title: Prevalence of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in Stockholm, Sweden: A Longitudinal Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is considered an underused tool in psychiatric care, the prevalence of TDM is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of TDM for antidepressants and antipsychotics during 2006-2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of individuals ≥5 years of age residing in Stockholm County. The prevalence of TDM for each study year was calculated with the number of individuals in whom TDM had been performed as nominator (extracted from the TDM database at Karolinska University Laboratory) and the number of treated individuals as denominator (extracted from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register). All data were obtained at the third and the fifth level of the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system (pharmacological subgroup and chemical substance, respectively). The prevalence of TDM was compared between substances according to the level of TDM recommendation by guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For antidepressants, the prevalence of TDM decreased from 0.48% (95% confidence interval, 0.45%-0.52%) in 2006 to 0.36% (0.33%-0.39%) in 2013 (among 133,275 and 162,998 treated individuals, respectively). For antipsychotics, the prevalence of TDM increased from 2.3% (2.2%-2.5%) to 4.1% (3.9%-4.3%) (31,463 and 32,534 treated individuals). For both drug groups, TDM was more common in men than in women. The most frequently analyzed drugs were clozapine, perphenazine, zuclopenthixol, nortriptyline, and flupentixol. Although not reaching statistical significance, the TDM prevalence was greater for substances strongly recommended for TDM than for substances with a lower level of recommendation, median (interquartile range): 5.6% (2.8%-22%) versus 1.1% (0.2%-2.2%), P = 0.063.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TDM is generally low, more frequent, and increasing for antipsychotics, and more frequent for men and substances where TDM is strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; and †Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wallerstedt
authors.forename: Jonatan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lindh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000097:blood*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents