title: Agronomic Practices for Improving Gentle Remediation of Trace Element-Contaminated Soils.
abstract: The last few decades have seen the rise of Gentle soil Remediation Options (GRO), which notably include in situ contaminant stabilization ("inactivation") and plant-based (generally termed "phytoremediation") options. For trace element (TE)-contaminated sites, GRO aim to either decrease their labile pool and/or total content in the soil, thereby reducing related pollutant linkages. Much research has been dedicated to the screening and selection of TE-tolerant plant species and genotypes for application in GRO. However, the number of field trials demonstrating successful GRO remains well below the number of studies carried out at a greenhouse level. The move from greenhouse to field conditions requires incorporating agronomical knowledge into the remediation process and the ecological restoration of ecosystem services. This review summarizes agronomic practices against their demonstrated or potential positive effect on GRO performance, including plant selection, soil management practices, crop rotation, short rotation coppice, intercropping/row cropping, planting methods and plant densities, harvest and fertilization management, pest and weed control and irrigation management. Potentially negative effects of GRO, e.g., the introduction of potentially invasive species, are also discussed. Lessons learnt from long-term European field case sites are given for aiding the choice of appropriate management practices and plant species.
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.affiliation: b INRA, UMR BIOGECO, Cestas , France; University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO , Pessac , France , France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mench
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG) , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Álvarez-López
authors.affiliation: c INERIS, Technologies and Sustainable and Clean Processes , Verneuil en Halatte , France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bert
authors.affiliation: d Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences , Department of Crop Production Ecology , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.affiliation: e AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Health and Environment Department , Tulln , Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Friesl-Hanl
authors.affiliation: f Phytotech Foundation (PT-F), and AGB-Bioindikation , Umweltbeobachtung und oekologische Planung Quartiergasse , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.affiliation: g Hasselt University , Centre for Environmental Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium.
authors.forename: Jolien Olga
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: b INRA, UMR BIOGECO, Cestas , France; University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO , Pessac , France , France.|h Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin , Brest , Belarus.
authors.forename: Aliaksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolbas
authors.affiliation: i Saxon State Office for Environment , Agriculture and Geology , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: i Saxon State Office for Environment , Agriculture and Geology , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.affiliation: j University of Florence , Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences , Florence , Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renella
authors.affiliation: g Hasselt University , Centre for Environmental Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruttens
authors.affiliation: g Hasselt University , Centre for Environmental Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium.
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangronsveld
authors.affiliation: k University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna - BOKU , Department of Forest and Soil Sciences , Tulln , Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puschenreiter
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: crop rotation; ecosystem services; fertilization; harvest management; phytomanagement; phytoremediation; soil contamination