title: General population reference values for 3-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire in Poland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Polish EQ-5D normative study published in 2010 was conducted in 2008 as a pilot study. The group of respondents was relatively small and had limited representativeness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to derive population norms for the 3-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire in Poland using a large, representative sample.
  Stratified random sampling was used. A total of 3941 respondents (age, 18-87 years) completed the self-administered paper-based EQ-5D-3L questionnaire (3973 completed the visual analog scale, EQ VAS) and were included in this study. Utility index scores were derived using the Polish time trade-off value set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study sample was representative of the general Polish population in terms of age, sex, geographical region, type and size of a given locality, level of education, and social and professional status. Mean EQ-5D-3L and visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) values decreased from 0.968 and 86.2 (age group, 18-24 years) to 0.730 and 54.0 (age group, ≥75 years), respectively. The most frequently reported complaints were pain/discomfort (45.8%) followed by anxiety/depression (33.3%), while the least commonly reported problem was self-care (9.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polish population norms developed for the EQ-5D-3L index, descriptive part of the EQ-5D-3L, and EQ VAS can be used as reference values. The availability of such normative data should encourage the use of EQ-5D-3L in health-related quality-of-life studies in Poland.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Golicki
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niewada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011044:Poland; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult