title: A macroalgal germling bioassay to assess biocide concentrations in marine waters.
abstract: A bioassay method using the early life stages (germlings) of macroalgae was developed to detect toxicity of anti-fouling paint biocides. A laboratory based bioassay using Ulva intestinalis and Fucus spiralis germlings was performed with 4 common anti-fouling biocides (tributyltin (TBT), Irgarol 1051, Diuron and zinc sulphate), over a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.0033-10 μg l(-1)). Comparison between the two species showed that germlings of U. intestinalis were better adapted for in-situ monitoring, as germlings of F. spiralis appeared to be too robust to display sufficient growth differences. The response of U. intestinalis germling growth appeared to reflect environmental biocide concentrations. Overall the developed method showed potential for the assessment of the sub-lethal effects of anti-fouling biocides on the early developmental stages of U. intestinalis.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Girling
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahsavari
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Electronic address: andy.ball@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001681:Biological Assay; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004237:Diuron / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D044645:Fucus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012624:Seaweed / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013045:Species Specificity; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity; D044445:Ulva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D004202:Disinfectants; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C103341:irgarol 1051; C011559:tributyltin; C016837:zinc chloride; D004237:Diuron
keywords: Antifouling paint; Bioassay; Biocides; Biomonitoring; Macroalgae germlings; Toxicity