title: A fully integrated nose-on-a-chip for rapid diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
abstract: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) still lacks a rapid diagnostic strategy. This study proposes installing a nose-on-a-chip at the proximal end of an expiratory circuit of a ventilator to monitor and to detect metabolite of pneumonia in the early stage. The nose-on-a-chip was designed and fabricated in a 90-nm 1P9M CMOS technology in order to downsize the gas detection system. The chip has eight on-chip sensors, an adaptive interface, a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC), a learning kernel of continuous restricted Boltzmann machine (CRBM), and a RISC-core with low-voltage SRAM. The functionality of VAP identification was verified using clinical data. In total, 76 samples infected with pneumonia (19 Klebsiella, 25 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 16 Staphylococcus aureus, and 16 Candida) and 41 uninfected samples were collected as the experimental group and the control group, respectively. The results revealed a very high VAP identification rate at 94.06% for identifying healthy and infected patients. A 100% accuracy to identify the microorganisms of Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida from VAP infected patients was achieved. This chip only consumes 1.27 mW at a 0.5 V supply voltage. This work provides a promising solution for the long-term unresolved rapid VAP diagnostic problem.
authors.forename: Shih-Wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Jen-Huo
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kwuang-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ting-Hau
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chia-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chen-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chien-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chung-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Han-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Li-Chun
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hsin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Meng-Fan
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yi-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tsan-Jieh
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chia-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Herming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiueh
authors.forename: Juyo-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: Kea-Tiong
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D062609:Electronic Nose; D006801:Humans; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism