title: Physical covering for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in static and windrow composting processes.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of a 30-cm covering of finished compost (FC) on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in active static and windrow composting systems. Feedstocks inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (7.41 log CFU/g) and Salmonella (6.46 log CFU/g) were placed in biosentry tubes (7.5-cm diameter, 30-cm height) at three locations: (i and ii) two opposing sides at the interface between the FC cover layer (where present) and the feedstock material (each positioned approximately 10 cm below the pile's surface) and (iii) an internal location (top) (approximately 30 cm below the surface). On specific sampling days, surviving populations of inoculated E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, generic E. coli, and coliforms in compost samples were determined. Salmonella spp. were reduced significantly within 24 h in windrow piles and were below the detection limit after 3 and 7 days at internal locations of windrow and static piles containing FC covering, respectively. Likewise, E. coli O157:H7 was undetectable after 1 day in windrow piles covered with finished compost. Use of FC as a covering layer significantly increased the number of days that temperatures in the windrows remained ≥55°C at all locations and in static piles at internal locations. These time-temperature exposures resulted in rapid reduction of inoculated pathogens, and the rate of bacterial reduction was rapid in windrow piles. The sample location significantly influenced the survival of these pathogens at internal locations compared to that at interface locations of piles. Finished compost covering of compost piles aids in the reduction of pathogens during the composting process.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA jitu.patel@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Jitendra R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yossa
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Dumitru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macarisin
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Millner
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000502:physiology; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000502:physiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012475:Salmonella / Q000502:physiology*; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012987:Soil