title: Seasonal variability in weight change during elementary school.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine seasonal variation in weight gain across elementary school (kindergarten-5th grade) among children who are healthy weight, overweight, or obese and from different racial and ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 7,599 ethnically diverse students ages 5-7 years at baseline (Caucasian: 21.1%, Black: 36.2%, Hispanic: 26.0%, Asian 16.7%). Heights and weights were measured by school nurses at the beginning and end of each school year from kindergarten through the beginning of 5th grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beginning the summer after 1st grade, all children demonstrated a pattern of standardized BMI (zBMI) increases during the summer (0.04 to 0.09) and zBMI decreases across the school years (-0.06 to 0.00; P<0.0001). Hispanic children and children who were overweight and obese exhibited this pattern in kindergarten while children of other ethnicities and with a healthy weight did not (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beginning the summer after 1st grade, a consistent pattern of relative weight gain during the summer months (Δ in BMI percentile=1.04) and weight loss during the school year (Δ in BMI percentile=-0.34) emerged. This pattern appeared earlier for children who were overweight, obese, or Hispanic. These findings suggest a need to better understand the causes of the problematic increases in weight during the summer.
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jennette P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Tzu-An
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Teresia A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Sheryl O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woehler
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baranowski
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012574:Schools; D012621:Seasons; D013334:Students; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*