title: Rescue ventilation through a small-bore transtracheal cannula in severe hypoxic pigs using expiratory ventilation assistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suction-generated expiratory ventilation assistance (EVA) has been proposed as a way to facilitate bidirectional ventilation through a small-bore transtracheal cannula (TC). In this study, we investigated the efficiency of ventilation with EVA for restoring oxygenation and ventilation in a pig model of acute hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigs (61-76 kg) were anesthetized and ventilated (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) via a cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT). Monitoring lines were placed, and a 75-mm long, 2-mm inner diameter TC was inserted. After the baseline recordings, the ventilator was disconnected. After 2 minutes of apnea, reoxygenation with EVA was initiated through the TC and continued for 15 minutes with the ETT occluded. In the second part of the study, the experiment was repeated with the ETT either partially obstructed or left open. Airway pressures and hemodynamic data were recorded, and arterial blood gases were measured. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a completely or partially obstructed upper airway, ventilation with EVA restored oxygenation to baseline levels in all animals within 20 seconds. In a completely obstructed airway, PaCO2 remained stable for 15 minutes. At lesser degrees of airway obstruction, the time to reoxygenation was delayed. Efficacy probably was limited when the airway was completely unobstructed, with 2 of 6 animals having a PaO2 <85 mm Hg even after 15 minutes of ventilation with EVA and a mean PaCO2 increased up to 90 mm Hg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In severe hypoxic pigs, ventilation with EVA restored oxygenation quickly in case of a completely or partially obstructed upper airway. Reoxygenation and ventilation were less efficient when the upper airway was completely unobstructed.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ankie E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hamaekers
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Beek
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theunissen
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enk
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D057785:Catheters; D045853:Exhalation; D000860:Hypoxia; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen