title: The relationship between Graves' ophthalmopathy and dry eye syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A complex relationship between Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and dry eye syndrome exists. New research brings more insight into the association between these two diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature was conducted using the query terms "Graves' Ophthalmopathy", "Thyroid Eye Disease", and "Dry Eye" in MedLine (PubMed) and Scopus. A total of 55 papers were reviewed. Case reports were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review paper shows the close relationship between dry eye syndrome and GO. The underlying mechanisms behind their association suggest mechanical impairment of orbital muscles and immune-mediated lacrimal gland dysfunction as the causes of dry eye in GO patients. However, there are a variety of treatment options available for patients with GO with signs of dry eye, which help combat this issue.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Selter
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anisa I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gire
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Shameema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sikder
keywords: Graves’ ophthalmopathy; dry eye; ocular inflammation; thyroid eye disease