title: Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of its ongoing effort to combat stigma against mental illness among health care providers, the Mental Health Commission of Canada partnered with organizations conducting anti-stigma interventions. Our objective was to evaluate program effectiveness and to better understand what makes some programs more effective than others. Our paper reports the elements of these programs found to be most strongly associated with favourable outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study employed a multi-phased, mixed-methods design. First, a grounded theory qualitative study was undertaken to identify key program elements. Next, each program (n = 22) was coded according to the presence or absence of the identified key program ingredients. Then, random-effects, meta-regression modelling was used to examine the association between program outcomes and the key ingredients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The qualitative analysis led to a 6-ingredient model of key program elements. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that programs that included all 6 of these ingredients performed significantly better than those that did not. Individual analyses of each of the 6 ingredients showed that including multiple forms of social contact and emphasizing recovery were characteristics of the most effective programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide a validation of a 6-ingredient model of key program elements for anti-stigma programming for health care providers. Emphasizing recovery and including multiple types of social contact are of particular importance for maximizing the effectiveness of anti-stigma programs for health care providers.
authors.affiliation: Research Associate, Opening Minds Anti-Stigma Initiative, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knaak
authors.affiliation: Research Associate, Opening Minds Anti-Stigma Initiative, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Modgill
authors.affiliation: Principal Investigator, Health Professionals, Opening Minds Anti-Stigma Initiative, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, Alberta; Professor, Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Member, Mathison Centre for Research & Education in Mental Health, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patten
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012922:Social Change; D057545:Social Stigma