title: Effects of interaural pitch matching and auditory image centering on binaural sensitivity in cochlear implant users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In bilateral cochlear implant users, electrodes mapped to the same frequency range in each ear may stimulate different places in each cochlea due to an insertion depth difference of electrode arrays. This interaural place of stimulation mismatch can lead to problems with auditory image fusion and sensitivity to binaural cues, which may explain the large localization errors seen in many patients. Previous work has shown that interaural place of stimulation mismatch can lead to off-centered auditory images being perceived even though interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD, respectively) were zero. Large interaural mismatches reduced the ability to use ITDs for auditory image lateralization. In contrast, lateralization with ILDs was still possible but the mapping of ILDs to spatial locations was distorted. This study extends the previous work by systematically investigating the effect of interaural place of stimulation mismatch on ITD and ILD sensitivity directly and examining whether "centering" methods can be used to mitigate some of the negative effects of interaural place of stimulation mismatch.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interaural place of stimulation mismatch was deliberately introduced for this study. Interaural pitch-matching techniques were used to identify a pitch-matched pair of electrodes across the ears approximately at the center of the array. Mismatched pairs were then created by maintaining one of the pitch-matched electrodes constant, and systematically varying the contralateral electrode by two, four, or eight electrode positions (corresponding to approximately 1.5, 3, and 6 mm of interaural place of excitation differences). The stimuli were 300 msec, constant amplitude pulse trains presented at 100 pulses per second. ITD and ILD just noticeable differences (JNDs) were measured using a method of constant stimuli with a two-interval, two-alternative forced choice task. The results were fit with a psychometric function to obtain the JNDs. In experiment I, ITD and ILD JNDs were measured as a function of the simulated place of stimulation mismatch. In experiment II, the auditory image of mismatched pair was centered by adjusting the stimulation level according to a lateralization task. ITD and ILD JNDs were then remeasured and compared with the results of experiment I.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ITD and ILD JNDs were best (lowest thresholds) for pairs of electrodes at or near the pitch-matched pair. Thresholds increased systematically with increasing amounts of interaural mismatch. Deliberate and careful centering of auditory images did not significantly improve ITD JNDs but did improve ILD JNDs at very large amounts of simulated mismatch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interaural place of stimulation mismatch decreases sensitivity to binaural cues that are important for accurate sound localization. However, deliberate and careful centering of auditory images does not seem to significantly counteract the effects of mismatch. Hence, to obtain maximal sound localization benefits of bilateral implantation, clinical and surgical techniques are needed that take into account differences in electrode array insertion depths across the ears.
authors.affiliation: 1Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; and 2Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Ruth Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Litovsky
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goupell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000379:methods; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004056:Differential Threshold; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology*