title: Ultrahigh speed endoscopic optical coherence tomography for gastroenterology.
abstract: We describe an ultrahigh speed endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for clinical gastroenterology using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and micromotor imaging catheter. The system had a 600 kHz axial scan rate and 8 µm axial resolution in tissue. Imaging was performed with a 3.2 mm diameter imaging catheter at 400 frames per second with a 12 µm spot size. Three-dimensional OCT (3D-OCT) imaging was performed in patients with a cross section of pathologies undergoing upper and lower endoscopy. The use of distally actuated imaging catheters enabled OCT imaging with more flexibility, such as volumetric imaging in the small intestine and the assessment of hiatal hernia using retroflex imaging. The high rotational scanning stability of the micromotor enabled 3D volumetric imaging with micron scale volumetric accuracy for both en face OCT and cross-sectional imaging, as well as OCT angiography (OCTA) for 3D visualization of subsurface microvasculature. The ability to perform both structural and functional 3D OCT imaging in the GI tract with microscopic accuracy should enable a wide range of studies and enhance the sensitivity and specificity of OCT for detecting pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Tsung-Han
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Osman O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ahsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Kaicheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Giacomelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., 56 Sparta Avenue, Newton, NJ 07860, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Potsaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Yuankai K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Praevium Research, Inc., 5385 Hollister Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA 93111, USA.
authors.forename: Vijaysekhar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.affiliation: Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., 56 Sparta Avenue, Newton, NJ 07860, USA.
authors.forename: Alex E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; jgfuji@mit.edu.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mashimo
keywords: (110.2350) Fiber optics imaging; (110.6880) Three-dimensional image acquisition; (120.3890) Medical optics instrumentation; (120.5800) Scanners; (140.7260) Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers; (170.2150) Endoscopic imaging; (170.2680) Gastrointestinal; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.4500) Optical coherence tomography