title: Antidiabetic treatment patterns in a medicare advantage population in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Published guidelines for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) agree on initial pharmacotherapy. However, few specific recommendations on second-line agents are provided.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe antidiabetic treatment patterns in Medicare Advantage patients with T2DM within 6 months of measurement of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized medical, pharmacy, and laboratory claims from a large Medicare Advantage with Prescription Drug (MAPD) coverage payer. MAPD members between 65 and 89 years old identified as having T2DM between 2009 and 2011 were eligible for inclusion. A 12-month baseline period before the first HbA1c value (index date) was evaluated for demographic and clinical differences. Antidiabetic therapy was evaluated for 6 months post-index. The study population was stratified into three cohorts based on index HbA1c value: controlled (<8%, 64 mmoL/mol), uncontrolled (≥ 8%, 64 mmoL/mol and <10%, 86 mmoL/mol), and severely uncontrolled (≥ 10%, 86 mmoL/mol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite elevated HbA1c values (≥ 8%, 64 mmoL/mol), 7-8% of patients did not receive antidiabetic therapy during the post-index period. Metformin and sulfonylureas were the oral antidiabetics (OADs) most frequently used as monotherapy. The majority of patients on combination therapy were on two or more OADs and higher injectable use was observed in the severely uncontrolled cohort. Metformin was included in >60% of the combination regimens with metformin + sulfonylurea being the most common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests suboptimal treatment of those not in glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8%, 64 mmoL/mol). Many patients classified as severely uncontrolled based on HbA1c received only monotherapy. Opportunities exist for treatment modification within this population to achieve tighter glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Humana, Inc., 500 West Main Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA, sslabaugh@humana.com.
authors.forename: S Lane
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Slabaugh
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jane N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Stacy
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baltz
authors.forename: Yunus A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Meah
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: D Chad
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Moretz
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D020398:Medicare Part C; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds