title: Phonological and semantic verbal fluency: a comparative study in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people on phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted with 48 hearing-impaired adults and 42 individuals (control group) with no hearing or language complaints. Sociodemographic data were collected, as well as the characteristics of hearing loss and of the electronic auditory device (hearing aids or cochlear implant), when relevant. Verbal fluency was tested in two different tasks: by semantic category (animals) and by phonology (letter F).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Educational level has influenced the results of fluency tests in both groups, with more evidence in the hearing-impaired subjects (p<0.001). Hearing-impaired subjects showed worse performance in verbal fluency tests when compared to normal-hearing people in groups with up to 10 years of schooling. In the comparison of performance in the two tests, both groups showed better results in the semantic fluency task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hearing-impaired subjects with low educational level evoked fewer words in semantic and phonologic verbal fluency tests in comparison to normal-hearing subjects. Educational level is a relevant issue to the study of verbal fluency in deaf and hearing-impaired people.
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Course in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isadora Machado Monteiro dos
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlia Santos Costa
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chiossi
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandra Dezani
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Neves de
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Brasília Maria
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Chiari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities; D012660:Semantics; D013067:Speech Perception; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult