title: Auditory brainstem implant candidacy in the United States in children 0-17 years old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is an option for hearing rehabilitation in profoundly deaf patients ineligible for cochlear implantation. Over the past decade, surgeons have begun implanting ABIs in pediatric patients who are unable to receive cochlear implants due to congenital or acquired malformations of the inner ear. No study has examined the potential population-level demand for ABIs in the United States (US). Herein, we aim to quantify the potential need for pediatric ABIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies detailing the rates of congenital cochlear and/or cochlear nerve (CN) anomalies. Absolute indications for ABI include bilateral cochlea or CN aplasia (Group A), and relative indications for ABI include bilateral cochlea or CN hypoplasia (Group B). Data was subsequently correlated to the US Census Bureau, the National Health Interview Survey, and the Gallaudet Research Institute to provide an estimation of pediatric ABI candidates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies documented rates of bilateral findings. Bilateral cochlea aplasia was identified in 0-8.7% of patients and bilateral CN aplasia in 0-4.8% of patients (Group A). Bilateral cochlea hypoplasia was identified in 0-8.7% of patients and bilateral CN hypoplasia in 0-5.4% of patients (Group B). Using population-level sensorineural hearing loss data, we roughly estimate 2.1% of potential implant candidates meet absolute indications for an ABI in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital cochlear and cochlear nerve anomalies are exceedingly rare. This study provides the first preliminary estimate of cochlea and CN aplasia/hypoplasia at the population level albeit with limitations based on available data. These data suggest the need for dedicated ABI centers to focus expertise and management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alyson B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Elliott D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kozin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Sidharth V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Puram
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Maryanna S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Owoc
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Parth V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hight
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Rosh K V
authors.initials: RKV
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Aaron K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Remenschneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D038262:Auditory Brain Stem Implants; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Auditory brainstem implant; Cochlear abnormalities; Cochlear implant; Cochlear nerve abnormalities; Neuroprosthesis; Pediatric