title: Motor endplate-targeted botulinum toxin injections of the gracilis muscle in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections reduce spasticity by blocking neurotransmission at the motor endplate (MEP). The goal of this study was to assess the reduction in spasticity achieved by injecting BoNT-A at different sites of the gracilis muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four gracilis muscles, in 27 children (10 females and 17 males, mean age of 8.6y [SD 2.5y]) with spastic cerebral palsy (unilateral and bilateral, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I-IV), were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group BoNT-A was injected proximally (at a site 25% of the distance from the pubic tubercle and the medial epicondyle) and in the other it was injected at the MEP zones (half of the dose was administered at 30% of this distance and half at 60%). Spasticity was assessed before and after BoNT-A injection using simultaneous measurements of surface electromyography (sEMG) and angular velocity during passive muscle stretch applied at different velocities. The primary outcome measure included the velocity-dependent change in average root mean square electromyography (RMS-EMG). Secondary outcome was assessed with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spasticity decreased more in MEP-targeted muscles than in proximally injected muscles, as demonstrated by a larger reduction in average RMS-EMG values (p=0.04), though this difference was not found with the MAS or MTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that BoNT-A injection of the gracilis at sites with a high concentration of MEPs is effective at reducing spasticity. These preliminary findings should be confirmed by larger studies. In the case of long muscles, such as the gracilis, the injection site is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Campenhout
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bar-On
authors.forename: Kaat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Desloovere
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huenaerts
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molenaers
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000187:drug effects*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013848:Thigh; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A