title: Determining Smoking Cessation Related Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills among Opiate Dependent Smokers in Methadone Treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 80% of people in methadone treatment smoke cigarettes, and existing smoking cessation interventions have been minimally effective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model of behavior change based smoking cessation intervention for methadone maintained smokers, we examined smoking cessation related IMB factors in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current or former smokers in methadone treatment (n = 35) participated in focus groups. Ten methadone clinic counselors participated in an individual interview. A content analysis was conducted using deductive and inductive approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Commonly known IMB factors related to smoking cessation were described. These factors included: the health effects of smoking and treatment options for quitting (information); pregnancy and cost of cigarettes (motivators); and coping with emotions, finding social support, and pharmacotherapy adherence (behavioral skills). IMB factors specific to methadone maintained smokers were also described. These factors included: the relationship between quitting smoking and drug relapse (information), the belief that smoking is the same as using drugs (motivator); and coping with methadone clinic culture and applying skills used to quit drugs to quitting smoking (behavioral skills). IMB strengths and deficits varied by individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methadone maintained smokers could benefit from research on an IMB Model based smoking cessation intervention that is individualized, addresses IMB factors common among all smokers, and also addresses IMB factors unique to this population.
authors.affiliation: 1Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Division of Addiction Psychiatry , New Brunswick, New Jersey , United States.
authors.forename: Nina A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cooperman
authors.forename: Kimber P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model; cigarette; methadone; opiate; smoking cessation