title: Gender effects on brain changes in early-onset psychosis.
abstract: Progressive loss of cortical gray matter (GM) and increase of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported in early-onset psychosis (EOP). EOP typically begins during adolescence, a time when developmental brain trajectories differ by gender. This study aimed to determine gender differences in progression of brain changes in this population. A sample of 61 (21 females) adolescents with a first psychotic episode and a matched sample of 70 (23 females) controls underwent both baseline and 2-year follow-up anatomical brain imaging assessments. Regional GM and CSF volumes were obtained using automated methods based on the Talairach's proportional grid system. At baseline, only male patients showed a clear pattern of alterations in the frontal lobe relative to controls (smaller GM and larger CSF volumes). However, parallel longitudinal changes for male and female patients relative to controls were observed, resulting in a common pattern of brain changes across both genders: rate of left frontal lobe GM volume loss was larger in male (-3.8%) and female patients (-4.2%) than in controls (-0.7% males; -0.4% females). The reverse was found for the CSF volume in the left frontal lobe. While the GM and CSF volumes of females with EOP appear to be within the normal range at initial illness onset, our results point to a similar trajectory of increased/accelerated brain changes in both male and female patients with EOP. The pattern of progression of brain changes in psychosis appears to be independent of gender or structural alterations on appearance of psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. mrapado@iisgm.com.|Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton South, VIC, 3053, Australia. mrapado@iisgm.com.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapado-Castro
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton South, VIC, 3053, Australia.
authors.forename: Cali F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bartholomeusz
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, SGR-1119, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
authors.affiliation: Hospital Santiago Apóstol de Vitoria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Kronikgune, EHU-UPV, Vitoria, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, SGR-1119, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graell
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.|Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bargalló
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton South, VIC, 3053, Australia.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Aerospatial Engineering, University Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desco
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Adolescent; Brain changes; CAFEPS; Gender; MRI; Psychosis