title: Experience with the treatment of testicular yolk sac tumor in children: a report of 14 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper discusses the optimal treatment for testicular yolk sac tumor at stage I in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen children with testicular yolk sac tumor (including 10 cases of stage I and 4 cases of stage II) underwent high ligation of internal spermatic cord vein and orchiectomy. Among these, seven cases of stage I were below 1 year of age. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection without postoperative systemic chemotherapy was implemented in 9 cases (5 cases of stage I and 4 cases of stage II), and only one was positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 12 cases followed, 9 cases were alive (of these, 5 children < 1 year old, in stage I, underwent high ligation of internal spermatic cord vein and orchiectomy, with a survival time of 25 months to 10 years and 4 cases with radical retroperitoneal lymph node dissection). Three cases older than 1 year died of retroperitoneal lymph node and lung metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the high ligation of internal spermatic cord vein, orchiectomy is a kind of simple and effective treatment for children younger than 1 year with stage I, without recurrence and metastases. However, attention to the accuracy of staging and close observation are important aspects of the treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. 15351687063@189.cn.
authors.forename: X-J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: R-S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018240:Endodermal Sinus Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000639:trends; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome