title: [SUCLA2-related encephalomyopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome: a case report and review of literature].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristics of SUCLA2-related encephalomyopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) in one patient, and review the latest clinical research reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, laboratory and genetic data of one case of SUCLA2-related encephalomyopathic MDS diagnosed by department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital in November, 2013 were reported, and through taking "SUCLA2" as key words to search at CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed and the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) professional to date, the clinical characteristics of 24 reported cases of SUCLA2-related encephalomyopathic MDS in international literature in combination with our case were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The patient was 5 years and 9 months old, born as a term small for gestational age infant whose birth weight was 2 400 g, and presented since birth with severe muscular hypotonia, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, psychomotor retardation and hearing impairment. Until now, he still showed severe developmental retardation, together with muscular atrophy, thoracocyllosis and scoliosis, and facial features. The patient is the first born from consanguineous healthy parents, whose relationship is cousins. Laboratory tests showed urinary excretion of mild methylmalonic acid (MMA), elevated plasma lactate concentration, and increased C3-carnitine and C4-dicarboxylic-carnitine in plasma carnitine ester profiling. MRI showed brain atrophy-like and bilateral T2 hyperintensities in bilateral caudate nuclei and putamen. By Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.970G > A) in the SUCLA2 in a highly conserved amino acid residue. (2) The total number was only 25 with a male to female ratio of 14: 11, and age of onset of 23 was 0-4 months. The most common clinical features in patients with SUCLA2 mutation were permanent hypotonia, muscle atrophy, psychomotor retardation and scoliosis or kyphosis. Frequent signs included hearing impairment, hyperkinesia, dystonia or athetoid movements, feeding difficulties, growth retardation and ptosis or ophthalmoplegia. Epilepsy was occasionally observed. The combination of lactic acidemia, mild MMA-uria and increased C3-carnitine and C4-dicarboxylic-carnitine in plasma carnitine ester profiling were characteristic markers. MRI showed brain atrophy-like and bilateral basal ganglia involvement (mainly the putamen and caudate nuclei). Nineteen patients originated from Europe, with 13 of whom originated from Faroe Islands that carry a homozygous mutation (c.534+1G>A) in SUCLA2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SUCLA2-related encephalomyopathic MDS is characterized by onset of severe hypotonia in early infancy, feeding difficulties, growth retardation, psychomotor retardation and hearing impairment. Metabolic findings usually include lactic acidemia, mild MMA-uria and increased C3-carnitine and C4-dicarboxylic-carnitine in plasma carnitine ester profiling. MRI showed brain atrophy-like and bilateral basal ganglia involvement (mainly the putamen and caudate nuclei). SUCLA2 pathogenic mutations would confirm the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China.
authors.forename: Zhimei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China. Email: ff139@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China.
authors.forename: Husheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China.
authors.forename: Junlan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing100045, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D002331:Carnitine; D002648:Child; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004421:Dystonia; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D017237:Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D013389:Succinate-CoA Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D013389:Succinate-CoA Ligases; C518788:SUCLA2 protein, human; D002331:Carnitine