title: Predicting protein functions using incomplete hierarchical labels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein function prediction is to assign biological or biochemical functions to proteins, and it is a challenging computational problem characterized by several factors: (1) the number of function labels (annotations) is large; (2) a protein may be associated with multiple labels; (3) the function labels are structured in a hierarchy; and (4) the labels are incomplete. Current predictive models often assume that the labels of the labeled proteins are complete, i.e. no label is missing. But in real scenarios, we may be aware of only some hierarchical labels of a protein, and we may not know whether additional ones are actually present. The scenario of incomplete hierarchical labels, a challenging and practical problem, is seldom studied in protein function prediction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we propose an algorithm to Predict protein functions using Incomplete hierarchical LabeLs (PILL in short). PILL takes into account the hierarchical and the flat taxonomy similarity between function labels, and defines a Combined Similarity (ComSim) to measure the correlation between labels. PILL estimates the missing labels for a protein based on ComSim and the known labels of the protein, and uses a regularization to exploit the interactions between proteins for function prediction. PILL is shown to outperform other related techniques in replenishing the missing labels and in predicting the functions of completely unlabeled proteins on publicly available PPI datasets annotated with MIPS Functional Catalogue and Gene Ontology labels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The empirical study shows that it is important to consider the incomplete annotation for protein function prediction. The proposed method (PILL) can serve as a valuable tool for protein function prediction using incomplete labels. The Matlab code of PILL is available upon request.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. guoxian85@gmail.com.|College of Computer and Information Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. guoxian85@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guoxian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. hlzhu@comp.hkbu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. carlotta@cs.gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domeniconi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D030562:Databases, Protein; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins