title: Implementation science in cancer prevention and control: a decade of grant funding by the National Cancer Institute and future directions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has supported implementation science for over a decade. We explore the application of implementation science across the cancer control continuum, including prevention, screening, treatment, and survivorship.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed funding trends of implementation science grants funded by the NCI between 2000 and 2012. We assessed study characteristics including cancer topic, position on the T2-T4 translational continuum, intended use of frameworks, study design, settings, methods, and replication and cost considerations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 67 NCI grant awards having an implementation science focus. R01 was the most common mechanism, and the total number of all awards increased from four in 2003 to 15 in 2012. Prevention grants were most frequent (49.3%) and cancer treatment least common (4.5%). Diffusion of Innovations and Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) were the most widely reported frameworks, but it is unclear how implementation science models informed planned study measures. Most grants (69%) included mixed methods, and half reported replication and cost considerations (49.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation science in cancer research is active and diverse but could be enhanced by greater focus on measures development, assessment of how conceptual frameworks and their constructs lead to improved dissemination and implementation outcomes, and harmonization of measures that are valid, reliable, and practical across multiple settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. netagil@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Gila
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neta
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. michael.a.sanchezg26@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. dchamber@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. smwhite19@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Siobhan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. leyvabryan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. cynkinl@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cynkin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. farrellm@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. sheurtin@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heurtin-Roberts
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E442, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. cvinson@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vinson
mesh_terms: D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.) / Q000266:history; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States