title: The toxicity of carbofuran to the freshwater rotifer, Philodina roseola.
abstract: In this study, the effects of exposing the rotifer Philodina roseola to the pesticide carbofuran were investigated. Its range of sensitivity to potassium dichromate, the acute toxicity of active ingredient carbofuran and of carbofuran dosed as its commercial form, Furadan(®) 350 SC were determined. Chronic toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC on P. roseola survival and fecundity were also studied. The sensitivity of P. roseola to K2Cr2O7 ranged from 29.52 to 64.67 mg L(-1), averaging 47.10 mg L(-1). The 48-h EC50 were 13.36 ± 2.63 mg L(-1) for carbofuran and 89.32 ± 6.52 mg L(-1) for commercial form. Chronic toxicity tests showed that the survival of this rotifer was not affected by the carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC at the concentrations tested and that at 1.56 and 3.12 mg L(-1) their fecundity was higher than in the absence of this commercial product, characterizing the hormesis phenomenon. The sensitivity profile of several species to carbofuran indicated that P. roseola is more susceptible to this pesticide than the fish Clarias batrachus, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the protozoan Paramecium caudatum and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, although the acute toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC to P. roseola is much lower than that of active ingredient carbofuran. The results also imply that the exacerbated use of pesticides and the constant, accelerated expansion of agricultural activity will make aquatic non-target species even more vulnerable. Furthermore, the relevant role of benthic organisms in aquatic environments justifies the inclusion of P. roseola and other benthic species in toxicity screening for risk assessment, regarding this environmental compartment.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil, raquel.moreira87@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Raquel Aparecida
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Adrislaine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: da Silva Mansano
authors.forename: Odete
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000633:toxicity*; D005618:Fresh Water; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002235:Carbofuran