title: Metabolic profiling of Commiphora wightii (guggul) reveals a potential source for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
abstract: Guggul gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphoramukul) has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to treat a variety of ailments. The NMR and GC-MS based non-targeted metabolite profiling identified 118 chemically diverse metabolites including amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, pregnane-derivatives, steroids, sterols, sugars, sugar alcohol, terpenoids, and tocopherol from aqueous and non-aqueous extracts of leaves, stem, roots, latex and fruits of C. wightii. Out of 118, 51 structurally diverse aqueous metabolites were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. For the first time quinic acid and myo-inositol were identified as the major metabolites in C. wightii. Very high concentration of quinic acid was found in fruits (553.5 ± 39.38 mg g(-1) dry wt.) and leaves (212.9 ± 10.37 mg g(-1) dry wt.). Similarly, high concentration of myo-inositol (168.8 ± 13.84 mg g(-1) dry wt.) was observed from fruits. The other metabolites of cosmeceutical, medicinal, nutraceutical and industrial significance such as α-tocopherol, n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), trans-farnesol, prostaglandin F2, protocatechuic, gallic and cinnamic acids were identified from non-aqueous extracts using GC-MS. These important metabolites have thus far not been reported from this plant. Isolation of a fungal endophyte, (Nigrospora sps.) from this plant is the first report. The fungal endophyte produced a substantial quantity of bostrycin and deoxybostrycin known for their antitumor properties. Very high concentrations of quinic acid and myo-inositol in leaves and fruits; a substantial quantity of α-tocopherol and NMP in leaves, trans-farnesol in fruits, bostrycin and deoxybostrycin from its endophyte makes the taxa distinct, since these metabolites with medicinal properties find immense applications as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India; School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar 201308, UP, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Research, Formerly Known as Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, UP, India.
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India.
authors.forename: Tusha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar 201308, UP, India.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India. Electronic address: opsidhu@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Om P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Research, Formerly Known as Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, UP, India. Electronic address: roy@cbmr.res.in.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India.
authors.forename: Chandra Shekhar
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Nautiyal
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D029744:Commiphora / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis; D055432:Metabolomics; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000032:analysis; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000032:analysis; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053149:Plant Gums; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D012116:Resins, Plant; D011801:Quinic Acid; C018562:guggulu extract; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; C017616:phenolic acid; C038678:N-methylpyrrolidone
keywords: Commiphora wightii; GC–MS; Metabolite profiling; NMR spectroscopy; PCA