title: Dual responsive dysprosium-doped hydroxyapatite particles and toxicity reduction after functionalization with folic and glucuronic acids.
abstract: The development of probes for biomedical applications demands materials with low toxicity levels besides fluorescence or magnetic properties to be detected by confocal microscopes or MRI resonators. Several drug delivery systems or other biomedical materials prepared with hydroxyapatite have been proposed, however, toxicity effects might arise when the size of particles is nanometric. In this study, hydroxyapatite functionalized with glucuronic or folic acids presented lower oxidative stress, measured from lipoperoxides and nitric oxide indicators in rats than pure hydroxyapatite. In separated experiments, hydroxyapatite was doped with dysprosium cations by coprecipitation producing a single crystal phase with fluorescent properties easily visualized by confocal microscopy when excited at 488nm. These particles also presented the ability to modify the proton relaxation time in T1 maps collected by magnetic resonance imaging. These modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles could be candidates to design bimodal probes with low toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Karen
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sánchez Lafarga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fermín P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Pacheco Moisés
authors.affiliation: Research Resources Center for Magnetic Resonance, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskij pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurinov
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Genaro Gabriel
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1421, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Electronic address: gregoriocarbajal@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Gregorio Guadalupe
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Carbajal Arízaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017886:Durapatite / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004419:Dysprosium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004419:Dysprosium; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D017886:Durapatite; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Fluorescence; Hydroxyapatite; MRI contrast agent; Toxicity