title: Primary risk assessment of dimethyldithiocarbamate, a dithiocarbamate fungicide metabolite, based on their probabilistic concentrations in a coastal environment.
abstract: The primary ecological risk of dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC), a dithiocarbamate fungicide (DTC) metabolite, was evaluated based on their probabilistic environmental concentration distributions (ECDs) in the coastal environment, Hiroshima Bay, Japan. And their behavior and temporal trends was further considered. This is the first report of the identification of DMDC from environmental seawater and sediment samples. DMDC concentrations in bottom seawater were substantially higher than those in surface seawater, which are associated with the leachability from sediments in bottom seawaters, and with photodegradation in surface seawaters. Furthermore, seasonal risks are dominated by higher concentrations from April to June, indicating temporal variation in the risk to exposed species. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis offered DMDC ECD medians and range (5th to 95th percentiles) of 0.85 ng L(-1) (0.029, 22), 12 ng L(-1) (3.2, 48) and 110 ng kg dry(-1) (9.5, 1200) in surface seawater, bottom seawater and sediment, respectively. Considering that DMDC and DTCs have similar toxicological potential to aquatic organisms, the occurrence of the compound in water is likely to be of biological relevance. In summary, this work provides the first demonstration that the ecological risk of DMDC and its derived DTCs in Hiroshima Bay is relatively high, and that DTCs should be a high priority for future research on marine contamination, especially in bottom seawaters.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan. Electronic address: hntks@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hano
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onduka
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Mana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichihashi
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004125:Dimethyldithiocarbamate / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004125:Dimethyldithiocarbamate; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Coastal environment; Dimethyldithiocarbamate; Dithiocarbamate fungicides; Environmental concentration distribution; Hierarchical Bayesian analysis; Primary risk assessment