title: Subclinical ketosis in post-partum dairy cows fed a predominantly pasture-based diet: defining cut-points for diagnosis using concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood and determining prevalence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Firstly, to define, in dairy cows in the first 5 weeks post-calving fed a predominantly pasture-based diet, cut-points of concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood, above which there were associations with purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), reduced pregnancy rates (PR) and decreased milk production, in order to better define subclinical ketosis (SCK) in such cattle; and secondly, to determine the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for SCK.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational field study was conducted in 565 cows from 15 spring-calving and predominantly pasture-fed dairy herds in two regions of New Zealand during the 2010- 2011 dairy season. Within each herd, a cohort of randomly selected cows (approximately 40 per herd) was blood sampled to determine concentrations of BHBA on six occasions at weekly intervals starting within 5 days of calving. The key outcome variables were the presence/absence of PVD at 5 weeks post-calving, PR after 6 weeks (6-week PR) and after the completion of the breeding season (final PR), and mean daily milk solids production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two cut-points for defining SCK were identified: firstly concentration of BHBA in blood≥1.2 mmol/L within 5 days post-calving, which was associated with an increased diagnosis of PVD (24 vs. 8%); and secondly concentration of BHBA in blood≥1.2 mmol/L at any stage within 5 weeks post-calving, which was associated with decreased 6-week PR (78 vs. 85%). The mean herd-level incidence of SCK within 5 weeks post-calving was 68 (min 12; max 100)% and large variations existed between herds in peak prevalence of SCK and the interval post-calving at which such peaks occurred. Cows>8 years of age and cows losing body condition were at increased risk of SCK within 5 weeks of calving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cows with concentration of BHBA in blood≥1.2 mmol/L in early lactation had a higher risk of PVD and lower 6-week PR. Cow and herd-level prevalence of SCK varied widely in early lactation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical ketosis is common and is significantly associated with reproductive performance in mainly pasture-fed New Zealand dairy cattle. Controlling SCK may therefore result in improvements in herd reproductive performance. However considerable variation exists among herds in the incidence of SCK and in the timing of peak prevalence which means that herd-specific monitoring programmes are required to define herd SCK status accurately.
authors.affiliation: a Cognosco , Anexa Animal Health , PO Box 21, Morrinsville , New Zealand.
authors.forename: C W R
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007662:Ketosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D049590:Postpartum Period
chemical_list: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Subclinical ketosis; beta hydroxybutyrate; pasture-grazed dairy cattle; pregnancy rate; purulent vaginal discharge