title: Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are activated early in optic neuritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of different immunological mediators in blood and CSF in patients with acute ON and to estimate whether they were implicated in pro- or anti-inflammatory or even regulatory reactions in comparison with a healthy control group (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four patients between 18 and 59 years of age suffering by acute ON, onset of <4 weeks, were included in the study. Visual tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in ON. Blood and CSF samples were collected from untreated patients and from a gender- and age-matched voluntary HC (n = 32). The mRNA expression of distinct cytokines and neurotrophic factors was assessed by semi/quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain- and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF and GDNF) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression was significantly increased in the CSF compared to the blood in both ON and HC (P < 0.001). In the CSF increased levels of BDNF and GDNF of the ON group were positively correlated with the presence of oligoclonal bands (OB). Additionally, patients with gadolinium (gd+) lesions on brain MRI showed increased levels of IL-5 in blood (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that both immuno-regulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms may potentially take place relatively early in the course of the ON. The presence of neurotrophic factors in healthy CSF and their overexpression already during the acute phase of ON supports the alertness of CNS defence mechanisms ready to be activated during degenerative events, such as destruction of the myelin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsakiri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravanidis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagoudaki
authors.forename: K-N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Poulatsidou
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Svane
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grigoriadis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D043025:Oligoclonal Bands / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D043025:Oligoclonal Bands; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: FOXP3; cytokines; multiple sclerosis; neurotrophic factors; optic neuritis