title: Behavioural effects of tourism on oceanic common dolphins, Delphinus sp., in New Zealand: the effects of Markov analysis variations and current tour operator compliance with regulations.
abstract: Common dolphins, Delphinus sp., are one of the marine mammal species tourism operations in New Zealand focus on. While effects of cetacean-watching activities have previously been examined in coastal regions in New Zealand, this study is the first to investigate effects of commercial tourism and recreational vessels on common dolphins in an open oceanic habitat. Observations from both an independent research vessel and aboard commercial tour vessels operating off the central and east coast Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand were used to assess dolphin behaviour and record the level of compliance by permitted commercial tour operators and private recreational vessels with New Zealand regulations. Dolphin behaviour was assessed using two different approaches to Markov chain analysis in order to examine variation of responses of dolphins to vessels. Results showed that, regardless of the variance in Markov methods, dolphin foraging behaviour was significantly altered by boat interactions. Dolphins spent less time foraging during interactions and took significantly longer to return to foraging once disrupted by vessel presence. This research raises concerns about the potential disruption to feeding, a biologically critical behaviour. This may be particularly important in an open oceanic habitat, where prey resources are typically widely dispersed and unpredictable in abundance. Furthermore, because tourism in this region focuses on common dolphins transiting between adjacent coastal locations, the potential for cumulative effects could exacerbate the local effects demonstrated in this study. While the overall level of compliance by commercial operators was relatively high, non-compliance to the regulations was observed with time restriction, number or speed of vessels interacting with dolphins not being respected. Additionally, prohibited swimming with calves did occur. The effects shown in this study should be carefully considered within conservation management plans, in order to reduce the risk of detrimental effects on common dolphins within the region.
authors.affiliation: Coastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool Campus, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia; Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.affiliation: Coastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand; Pacific Whale Foundation, 300 Ma'alaea Rd., Suite 211, Wailuku, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Coastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matthew D M
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pawley
authors.affiliation: Coastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, School of Hospitality and Tourism, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Orams
authors.affiliation: Coastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Stockin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D050696:Common Dolphins / Q000502:physiology*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004289:Dolphins / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D008390:Markov Chains; D009520:New Zealand; D012767:Ships; D013550:Swimming