title: Acute exercise-induced response of monocyte subtypes in chronic heart and renal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocytes (Mon1-2-3) play a substantial role in low-grade inflammation associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and chronic heart failure (CHF). The effect of an acute exercise bout on monocyte subsets in the setting of systemic inflammation is currently unknown. This study aims (1) to evaluate baseline distribution of monocyte subsets in CHF and CKD versus healthy subjects (HS) and (2) to evaluate the effect of an acute exercise bout. Exercise-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 release are related to the Mon1-2-3 response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty CHF patients, 20 CKD patients, and 15 HS were included. Before and after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test, monocyte subsets were quantified by flow cytometry: CD14(++)CD16(-)CCR2(+) (Mon1), CD14(++)CD16(+)CCR2(+) (Mon2), and CD14(+)CD16(++)CCR2(-) (Mon3). Serum levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline distribution of Mon1-2-3 was comparable between the 3 groups. Following acute exercise, %Mon2 and %Mon3 increased significantly at the expense of a decrease in %Mon1 in HS and in CKD. This response was significantly attenuated in CHF (P < 0.05). In HS only, MCP-1 levels increased following exercise; IL-6 levels were unchanged. Circulatory power was a strong and independent predictor of the changes in Mon1 (β = -0.461, P < 0.001) and Mon3 (β = 0.449, P < 0.001); and baseline LVEF of the change in Mon2 (β = 0.441, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of monocytes to acute exercise is characterized by an increase in proangiogenic and proinflammatory Mon2 and Mon3 at the expense of phagocytic Mon1. This exercise-induced monocyte subset response is mainly driven by hemodynamic changes and not by preexistent low-grade inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Amaryllis H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Van Craenenbroeck
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katrijn
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5799-7847
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Ackeren
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vicky Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Hoymans
authors.affiliation: S.P.O.R.T.S., Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6391-2336
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roeykens
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gert A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Verpooten
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Christiaan J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vrints
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Couttenye
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, University of Antwerp, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emeline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van Craenenbroeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6