title: Relationships between total and regional adiposity and epicardial fat in obese women: how can dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry be associated with echocardiographic epicardial fat measurements?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is an increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder and it is associated with a large number of comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ and its ectopic depots and distribution have different metabolic meanings on risks for health; as a matter of fact, epicardial fat seems to play a specific role in cardiovascular diseases. The use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate and follow-up patients affected by obesity is becoming a very important point in the management of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An investigation of the association between epicardial fat and regional adiposity by DXA in female obese patients. The total amount of central (trunk) fat mass is more strongly correlated than android visceral fat mass to epicardial thickness in obese women. In the interpretation of whole-body DXA data, physician should consider trunk fat mass for good and independent predictivity on epicardial fat depots. Our aim was to analyse in a population of obese women the relationship between the amount of epicardial fat as measured by transthoracic echocardiography (US) and the parameters of regional adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with particular reference to a new software for visceral fat assessment and to a new 'heart-suited' regions of interests (ROIs). Sixty patients who satisfied technical inclusion criteria underwent whole-body DXA scan and US on the same day. Total and android fat mass (FM) and FM percentage (FM%) were considered as well as visceral fat (VAT) subcompartment in the android region; moreover, six new ROIs were designed on whole-body DXA images for the investigation of adiposity parameters at heart level. US provided epicardial fat thickness (EPI-thickness) and area (EPI-area), as measured following previously validated methods. Body mass index (BMI), gynoid and lower limbs (FM and FM%) were found not statistically correlated with EPI-thickness. The highest correlation was achieved by trunk FM (and FM%, with r = 0.544 and 0.480 respectively, P < 0.001), followed by ROI-1 FM (ROI-1 was drawn following thoroughly the cardiac profile), and android FM. Multivariate analysis including age, weight, BMI, trunk FM and the new ROIs (added one by one), retained in the final model trunk FM. Correlations of DXA with EPI-area were superimposable. In obese women, VAT or other new-designed ROIs are not better correlated than traditional ROIs (i.e. trunk) with epicardial fat amount.
authors.affiliation: Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimetal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 'Rizzoli' Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bazzocchi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vicennati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Filippo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battista
keywords: Absorptiometry; adipose tissue; body fat distribution; obesity; photon