title: Can probiotic yogurt prevent diarrhoea in children on antibiotics? A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the efficacy of a probiotic yogurt compared to a pasteurised yogurt for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted between September 2009 and 2012. The study was conducted through general practices and pharmacies in Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (aged 1-12 years) prescribed antibiotics, were randomised to receive 200 g/day of either yogurt (probiotic) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5) or a pasteurised yogurt (placebo) for the same duration as their antibiotic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stool frequency and consistency were recorded for the duration of treatment plus 1 week. Primary outcome was stool frequency and consistency, classified at different levels of diarrhoea severity. Due to the small number of cases of diarrhoea, comparisons between groups were made using Fisher's exact analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  72 children commenced and 70 children (36 placebo and 34 probiotic) completed the trial. There were no incidents of severe diarrhoea (stool consistency ≥6, ≥3 stools/day for ≥2 consecutive days) in the probiotic group and six in the placebo group (Fisher's exact p=0.025). There was also only one episode of minor diarrhoea (stool consistency ≥5, ≥2 stools/day for ≥2 days in the probiotic group compared to 21 in the placebo group (Fisher's exact p<0.001). The probiotic group reported fewer adverse events (1 had abdominal pain, 1 vomited and 1 had headache) than the placebo group (6 had abdominal pain, 4 had loss of appetite and 1 had nausea).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A yogurt combination of LGG, La-5 and Bb-12 is an effective method for reducing the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000281291.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Kiran D K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0323-4692
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Iain K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Madeleine J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Rajaraman D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eri
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013648:Tasmania; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: NUTRITION & DIETETICS