title: Digital immunohistochemistry platform for the staining variation monitoring based on integration of image and statistical analyses with laboratory information system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most promising applications brought by new generation image analysis (IA). While conventional IHC staining quality is monitored by semi-quantitative visual evaluation of tissue controls, IA may require more sensitive measurement. We designed an automated system to digitally monitor IHC multi-tissue controls, based on SQL-level integration of laboratory information system with image and statistical analysis tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sections of TMA containing 10 cores of breast cancer tissue were used as tissue controls in routine Ki67 IHC testing. Ventana slide label barcode ID was sent to the LIS to register the serial section sequence. The slides were stained and scanned (Aperio ScanScope XT), IA was performed by the Aperio/Leica Colocalization and Genie Classifier/Nuclear algorithms. SQL-based integration ensured automated statistical analysis of the IA data by the SAS Enterprise Guide project. Factor analysis and plot visualizations were performed to explore slide-to-slide variation of the Ki67 IHC staining results in the control tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slide-to-slide intra-core IHC staining analysis revealed rather significant variation of the variables reflecting the sample size, while Brown and Blue Intensity were relatively stable. To further investigate this variation, the IA results from the 10 cores were aggregated to minimize tissue-related variance. Factor analysis revealed association between the variables reflecting the sample size detected by IA and Blue Intensity. Since the main feature to be extracted from the tissue controls was staining intensity, we further explored the variation of the intensity variables in the individual cores. MeanBrownBlue Intensity ((Brown+Blue)/2) and DiffBrownBlue Intensity (Brown-Blue) were introduced to better contrast the absolute intensity and the colour balance variation in each core; relevant factor scores were extracted. Finally, tissue-related factors of IHC staining variance were explored in the individual tissue cores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our solution enabled to monitor staining of IHC multi-tissue controls by the means of IA, followed by automated statistical analysis, integrated into the laboratory workflow. We found that, even in consecutive serial tissue sections, tissue-related factors affected the IHC IA results; meanwhile, less intense blue counterstain was associated with less amount of tissue, detected by the IA tools.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laurinaviciene
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plancoulaine
authors.forename: Indra
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baltrusaityte
authors.forename: Raimundas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meskauskas
authors.forename: Justinas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Besusparis
authors.forename: Daiva
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lesciute-Krilaviciene
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raudeliunas
authors.forename: Yasir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Paulette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herlin
authors.forename: Arvydas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laurinavicius
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002984:Clinical Laboratory Information Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor