title: Therapies for the bone in mucopolysaccharidoses.
abstract: Patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) have accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in multiple tissues which may cause coarse facial features, mental retardation, recurrent ear and nose infections, inguinal and umbilical hernias, hepatosplenomegaly, and skeletal deformities. Clinical features related to bone lesions may include marked short stature, cervical stenosis, pectus carinatum, small lungs, joint rigidity (but laxity for MPS IV), kyphoscoliosis, lumbar gibbus, and genu valgum. Patients with MPS are often wheelchair-bound and physical handicaps increase with age as a result of progressive skeletal dysplasia, abnormal joint mobility, and osteoarthritis, leading to 1) stenosis of the upper cervical region, 2) restrictive small lung, 3) hip dysplasia, 4) restriction of joint movement, and 5) surgical complications. Patients often need multiple orthopedic procedures including cervical decompression and fusion, carpal tunnel release, hip reconstruction and replacement, and femoral or tibial osteotomy through their lifetime. Current measures to intervene in bone disease progression are not perfect and palliative, and improved therapies are urgently required. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and gene therapy are available or in development for some types of MPS. Delivery of sufficient enzyme to bone, especially avascular cartilage, to prevent or ameliorate the devastating skeletal dysplasias remains an unmet challenge. The use of an anti-inflammatory drug is also under clinical study. Therapies should start at a very early stage prior to irreversible bone lesion, and damage since the severity of skeletal dysplasia is associated with level of activity during daily life. This review illustrates a current overview of therapies and their impact for bone lesions in MPS including ERT, HSCT, gene therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Medical Genetics Service/HCPA and Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: stomatsu@nemours.org.
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomatsu
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Alméciga-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Montaño
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Transplantation, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Genetics, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Vu Chi
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Dung
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Service/HCPA and Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giugliani
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Francyne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kubaski
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawamoto
authors.affiliation: Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Orii
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.affiliation: Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. Electronic address: orii.tadao@camel.plala.or.jp.
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orii
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018450:Disease Progression; D056947:Enzyme Replacement Therapy; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D009083:Mucopolysaccharidoses / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents
keywords: Anti-inflammatory drug; Enzyme replacement therapy; Gene therapy; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Mucopolysaccharidoses; Skeletal dysplasia