title: Investigation of negative BOLD responses in human brain through NIRS technique. A visual stimulation study.
abstract: Despite negative blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to visual stimuli have recently gained considerable interest, the explanation for their underlying neuronal and vascular mechanisms is still controversial. In the present study, a multimodal experimental approach is presented to shed light on the negative BOLD phenomenon in the human brain. In particular, information from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was integrated to confirm and gain insight into the phenomenon of negative BOLD responses (NBRs) to unpatterned intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) in healthy subjects. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. Consistent findings emerged from the activation analysis of fMRI and NIRS data and the comparison of BOLD and hemoglobin responses at the single channel level showed that NBRs are related to a decrease in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) combined with a lower increase in deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), corresponding to a decrease in total hemoglobin (THb) and estimated cerebral blood volume (CBV). The HbO and HHb variations were significant in at least one channel in six subjects out of eight (p<0.05). The NIRS technique allowed obtaining valuable information on the vascular determinants of the NBRs, since the discrimination between HbO, HHb and THb information provided a more comprehensive view of the negative BOLD phenomenon. The within and between subject heterogeneous BOLD-Hb temporal relations pave the way to further investigations into the neurovascular properties of NBRs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy; Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy. Electronic address: eleonora.maggioni@polimi.it.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zucca
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reni
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy; Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Triulzi
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute IRCCS E.Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arrigoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bianchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen