title: Bioactive peptides released from in vitro digestion of human milk with or without pasteurization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pasteurized donor human milk (HM) serves as the best alternative for breast-feeding when availability of mother's milk is limited. Pasteurization is also applied to mother's own milk for very low birth weight infants, who are vulnerable to microbial infection. Whether pasteurization affects protein digestibility and therefore modulates the profile of bioactive peptides released from HM proteins by gastrointestinal digestion, has not been examined to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  HM with and without pasteurization (62.5 °C for 30 min) were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, followed by peptidomic analysis to compare the formation of bioactive peptides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some of the bioactive peptides, such as caseinophosphopeptide homologues, a possible opioid peptide (or propeptide), and an antibacterial peptide, were present in undigested HM and showed resistance to in vitro digestion, suggesting that these peptides are likely to exert their bioactivities in the gastrointestinal lumen, or be stably transported to target organs. In vitro digestion of HM released a large variety of bioactive peptides such as angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory peptides. Bioactive peptides were released largely in the same manner with and without pasteurization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provision of pasteurized HM may be as beneficial as breast-feeding in terms of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California [2] Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lönnerdal
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000737:chemistry; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000737:chemistry; D061352:Pasteurization; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D053495:Osteopontin; D007768:Lactalbumin; D007781:Lactoferrin