title: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis assessed by cardiovascular autonomic function tests: A cross-sectional survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in RA patients by cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Because CAN was reported of patients with automimmune rheumatic diseases those may in sudden death or myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 44 patients with RA and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers participated in this cross-sectional study. Assessment of CAN was performed using cardiovascular reflex tests. These five tests were: 1) beat-to-beat heart rate variation during deep breathing; 2) heart rate response to standing up; 3) heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver; 4) blood pressure response to standing up; and 5) blood pressure response to sustained handgrip.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 43.15 (SD, 12.18) years (range, 23-68 years) in the RA group, and 38 were women. In beat-to-beat heart rate variation during deep breathing, expiration-to-inspiration ratio was abnormal in 3 cases with RA (6.8%) but in 1 (2.3%) control subject (p=0.3), and maximum minus minimum heart rate was abnormal in 8 patients (18.2%) and in 3 (6.8%) control subjects (p=0.1). 2) In heart rate response to standing up, all patients and controls had normal results. Valsalva ratio was abnormal in 7 RA patients (15.9%) and in 7 control subjects (15.9%). Blood pressure response to standing up was normal in RA patients but abnormal in 1 (2.3%) control subject (p=0.4). Blood pressure response to sustained handgrip was abnormal in 5 RA patients (11.4%) and 2 (4.6%) control subjects (p=0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study failed to show any statistically significant difference between cardiovascular autonomic function tests in RA patients with control subjects by our test done.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Baharlou Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran-Iran. Jamshida@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Javady Nejad
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jamshidi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.forename: Pooneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravanasa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver; D055815:Young Adult