title: Can transcranial direct current stimulation be useful in differentiating unresponsive wakefulness syndrome from minimally conscious state patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disorders of consciousness (DOC) diagnosis relies on the presence or absence of purposeful motor responsiveness, which characterizes the minimally conscious state (MCS) and the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), respectively. Functional neuroimaging studies have raised the question of possible residual conscious awareness also in clinically-defined UWS patients. The aim of our study was to identify electrophysiological parameters, by means of a transcranial magnetic stimulation approach, which might potentially express the presence of residual networks sustaining fragmentary behavioral patterns, even when no conscious behavior can be observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 25 severe DOC patients, following post-anoxic or traumatic brain injury and 20 healthy individuals (HC) as control group. Baseline electrophysiological evaluation evidenced, in comparison to HC, a partial preservation of cortical effective connectivity and excitability in clinically defined MCS, whereas these components were absent in clinically defined UWS. Then, we applied an anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) protocol over the orbitofrontal cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  a-tDCS was able to boost cortical connectivity and excitability in all HC, MCS, and to unmask such excitability/connectivity in some UWS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  a-tDCS could be useful in identifying residual connectivity markers in clinically-defined UWS, who may lack of purposeful behavior as a result of a motor-output failure.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naro
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco Salvatore
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pollicino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Placido
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramanti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Disorders of consciousness; cortical connectivity; cortical excitability; minimally conscious state; transcranial direct current stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation; unresponsive wakefulness syndrome