title: Application of clinico-radiologic-pathologic diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children in China.
abstract: Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children (chDPLD) or interstitial lung diseases in children (chILD) represent a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, the incidence of chDPLD is so low that most pediatricians lack sufficient knowledge of chDPLD, especially in China. Based on the clinico-radiologic-pathologic (CRP) diagnosis, we tried to describe (1) the characteristics of chDPLD and (2) the ratio of each constituent of chDPLD in China. Data were evaluated, including clinical, radiographic, and pathologic results from lung biopsies. We collected 25 cases of chDPLD, 18 boys and 7 girls with a median age of 6.0 years, from 16 hospitals in China. The most common manifestations included cough (n = 24), dyspnea (n = 21), and fever (n = 4). There were three cases of exposure-related interstitial lung disease (ILD), three cases of systemic disease-associated ILD, nineteen cases of alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD, and no cases of ILD specific to infancy. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (n = 9) was the two largest groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-specific interstitial pneumonia is the main categories of chDPLD in China. Lung biopsy is always a crucial step in the final diagnosis. However, clinical and imaging studies should be carefully evaluated for their value in indicating a specific chDPLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huizhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rongyan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shunying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiuyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, C Children's Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jizhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Yuying Children's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hailing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Center, Children's Hospital Affiliated with Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Enmei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yuejie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Shanghai Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Jirong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Guangmin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed