title: Design and Kinematic Evaluation of a Novel Joint-Specific Play Controller: Application for Wrist and Forearm Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The wrist extensors and flexors are profoundly affected in most children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (CP) and are the major target of physical therapists' and occupational therapists' efforts to restore useful hand functions. A limitation of any therapeutic or exercise program can be the level of the child's engagement or adherence. The proposed approach capitalizes on the primary learning avenue for children: toy play.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to develop and evaluate the measurement accuracy of innovative, motion-specific play controllers that are engaging rehabilitative devices for enhancing therapy and promoting neural plasticity and functional recovery in children with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Design objectives of the play controller included a cost-effective, home-based supplement to physical therapy, the ability to calibrate the controller so that play can be accomplished with any active range of motion, and the capability of logging play activity and wrist motion over week-long periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy of the play controller in measuring wrist flexion-extension was evaluated in 6 children who were developing in a typical manner, using optical motion capture of the wrist and forearm as the gold standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The error of the play controller was estimated at approximately 5 degrees in both maximum wrist flexion and extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements were taken during a laboratory session, with children without CP, and no toy or computer game was interfaced with the play controller. Therefore, the potential engagement of the proposed approach for therapy remains to be evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presented the concept, development, and wrist tracking accuracy of an inexpensive approach to extremity therapy that may have a health benefit for children with hemiparesis, and potentially for patients of any age with a wide range of extremity neuromotor impairments.
authors.affiliation: J.J. Crisco, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, Bioengineering Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St, CORO W, Suite 404, Providence, RI 02903 (USA). joseph_crisco@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
authors.affiliation: J.B. Schwartz, BS, Department of Orthopaedics, Bioengineering Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital.
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: B. Wilcox, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, Bioengineering Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.affiliation: L. Costa, BS, Department of Orthopaedics, Bioengineering Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: K. Kerman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerman
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010988:Play and Playthings; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology*