title: Increased DNA double-strand breaks and enhanced apoptosis in patients with lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) lead to mutations, genomic instability and apoptotic death, whereas accumulation of apoptotic cells results in excessive autoantigen presentation and autoantibody formation. We aimed to measure DSB levels in lupus nephritis, a severe complication of the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intrinsic DNA damage and the apoptosis induction/DSB levels were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of six patients and 10 healthy controls following exposure to genotoxic agents (melphalan, cisplatin) ex vivo. DSBs were assessed using immunofluorescence quantification of γH2AX foci and comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrinsic DNA damage was increased in lupus versus control cells in both assays (Olive Tail Moment units of 15.8 ± 2.3 versus 3.0 ± 1.4 in comet, p < 0.01; % γH2AX-positive cells: 13.6 ± 1.8 versus 4.6 ± 0.9, p < 0.01, respectively). Melphalan or cisplatin doses as low as 9.9 ± 4.8 or 29.8 ± 8.3 µg/ml, respectively, were sufficient to induce apoptosis in lupus cells; control cells required doses of 32.3 ± 7.7 and 67.7 ± 5.5 µg/ml, respectively. Drug-induced DSB levels were increased in lupus versus control cells, with the area under the curve (AUC) for melphalan-induced DSBs being 3050 ± 610 (% γH2AX-positive staining cells) × (drug dose) in patients and 1580 ± 350 in controls (p < 0.05); the corresponding values for cisplatin-induced AUC were 13900 ± 1800 for lupus and 4500 ± 750 for controls (p < 0.01). Interestingly, within either lupus patients or controls examined, the accumulation of DSBs correlated with apoptosis degrees (all p < 0.01). Results in lupus cells were not associated with individual disease activity level or treatment modalities at the time of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which increased accumulation of DSBs may render cells more sensitive to apoptosis, thus contributing to the induction of systemic autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece vls@eie.gr.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Souliotis
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sfikakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001323:Autoantibodies; D020552:Comet Assay; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies
keywords: DNA double-strand breaks; Lupus nephritis; apoptosis; intrinsic DNA damage