title: Delivery aspects of antioxidants in diabetes management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ample research has been done to study the role of oxidative stress due to the generation of excess reactive species in initiation and progression of diabetic complications. A positive result has been indicated hypothesizing that abating this oxidative stress can prove to be an alternate strategy in therapy apart from oral antidiabetic drugs. But these dietary antioxidants are less efficient because of poor solubility, permeability, instability on storage, gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review gives a brief insight into the molecular mechanism of oxidative stress in development of diabetic complications. Major hurdles limiting the translation of antioxidants to clinical area are also discussed. Various delivery approaches including both conventional and novel drug delivery systems explored so far for combating these challenges in antioxidant delivery are also explored. Mitochondrial targeting of such molecules is also briefly discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough study of clinical efficacy and safety of antioxidants on long-term use judging its clinical applicability is required. The clinical success of antioxidants as a therapeutic strategy involves a combination of effective design of drug delivery carrier that are in turn related to their degradation profile, possibility of cellular uptake at defined site of action and so on and clinical and preclinical trials that will provide a base for the design of dose and administration regimen.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmaceutics , Hyderabad-500037 , India +91 40 23073741 ; +91 40 23073751 ; wahid@niperhyd.ac.in.
authors.forename: Lakshmi Sailaja
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Duvvuri
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katiyar
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Wahid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: antioxidants; diabetes; mitochondrial targeting; novel delivery systems; oxidative stress