title: Automatic detection of overnight deep sleep based on heart rate variability: a preliminary study.
abstract: This preliminary study investigated the use of cardiac information or more specifically, heart rate variability (HRV), for automatic deep sleep detection throughout the night. The HRV data can be derived from cardiac signals, which were obtained from polysomnography (PSG) recordings. In total 42 features were extracted from the HRV data of 15 single-night PSG recordings (from 15 healthy subjects) for each 30-s epoch, used to perform epoch-by-epoch classification of deep sleep and non-deep sleep (including wake state and all the other sleep stages except deep sleep). To reduce variation of cardiac physiology between subjects, we normalized each feature per subject using a simple Z-score normalization method by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the feature values. A correlation-based feature selection (CFS) method was employed to select informative features as well as removing feature redundancy and a linear discriminant (LD) classifier was applied for deep and non-deep sleep classification. Results show that the use of Z-score normalization can significantly improve the classification performance. A Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.42 and an overall accuracy of 81.3% based on a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation were achieved.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Reinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haakma
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foussier
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Aarts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology