title: Effectiveness of gaseous and intravenous inductions on children's anxiety and distress during extraction of teeth under general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety and distress regarding dental treatment is a major issue for dental patients and can be exaggerated in pediatric dental patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate how different methods of induction for general anesthesia affect children's distress for dental procedures such as extraction of teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational clinical study conducted at Manchester University Dental Hospital. The induction of anesthesia in children was achieved with either intravenous (I.V.) or a gaseous induction. The Modified Child Smiley Faces Scales were completed for children at various times intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were statistically significant differences between the mean distress scores for the I.V. and inhalation groups (P values from independent t-test: P < 0.001) was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In gaseous induction group, the number of children who scored severe and very severe distress was greater than those who were in I.V. group. Gaseous induction was used for 23 children. Preoperatively, 56.5% children were in very severe distress, 17.4% in severe distress, 13% in moderate distress, 8.7% in mild distress and only one (4.3%) showed no distress. For I.V. induction, 11.2% children were in very severe distress, 9% in severe distress, and 9.6% in moderate distress, 24.2% in mild distress and 46.1% showed no distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaseous induction anesthesia for extractions of teeth does produce high levels of distress than I.V. induction in children for dental extractions. There was no significant difference between both induction methods in terms of distress levels at the time of recovery and 15 min postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Giath
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazal
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Wamiq M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zafar
keywords: Extraction; dental anxiety; dental phobia; distress