title: The Status of Heligmosomoides americanus, Representative of an American Clade of Vole-Infecting Nematodes.
abstract: Heligmosomoides americanus is shown by molecular phylogenetic analysis of 3 nuclear (28S, ITS1, and ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase 1 and cytochrome b) loci to be a distinct species of heligmosomid nematode with a long-independent evolutionary history, and not a subspecies of Heligmosomoides polygyrus . Rather than being a recent arrival in North America, the species probably originated as a Beringian immigrant with the host vole Phenacomys, approximately 2 million years ago (MYA).
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland;
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaleśny
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paziewska-Harris
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7RD;
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9019;
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tkach
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada;
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: HelmWest Laboratory, 2108 Hilda Avenue, Missoula, Montana 59801. Correspondence should be sent to: a.paziewska@kit.nl.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kinsella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000469:parasitology*; D001955:British Columbia; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009009:Montana; D010802:Phylogeny; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000662:veterinary; D014251:Trichostrongyloidea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D014252:Trichostrongyloidiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D045303:Cytochromes b; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV