title: Validation of the firefighter WFI treadmill protocol for predicting VO2 max.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Wellness-Fitness Initiative submaximal treadmill exercise test (WFI-TM) is recommended by the US National Fire Protection Agency to assess aerobic capacity (VO2 max) in firefighters. However, predicting VO2 max from submaximal tests can result in errors leading to erroneous conclusions about fitness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the level of agreement between VO2 max predicted from the WFI-TM against its direct measurement using exhaled gas analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WFI-TM was performed to volitional fatigue. Differences between estimated VO2 max (derived from the WFI-TM equation) and direct measurement (exhaled gas analysis) were compared by paired t-test and agreement was determined using Pearson Product-Moment correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine men performed the WFI-TM. Mean (standard deviation) values for estimated and measured VO2 max were 44.6 (3.4) and 43.6 (7.9) ml/kg/min, respectively (P < 0.01). The mean bias by which WFI-TM overestimated VO2 max was 0.9ml/kg/min with a 95% prediction interval of ±13.1. Prediction errors for 22% of subjects were within ±5%; 36% had errors greater than or equal to ±15% and 7% had greater than ±30% errors. The correlation between predicted and measured VO2 max was r = 0.55 (standard error of the estimate = 2.8ml/kg/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WFI-TM predicts VO2 max with 11% error. There is a tendency to overestimate aerobic capacity in less fit individuals and to underestimate it in more fit individuals leading to a clustering of values around 42ml/kg/min, a criterion used by some fire departments to assess fitness for duty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Physiology, Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, drbducla@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dolezal
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Physiology, Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Physiology, Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D061388:Firefighters; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
keywords: Firefighters; fitness tests; physical fitness.