title: Development and validation of algorithms for heart failure patient care: a Delphi study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although heart failure (HF) management is available at primary and secondary care facilities in Malaysia, the optimisation of drug therapy is still suboptimal. Although pharmacists can help bridge the gap in optimising HF therapy, pharmacists in Malaysia currently do not manage and titrate HF pharmacotherapy. The aim of this study was to develop treatment algorithms and monitoring protocols for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and spironolactone based on extensive literature review for validation and utilization by pharmacists involved in HF management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Delphi survey involving 32 panellists, from private and government hospitals that provide cardiac services in Malaysia, was conducted to obtain a consensus opinion on the treatment protocols. The panellists completed two rounds of self-administered questionnaires to determine their level of agreement with all the components in the protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consensus agreement was achieved for most of the sections of the protocols for the four classes of drugs. Panellists' opinions were taken into consideration when amending the components of the protocols that did not achieve consensus opinion. Full consensus agreement was achieved with the second survey conducted, enabling the finalisation of the drug titration protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The resulting validated HF titration protocols can be used as a guide for pharmacists when recommending the initiation and titration of HF drug therapy in daily clinical practice. Recommendations should be made in collaboration with the patient's treating physician, with concomitant monitoring of patient's response to the drugs.
authors.forename: Cynthia Priyadarshini
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Asri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranga
authors.forename: Kevin Louis
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Balamurugan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tangiisuran
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003697:Delphi Technique; D019468:Disease Management; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans