title: Pixel-Level Tissue Classification for Ultrasound Images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pixel-level tissue classification for ultrasound images, commonly applied to carotid images, is usually based on defining thresholds for the isolated pixel values. Ranges of pixel values are defined for the classification of each tissue. The classification of pixels is then used to determine the carotid plaque composition and, consequently, to determine the risk of diseases (e.g., strokes) and whether or not a surgery is necessary. The use of threshold-based methods dates from the early 2000s but it is still widely used for virtual histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We propose the use of descriptors that take into account information about a neighborhood of a pixel when classifying it. We evaluated experimentally different descriptors (statistical moments, texture-based, gradient-based, local binary patterns, etc.) on a dataset of five types of tissues: blood, lipids, muscle, fibrous, and calcium. The pipeline of the proposed classification method is based on image normalization, multiscale feature extraction, including the proposal of a new descriptor, and machine learning classification. We have also analyzed the correlation between the proposed pixel classification method in the ultrasound images and the real histology with the aid of medical specialists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The classification accuracy obtained by the proposed method with the novel descriptor in the ultrasound tissue images (around 73%) is significantly above the accuracy of the state-of-the-art threshold-based methods (around 54%). The results are validated by statistical tests. The correlation between the virtual and real histology confirms the quality of the proposed approach showing it is a robust ally for the virtual histology in ultrasound images.
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Pazinato
authors.forename: Bernardo V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Waldir R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Rafael de O
authors.initials: Rde O
authors.lastname: Werneck
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mendes Júnior
authors.forename: Otávio A B
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Penatti
authors.forename: Ricardo da S
authors.initials: Rda S
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Fábio H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001769:Blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D002118:Calcium