title: Evaluation of the current prostate cancer staging system based on cancer-specific mortality in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy diagnosed in men. From a large population-based database, this study aimed to report prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) rates of men diagnosed with various presentations of prostate cancer and to examine the adequacy of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1997 to 2005. PCSM was reported by the classification of extent of disease provided by the SEER database, for clinically staged and pathologically staged cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the cumulative incidence method, PCSM at 10 years for all patients (n = 354,326) was 5% for clinically localized (CL) lesions, 7% for T3aN0M0, 14% for T3bN0M0, 26% for T4N0M0, 27% for TanyN1M0, and 66% for TanyNanyM1. Within the pathologically staged subgroup (n = 108,135), PCSM at 10 years was 1% for CL lesions, 4% for T3aN0M0, 9% for T3bN0M0, 9% for T4N0M0, and 19% for TanyN1M0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staging of any disease site aims to accurately communicate, prognosticate, and guide management for that particular level of disease. Stage IV prostate cancer is a diverse group, with PCSM in the subgroups ranging from 9% to 68% in this study. Considering the favorable outcomes of those with T4 or N1 nonmetastatic prostate cancer relative to those with M1 disease, the authors propose that T4 or N1 M0 prostate cancer should be reclassified into a new stage IIIB and that patients with such disease should be offered curative-intent therapy whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Electronic address: shuklam3@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Chandana A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stephans
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Wahab
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ciezki
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Rahul D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tendulkar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D018426:SEER Program; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: AJCC staging system; Prostate cancer–specific mortality; SEER; Stage IV prostate cancer