title: Organization of research team for nano-associated safety assessment in effort to study nanotoxicology of zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles.
abstract: Currently, products made with nanomaterials are used widely, especially in biology, bio-technologies, and medical areas. However, limited investigations on potential toxicities of nanomaterials are available. Hence, diverse and systemic toxicological data with new methods for nanomaterials are needed. In order to investigate the nanotoxicology of nanoparticles (NPs), the Research Team for Nano-Associated Safety Assessment (RT-NASA) was organized in three parts and launched. Each part focused on different contents of research directions: investigators in part I were responsible for the efficient management and international cooperation on nano-safety studies; investigators in part II performed the toxicity evaluations on target organs such as assessment of genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, or skin penetration; and investigators in part III evaluated the toxicokinetics of NPs with newly developed techniques for toxicokinetic analyses and methods for estimating nanotoxicity. The RT-NASA study was carried out in six steps: need assessment, physicochemical property, toxicity evaluation, toxicokinetics, peer review, and risk communication. During the need assessment step, consumer responses were analyzed based on sex, age, education level, and household income. Different sizes of zinc oxide and silica NPs were purchased and coated with citrate, L-serine, and L-arginine in order to modify surface charges (eight different NPs), and each of the NPs were characterized by various techniques, for example, zeta potentials, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Evaluation of the "no observed adverse effect level" and systemic toxicities of all NPs were performed by thorough evaluation steps and the toxicokinetics step, which included in vivo studies with zinc oxide and silica NPs. A peer review committee was organized to evaluate and verify the reliability of toxicity tests, and the risk communication step was also needed to convey the current findings to academia, industry, and consumers. Several limitations were encountered in the RT-NASA project, and they are discussed for consideration for improvements in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Ri
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Sung Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jayoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Consumers Korea, Chongro-ku, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Hei
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: General toxicology team, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ho
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Meang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nanoscale Characterization and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jellabuk-Do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Soo A
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Meyoung-Kon
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D020380:Needs Assessment; D012449:Safety; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: nanomaterials; nanotoxicity; peer review; physicochemical property; toxicokinetics