title: Late effects of sleep restriction: Potentiating weight gain and insulin resistance arising from a high-fat diet in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies show the association of sleep restriction (SR) with obesity and insulin resistance. Experimental studies are limited to the concurrent or short-term effects of SR. Here, we examined the late effects of SR regarding weight gain and metabolic alterations induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a multiple platform method of SR for 15 days, 21 h daily, followed by 6 weeks of a 30% HFD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Just after SR, serum insulin and resistin concentrations were increased and glycerol content decreased. In addition, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression were notably increased in epididymal fat. At the end of the HFD period, mice previously submitted to SR gained more weight (32.3 ± 1.0 vs. 29.4 ± 0.7 g) with increased subcutaneous fat mass, had increments in the expression of the adipogenic genes PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ, and had macrophage infiltration in the epididymal adipose tissue. Furthermore, enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consequences of SR may last for a long period, characterizing SR as a predisposing factor for weight gain and insulin resistance. Metabolic changes during SR seem to prime adipose tissue, aggravating the harmful effects of diet-induced obesity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Mendes
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Visniauskas
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.forename: Silene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Migliorini
authors.forename: Monica Levy
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.forename: Ricardo Ambrósio
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fock
authors.forename: Jair Ribeiro
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campa
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin