title: Life stage dependent responses to the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), provide insight into glucose homeostasis and metabolism in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).
abstract: The primary method of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes is the treatment of streams and rivers with the pesticide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey. However, less is known about the effects of TFM on other stages of the sea lamprey's complex life cycle. The goal of this study was to determine how TFM affected internal energy stores, metabolites, and ion balance in larval, juvenile (parasitic) and adult sea lamprey. The larvae were more tolerant to TFM than the adults, with a 2-fold higher 12h TFM LC50 and a 1.5-fold higher LC99.9. Acute (3h) exposure of the larvae, parasites and adults to their respective 12h TFM LC99.9 led to marked reductions in glycogen and phosphocreatine in the adult brain, with lesser or no effect in the larvae and parasites. Increased lactate in the brain, at less than the expected stoichiometry, suggested that it was exported to the blood. Kidney glycogen declined after TFM exposure, suggesting that this organ plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. TFM-induced disturbances to ion balance were minimal. In conclusion, TFM perturbs energy metabolism in all major stages of the sea lamprey life cycle in a similar fashion, but the adults appear to be the most sensitive. Thus, the adult stage could be a viable and effective target for TFM treatment, particularly when used in combination with other existing and emerging strategies of sea lamprey control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: mhenry@teraenv.com.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: obirceanu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Oana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Birceanu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: alex.clifford@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: grantm@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Grant B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. Electronic address: yuxiangw@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Yuxiang S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada. Electronic address: mwilkie@wlu.ca.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wilkie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048428:Petromyzon / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009596:Nitrophenols; D010575:Pesticides; C003687:3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; D005947:Glucose
keywords: ATP; Glycogen; Great Lakes; Integrated pest management; Invasive species; Juvenile parasitic; Lactate; Metamorphosis