title: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Differences in Frequency of Play with Pets among Middle-Aged Men: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis.
abstract: There is growing evidence that pet ownership and human-animal interaction (HAI) have benefits for human physical and psychological well-being. However, there may be pre-existing characteristics related to patterns of pet ownership and interactions with pets that could potentially bias results of research on HAI. The present study uses a behavioral genetic design to estimate the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in frequency of play with pets among adult men. Participants were from the ongoing longitudinal Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), a population-based sample of 1,237 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins aged 51-60 years. Results demonstrate that MZ twins have higher correlations than DZ twins on frequency of pet play, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in individual differences in interactions with pets. Structural equation modeling revealed that, according to the best model, genetic factors accounted for as much as 37% of the variance in pet play, although the majority of variance (63-71%) was due to environmental factors that are unique to each twin. Shared environmental factors, which would include childhood exposure to pets, overall accounted for <10% of the variance in adult frequency of pet play, and were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the effects of childhood exposure to pets on pet ownership and interaction patterns in adulthood may be mediated primarily by genetically-influenced characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Terrie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vasilopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA ; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kremen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Panizzon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston University, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston University, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Franz
keywords: genetics; pets; twins