title: Single-crystal field-effect transistors of new Cl₂-NDI polymorph processed by sublimation in air.
abstract: Physical properties of active materials built up from small molecules are dictated by their molecular packing in the solid state. Here we demonstrate for the first time the growth of n-channel single-crystal field-effect transistors and organic thin-film transistors by sublimation of 2,6-dichloro-naphthalene diimide in air. Under these conditions, a new polymorph with two-dimensional brick-wall packing mode (β-phase) is obtained that is distinguished from the previously reported herringbone packing motif obtained from solution (α-phase). We are able to fabricate single-crystal field-effect transistors with electron mobilities in air of up to 8.6 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (α-phase) and up to 3.5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (β-phase) on n-octadecyltriethoxysilane-modified substrates. On silicon dioxide, thin-film devices based on β-phase can be manufactured in air giving rise to electron mobilities of 0.37 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). The simple crystal and thin-film growth procedures by sublimation under ambient conditions avoid elaborate substrate modifications and costly vacuum equipment-based fabrication steps.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie &Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie &Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolte
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie &Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burschka
authors.affiliation: 1] Experimental Physics VI, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany [2] Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern e.V.), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Nis Hauke
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: 1] InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer Straße 4, Heidelberg 69115, Germany [2] GVE/F - Organic Electronics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Musiol
authors.affiliation: 1] InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer Straße 4, Heidelberg 69115, Germany [2] GVE/F - Organic Electronics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kälblein
authors.affiliation: 1] Experimental Physics VI, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany [2] Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern e.V.), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pflaum
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Xutang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: 1] InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer Straße 4, Heidelberg 69115, Germany [2] GVE/F - Organic Electronics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.affiliation: Institut für Organische Chemie &Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Würthner