title: Speech dynamics are coded in the left motor cortex in fluent speakers but not in adults who stutter.
abstract: The precise excitability regulation of neuronal circuits in the primary motor cortex is central to the successful and fluent production of speech. Our question was whether the involuntary execution of undesirable movements, e.g. stuttering, is linked to an insufficient excitability tuning of neural populations in the orofacial region of the primary motor cortex. We determined the speech-related time course of excitability modulation in the left and right primary motor tongue representation. Thirteen fluent speakers (four females, nine males; aged 23-44) and 13 adults who stutter (four females, nine males, aged 21-55) were asked to build verbs with the verbal prefix 'auf'. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex during the transition phase between a fixed labiodental articulatory configuration and immediately following articulatory configurations, at different latencies after transition onset. Bilateral electromyography was recorded from self-adhesive electrodes placed on the surface of the tongue. Off-line, we extracted the motor evoked potential amplitudes and normalized these amplitudes to the individual baseline excitability during the fixed configuration. Fluent speakers demonstrated a prominent left hemisphere increase of motor cortex excitability in the transition phase (P = 0.009). In contrast, the excitability of the right primary motor tongue representation was unchanged. Interestingly, adults afflicted with stuttering revealed a lack of left-hemisphere facilitation. Moreover, the magnitude of facilitation was negatively correlated with stuttering frequency. Although orofacial midline muscles are bilaterally innervated from corticobulbar projections of both hemispheres, our results indicate that speech motor plans are controlled primarily in the left primary speech motor cortex. This speech motor planning-related asymmetry towards the left orofacial motor cortex is missing in stuttering. Moreover, a negative correlation between the amount of facilitation and stuttering severity suggests that we discovered a main physiological principle of fluent speech production and its role in stuttering.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany 2 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany nneef@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: T N Linh
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: 3 Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Department of Nonlinear Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000473:pathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: motor control; motor evoked potentials, stuttering; primary motor cortex; transcranial magnetic stimulation