title: In vivo facial tissue depth for Canadian Mi'kmaq adults: a case study from Nova Scotia, Canada.
abstract: This study examines facial tissue depth in Canadian Mi'kmaq adults. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 landmarks on the faces of 152 individuals aged 18-75 years old. The relationships between tissue thickness, age, and sex were investigated. A positive linear trend exists between tissue thickness and age for Mi'kmaq males and females at multiple landmarks. Seven landmarks show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 18-34 years old; no landmarks show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 35-45 years old and 46-55 years old. Significant differences were shown in facial tissue depth between Mi'kmaq and White Americans and Mi'kmaq and African Americans. These data can assist in 3-D facial reconstructions and aid in establishing the identity of unknown Mi'kmaq individuals.
authors.affiliation: Saint Mary's University, Department of Anthropology, Forensic Sciences Program, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada. Electronic address: tanya.peckmann@smu.ca.
authors.forename: Tanya R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Peckmann
authors.affiliation: Apartment 704, 75 Stewart Street, Oakville, Ontario, L6K 1X7, Canada. Electronic address: mikkel.harris@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mikkel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: LMD Integrated Forensic Identification Services, Ridge-Meadows Royal Canadian Mounted Police Detachment, 11990 Haney Place, Maple Ridge, British Columbia, V2X 9B8, Canada. Electronic address: meaghan.huculak@rcmp-grc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huculak
authors.affiliation: Saint Mary's University, Department of Anthropology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada. Electronic address: ashleigh.m.pringle@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.affiliation: Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Facial Identification Services, P.O. Box 3900, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z8, Canada. Electronic address: michel.fournier@rcmp-grc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D044383:Black People; D002170:Canada; D005006:Ethnicity; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: Adults; Canadian first nations; Craniofacial reconstruction; Facial tissue depth; Forensic anthropology; Ultrasound