title: Characterization of heavy-metal-contaminated sediment by using unsupervised multivariate techniques and health risk assessment.
abstract: This study characterized the sediment quality of the severely contaminated Erjen River in Taiwan by using multivariate analysis methods-including factor analysis (FA), self-organizing maps (SOMs), and positive matrix factorization (PMF)-and health risk assessment. The SOMs classified the dataset with similar heavy-metal-contaminated sediment into five groups. FA extracted three major factors-traditional electroplating and metal-surface processing factor, nontraditional heavy-metal-industry factor, and natural geological factor-which accounted for 80.8% of the variance. The SOMs and FA revealed the heavy-metal-contaminated-sediment hotspots in the middle and upper reaches of the major tributary in the dry season. The hazardous index value for health risk via ingestion was 0.302. PMF further qualified the source apportionment, indicating that traditional electroplating and metal-surface-processing industries comprised 47% of the health risk posed by heavy-metal-contaminated sediment. Contaminants discharged from traditional electroplating and metal-surface-processing industries in the middle and upper reaches of the major tributary must be eliminated first to improve the sediment quality in Erjen River. The proposed assessment framework for heavy-metal-contaminated sediment can be applied to contaminated-sediment river sites in other regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Monitoring and Information Management, Environmental Protection Administration, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yeuh-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: cwliu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chen-Wuing
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sinotech Environmental Technology, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D013624:Taiwan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Health risk assessment; Positive matrix factorization (PMF); Sediment quality management; Self-organizing map (SOM)