title: Efficacy of prophylactic flavan-3-ol in permanent focal ischemia in 12-mo-old mice.
abstract: The consumption of flavan-3-ol-containing foods, including (-)-epicatechin (EC), has been linked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We previously demonstrated nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) -dependent EC efficacy in reducing stroke-induced deficits in 2-mo-old mice; yet stroke is primarily a disease of the elderly. Because neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction are hallmarks of aging, we tested whether Nrf2 mediates EC efficacy in aging mice through modulation of glial responses and blood brain barrier permeability. First, we compared anastomosis in naïve wild-type and C57BL/6 Nrf2(-/-) mice to identify potential differences in cerebrovascular architecture. Data showed no significant differences in the number of anastomoses or mean intersection points, indicating similar gross vascular physiology. To assess efficacy and mechanisms of protection, wild-type or Nrf2(-/-) mice were administered the minimum effective EC dose established in our previous studies before the permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Similar to previous results with young mice, 12-mo-old wild types also showed significant reductions in infarct volume (41.01 ± 29.57%) and improved performance in removing adhesive tape relative to vehicle-treated controls, whereas a trend toward protection was observed in Nrf2(-/-). However, EC did not reduce immunoreactivity for the microglia/macrophage marker anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, suggesting that dampened activation/recruitment did not account for EC protection. Furthermore, there were no differences in mouse IgG extravasation or spontaneous hemorrhage between EC-treated groups. These data demonstrate that EC protection occurs independent of microglia/macrophage modulation or blood brain barrier preservation, suggesting that the glial cell responses in young mice are compensatory to another, and potentially novel, protective mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Leonardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and.
authors.forename: Abdullah S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida sdore@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doré
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005684:Gait / Q000187:drug effects; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; C404987:flavan-3-ol
keywords: behavior; central nervous system; cerebrovascular; inflammation; stroke