title: A virtual reality based simulator for learning nasogastric tube placement.
abstract: Nasogastric tube (NGT) placement is a common clinical procedure where a plastic tube is inserted into the stomach through the nostril for feeding or drainage. However, the placement is a blind process in which the tube may be mistakenly inserted into other locations, leading to unexpected complications or fatal incidents. The placement techniques are conventionally acquired by practising on unrealistic rubber mannequins or on humans. In this paper, a virtual reality based training simulation system is proposed to facilitate the training of NGT placement. It focuses on the simulation of tube insertion and the rendering of the feedback forces with a haptic device. A hybrid force model is developed to compute the forces analytically or numerically under different conditions, including the situations when the patient is swallowing or when the tube is buckled at the nostril. To ensure real-time interactive simulations, an offline simulation approach is adopted to obtain the relationship between the insertion depth and insertion force using a non-linear finite element method. The offline dataset is then used to generate real-time feedback forces by interpolation. The virtual training process is logged quantitatively with metrics that can be used for assessing objective performance and tracking progress. The system has been evaluated by nursing professionals. They found that the haptic feeling produced by the simulated forces is similar to their experience during real NGT insertion. The proposed system provides a new educational tool to enhance conventional training in NGT placement.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: hskschoi@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Kup-Sze
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xuejian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Vico Chung-Lim
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: School of Digital Media, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003679:Deglutition; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Clinical simulation; Haptic rendering; Intubation; Nasogastric tube; Nursing skills training; Virtual reality