title: Investigation of EBT2 and EBT3 films for proton dosimetry in the 4-20 MeV energy range.
abstract: Radiochromic films such as Gafchromic EBT2 or EBT3 films are widely used for dose determination in radiation therapy because they offer a superior spatial resolution compared to any other digital dosimetric 2D detector array. The possibility to detect steep dose gradients is not only attractive for intensity-modulated radiation therapy with photons but also for intensity-modulated proton therapy. Their characteristic dose rate-independent response makes radiochromic films also attractive for dose determination in cell irradiation experiments using laser-driven ion accelerators, which are currently being investigated as future medical ion accelerators. However, when using these films in ion beams, the energy-dependent dose response in the vicinity of the Bragg peak has to be considered. In this work, the response of these films for low-energy protons is investigated. To allow for reproducible and background-free irradiation conditions, the films were exposed to mono-energetic protons from an electrostatic accelerator, in the 4-20 MeV energy range. For comparison, irradiation with clinical photons was also performed. It turned out that in general, EBT2 and EBT3 films show a comparable performance. For example, dose-response curves for photons and protons with energies as low as 11 MeV show almost no differences. However, corrections are required for proton energies below 11 MeV. Care has to be taken when correction factors are related to an average LET from depth-dose measurements, because only the dose-averaged LET yields similar results as obtained in mono-energetic measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany. Sabine.Reinhardt@physik.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Würl
authors.affiliation: Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik (LRT2), Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85779, Neubiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greubel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Humble
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.affiliation: Rinecker Proton Therapy Center, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillbrand
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Unit CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mairani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parodi
mesh_terms: D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017785:Photons; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons