title: Ameliorative potential of vitamin P and digoxin in ischemic-reperfusion induced renal injury using the Langendorff apparatus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study has been designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of vitamin P, and digoxin in ischemic-reperfusion (I/R)-induced renal injury in isolated rat kidney preparations by using the Langendorff apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin P (50 and 100 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered to rats for 5 consecutive days. On the 6th day, isolated kidneys were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion by constant flow (8 ml/min). The total renal effluent was collected at various time intervals (i.e., basal, 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). In addition, urea, creatinine, and creatine kinase (CK) activity were evaluated in the renal effluent, and TBARS, GSH, and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity were evaluated in tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  I/R of renal tissue produced a rise in the activity of CK and the levels of urea and creatinine in the renal effluent, as well as in the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and levels of TBARS in the tissue. Additionally, it decreased GSH levels when compared with the sham control group. Digoxin served as positive control in the present work. Treatment with vitamin P (100 mg/kg), and digoxin (500 μg/kg) produced a significant (P<0.05) ameliorative effect against the I/R induced changes in biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The renoprotective effect of vitamin P is caused by its inhibition of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, which subsequently results in free radical scavenging and anti-infarct properties. Therefore, this vitamin can be useful in the management of renovascular disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, Akal Toxicology Research Centre, A unit of Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.. Electronic address: arunachalammu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arunachalam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muthuraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, Akal Toxicology Research Centre, A unit of Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Parneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, Akal Toxicology Research Centre, A unit of Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Pardeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, Akal Toxicology Research Centre, A unit of Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Harwinder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Division, Akal Toxicology Research Centre, A unit of Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Preetinder Singh
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Boparai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004077:Digoxin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012431:Rutin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D012431:Rutin; D004077:Digoxin; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Digoxin; Na(+)–K(+)-ATPase activity; Renal ischemic–reperfusion injury; Vitamin P