title: Pancreatic cancer, treatment options, and GI-4000.
abstract: Although pancreatic cancer is but the eleventh most prevalent cancer in the US, it is predicted that of all the patients newly diagnosed with this disease in 2014, only 27% will still be alive at the end of the first year and only 6% will make it past 5 years. The choice of chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is dependent on disease stage and patient performance status but, in general, the most widely used approved regimens include 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combinations and gemcitabine combinations. Recent therapeutic strategies have resulted in an improvement in survival of patients with pancreatic cancer but the magnitude of change is disappointing and vast improvements are still needed. The goal of immunotherapy is to enhance and guide the body's immune system to recognize tumor-specific antigens and mount an attack against the disease. Among newer immune therapies, GI-4000 consists of 4 different targeted molecular immunogens, each containing a different Ras protein (antigen) encoded by the most commonly found mutant RAS genes in solid tumors--RAS mutations exist in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. We will review pancreatic cancer epidemiology and its current treatment options, and consider the prospects of immunotherapy, focusing on GI-4000. We discuss the potential mechanism of action of GI-4000, and the performance of this vaccination series thus far in early phase clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: a The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers at the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Georgetown University Medical Center ; Washington DC USA.
authors.forename: Marion L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Najeebah A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bade
authors.forename: Petra A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ampie
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D018631:ras Proteins