title: Assessing intake of spices by pattern of spice use, frequency of consumption and portion size of spices consumed from routinely prepared dishes in southern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of dietary intake of spices is gaining significance because of recognition of their health promoting benefits as well as its use for risk assessment of contaminant exposures. Estimating intake of spices at the individual level, presents several challenges since various spices are used as an integrated part of a prepared food and consumed in amounts much smaller than other dietary components. The objective of the present study is to assess intake of spices at the household and individual level on the basis of pattern of spice use and portion size of spice consumed from routinely prepared dishes in Hyderabad city in Southern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in 100 households in urban areas of Hyderabad city in India with the help of a spice intake questionnaire that was prepared to collect information on the pattern of spice use, frequency, and quantity of spice consumption of 17 spices routinely used in Indian cuisine. The quantity of spice intake was assessed by measuring portion size of spice consumed from the quantity of i) spices added in routinely prepared dishes and ii) the prepared dish consumed by an individual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the type of dish prepared and frequency of preparing the dishes, 11 out of 17 spices were found to be consumed by more than 50% of the households. Maximum number of spices was consumed at weekly frequencies. Red chillies and turmeric were the most frequently consumed spices by 100% of the households. The mean total intake of spices was observed to be higher through dishes consumed daily (10.4 g/portion) than from those consumed at weekly or monthly frequencies. Highest portion size intake was observed for chillies (mean 3.0 g; range 0.05-20.2 g) and lowest for nutmeg (mean 0.14 g; range 0.02-0.64 g) and mace (mean 0.21 g; range: 0.02-0.6 g).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggested that assessment of intake of spices varies with frequency of use of spices and type of dish consumed. Portion size estimations of spices consumed and the frequency of consumption of the spice containing dishes facilitates in quantifying spice intake at the individual level.
authors.forename: Vasanthi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Siruguri
authors.affiliation: Centre for Science, Society and Culture, M 11, Kakateeyanagar, Habshiguda, Hyderabad 500007, India. rameshvbhat@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ramesh V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Bhat
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D030024:Curcuma; D004032:Diet; D005502:Food; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D064787:Portion Size; D017365:Spices; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population