title: Does malpositioning of the arm influence radiographic range of motion measurement?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiographic range of motion measurement of the elbow has been shown to be both precise and reliable. For this method to be used routinely in research studies, it is important to describe its limits regarding: (1) rotation of the arm from the perfect lateral position and (2) the length of humerus and ulna visible on the radiograph.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3D bone reconstruction was performed from an upper limb CT scan. Planar radiographs were simulated for rotations of the elbow within a range of ±30o from the perfect lateral position. The field of view was modified, ranging from five visible centimeters of diaphysis on the radiograph to full visibility of the upper limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The disparity was less than 2.5° (mean=0.68°, SD=0.43°) when the flexed arm was rotated between -30.0° (external rotation, ER) and + 18.0° (internal rotation, IR). When considering the extended arm, measured angles differed by less than 2.5° (mean=0.79°, SD=0.57°) within a range of -15.0° (ER) to +30.0° (IR). When a minimum of 12 cm of humerus and ulna, from the capitellum, were visible on the radiograph measured angles varied very slightly (mean disparity of 0.71°, SD= 0.71°). Finally a qualitative description of the appearance of the radiographs was included to help surgeons estimate acceptable degrees of rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Range of motion (ROM) measurement shows consistent results, despite 15 to 30 degrees of internal or external rotation. The middle third of the humeral and ulnar diaphyses should be visible on the radiographs to ensure the validity of measurement. Radiographic ROM measurement is still recommended over the goniometer for research purposes because of its high reliability and precision. Moreover, malpositioning of the elbow should not jeopardize results since it will most likely be an angle measurement variation of less than 2.5°.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapleau
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lagace
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canet
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hagemeister
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rouleau
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation