title: Poultry farms as a source of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus reassortment and human infection.
abstract: Live poultry markets are a source of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. On February 21, 2014, a poultry farmer infected with H7N9 virus was identified in Jilin, China, and H7N9 and H9N2 viruses were isolated from the patient's farm. Reassortment between these subtype viruses generated five genotypes, one of which caused the human infection. The date of H7N9 virus introduction to the farm is estimated to be between August 21, 2013 (95% confidence interval [CI] June 6, 2013-October 6, 2013) and September 25, 2013 (95% CI May 28, 2013-January 4, 2014), suggesting that the most likely source of virus introduction was the first batch of poultry purchased in August 2013. The reassortment event that led to the human virus may have occurred between January 2, 2014 (95% CI November 8, 2013-February 12, 2014) and February 12, 2014 (95% CI January 19, 2014-February 18, 2014). Our findings demonstrate that poultry farms could be a source of reassortment between H7N9 virus and H9N2 virus as well as human infection, which emphasizes the importance to public health of active avian influenza surveillance at poultry farms.
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Donglin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Hongmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Xianda
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Ao
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Changchun Prefecture Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Bingxin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weijuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rongbao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hejiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shiwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dexin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guizhen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: 1] Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China [2] CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuelong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D064766:Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins; D012367:RNA, Viral