title: Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a current perspective.
abstract: A growing body of evidence supports the application of the neurochemical dementia diagnostics (NDD) biomarkers for the diagnosis of dementing conditions. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were recently classified as these reflecting amyloid β pathology (decreased CSF concentrations of Aβ42 and/or positive Aβ PET scan) and these reflecting neurodegeneration (increased CSF Tau concentrations, decreased uptake of FDG on FDG-PET, and cerebral atrophy on structural MRI). Particularly important seems the role of the biomarkers in the early diagnosis of AD, as the first pathophysiologic events observable in the CSF and amyloid β-PET occur years and perhaps decades before the onset of the earliest clinical symptoms. Therefore, the NDD tools enable the diagnosis of AD already in the early preclinical stage. This review summarizes pathophysiology underlying the CSF biomarkers, following a discussion of their role in the current guidelines for the diagnostic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: Piotr.Lewczuk@uk-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewczuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mroczko
authors.affiliation: The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid β; Cerebrospinal fluid; Clinical neurochemistry; Tau