title: 1400W reduces ischemia reperfusion injury in an ex-vivo porcine model of the donation after circulatory death kidney donor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of 1400W-a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor in a model of donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine kidneys were retrieved after 25 min warm ischemia. They were then stored on ice for 18 h before being reperfused ex vivo with oxygenated autologous blood on an isolated organ perfusion system. The selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W (10 mg/kg) was administered before reperfusion (n = 6) vs control group (n = 7). Creatinine (1000 μmol/L) was added to the system, renal and tubular cell function and the level of ischemia reperfusion injury were assessed over 3 h of reperfusion using plasma, urine and tissue samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kidneys treated with 1400W had a higher level of creatinine clearance (CrCl) [area under the curve (AUC) CrCl: 2.37 ± 0.97 mL/min per 100 g vs 0.96 ± 0.32 mL/min per 100 g, P = 0.004] and urine output [Total: 320 ± 96 mL vs 156 ± 82 mL, P = 0.008]. There was no significant difference in levels of fractional excretion of sodium (AUC, Fr ex Na+: Control, 186.3% ± 81.7%.h vs 1400W, 153.4% ± 12.1%.h, P = 0.429). Levels of total protein creatinine ratio were significantly lower in the 1400W group after 1 h of reperfusion (1h Pr/Cr: 1400W 9068 ± 6910 mg/L/mmol/L vs Control 21586 ± 5464 mg/L/mmol/L, P = 0.026). Levels of 8-isoprostane were significantly lower in the 1400W group [8-iso/creatinine ratio: Control 239 ± 136 pg/L/mmol/L vs 1400W 139 ± 47 pg/L/mmol/L, P = 0.041].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that 1400W reduced ischaemia reperfusion injury in this porcine kidney model of DCD donor. Kidneys had improved renal function and reduced oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Sarah A Hosgood, Phillip J Yates, Michael L Nicholson, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, University of Leicester, LE5 4PW Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.affiliation: Sarah A Hosgood, Phillip J Yates, Michael L Nicholson, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, University of Leicester, LE5 4PW Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Sarah A Hosgood, Phillip J Yates, Michael L Nicholson, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, University of Leicester, LE5 4PW Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nicholson
keywords: Donation after circulatory death; Inducible nitric oxide; Ischemia; Kidney; Transplantation