title: Control of viruses infecting grapevine.
abstract: Grapevine is a high value vegetatively propagated fruit crop that suffers from numerous viruses, including some that seriously affect the profitability of vineyards. Nowadays, 64 viruses belonging to different genera and families have been reported in grapevines and new virus species will likely be described in the future. Three viral diseases namely leafroll, rugose wood, and infectious degeneration are of major economic importance worldwide. The viruses associated with these diseases are transmitted by mealybugs, scale and soft scale insects, or dagger nematodes. Here, we review control measures of the major grapevine viral diseases. More specifically, emphasis is laid on (i) approaches for the production of clean stocks and propagative material through effective sanitation, robust diagnosis, as well as local and regional certification efforts, (ii) the management of vectors of viruses using cultural, biological, and chemical methods, and (iii) the production of resistant grapevines mainly through the application of genetic engineering. The benefits and limitations of the different control measures are discussed with regard to accomplishments and future research directions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: vmaliogk@agro.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Varvara I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Maliogka
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Faculty of agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Katis
mesh_terms: D060467:Disease Resistance; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000254:growth & development*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D027843:Vitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Grapevine; Management; Resistance; Vectors; Virus diseases