title: Effects of culinary spices and psychological stress on postprandial lipemia and lipase activity: results of a randomized crossover study and in vitro experiments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data suggest that culinary spices are a potent, low-calorie modality for improving physiological responses to high fat meals. In a pilot study (N = 6 healthy adults), we showed that a meal containing a high antioxidant spice blend attenuated postprandial lipemia by 30% compared to a low spice meal. Our goal was to confirm this effect in a larger sample and to consider the influence of acute psychological stress on fat metabolism. Further, we used in vitro methods to evaluate the inhibitory effect of spices on digestive enzymes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 2 x 2, randomized, 4-period crossover design, we compared the effects of 14.5 g spices (black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, garlic, ginger, oregano, paprika, rosemary, and turmeric) vs. placebo incorporated into a high fat meal (1000 kcal, 45 g fat), followed by psychological stress (Trier Social Stress Test) vs. rest on postprandial metabolism in 20 healthy but overweight adults. Blood was sampled at baseline and at 105, 140, 180, and 210 minutes for analysis of triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. Additional in vitro analyses examined the effect of the spice blend and constituent spices on the activity of pancreatic lipase (PL) and secreted phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). Mixed models were used to model the effects of spices and stress (SAS v9.3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum triglycerides, glucose and insulin were elevated following the meal (p < 0.01). Spices reduced post-meal triglycerides by 31% when the meal was followed by the rest condition (p = 0.048), but this effect was not present during stress. There was no effect of the spice blend on glucose or insulin; however, acute stress significantly increased both of these measures (p < 0.01; mean increase of 47% and 19%, respectively). The spice blend and several of the individual spices dose-dependently inhibited PL and PLA2 activity in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of spices may attenuate postprandial lipemia via inhibition of PL and PLA₂. However, the impact of psychological stress negates any influence of the spice blend on triglycerides, and further, increases blood glucose and insulin.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00954902 .
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. cem5435@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Cindy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCrea
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. sgw2@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Sheila G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. pmk3@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kris-Etherton
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 332 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. jdl134@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Lafayette College, 225A Pardee Hall, Easton, PA, 18042, USA. gauglert@lafayette.edu.
authors.forename: Trent L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gaugler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. danette.teeter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Danette L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Teeter
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. kaf22@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sauder
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 332 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. guyeyi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yeyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 332 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. slg320@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Glisan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. aus164@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Skulas-Ray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008049:Lipase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D055442:Metabolome; D010919:Placebos; D019518:Postprandial Period; D017365:Spices; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010919:Placebos; D008049:Lipase