title: Estimation of GFR using β-trace protein in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex may affect the performance of small molecular weight proteins as markers of GFR because of differences in fat mass between the two sexes. The hypothesis was that the diagnostic performance of β-trace protein, a novel marker of GFR, would be significantly better in boys than in girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  GFR, height, weight, serum creatinine, and β-trace protein were measured in 755 children and adolescents (331 girls) undergoing (99)technetium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid renal scans from July of 1999 to July of 2006. Boys and girls were separated into formula generation cohorts (284 boys and 220 girls) and formula validation cohorts (140 boys and 111 girls). GFR-estimating formulas on the basis of β-trace protein, creatinine, and height were derived using stepwise linear regression analysis of log-transformed data. The slope of the regression lines of the sex-specific eGFRs were compared. Bland-Altman analysis was used for testing agreement between (99)technetium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid GFR and calculated GFR both with this equation in boys and girls as well as previously established Benlamri, White, and Schwartz formulas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the stepwise regression analysis, β-trace protein (R(2)=0.73 for boys and R(2)=0.65 for girls) was more important than creatinine (which increased R(2) to 0.81 for boys and R(2) to 0.75 for girls) and height (which increased R(2) to 0.88 for boys and R(2) to 0.80 for girls) in the data generation groups. GFR can be calculated using the following formulas:[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]Bland-Altman analysis showed better performance in boys than in girls. The new formulas performed significantly better than the previous Benlamri, White, and Schwartz formulas with respect to bias, precision, and accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved and sex-specific formulas for the estimation of GFR in children on the basis of β-trace protein, serum creatinine, and height are now available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre and.
authors.forename: Samantha H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Witzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and.
authors.forename: Shih-Han S
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and guido.filler@lhsc.on.ca.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D012737:Sex Factors; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D054834:Lipocalins; D003404:Creatinine; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate
keywords: GFR; creatinine; pediatric nephrology; sex; β-trace protein