title: Olfactory dysfunction in children with Kallmann syndrome: relation of smell tests with brain magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder with the distinctive features of hyposmia or anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Though hyposmia/anosmia can be evaluated by both objective and subjective smell tests, there is no study comparing these two methods in KS. The aim of the present case series was to discuss the results of objective and subjective smell tests and compare them to volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of six adolescent males (aged between 14-18 years) with KS were examined by objective and subjective olfactometry to test smell function and by specific MRI sequences to measure the olfactory bulbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The objective smell test showed anosmia in all six of the patients. However, the subjective test revealed anosmia in five patients and hyposmia in one patient. Brain MRI showed olfactory bulb aplasia in all six cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI provides robust evaluation of the olfactory bulb volume. Our data show excellent compatibility between the results obtained via objective olfactometry and those obtained by measuring olfactory bulb volume as determined by MRI and therefore demonstrate that objective olfactometry remains a highly reliable test. Furthermore, although the number of subjects studied was small, these data also suggest that cheaper and more easily available subjective tests could be used in preference to the more expensive as well as labor-intensive and time-consuming objective smell tests. In the event of doubts as to the validity of the subjective tests, the objective olfactometry tests can confirm the diagnosis. The bulb volumetric MRI may be also used in difficult cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anık
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gönül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Çatlı
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abacı
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Güleryüz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çağdaş
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Güdücü
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adile
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Öniz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şule
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bumin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dündar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eyll University, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ece
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Böber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology