title: Treatment of recurrent and severe Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious complication of hospitalization and antibiotic use with a high mortality and very high costs. Despite appropriate treatment, a subset of patients develop chronic recurrent CDI. Some other patients develop severe and life-threatening colitis. The risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of recurrent CDI and severe CDI are discussed in this review. In particular, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a treatment strategy is outlined and a treatment algorithm incorporating FMT is described.
authors.affiliation: Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands; email: j.keller@mchaaglanden.nl.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuijper
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D000077732:Fidaxomicin; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064307:Microbiota; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014180:Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin; D000077732:Fidaxomicin
keywords: donor feces; fidaxomicin; microbiota; transplantation