title: Endocrine activity of alternatives to BPA found in thermal paper in Switzerland.
abstract: Alternatives to bisphenol A (BPA) are more and more used in thermal paper receipts. To get an overview of the situation in Switzerland, 124 thermal paper receipts were collected and analyzed. Whereas BPA was detected in most samples (n=100), some alternatives, namely bisphenol S (BPS), Pergafast® 201 and D-8 have been found in 4, 11 and 9 samples respectively. As no or few data on their endocrine activity are available, these chemicals and bisphenol F (BPF) were tested in vitro using the H295R steroidogenesis assay. 17β-Estradiol production was induced by BPA and BPF, whereas free testosterone production was inhibited by BPA and BPS. Both non-bisphenol substances did not show significant effects. The binding affinity to 16 proteins and the toxicological potential (TP) were further calculated in silico using VirtualToxLab™. TP values lay between 0.269 and 0.476 and the main target was the estrogen receptor β (84.4 nM to 1.33 μM). A substitution of BPA by BPF and BPS should be thus considered with caution, since they exhibit almost a similar endocrine activity as BPA. D-8 and Pergafast® 201 could be alternatives to replace BPA, however further analyses are needed to better characterize their effects on the hormonal system.
authors.affiliation: Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniela M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Goldinger
authors.affiliation: Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: anne-laure.demierre@bag.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Demierre
authors.affiliation: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zoller
authors.affiliation: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.affiliation: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.affiliation: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roxane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magnin
authors.affiliation: PhaToCon (Pharm/Tox Concept) GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Federal Office of Public Health, Division Chemical Products, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourqui-Pittet
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010209:Paper; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013450:Sulfones / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013557:Switzerland; D013739:Testosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol; D010636:Phenols; D013450:Sulfones; D013739:Testosterone; C543008:bisphenol S; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: BPA alternatives; Endocrine activity; H295R steroidogenesis assay; Thermal paper; VirtualToxLab™