title: Impact of long-term moderate hypercapnia and elevated temperature on the energy budget of isolated gills of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
abstract: Effects of severe hypercapnia have been extensively studied in marine fishes, while knowledge on the impacts of moderately elevated CO2 levels and their combination with warming is scarce. Here we investigate ion regulation mechanisms and energy budget in gills from Atlantic cod acclimated long-term to elevated PCO2 levels (2500 μatm) and temperature (18°C). Isolated perfused gill preparations were established to determine gill thermal plasticity during acute exposures (10-22°C) and in vivo costs of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, protein and RNA synthesis. Maximum enzyme capacities of F1Fo-ATPase, H(+)-ATPase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were measured in vitro in crude gill homogenates. After whole animal acclimation to elevated PCO2 and/or warming, branchial oxygen consumption responded more strongly to acute temperature change. The fractions of gill respiration allocated to protein and RNA synthesis remained unchanged. In gills of fish CO2-exposed at both temperatures, energy turnover associated with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was reduced by 30% below rates of control fish. This contrasted in vitro capacities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, which remained unchanged under elevated CO2 at 10°C, and earlier studies which had found a strong upregulation under severe hypercapnia. F1Fo-ATPase capacities increased in hypercapnic gills at both temperatures, whereas Na(+)/K(+)ATPase and H(+)-ATPase capacities only increased in response to elevated CO2 and warming indicating the absence of thermal compensation under CO2. We conclude that in vivo ion regulatory energy demand is lowered under moderately elevated CO2 levels despite the stronger thermal response of total gill respiration and the upregulation of F1Fo-ATPase. This effect is maintained at elevated temperature.
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Electronic address: Cornelia.Kreiss@awi.de.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kreiss
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Pörtner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000378:metabolism*; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010477:Perfusion; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: (1)H NMR spectroscopy; F(1)F(o)-ATPase; Gadus morhua; H(+)-ATPase; Isolated gill respiration; Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase; Ocean acidification