title: A biomechanical evaluation of skull-brain surrogates to blunt high-rate impacts to postmortem human subjects.
abstract: The field of forensic injury biomechanics is an emerging field. Biomechanically validated tools may assist interdisciplinary teams of investigators in assessing mechanisms of blunt head trauma resulting in skull fractures. The objective of this study is to assess the biofidelity of spherical, frangible skull-brain (SB) surrogates. Blunt impacts were conducted at 20 m/s, using an instrumented 103 g rigid impactor, to the temporo-parietal region of four defleshed cephalic postmortem human subjects (PMHS). Force-deformation response, fracture tolerance, and fracture patterns were recorded for comparison to spherical skull-brain surrogates. Three brain substitutes were assessed: 10% gelatin, lead shot with Styrofoam and water. Force-deformation response of the skull-brain surrogates was similar to defleshed PMHS up to the point of fracture; however, none of the surrogates fractured at tolerance levels comparable to the PMHS. Fracture patterns of the skull-brain surrogates were linear and radiating, while PMHS fractures were all depressed, comminuted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University, 5151 State University Drive Los Angeles, CA 90032.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bir
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001921:Brain; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000473:pathology*; D005780:Gelatin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011137:Polystyrenes; D020204:Skull Fracture, Depressed / Q000473:pathology*; D014867:Water; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D014867:Water; D005780:Gelatin; C024075:styrofoam
keywords: ballistics; blunt trauma; forensic science; head impact; head injury; skull fracture; skull model