title: Safety Study of Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation (tSMS) of the Human Cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) in humans reduces cortical excitability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged tSMS (2 h) could be delivered safely in humans. Safety limits for this technique have not been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  tSMS was applied for 2 h with a cylindric magnet on the occiput of 17 healthy subjects. We assessed tSMS-related safety aspects at tissue level by measuring levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, a marker of neuronal damage) and S100 (a marker of glial reactivity and damage). We also included an evaluation of cognitive side effects by using a battery of visuomotor and cognitive tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  tSMS did not induce any significant increase in NSE or S100. No cognitive alteration was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the application of tSMS is safe in healthy human subjects, at least within these parameters.
authors.affiliation: FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain. Electronic address: antonioo@sescam.jccm.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliviero
authors.affiliation: FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carrasco-López
authors.affiliation: FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campolo
authors.affiliation: FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Perez-Borrego
authors.affiliation: FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soto-León
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, CTB, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Rosa
authors.affiliation: Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Lab, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Higuero
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, CTB, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Strange
authors.affiliation: Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Lab, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abad-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Neurosignals Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: guglielmo.foffani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foffani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012449:Safety; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: NIBS; Neuron-specific enolase; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); S100; Safety; Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS)