideation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a linear mixed-effects model, we found no difference between attempters and nonattempters with MDD in serotonin(1A) BPF in the PFC regions (F1,88 = 0.03; P = .87) or in the raphe nuclei (F1,88 = 0.29; P = .59). Raphe nuclei serotonin(1A) BPF was 45.1% greater in higher-lethality attempters compared with lower-lethality attempters (F1,25 = 7.33; P = .01), whereas no difference was observed in the PFC regions (F1,25 = 0.12; P = .73). Serotonin(1A )BPF in the raphe nuclei of suicide attempters was positively correlated with the lethality rating (F1,25 = 10.56; P = .003) and the subjective lethal intent factor (F1,25 = 10.63; P = .003; R2 = 0.32) based on the most recent suicide attempt. Suicide ideation in participants with MDD was positively correlated with serotonin(1A) BPF in the PFC regions (F1,88 = 5.19; P = .03) and in the raphe nuclei (F1,87 = 7.38; P = .008; R2 = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher brainstem raphe serotonin(1A)BPF observed in higher-lethality suicide attempters with MDD is in agreement with findings in suicide studies and also with the finding of low cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in higher-lethality suicide attempters. Higher brainstem raphe serotonin(1A) BPF would be consistent with lower levels of serotonin neuron firing and release and supports a model of impaired serotonin signaling in suicide and higher-lethality suicidal behavior. Severity of suicidal ideation in MDD is related to brainstem and prefrontal serotonin(1A) BPF, suggesting a role for both regions in suicidal ideation. Lower levels of serotonin release at key brain projection sites, such as the prefrontal regions, may favor more severe suicidal ideation and higher-lethality suicide attempts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York3currently with Tonix Pharmaceuticals, LLC, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oquendo
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milak
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ainsley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York4Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York.
authors.forename: R Todd
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.affiliation: currently with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
authors.forename: Ramin V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Parsey
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York6Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: J John
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000378:metabolism*; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A / Q000378:metabolism*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D044282:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A; C090413:N-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide