title: Removal of veterinary antibiotics, alkylphenolic compounds, and estrogens from the Wuluo constructed wetland in southern Taiwan.
abstract: This study investigated the treatment in the constructed Wuluo wetland, Taiwan, of 13 veterinary antibiotics, including five classes (tetracyclines, sulfonimides, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, and dyes), five alkylphenolic compounds (nonylphenol di-ethoxylates [NP2EO], nonylphenol mono-ethoxylates [NP1EO], nonylphenol [NP], octylphenol [OP], and bisphenol A [BPA]), and three estrogens (17β-estradiol [E2], estriol [E3], and 17α-ethynylestradiol [EE2]). The veterinary antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CAP), oxolinic acid (OXO), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) were detected in 7.1-96.4% of samples with concentrations varying widely from not detected to 552 ng/L. Removal efficiencies within different units of the wetland system exceeded 87% for OTC, CAP, SMM, and SDM, excluding those for IP and OXO, which were 72.1% and 43%, respectively. The other seven antibiotics (tetracycline [TC], enrofloxacin [ENR], chlortetracycline [CTC], sulfamerazine [SMR], sulfamethazine [SMZ], malachite green [MG], and leucomalachite green [LMG]) were all below detection limits in all samples. Additionally, detection rates were as follows: NP1EO, 70.0%; NP2EO, 70.0%; 4-n-NP, 72.9%; 4-OP, 50.0%; BPA, 81.3%; E2, 52.1%; E3, 57.1%; and EE2, 31.3%. Concentrations of the alkylphenolic compounds were as follows: NP1EO, ND-1092.7; NP2EO, ND-643.7; 4-n-NP, ND-6812.3; 4-OP, ND-10400.1; and BPA, ND-1733 ng/L. Natural and synthetic estrogens E2, E3, and EE2 in samples were found in the ranges of ND-907.4, ND-749.5, and ND-226.0 ng/L, respectively. Analytical results show that with the exception of EE2 throughout the wetland system, target compounds were largely removed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Ean T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Kang M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D013624:Taiwan; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Alkylphenolic compounds; constructed wetland; estrogens; veterinary antibiotics