title: Quantile rank maps: a new tool for understanding individual brain development.
abstract: We propose a novel method for neurodevelopmental brain mapping that displays how an individual's values for a quantity of interest compare with age-specific norms. By estimating smoothly age-varying distributions at a set of brain regions of interest, we derive age-dependent region-wise quantile ranks for a given individual, which can be presented in the form of a brain map. Such quantile rank maps could potentially be used for clinical screening. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals are proposed for the quantile rank estimates. We also propose a recalibrated Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for detecting group differences in the age-varying distribution. This test is shown to be more robust to model misspecification than a linear regression-based test. The proposed methods are applied to brain imaging data from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample and from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Huaihou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Nian
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. Electronic address: phil.reiss@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Box–Cox transformation; Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape; MRI; Penalized B-splines; Quantile rank map; Resting-state fMRI