title: A comparison of observers' and self-report pain ratings for children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine (1) the relationship between children's self-reports of pain and their different care providers' pain ratings, (2) the relationship between different care providers' ratings of pain in children with cerebral palsy (CP), and (3) whether the child's level of disability influences care providers' pain ratings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three children with CP were separated into 2 groups according to whether they were able to pass a self-report training task. Pain was rated using a Numerical Rating Scale and the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist-Postoperative Version (NCCPC-PV). Children were observed during their regular physiotherapy sessions at 3 separate time segments (Baseline, Stretch Procedure, and Recovery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As anticipated, results showed that all observers reported significantly higher pain scores during a physiotherapy stretching procedure than the baseline and recovery segments. Observers' NCCPC-PV scores were significantly higher during the stretch procedure for the children who did not pass the self-report training task. Findings also indicated that parents tended to report significantly lower pain scores compared with both their children and other observers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings bring into question the accuracy of single-observer pain ratings for children with CP and possess implications for the management of pain in children with CP.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada; †School of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada; ‡Janeway Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, St. John's, NL, Canada; §Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kellie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hadden
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: LeFort
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: OʼBrien
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Coyte
authors.forename: Denise N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Guerriere
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D010290:Parents; D059825:Physical Therapists; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*