title: Recovering the raw data behind a non-parametric survival curve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers often wish to carry out additional calculations or analyses using the survival data from one or more studies of other authors. When it is not possible to obtain the raw data directly, reconstruction techniques provide a valuable alternative. Several authors have proposed methods/tools for extracting data from such curves using a digitizing software. Instead of using a digitizer to read in the coordinates from a raster image, we propose directly reading in the lines of the PostScript file of a vector image.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using examples, and a formal error analysis, we illustrate the extent to which, with what accuracy and precision, and in what circumstances, this information can be recovered from the various electronic formats in which such curves are published. We focus on the additional precision, and elimination of observer variation, achieved by using vector-based formats rendered by PostScript, rather than the lower resolution image-based formats that have been analyzed up to now. We provide some R code to process these.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If the raster-based images are available, one can reliably recover much of the original information that seems to be 'hidden' beneath published survival curves. If the original images can be obtained as a PostScript file, the data recovered from it can then be either input into these tools or processed directly. We found that the PostScript used by Stata discloses considerably more of the data hidden behind survival curves than that generated by other statistical packages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When it is not possible to obtain the raw data from the authors, reconstruction techniques are a valuable alternative. Compared with previous approaches, one advantage of ours is that there is no observer variation: there is no need to repeat the digitization process, since the extraction is completely replicable.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, H3A 1A2, Montreal, Canada. james.hanley@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis