title: Diindolylmethane, a naturally occurring compound, induces CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by activating human PXR.
abstract: Activation of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)-regulated expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) plays an important role in mediating adverse drug interactions. Given the common use of natural products as part of adjunct human health behavior, there is a growing concern about natural products for their potential to induce undesired drug interactions through the activation of hPXR-regulated CYP3A4 and MDR1. Here, we studied whether 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural health supplement, could induce hPXR-mediated regulation of CYP3A4 and MDR1 in human hepatocytes and intestinal cells. DIM, at its physiologically relevant concentrations, not only induced hPXR transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter activity but also induced gene expression of CYP3A4 and MDR1. DIM decreased intracellular accumulation of MDR1 substrate rhodamine 123, suggesting that DIM induces the functional expression of MDR1. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knockdown of hPXR resulted in attenuation of DIM induced CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression, suggesting that DIM induces CYP3A4 and MDR1 in an hPXR-dependent manner. Together, these results support our conclusion that DIM induces hPXR-regulated CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression. The inductive effects of DIM on CYP3A4 and MDR1 expression caution the use of DIM in conjunction with other medications metabolized and transported via CYP3A4 and MDR1, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States; Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States. Electronic address: srp0010@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Satyanarayana R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pondugula
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States; Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States; Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Kodye L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Temesgen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D007211:Indoles; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; C016392:3,3'-diindolylmethane
keywords: CYP3A4; Diindolylmethane; MDR1; PXR