title: Tuberculosis interferon-gamma responses in the breast milk of human immunodeficiency virus infected mothers.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) cellular immune responses were examined in the breast milk of human immunodeficiency virus infected mothers using the T-SPOT. TB interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Positive TB interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses were detected in 6 of 8 (75%) valid breast milk assays. Among 7 mothers with paired breast milk and blood assays, TB IFN-γ responses were higher in breast milk than in blood (P = 0.02). The magnitude of TB IFN-γ responses in maternal breast milk and blood were correlated. Elucidating the influence of TB immune responses in breast milk on infant TB susceptibility and immunity may inform future maternal TB vaccine strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cranmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanyugo
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lohman-Payne
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: John-Stewart
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology*; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma