title: Genomic analysis of three African strains of Bacillus anthracis demonstrates that they are part of the clonal expansion of an exclusively pathogenic bacterium.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is classified as a 'Category A' biological weapon. Six complete genomes of B. anthracis (A0248, Ames, Ames Ancestor, CDC684, H0491, and Sterne) are currently available. In this report, we add three African strain genomes: Sen2Col2, Sen3 and Gmb1. To study the pan-genome of B. anthracis, we used bioinformatics tools, such as Cluster of Orthologous Groups, and performed phylogenetic analysis. We found that the three African strains contained the pX01 and pX02 plasmids, the nonsense mutation in the plcR gene and the four known prophages. These strains are most similar to the CDC684 strain and belong to the A cluster. We estimated that the B. anthracis pan-genome has 2893 core genes (99% of the genome size) and 85 accessory genes. We validated the hypothesis that B. anthracis has a closed pan-genome and found that the three African strains carry the two plasmids associated with bacterial virulence. The pan-genome nature of B. anthracis confirms its lack of exchange (similar to Clostridium tetani) and supports its exclusively pathogenic role, despite its survival in the environment. Moreover, thanks to the study of the core content single nucleotide polymorphisms, we can see that our three African strains diverged very recently from the other B. anthracis strains.
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rouli
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National d'Elevage et des Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) Hann, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MBengue
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar (UCAD) Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: La Scola
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
keywords: African strains; Bacillus anthracis; pan-genome; pathogen; specialization