title: Factors associated with hepatitis C virus RNA levels in early chronic infection: the InC3 study.
abstract: Improved understanding of natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels in chronic infection provides enhanced insights into immunopathogenesis of HCV and has implications for the clinical management of chronic HCV infection. This study assessed factors associated with HCV RNA levels during early chronic infection in a population with well-defined early chronic HCV infection. Data were from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts studying acute HCV infection (InC(3) study). Individuals with persistent HCV and detectable HCV RNA during early chronic infection (one year [±4 months] postinfection) were included. Distribution of HCV RNA levels during early chronic infection was compared by selected host and virological factors. A total of 308 individuals were included. Median HCV RNA levels were significantly higher among males (vs females; 5.15 vs 4.74 log IU/mL; P < 0.01) and among individuals with HIV co-infection (vs no HIV; 5.89 vs 4.86; P = 0.02). In adjusted logistic regression, male sex (vs female, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.01, 3.69), interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) rs12979860 CC genotype (vs TT/CT; AOR: 2.48; 95%CI: 1.42, 4.35), HIV co-infection (vs no HIV; AOR: 3.27; 95%CI: 1.35, 7.93) and HCV genotype G2 (vs G3; AOR: 5.40; 95%CI: 1.63, 17.84) were independently associated with high HCV RNA levels (>5.6 log IU/mL = 400 000 IU/mL). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that IFNL4 rs12979860 CC genotype, male sex, HIV co-infection and HCV genotype G2 are associated with high HCV RNA levels in early chronic infection. These factors exert their role as early as one year following infection.
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hajarizadeh
authors.affiliation: Cluster Infectious Diseases, GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Tufts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Abbvie, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.|Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacks-Davis
authors.affiliation: CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruneau
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schinkel
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.|Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellard
authors.affiliation: Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Cluster Infectious Diseases, GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.affiliation: Cluster Infectious Diseases, GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Geskus
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.affiliation: The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grebely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D012737:Sex Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult; D000095022:Interferon Lambda
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D012367:RNA, Viral; C579163:IFNL4 protein, human; D000095022:Interferon Lambda
keywords: HCV genotype; HIV; IFNL4 genotype; IL28B genotype; cohort study; sex; viral load