title: Human milk: mother nature's prototypical probiotic food?
abstract: The concept of "probiotic" is generally attributed to Dr. Ilya Mechnikov, who hypothesized that longevity could be enhanced by manipulating gastrointestinal microbes using naturally fermented foods. In 2001, a report of the FAO and WHO (2001 Oct, http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_-management/en/probiotics.pdf) proposed a more restrictive definition of probiotic, as follows: "a live micro-organism which, when administered in adequate amounts, confers a health benefit on the host." As such, answering the fundamental question posed here-"Is human milk a probiotic?"-requires first grappling with the concept and meaning of the term probiotic. Nonetheless, one must also be convinced that human milk contains bacteria. Indeed, there are scores of publications providing evidence of a paradigm shift in this regard. Variation in the human-milk microbiome may be associated with maternal weight, mode of delivery, lactation state, gestation age, antibiotic use, and maternal health. Milk constituents (e.g., fatty acids and complex carbohydrates) might also be related to the abundance of specific bacterial taxa in milk. Whether these bacteria affect infant health is likely, but more studies are needed to test this hypothesis. In summary, a growing literature suggests that human milk, like all other fluids produced by the body, indeed contains viable bacteria. As such, and recognizing the extensive literature relating breastfeeding to optimal infant health, we propose that human milk should be considered a probiotic food. Determining factors that influence which bacteria are present in milk and if and how they influence the mother's and/or the recipient infant's health remain basic science and public health realms in which almost nothing is known.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; and smcguire@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D001942:Breast Feeding; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D064307:Microbiota; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology*; D019936:Probiotics
keywords: bacteria; human milk; microbiome; microbiota; probiotics