title: Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) seasonal presence, residence time and habitat use at darwin island, galapagos marine reserve.
abstract: The life history of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), including its reproductive ecology, still remains largely unknown. Here, we present results from the first whale shark population study around Darwin Island, Galapagos Marine Reserve. Following a diversified approach we characterized seasonal occurrence, population structure and size, and described habitat use of whale sharks based on fine scale movements around the island. Whale shark presence at Darwin Island was negatively correlated with Sea Surface Temperature (SST), with highest abundance corresponding to a cool season between July and December over six years of monitoring. From 2011 to 2013 we photo-identified 82 whale sharks ranging from 4 to 13.1 m Total Length (TL). Size distribution was bimodal, with a great majority (91.5%) of adult female individuals averaging 11.35 m±0.12 m (TL±SE), all but one showing signs of a potential pregnancy. Population dynamics models for apparently pregnant sharks estimated the presence of 3.76±0.90 (mean ± SE) sharks in the study area per day with an individual residence time of 2.09±0.51 (mean ± SE) days. Movement patterns analysis of four apparently pregnant individuals tracked with acoustic tags at Darwin Island revealed an intense use of Darwin's Arch, where no feeding or specific behavior has been recorded, together with periodic excursions around the island's vicinity. Sharks showed a preference for intermediate depths (20-30 m) with occasional dives mostly to mid-water, remaining the majority of their time at water temperatures between 24-25°C. All of our results point to Darwin Island as an important stopover in a migration, possibly with reproductive purposes, rather than an aggregation site. Current studies carried out in this area to investigate regional scale movement patterns may provide essential information about possible pupping grounds for this enigmatic species.
authors.affiliation: Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Acuña-Marrero
authors.affiliation: Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: Turtle Island Restoration Network, Olema, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hearn
authors.affiliation: Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Galapagos National Park Directorate, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paredes-Jarrín
authors.affiliation: Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Pelayo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salinas-de-León
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D062312:Islands; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D012754:Sharks / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature