title: Strength training and shoulder proprioception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proprioception is essential to motor control and joint stability during daily and sport activities. Recent studies demonstrated that athletes have better joint position sense (JPS) when compared with controls matched for age, suggesting that physical training could have an effect on proprioception.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the result of an 8-week strength-training program on shoulder JPS and to verify whether using training intensities that are the same or divergent for the shoulder's dynamic-stabilizer muscles promote different effects on JPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated JPS in a research laboratory and conducted training in a gymnasium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 men, right handed and asymptomatic, with no history of any type of injury or shoulder instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 8 weeks, the participants performed the strength-training program 3 sessions per week. We used 4 exercises (bench press, lat pull down, shoulder press, and seated row), with 2 sets each.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured shoulder JPS acuity by calculating the absolute error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an interaction between group and time. To examine the interaction, we conducted two 1-way analyses of variance comparing groups at each time. The groups did not differ at pretraining; however, a difference among groups was noted posttraining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strength training using exercises at the same intensity produced an improvement in JPS compared with exercises of varying intensity, suggesting that the former resulted in improvements in the sensitivity of muscle spindles and, hence, better neuromuscular control in the shoulder.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Inácio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Velasques
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cossich
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicoliche
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Marcus Vinicius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Motta
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009470:Muscle Spindles / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D061886:Neuromuscular Monitoring; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: joint position sense; muscle spindles; neuromuscular control