title: The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Catestatin has several cardiovascular actions, in addition to diminished sympatho-adrenal flow. Decreased plasma catestatin levels may reflect a predisposition for the development of hypertension and metabolic disorders. We planned to investigate the possible roles of catestatin in untreated hypertensive patients. As a secondary objective, we compared catestatin concentrations of healthy subjects with those of hypertensive patients in order to understand whether catestatin is increased reactively or diminished at onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was cross-sectional and observational. The patient group, comprising 109 consecutive untreated hypertensive patients without additional systemic or coronary heart disease, underwent evaluations of plasma catestatin, waist circumference, lipid parameters, left ventricular mass, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Additionally, we measured catestatin concentrations of 38 apparently healthy subjects without any disease using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented increased catestatin concentrations in previously untreated hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (2.27±0.83 vs. 1.92±0.49 ng/mL, p=0.004). However, this association became insignificant after adjustments for age, gender, height, and weight. Within the patient group, catestatin levels were significantly higher in females. Among all study parameters, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively to plasma catestatin, whereas triglycerides, hemoglobin, and left ventricular mass correlated negatively to plasma catestatin. We could not detect an association between vascular parameters and catestatin. Catestatin levels were significantly elevated with increasing HDL-C (1.91±0.37, 2.26±0.79, and 3.1±1.23 ng/mL in patients with HDL-C <40, 40-60, and >60 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed age (beta: 0.201, p=0.041) and HDL-C (beta: 0.390, p<0.001) as independent correlates of plasma catestatin concentration. Additionally, male gender (beta:-0.330, p=0.001) and plasma catestatin (beta: 0.299, p=0.002) were significantly associated with HDL-C concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We documented that plasma catestatin is an independent predictor of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition to antihypertensive effects, catestatin appears to be related to improved lipid and metabolic profiles. Coexistence of low catestatin levels with low HDL-C may provide a probable mechanism for the predictive value of low HDL-C for increased hypertension and cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University; Rize-Turkey. emredur@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Murtaza Emre
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Durakoğlugil
authors.forename: Teslime
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.forename: Sinan Altan
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kocaman
authors.forename: Aynur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kırbaş
authors.forename: Tuğba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durakoğlugil
authors.forename: Turan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Çetin
authors.forename: Osman Zikrullah
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Şahin
authors.forename: Yüksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Çiçek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D053379:Chromogranin A; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014280:Triglycerides; C109084:chromogranin A (344-364)