title: Affinity and efficacy of copper following an algicide exposure: application of the critical burden concept for Lyngbya wollei control in Lay Lake, AL.
abstract: Accurate predictions of nuisance algae responses to algicide exposures are needed to guide management decisions. Copper sorption and responses of Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck were measured in the laboratory and two areas in Lay Lake (AL, USA) to treatments of Captain(®) XTR (SePRO Corporation; chelated copper algicide) and a sequential treatment of GreenClean(®) Liquid (BioSafe Systems, LLC; peroxygen algicide) combined with Hydrothol(®) 191 (United Phosphorus, Inc.; endothall algicide) followed by Captain XTR. Measured filament viability in laboratory exposures predicted Captain XTR alone could control L. wollei in Lay Lake, with 2 mg Cu/g algae EC75. This produced a targeted field treatment of 9.7 kg Cu/ha which was divided into three applications of 0.3 mg Cu/L as Captain XTR in the treatment areas. Laboratory and field experiments indicated treatments of Captain XTR alone and the combination treatment resulted in comparable copper sorption and responses of L. wollei. Copper adsorbed greater to L. wollei in laboratory experiments than in the treated areas of Lay Lake with comparable exposures (2 mg Cu/g L. wollei). However, responses and infused copper were similar and correlated in laboratory experiments and treated areas of Lay Lake indicating infused copper is critical for governing toxicity. Laboratory exposures as mg Cu/g algae accurately predicted the necessary algicide exposure required to attain the critical burden of infused copper and elicit desired responses of L. wollei in treated areas of Lay Lake.
authors.affiliation: SePRO Corporation, SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC, 27891, USA, westb@sepro.com.
authors.forename: West M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Ben E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: C Todd
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Horton
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom / Q000187:drug effects*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D060106:Lakes; D009657:North Carolina; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D006540:Herbicides; D014867:Water; C027977:Hydrothol-191; D003300:Copper