title: Effect of summer season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows.
abstract: Milk characteristics are affected by heat stress, but very little information is available on changes of milk protein fractions and their relationship with cheesemaking properties of milk. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hot season on milk protein fractions and cheesemaking properties of milk for Grana Padano cheese production. The study was carried out in a dairy farm with a cheese factory for transforming the milk to Grana Padano cheese. The study was carried out from June 2012 to May 2013. Temperature and relative humidity of the inside barn were recorded daily during the study period using 8 electronic data loggers programmed to record every 30 min. Constant managerial conditions were maintained during the experimental periods. During the experimental period, feed and diet characteristics, milk yield, and milk characteristics were recorded in summer (from June 29 to July 27, 2012), winter (from January 25 to March 8, 2013), and spring (from May 17 to May 31, 2013). Milk yield was recorded and individual milk samples were taken from 25 cows selected in each season during the p.m. milking. Content of fat, proteins, caseins (CN), lactose and somatic cell count (SCC), titratable acidity, and milk rennet coagulation properties were determined on fresh samples. Milk protein fraction concentrations were determined by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. Data were tested for nonnormality by the Shapiro-Wilk test. In case of nonnormality, parameters were normalized by log or exponential transformation. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA using a mixed model procedure. For all the main milk components (fat, protein, total solids, and solids-not-fat), the lowest values were observed in the summer and the greatest values were observed in the winter. Casein fractions, with the exception of γ-CN, showed the lowest values in the summer and the greatest values in the winter. The content of IgG and serum albumin was greater in summer than in the winter and spring. A mild effect of season was observed for milk SCC, with greater values in summer than in the winter and spring. A worsening of milk coagulation properties was observed in summer season. The alteration of cheesemaking properties during hot season seems strictly linked with changes of milk protein fractions mainly with the decrease of αS-CN and β-CN and the increase of undefined proteins.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: bernab@unitus.it.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bernabucci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Basiricò
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morera
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dipasquale
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piccioli Cappelli
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calamari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification; D012085:Chymosin; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D008894:Milk Proteins; C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin
keywords: casein fraction; dairy cow; heat stress; milk protein; whey protein