title: Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Types, epidemiology and treatment.
abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a problem of deep scientific concern both in hospital and community settings. Rapid detection in clinical laboratories is essential for the judicious recognition of antimicrobial resistant organisms. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is a significant resistance-mechanism that impedes the antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae and is a serious threat to the currently available antibiotic armory. ESBLs are classified into several groups according to their amino acid sequence homology. Proper infection control practices and barriers are essential to prevent spread and outbreaks of ESBL producing bacteria. As bacteria have developed different strategies to counter the effects of antibiotics, the identification of the resistance mechanism may help in the discovery and design of new antimicrobial agents. The carbapenems are widely regarded as the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, although comparative clinical trials are scarce. Hence, more expeditious diagnostic testing of ESBL-producing bacteria and the feasible modification of guidelines for community-onset bacteremia associated with different infections are prescribed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
authors.forename: Sibhghatulla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
authors.forename: Jamale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
authors.forename: Shazi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
authors.forename: Syed Mohd Danish
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia ; Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Pl, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
keywords: Amino acid; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Carbapenems; Enterobacteriaceae; Extended-spectrum β-lactamase