title: Six Degree-of-Freedom Measurements of Human Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: This preliminary study investigated whether direct measurement of head rotation improves prediction of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Although many studies have implicated rotation as a primary cause of mTBI, regulatory safety standards use 3 degree-of-freedom (3DOF) translation-only kinematic criteria to predict injury. Direct 6DOF measurements of human head rotation (3DOF) and translation (3DOF) have not been previously available to examine whether additional DOFs improve injury prediction. We measured head impacts in American football, boxing, and mixed martial arts using 6DOF instrumented mouthguards, and predicted clinician-diagnosed injury using 12 existing kinematic criteria and 6 existing brain finite element (FE) criteria. Among 513 measured impacts were the first two 6DOF measurements of clinically diagnosed mTBI. For this dataset, 6DOF criteria were the most predictive of injury, more than 3DOF translation-only and 3DOF rotation-only criteria. Peak principal strain in the corpus callosum, a 6DOF FE criteria, was the strongest predictor, followed by two criteria that included rotation measurements, peak rotational acceleration magnitude and Head Impact Power (HIP). These results suggest head rotation measurements may improve injury prediction. However, more 6DOF data is needed to confirm this evaluation of existing injury criteria, and to develop new criteria that considers directional sensitivity to injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Fidel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Lyndia C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laksari
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Jaime R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleiven
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Camarillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013177:Sports