title: Characterization of topical film-forming systems using atomic force microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy.
abstract: Polymeric film-forming systems for dermal drug delivery represent an advantageous alternative to more conventional topically applied formulations. Their mechanical properties and homogeneity can be characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), using both imaging and nanoindentation modes, and Raman microspectroscopy mapping. Film-forming polymers, with and without a plasticizer and/or betamethasone 17-valerate (a representative topical drug), were dissolved in absolute ethanol. Polymeric films were then cast on glass slides and examined in ambient air using AFM imaging and Raman microspectroscopy. Using nanoindentation, the elastic moduli of various films were determined and found to decrease with increasing plasticizer content. Films with 20% w/w plasticizer had elastic moduli close to that of skin. AFM images showed little difference in the topography of the films on incorporation of plasticizer. Raman microspectroscopy maps of the surface of the polymeric films, with a spatial resolution of approximately 1 μm, revealed homogeneous distributions of plasticizer and drug within the films.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, ‡Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garvie-Cook
authors.forename: Kit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordeev
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001702:Biopharmaceutics; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002951:Citrates; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D010968:Plasticizers; D011108:Polymers; C023001:ethyl citrate
keywords: Raman microspectroscopy; atomic force microscopy; dermal drug delivery; nanoindentation; polymeric film-forming systems