title: [Parkinson's disease and psychoses].
abstract: Psychotic symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with increased disability, worsened quality of life, and poor long-term prognosis. In this article, clinical features, hypotheses on pathogenesis, and current treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP) are reviewed. According to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of PDP is between 20 to 40 %. Complex visual hallucinations are the most common psychotic symptoms and are present in 17-72 % of the patients. Other sensory disturbances encompass tactile hallucinations and minor hallucinatory phenomena, such as sense of presence and visual illusions. Hallucinations are often accompanied by delusions, whose most frequent themes are persecution and jealousy. The pathophysiology of PDP remains unclear. Different factors have been implicated, including Levo-dopa and dopaminergic medications, neurotransmitter imbalances, neuroanatomic alterations, abnormal visuospatial processes, and genetic predisposition. The first-line strategy in the treatment of persistent and problematic PDP is represented by reduction in anti-PD medications. Second-generation antipsychotics are the treatment of choice, with clozapine being demonstrated as the most effective and tolerable drug for PD patients.
authors.affiliation: LKH S. Maurizio, Boehlerstr. Nr. 5, 39100, Bozen, Italien.
authors.forename: Jacopo Vittoriano
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bizzarri
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giupponi
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maniscalco
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schroffenegger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conca
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kapfhammer
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents