title: Risk factors for urinary retention following minor thoracic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goals were (i) to identify the incidence and risk factors of postoperative urinary retention in minor thoracic surgery patients and (ii) to develop a scoring system to predict postoperative urinary retention in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and ninety-two consecutive patients who underwent thoracic surgery without a pre- or intraoperative indwelling urinary catheter under general anaesthesia were used to identify the risk factors of postoperative urinary retention (post-void residual urine >200 ml) and to develop the scoring system predicting the incidence of this complication. We investigated past history, type of operation, operation time, amount of administered intravenous fluids, medications used perioperatively as well as demographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of postoperative urinary retention was 11.6% (34/292). Independent risk factors and their scores were the following: age above 40 years (P < 0.001; two points); male (P = 0.002; one point); diabetes mellitus (P = 0.002; one point) and lung resection (P < 0.001; two points). The cut-off value for a model predicting postoperative urinary retention was five points (C-index = 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.83-0.94), with 73% sensitivity and 90% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In minor thoracic surgery patients, special attention should be paid to detect postoperative urinary retention in those with the following characteristics: age over 40 years, male gender, history of diabetes mellitus and candidates for lung resection. The use of the developed scoring system may help in identifying those high-risk patients who need more aggressive management to prevent bladder overdistension and associated urinary complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kun Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea pittz@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jae-Ik
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kook-Yang
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul-Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kuk-Hui
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Complications; Postoperative care; Risk analysis/modelling; Statistics; Surgery; Thoracoscopy/video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Thoracotomy