title: Impact of crystal polymorphism on the systemic bioavailability of rifaximin, an antibiotic acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rifaximin is an antibiotic, acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, which may exist in different crystal as well as amorphous forms. The current marketed rifaximin formulation contains polymorph alpha, the systemic bioavailability of which is very limited. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of this formulation with those of the amorphous form.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amorphous rifaximin was specifically prepared for the study and formulated as the marketed product. Two doses (200 mg and 400 mg) of both formulations were given to two groups of 12 healthy volunteers of either sex according to a single-blind, randomized, two-treatment, single-dose, two-period, cross-over design. Plasma and urine samples were collected at preset times (for 24 hours or 48 hours, respectively) after dosing, and assayed for rifaximin concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both dose levels, peak plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, and cumulative urinary excretion were significantly higher after administration of amorphous rifaximin than rifaximin-α. Ninety percent confidence intervals for peak plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion ratios were largely outside the upper limit of the accepted (0.80-1.25) range, indicating higher systemic bioavailability of the amorphous rifaximin. The few adverse events recorded were not serious and not related to the study medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rifaximin-α, a crystal polymorph, does differ from the amorphous form, the latter being systemically more bioavailable. In this regard, care must be taken when using - as a medicinal product - a formulation containing even small amounts of amorphous form, which may alter the peculiar pharmacologic properties of this poorly absorbed antibiotic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blandizzi
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Division, Alfa Wassermann SpA, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe Claudio
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Viscomi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Digestive Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scarpignato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003460:Crystallization; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000078262:Rifaximin; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012294:Rifamycins; D000078262:Rifaximin
keywords: crystal polymorphism; gastrointestinal tract; rifaximin; systemic bioavailability