title: Norovirus.
abstract: Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robilotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deresinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA bpinsky@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D018563:Disease Notification; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D029322:Norovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines