title: Liposcale: a novel advanced lipoprotein test based on 2D diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: Determination of lipoprotein particle size and number using advanced lipoprotein tests (ALTs) is of particular importance to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. Here we present the Liposcale test, a novel ALT based on 2D diffusion-ordered (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Our method uses diffusion coefficients to provide a direct measure of the mean particle sizes and numbers. Using 177 plasma samples from healthy individuals and the concentration of ApoB and ApoA from isolated lipoprotein fractions, our test showed a stronger correlation between the NMR-derived lipoprotein particle numbers and apolipoprotein concentrations than the LipoProfile(®) test commercialized by Liposcience. We also converted LDL particle numbers to ApoB equivalents (milligrams per deciliter) and our test yielded similar values of LDL-ApoB to the LipoProfile(®) test (absolute mean bias of 8.5 and 7.4 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, our HDL particle number values were more concordant with the calibrated values determined recently using ion mobility. Finally, principal component analysis distinguished type 2 diabetic patients with and without atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) on a second cohort of 307 subjects characterized using the Liposcale test (area under the curve = 0.88) and showed concordant relationships between variables explaining AD. Altogether, our method provides reproducible and reliable characterization of lipoprotein particles and it is applicable to pathological states such as AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain. Electronic address: rmallol@biosferteslab.com.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mallol
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amigó
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Omic Sciences (COS) Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinaixa
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.affiliation: UMMM, INRA-Theix, St. Genes Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ribalta
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yanes
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain; Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masana
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain; Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Correig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood*; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C569471:APOB protein, human; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL
keywords: cardiovascular risk; low density lipoprotein particle number; nuclear magnetic resonance; two-dimensional