title: Long-term persistence of oral human papillomavirus type 16: the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study.
abstract: Persistent infection with oral HPV16 is believed to drive the development of most oropharyngeal cancers. However, patterns of oral HPV16 persistence remain understudied, particularly among HIV-negative individuals. Oral HPV16 persistence was evaluated among 1,626 participants of the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study. Twenty-three oral HPV16-positive men who provided an oral gargle sample on ≥2 study visits were included in the analysis. Archived oral samples from all follow-up visits were tested for HPV16 using Linear Array and INNO-LiPA detection methods. Persistence was evaluated using consecutive HPV16-positive visits held approximately 6 months apart and using the Kaplan-Meier method. Oral HPV16-positive men were aged 18 to 64 years [median, 36 years; interquartile range (IQR), 25-42] and were followed for a median of 44.4 months (IQR, 29.9-49.5). Of 13 incident infections, 4 (30.8%) persisted ≥12 months, 1 (10.0%) persisted ≥24 months, and none persisted ≥36 months [median infection duration, 7.3 months; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.4-NA)]. Of 10 prevalent infections, 9 (90.0%) persisted ≥12 months, 8 (80.0%) persisted ≥24 months, 4 (57.1%) persisted ≥36 months, and 2 (40.0%) persisted ≥48 months (median infection duration, NA). Twelve-month persistence of incident infections increased significantly with age (Ptrend = 0.028). Prevalent oral HPV16 infections in men persisted longer than newly acquired infections, and persistence appeared to increase with age. These findings may explain the high prevalence of oral HPV observed at older ages. Understanding oral HPV16 persistence will aid in the identification of men at high-risk of developing HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pierce Campbell
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Aimée R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kreimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Hui-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fulp
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ingles
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamsen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. HPV Institute, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. anna.giuliano@moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult