title: Effects of cleft lip and palate on the development of permanent upper central incisors: a cone-beam computed tomography study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate 1. the differences among the cleft sides of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients, non-cleft sides of the same UCLP patients and well matched control patients in the root development and position of permanent upper central incisors and 2. possible gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of 40 patient (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 14.84±3.2 years) with non-syndromic UCLP patients, and 40 control patients (20 males and 20 females; mean age: 13.38±1.6 years). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken off from all patients. All tomographs were obtained in supine position by using CBCT (NewTom 5G, QR, Verona, Italy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant smaller root volume of central incisor was observed on the cleft side than on the non-cleft side of UCLP patients (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the root development and position of the central incisors was found between the non-cleft side of the UCLP and the control group (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant gender differences in any linear, angular, or volumetric measurements (P > 0.05). Only the root volume of the cleft side was smaller in females than in males (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, root volumes of central incisors on the cleft side were 12.15 per cent smaller than non-cleft side. Root development of the central incisor was much more influenced by the cleft in females than in males.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ahmet A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Celebi
authors.affiliation: **Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya.
authors.forename: Faruk I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.affiliation: ***Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, and.
authors.forename: Ahmet E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sekerci
authors.affiliation: ****Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caglaroglu
authors.affiliation: ****Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Turkey dentistan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Enes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development