title: Bicarbonate enhances the in vitro antibiotic activity of kanamycin in Escherichia coli.
abstract: Growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli E2348/69 was inhibited by bicarbonate in a dose-dependent manner, showing approximately 5% growth reduction at 5 mmol l(-1) while kanamycin at 3·12 μg ml(-1) inhibited growth by 15%, yet when kanamycin and bicarbonate were combined at these concentrations, inhibition increased to 80%. Unexpectedly, at bicarbonate concentrations >20 mmol l(-1) enhancement of the antibiotic activity virtually disappeared, i.e. there was a paradoxical Eagle-like effect. How bicarbonate acts is unclear, but neutral or alkaline pH also enhanced the activity of kanamycin. However, several differences indicated a separate effect of bicarbonate. First, bicarbonate inhibited growth more than the corresponding increments in pH. Second, at low concentration, the antibiotic enhancing effect of bicarbonate was stronger than the effect of pH alone. Third, 5 mmol l(-1) bicarbonate significantly enhanced the activity of kanamycin while the corresponding pH had no effect. Fourth, the Eagle-like effect was exclusive of bicarbonate because changes in pH did not induce an analogous behaviour. Notwithstanding the mechanism, the enhancing effect of bicarbonate was indubitable. Consequently, it seems worthwhile to explore further its potential to improve the efficacy of aminoglycosides and maybe even other antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bicarbonate at a low concentration enhanced the in vitro antibiotic activity of kanamycin and gentamicin. Even though the action mechanism of bicarbonate is hitherto unknown, it seems worthwhile to explore further its capacity to improve the efficacy of aminoglycosides. Clearly, the well-known harmful side-effects of aminoglycosides are a concern. However, it has recently been shown in a fish model that bicarbonate may protect ciliary cells against the damage caused by aminoglycosides. So, it seems possible that bicarbonate could help reduce aminoglycoside dosage at the same time that it might help lessen the damage to auditory ciliary cells in humans.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Huante
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Puente
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007612:Kanamycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001639:Bicarbonates; D005839:Gentamicins; D007612:Kanamycin
keywords: Eagle-like effect; Escherichia coli; aminoglycosides; gentamicin; kanamycin; paradoxical response