title: Treadmill Running Reverses Cognitive Declines due to Alzheimer Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of treadmill running on cognitive declines in the early and advanced stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) in 3xTg-AD mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 4 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice (N = 24) were assigned to control (AD + CON, n = 12) or exercise (AD + EX, n = 12) group. At 24 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice (N = 16) were assigned to AD + CON (n = 8) or AD + EX (n = 8) group. The AD + EX mice were subjected to treadmill running for 12 wk. At each pathological stage, the background strain mice were included as wild-type control (WT + CON, n = 8-12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the early stage of AD, 3xTg-AD mice had impaired short- and long-term memory based on Morris water maze along with higher cortical Aβ deposition, higher hippocampal and cortical tau pathology, and lower hippocampal and cortical PSD-95 and synaptophysin. A 12-wk treadmill running reversed the impaired cognitive declines and significantly improved the tau pathology along with suppression of the decreased PSD-95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and cortex. At the advanced stage of AD, 3xTg-AD mice had impaired short- and long-term memory along with higher levels of Aβ deposition, soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, tau pathology, and lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, PSD-95, and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and cortex. A 12-wk treadmill running reversed the impaired cognitive declines and significantly improved the Aβ and tau pathology along with suppression of the decreased synaptic proteins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings suggest that treadmill running provides a nonpharmacological means to combat cognitive declines due to AD pathology.
authors.affiliation: 1College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA; and 3College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, REPUBLIC OF KOREA.
authors.forename: Jinkyung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Min-Kyoo
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Donghyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Inhwan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shinuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunsik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012420:Running
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D003345:Corticosterone