title: Oxidative stress is responsible for maternal diabetes-impaired transforming growth factor beta signaling in the developing mouse heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress plays a causal role in diabetic embryopathy. Maternal diabetes induces heart defects and impaired transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling, which is essential for cardiogenesis. We hypothesize that mitigating oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) overexpression in transgenic (Tg) mice reverses maternal hyperglycemia-impaired TGFβ signaling and its downstream effectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Day 12.5 embryonic hearts from wild-type (WT) and SOD1 overexpressing embryos of nondiabetic (ND) and diabetic mellitus (DM) dams were used for the detection of oxidative stress markers: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondlaldehyde (MDA), and TGFβ1, 2, and 3, phosphor (p)-TGFβ receptor II (TβRII), p-phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)2, and p-Smad3. The expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes was also assessed. Day 11.5 embryonic hearts were explanted and cultured ex vivo, with or without treatments of a SOD1 mimetic (Tempol; Enzo Life Science, Farmingdale, NY) or a TGFβ recombinant protein for the detection of TGFβ signaling intermediates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of 4-HNE and MDA were significantly increased by maternal diabetes, and SOD1 overexpression blocked the increase of these 2 oxidative stress markers. Maternal diabetes suppresses the TGFβ signaling pathway by down-regulating TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 expression. Consequently, phosphorylation of TβRII, Smad2, and Smad3, downstream effectors of TGFβ, and expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes were reduced by maternal diabetes, and these reductions were prevented by SOD1 overexpression. Treatment with Tempol or TGFβ recombinant protein restored high-glucose-suppressed TGFβ signaling intermediates and responsive gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress mediates the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia in the developing heart. Antioxidants, TGFβ recombinant proteins, or TGFβ agonists may have potential therapeutic values in the prevention of heart defects in diabetic pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: E Albert
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: pyang@fpi.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Peixin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; C509042:Tgfb2 protein, mouse; C509045:Tgfb3 protein, mouse; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C000606291:Sod1 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
keywords: embryonic heart; oxidative stress; superoxide dismutase 1 transgenic mice; transforming growth factor beta signaling