title: Sex differences in whole body gait kinematics at preferred speeds.
abstract: Studies on human perception have identified pelvis and torso motion as key discriminators between male and female gaits. However, while most observers would advocate that men and women walk differently, consistent findings and explanations of sex differences in gait kinematics across modern empirical studies are rare. In the present study we evaluated sex differences in whole body gait kinematics from a large sample of subjects (55 men, 36 women) walking at self selected speeds. We analyzed the data through comparisons of discrete metrics and whole curve analyses. Results showed that in the frontal plane, women walked with greater pelvic obliquity than men, but exhibited a more stable torso and head. Women had greater transverse plane pelvis and torso rotation as well as greater arm swing. Additional sex differences were noted at the hip and ankle. These kinematic results are in line with anectdotal observations and qualitative studies. In order to understand these observations and substantiate some of the explanations previously set forth in the biomechanics literature, we also explored possible reasons for dynamic sex effects, and suggested applications that may benefit from their consideration.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratories, Dayton, OH, United States. Electronic address: dabruening@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dustin A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bruening
authors.affiliation: Infoscitex: A DCS Company, Dayton, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Frimenko
authors.affiliation: Infoscitex: A DCS Company, Dayton, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Chuck D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Goodyear
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratories, Dayton, OH, United States.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fullenkamp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle; D000843:Ankle Joint; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D060726:Torso; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Gender differences; Gender recognition; Locomotion; Pelvic obliquity; Torso sway