title: Spermine reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficit in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroinflammation and memory deficit. Since polyamines improve memory in various cognitive tasks, we hypothesized that spermine administration reverses LPS-induced memory deficits in an object recognition task in mice. The involvement of the polyamine binding site at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and cytokine production in the promnesic effect of spermine were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male mice were injected with LPS (250 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) and spermine (0.3 to 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or ifenprodil (0.3 to 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), or both, and their memory function was evaluated using a novel object recognition task. In addition, cortical and hippocampal cytokines levels were measured by ELISA four hours after LPS injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spermine increased but ifenprodil decreased the recognition index in the novel object recognition task. Spermine, at doses that did not alter memory (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), reversed the cognitive impairment induced by LPS. Ifenprodil (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) reversed the protective effect of spermine against LPS-induced memory deficits. However, spermine failed to reverse the LPS-induced increase of cortical and hippocampal cytokine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spermine protects against LPS-induced memory deficits in mice by a mechanism that involves GluN2B receptors.
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. pam_fruhauf@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Pâmella Karina Santana
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Frühauf
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. rafaelineu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael Porto
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ineu
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. ledianetomazi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lediane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomazi
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. duartethiago89@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. cf.mello@smail.ufsm.br.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. cf.mello@smail.ufsm.br.
authors.forename: Carlos Fernando
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. maribel.rubin@gmail.com.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, CEP: 97105900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. maribel.rubin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maribel Antonello
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects; D013096:Spermine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010880:Piperidines; D013096:Spermine; C010739:ifenprodil