title: Serum uric acid and cardiovascular risk among Portuguese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and cardiovascular risk classes (CRCs) in adolescents using a cluster-based approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional evaluation was carried out in the 2007-2008 school year, including adolescents born in 1990 and enrolled in the schools of Porto, Portugal. The analysis included 1,286 adolescents. To identify CRC, a normal mixture model was performed including several biological cardiovascular risk factors. A multinomial logistic regression model was applied to explore the association between SUA and each CRC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three classes were extracted using model-based cluster analysis (low, medium, and high CRC). The high CRC accounted for the smallest proportion of participants (5.6%) and represented the adolescents with higher waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels. Adolescents at increased risk of cardiovascular disease had significantly higher mean concentrations of SUA compared with adolescents at low cardiovascular risk (55.0 vs. 51.5 mg/L in males and 41.9 vs. 37.6 mg/L in females). After adjustment and considering low CRC as reference, SUA was positively associated with high CRC in both sexes (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.07 in males; and odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.07 in females).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among 17-year-old adolescents, SUA increases were positively associated with higher CRC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Max C Y
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metabolic Science, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: carlal@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Classes; Serum uric acid