title: Brain stimulation for treatment and enhancement in children: an ethical analysis.
abstract: Davis (2014) called for "extreme caution" in the use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to treat neurological disorders in children, due to gaps in scientific knowledge. We are sympathetic to his position. However, we must also address the ethical implications of applying this technology to minors. Compensatory trade-offs associated with NIBS present a challenge to its use in children, insofar as these trade-offs have the effect of limiting the child's future options. The distinction between treatment and enhancement has some normative force here. As the intervention moves away from being a treatment toward being an enhancement-and thus toward a more uncertain weighing of the benefits, risks, and costs-considerations of the child's best interests (as judged by the parents) diminish, and the need to protect the child's (future) autonomy looms larger. NIBS for enhancement involving trade-offs should therefore be delayed, if possible, until the child reaches a state of maturity and can make an informed, personal decision. NIBS for treatment, by contrast, is permissible insofar as it can be shown to be at least as safe and effective as currently approved treatments, which are themselves justified on a best interests standard.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maslen
authors.affiliation: Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Earp
authors.affiliation: Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Roi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen Kadosh
authors.affiliation: Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savulescu
keywords: autonomy; brain stimulation; cogntive enhancement; functional trade-offs; pediatric ethics