title: Effect of coenzyme Q10 alone and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of coenzyme Q10 and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetes in rats was induced with STZ-nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or coenzyme Q10 + metformin. Various parameters of renal function tests such as serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and markers of oxidative stress such as renal malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and nitrite content were estimated in renal tissues. All treated animal were subjected to histopathological changes of kidney.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in renal function, which was reflected with an increase in serum urea, serum creatinine, uric acid. In addition, STZ-nicotinamide caused renal tubular damage with a higher MDA level, depletion of SOD and CAT activity and glutathione (GSH) level. Moreover, TNF-α, MPO activity, TGF-β, and nitrite content were significantly increased in diabetic rats, while treatment with coenzyme Q10 or metformin or their combination ameliorate STZ-nicotinamide induced renal damage due to improvement in renal function, oxidative stress, suppression of TNF-α, MPO activity, TGF-β and nitrite content along with histopathological changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding suggests that the treatment with coenzyme Q10 or metformin showed significant renoprotective effect against STZ-nicotinamide-induced DN. However, concomitant administration of both showed a better renoprotective effect than coenzyme Q10 or metformin alone treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balaraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Ashim K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009536:Niacinamide; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D009573:Nitrites; D020011:Protective Agents; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014451:Ubiquinone; D009536:Niacinamide; D014527:Uric Acid; D013311:Streptozocin; D014508:Urea; D008687:Metformin; D003404:Creatinine; D009195:Peroxidase; C024989:coenzyme Q10
keywords: Coenzyme Q10; diabetic nephropathy; metformin; transforming growth factor-β; tumor necrosis factor-α