title: Sand fly fauna (Diptera, pcychodidae, phlebotominae) in different leishmaniasis-endemic areas of ecuador, surveyed using a newly named mini-shannon trap.
abstract: To study the sand fly fauna, surveys were performed at four different leishmaniasis-endemic sites in Ecuador from February 2013 to April 2014. A modified and simplified version of the conventional Shannon trap was named "mini-Shannon trap" and put to multiple uses at the different study sites in limited, forested and narrow spaces. The mini-Shannon, CDC light trap and protected human landing method were employed for sand fly collection. The species identification of sand flies was performed mainly based on the morphology of spermathecae and cibarium, after dissection of fresh samples. In this study, therefore, only female samples were used for analysis. A total of 1,480 female sand flies belonging to 25 Lutzomyia species were collected. The number of female sand flies collected was 417 (28.2%) using the mini-Shannon trap, 259 (17.5%) using the CDC light trap and 804 (54.3%) by human landing. The total number of sand flies per trap collected by the different methods was markedly affected by the study site, probably because of the various composition of species at each locality. Furthermore, as an additional study, the attraction of sand flies to mini-Shannon traps powered with LED white-light and LED black-light was investigated preliminarily, together with the CDC light trap and human landing. As a result, a total of 426 sand flies of nine Lutzomyia species, including seven man-biting and two non-biting species, were collected during three capture trials in May and June 2014 in an area endemic for leishmaniasis (La Ventura). The black-light proved relatively superior to the white-light with regard to capture numbers, but no significant statistical difference was observed between the two traps.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Sodiro N-14121 e Iquique, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil , Avenida Carlos Julio Arosemena, Km 1.5, Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador ; Servicio Nacional de Erradicacion de la Malaria, Ministerio de Salud , Calle Decima y Avenida Sexta-Frente a Ciudadela Naval Norte, Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Lenin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Velez N
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine , Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Sodiro N-14121 e Iquique, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Hipatia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Criollo F
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Sodiro N-14121 e Iquique, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romero A
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil , Avenida Carlos Julio Arosemena, Km 1.5, Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador ; Servicio Nacional de Erradicacion de la Malaria, Ministerio de Salud , Calle Decima y Avenida Sexta-Frente a Ciudadela Naval Norte, Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomez L
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación de la Salud Pública, Julian Coronel 2015 y Esmeraldas , Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Luiggi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martini R
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil , Avenida Carlos Julio Arosemena, Km 1.5, Ciudad de Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zambrano C
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Sodiro N-14121 e Iquique, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvopina H
authors.affiliation: Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ciudadera Univeresitaria de Lima , Distrito de Lima, Perú ; Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud , Avenida Salaverry 801 Jesus Maria, Ciudad de Lima, Distrito de Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caceres G
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Sodiro N-14121 e Iquique, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador ; Proyecto Prometeo, Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) , Avenida 9 de Octubre N22-64 y Carrion, Ciudad de Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador ; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Kohasu, Nankoku city, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashiguchi
keywords: CDC light trap; Ecuador; Lutzomyia spp.; a newly named mini-Shannon trap; black- and white-light trap; sand fly fauna