title: Megacities air pollution problems: Mexico City Metropolitan Area critical issues on the central nervous system pediatric impact.
abstract: The chronic health effects associated with sustained exposures to high concentrations of air pollutants are an important issue for millions of megacity residents and millions more living in smaller urban and rural areas. Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) concentrations close or above their respective air quality standards during the last 20 years affect 24 million people living in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Herein we discuss PM and O3 trends in MCMA and their possible association with the observed central nervous system (CNS) effects in clinically healthy children. We argue that prenatal and postnatal sustained exposures to a natural environmental exposure chamber contribute to detrimental neural responses. The emerging picture for MCMA children shows systemic inflammation, immunodysregulation at both systemic and brain levels, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, small blood vessel pathology, and an intrathecal inflammatory process, along with the early neuropathological hallmarks for Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Exposed brains are briskly responding to their harmful environment and setting the bases for structural and volumetric changes, cognitive, olfactory, auditory and vestibular deficits and long term neurodegenerative consequences. We need to improve our understanding of the PM pediatric short and long term CNS impact through multidisciplinary research. Public health benefit can be achieved by integrating interventions that reduce fine PM levels and pediatric exposures and establishing preventative screening programs targeting pediatric populations that are most at risk. We fully expect that the health of 24 million residents is important and blocking pediatric air pollution research and hiding critical information that ought to be available to our population, health, education and social workers is not in the best interest of our children.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. Electronic address: lilian.calderon-garciduenas@umontana.edu.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calderón-Garcidueñas
authors.affiliation: Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Randy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kulesza
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Angiulli
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Jardón
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Air pollution; Alzheimer; Auditory deficits; Brain MRI; Brain damage; Children; Immunodysregulation; Mexico City; PM; Parkinson