title: Root canal penetration of a sodium hypochlorite mixture using sonic or ultrasonic activation.
abstract: The purpose of this ex vivo study was to determine, in "open" and "closed" systems, whether the design has an influence on the penetration length of sodium hypochlorite mixed with a radiopaque contrast medium, measured in millimeters, when delivered using positive pressure (PP) and using sonic (SI) or passive ultrasonic (PUI) activation. Sixty single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups: open and closed systems (n=30). Root canal shaping was performed to a working length of 17 mm. The samples were divided into three sub-groups (n=10) according to irrigant delivery and activation: PP, and SI or PUI activation. By using radiographs, penetration length was measured, and vapor lock was assessed. For the closed group, the penetration distance means were: PP 15.715 (±0.898) mm, SI 16.299 (±0.738) mm and PUI 16.813 (±0.465) mm, with vapor lock occurring in 53.3% of the specimens. In the open group, penetration to 17 mm occurred in 97.6% of the samples, and no vapor lock occurred. Irrigant penetration and distribution evaluation using open and closed systems provide significantly different results. For closed systems, PUI is the most effective in delivering the irrigant to working length, followed by SI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sáinz-Pardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estevez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Óliver Valencia de
authors.initials: ÓV
authors.lastname: Pablo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi-Fedele
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cisneros
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007180:Incisor; D008422:Materials Testing; D011897:Random Allocation; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite