title: Effects of emotionally charged auditory stimulation on gait performance in the elderly: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a novel divided attention task-walking under auditory constraints-on gait performance in older adults and to determine whether this effect was moderated by cognitive status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validation cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory older adults without dementia (N=104).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, we evaluated walking under auditory constraints in 104 older adults who completed 3 pairs of walking trials on a gait mat under 1 of 3 randomly assigned conditions: 1 pair without auditory stimulation and 2 pairs with emotionally charged auditory stimulation with happy or sad sounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of subjects was 80.6±4.9 years, and 63% (n=66) were women. The mean velocity during normal walking was 97.9±20.6cm/s, and the mean cadence was 105.1±9.9 steps/min. The effect of walking under auditory constraints on gait characteristics was analyzed using a 2-factorial analysis of variance with a 1-between factor (cognitively intact and minimal cognitive impairment groups) and a 1-within factor (type of auditory stimuli). In both happy and sad auditory stimulation trials, cognitively intact older adults (n=96) showed an average increase of 2.68cm/s in gait velocity (F1.86,191.71=3.99; P=.02) and an average increase of 2.41 steps/min in cadence (F1.75,180.42=10.12; P<.001) as compared with trials without auditory stimulation. In contrast, older adults with minimal cognitive impairment (Blessed test score, 5-10; n=8) showed an average reduction of 5.45cm/s in gait velocity (F1.87,190.83=5.62; P=.005) and an average reduction of 3.88 steps/min in cadence (F1.79,183.10=8.21; P=.001) under both auditory stimulation conditions. Neither baseline fall history nor performance of activities of daily living accounted for these differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide preliminary evidence of the differentiating effect of emotionally charged auditory stimuli on gait performance in older individuals with minimal cognitive impairment compared with those without minimal cognitive impairment. A divided attention task using emotionally charged auditory stimuli might be able to elicit compensatory improvement in gait performance in cognitively intact older individuals, but lead to decompensation in those with minimal cognitive impairment. Further investigation is needed to compare gait performance under this task to gait on other dual-task paradigms and to separately examine the effect of physiological aging versus cognitive impairment on gait during walking under auditory constraints.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: John-Ross
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McCrery
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ.
authors.forename: Mooyeon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh-Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Electronic address: joe.verghese@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verghese
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016138:Walking
keywords: Attention; Cognition; Gait; Rehabilitation