title: Cytokine networks in animal models of colitis-associated cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well-known that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses an increased, yet not definitely estimated, risk of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC), which is considered a more aggressive and distinct in both genetic and molecular levels clinical entity compared to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). The present review discusses the cytokine networks involved in CAC-based translational findings from suitable animal models of the disease. Moreover, we summarize the most prominent data concerning the role of Th1, Th2, Th17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of CAC. Last, we briefly address the controversies between basic science findings in IBD and CAC and suggest further directions regarding research on cytokines. This review should serve as a primer for clinicians and surgeons to understand the rapidly evolving field of cytokines in the context of CAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE database was thoroughly searched using the keywords: cytokines, colitis-associated cancer, animal models, carcinogenesis. Additional articles were gathered and evaluated.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efstathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokrateio Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios Antonios
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Margonis
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece aangelou@med.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelou
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokrateio Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zografos
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pikoulis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003092:Colitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; animal models; carcinogenesis; colitis-associated cancer; review