title: Genotype-Guided Dosing of Coumarin Anticoagulants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coumarin anticoagulants (acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon, and warfarin) are generally used for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or for the therapy and prevention of venous thromboembolism. However, the safe use of coumarin anticoagulants is restricted by a narrow therapeutic window and large interindividual dosing variations. Some studies found that the effectiveness and safety of coumarin anticoagulants therapy were increased by pharmacogenetic-guided dosing algorithms, while others found no significant effect of genotype-guided therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four electronic databases were searched from January 1, 2000, to March 1, 2014, for randomized controlled trials of patients who received coumarin anticoagulants according to genotype-guided dosing algorithms. The primary outcome was the percentage of time that the international normalized ratio (INR) was within the normal range (2.0-3.0). Secondary outcomes included major bleeding events, thromboembolic events, and INR ≥4 events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Genotype-guided dosing of coumarin anticoagulants improved the percentage of time within the therapeutic INR range (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02-0.28; P = .02; I(2) = 70%). Subgroup analysis was performed after dividing the nongenotype-guided group into a standard-dose group (95% CI, 0.14-0.49; P = .0004; I(2) = 50%) and a clinical variables-guided dosing algorithm group (95% CI, -0.07-0.15; P = .48; I(2) = 34%). There is a statistically significant reduction in numbers of secondary outcomes (INR ≥4 events, major bleeding events, and thromboembolic events; 95% CI, 0.79-1.00; P = .04). Subgroup analysis of secondary outcomes showed no significant difference between genotype-guided dosing and clinical variables-guided dosing (95% CI, 0.84-1.10; P = .57; I(2) = 11%), but genotype-guided dosing reduced secondary outcomes compared with standard dosing (95% CI, 0.62-0.92; P = .006; I(2) = 0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis showed that genotype-guided dosing increased the effectiveness and safety of coumarin therapy compared with standard dosing but did not have advantages compared with clinical variables-guided dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Keqiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tai Zhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China.
authors.forename: Linyin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chenhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shilong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jichong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhongzhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Erli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Institute of Intervention Vessel, Tongji University, Shanghai, China zxpsibs@163.com cjr.limaoquan@163.vip.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Vascular surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Institute of Intervention Vessel, Tongji University, Shanghai, China zxpsibs@163.com cjr.limaoquan@163.vip.com.
authors.forename: Maoquan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000074:Acenocoumarol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010644:Phenprocoumon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D000074:Acenocoumarol; D010644:Phenprocoumon
keywords: anticoagulation; coumarin; genotype guided; meta-analysis