title: Prevalence and individual risk factors associated with clinical lumbar instability in rice farmers with low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical lumbar instability (CLI) is one of the subgroups of chronic non-specific low back pain. Thai rice farmers often have poor sustained postures during a rice planting process and start their farming at an early age. However, individual associated factors of CLI are not known and have rarely been diagnosed in low back pain. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and individual associated factors of CLI in Thai rice farmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 323 Thai rice farmers in a rural area of Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using the 13-item Delphi criteria questionnaire, after which an objective examination was performed using aberrant movement sign, painful catch sign, and prone instability test to obtain information. Individual factors such as sex, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, smoking, and number of years of farming experience, were recorded during the face-to-face interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CLI in Thai rice farmers calculated by the method described in this study was 13% (age 44±10 years). Number of years of farming experience was found to be significantly correlated with the prevalence of CLI (adjusted odds ratio =2.02, 95% confidence interval =1.03-3.98, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides prevalence of CLI in Thai rice farmers. Those with long-term farming experience of at least 30 years have a greater risk of CLI.
authors.affiliation: The Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rungthip
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puntumetakul
authors.affiliation: The Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wantanee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yodchaisarn
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Alongkot
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emasithi
authors.affiliation: The Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Petcharat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keawduangdee
authors.affiliation: The Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Uraiwan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chatchawan
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
keywords: Delphi study; aberrant movement sign; painful catch sign; prone instability test