title: Vaspin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation.
abstract: Vaspin, a novel adipocyte factor secreted from visceral adipose tissues, is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity, and suppress inflammation; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Proliferation and maladaptive differentiation are important pathological mechanisms underlying obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vaspin on the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells and to explore the likely mechanisms responsible for 3T3-L1 differentiation. Vaspin was added to cultured 3T3-L1 cells, and the differentiation of adipocytes was evaluated using Oil Red O staining. The AKT signaling pathway and specific differentiation factors related to the differentiation of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells, peroxisome proliferator-activated γ and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family, were evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses during the early phase of differentiation. Additionally, adiponectin mRNA, interleukin-6 mRNA (IL-6 mRNA), and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) protein levels were measured in the differentiated adipocytes. The results indicated that vaspin promotes the intracellular accumulation of lipids and increases differentiation-related factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, C/EBPα, and free fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, vaspin (200 ng/mL) increased the mRNA and protein levels of C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator-activated γ, C/EBPα, and FABP4. Moreover, compared with the control, significantly smaller eight-day differentiated adipocytes were observed, and these cells exhibited decreased IL-6 mRNA and increased GLUT4 mRNA levels; these results also indicated the potential of vaspin to promote the insulin-mediated AKT signaling pathway during the early phase of differentiation. In conclusion, vaspin is able to promote the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and may increase their sensitivity to insulin and suppress obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710003, PR China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China guailiang@stu.xjtu.edu cfsun1@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guoliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Jine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710003, PR China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenqi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Chaofeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000378:metabolism; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015843:Serpins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001391:Azo Compounds; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; C530718:CEBPA protein, mouse; C545013:Cebpb protein, mouse; C493411:Fabp4 protein, mouse; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D047495:PPAR gamma; D015843:Serpins; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C577327:vaspin protein, mouse; C011049:oil red O
keywords: Obesity; adipogenesis; preadipocyte; vaspin