title: Two potential hookworm DAF-16 target genes, SNR-3 and LPP-1: gene structure, expression profile, and implications of a cis-regulatory element in the regulation of gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hookworms infect nearly 700 million people, causing anemia and developmental stunting in heavy infections. Little is known about the genomic structure or gene regulation in hookworms, although recent publication of draft genome assemblies has allowed the first investigations of these topics to be undertaken. The transcription factor DAF-16 mediates multiple developmental pathways in the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and is involved in the recovery from the developmentally arrested L3 in hookworms. Identification of downstream targets of DAF-16 will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of hookworm infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic Fragment 2.23 containing a DAF-16 binding element (DBE) was used to identify overlapping complementary expressed sequence tags (ESTs). These sequences were used to search a draft assembly of the Ancylostoma caninum genome, and identified two neighboring genes, snr-3 and lpp-1, in a tail-to-tail orientation. Expression patterns of both genes during parasitic development were determined by qRT-PCR. DAF-16 dependent cis-regulatory activity of fragment 2.23 was investigated using an in vitro reporter system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The snr-3 gene spans approximately 5.6 kb in the genome and contains 3 exons and 2 introns, and contains the DBE in its 3' untranslated region. Downstream from snr-3 in a tail-to-tail arrangement is the gene lpp-1. The lpp-1 gene spans more than 6 kb and contains 10 exons and 9 introns. The A. caninum genome contains 2 apparent splice variants, but there are 7 splice variants in the A. ceylanicum genome. While the gene order is similar, the gene structures of the hookworm genes differ from their C. elegans orthologs. Both genes show peak expression in the late L4 stage. Using a cell culture based expression system, fragment 2.23 was found to have both DAF-16-dependent promoter and enhancer activity that required an intact DBE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two putative DAF-16 targets were identified by genome wide screening for DAF-16 binding elements. Aca-snr-3 encodes a core small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and Aca-lpp-1 encodes a lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase. Expression of both genes peaked at the late L4 stage, suggesting a role in L4 development. The 3'-terminal genomic fragment of the snr-3 gene displayed Ac-DAF-16-dependent cis-regulatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Current affiliation: The Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA. xgao@genome.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. keg@email.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goggin
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. cdowling@gwmail.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. jqian01@g.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. jhawdon@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hawdon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000723:Ancylostomatoidea / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010802:Phylogeny; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D015801:Helminth Proteins