title: Feasibility study of novel endoscopic Cerenkov luminescence imaging system in detecting and quantifying gastrointestinal disease: first human results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) provides potential to use clinical radiotracers for optical imaging. The goal of this study was to present a newly developed endoscopic CLI (ECLI) system and illustrate its feasibility and potential in distinguishing and quantifying cancerous lesions of the GI tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ECLI system was established by integrating an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device camera with a flexible fibre endoscope. Phantom experiments and animal studies were conducted to test and illustrate the system in detecting and quantifying the presence of radionuclide in vitro and in vivo. A pilot clinical study was performed to evaluate our system in clinical settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom and mice experiments demonstrated its ability to acquire both the luminescent and photographic images with high accuracy. Linear quantitative relationships were also obtained when comparing the ECLI radiance with the radiotracer activity (r (2) = 0.9779) and traditional CLI values (r (2) = 0.9025). Imaging of patients revealed the potential of ECLI in the identification and quantification of cancerous tissue from normal, which showed good consistence with the clinical PET examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new ECLI system shows good consistence with the clinical PET examination and has great potential for clinical translation and in aiding detection of the GI tract disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • CLI preserves the characteristics of both optical and radionuclide imaging. • CLI provides great potential for clinical translation of optical imaging. • The newly developed endoscopic CLI (ECLI) has quantification and imaging capacities. • GI tract has accessible open surfaces, making ECLI a potentially suitable technique. • Cerenkov endoscopy has great clinical potential in detecting GI disease.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yenan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Muhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yongzhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Xueli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kaichun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D008297:Male; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011351:Proctoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18