title: Multi-purpose two- and three-dimensional momentum imaging of charged particles for attosecond experiments at 1 kHz repetition rate.
abstract: We report on the versatile design and operation of a two-sided spectrometer for the imaging of charged-particle momenta in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D). The benefits of 3D detection are to discern particles of different mass and to study correlations between fragments from multi-ionization processes, while 2D detectors are more efficient for single-ionization applications. Combining these detector types in one instrument allows us to detect positive and negative particles simultaneously and to reduce acquisition times by using the 2D detector at a higher ionization rate when the third dimension is not required. The combined access to electronic and nuclear dynamics available when both sides are used together is important for studying photoreactions in samples of increasing complexity. The possibilities and limitations of 3D momentum imaging of electrons or ions in the same spectrometer geometry are investigated analytically and three different modes of operation demonstrated experimentally, with infrared or extreme ultraviolet light and an atomic/molecular beam.
authors.affiliation: Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Månsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cord L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guénot
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fordell
authors.affiliation: Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, 10 rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lépine
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Atomic Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: L'Huillier
authors.affiliation: Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gisselbrecht