title: Seroprevalence of Triatoma virus (Dicistroviridae: Cripaviridae) antibodies in Chagas disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and humans acquire the parasite by exposure to contaminated feces from hematophagous insect vectors known as triatomines. Triatoma virus (TrV) is the sole viral pathogen of triatomines, and is transmitted among insects through the fecal-oral route and, as it happens with T. cruzi, the infected insects release the virus when defecating during or after blood uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, we analysed the occurrence of anti-TrV antibodies in human sera from Chagas disease endemic and non-endemic countries, and developed a mathematical model to estimate the transmission probability of TrV from insects to man, which ranged between 0.00053 and 0.0015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results confirm that people with Chagas disease living in Bolivia, Argentina and Mexico have been exposed to TrV, and that TrV is unable to replicate in human hosts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We presented the first experimental evidence of antibodies against TrV structural proteins in human sera.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. jailson.brito.querido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jailson F B
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Querido
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina. mariagabrielaecheverria@yahoo.com.ar.
authors.forename: María G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Echeverría
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT- La Plata -CONICET - UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. gerardomarti22@yahoo.com.ar.
authors.forename: Gerardo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marti
authors.affiliation: Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. ritamedina_costa@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rita Medina
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina. mlsusevich@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Susevich
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT- La Plata -CONICET - UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. jorge.rabinovich@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rabinovich
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular IIBISMED, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. acopa@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aydee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copa
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular IIBISMED, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. namontano@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nair A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Montaño
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular IIBISMED, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. lineth.garcia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lineth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. mcordova@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cordova
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. foxtorrico@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Faustino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torrico
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biofísica (UBF, CSIC, UPV-EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. r.sanchez.eugenia@gmail.coml.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Eugenia
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biofísica (UBF, CSIC, UPV-EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. lissetes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lissete
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Magraner
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biofísica (UBF, CSIC, UPV-EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. xabiermt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xabier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Muñiz-Trabudua
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biofísica (UBF, CSIC, UPV-EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. ibai_87@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ibai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: López-Marijuan
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, and Grupo Biofísica, Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. grozas@criba.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Gabriela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rozas-Dennis
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular del Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina. patricio.diosque@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diosque
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, Brazil. amaria.ana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biología Molecular Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP11400, Montevideo, Uruguay. robello@pasteur.edu.uy.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robello
authors.affiliation: CENPALAB, Delegación CIMTA, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. juliocesar.neurotox@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julio S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Parasitologia-Chagas, Hospital de Niños R. Gutierrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. altcheh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altcheh
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina (LBP-DMP-FM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, México. pazmar@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Paz M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Salazar-Schettino
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina (LBP-DMP-FM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, México. mbucio@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marta I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bucio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, México. besgu@biomedicas.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biofísica (UBF, CSIC, UPV-EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. diego.guerin@ehu.es.|Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco (EHU/UPV), Bizkaia, Spain. diego.guerin@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Diego M A
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. mssilva@ihmt.unl.pt.|Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. mssilva@ihmt.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Marcelo Sousa
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D056629:Dicistroviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014224:Triatoma / Q000821:virology*; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins