title: Advances in non-invasive drug delivery for atherosclerotic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apart from statins, anti-platelet agents and invasive procedures, the anti-atherosclerotic medical weaponry for coronary heart disease (CHD) is scarce and only partially protects CHD patients from major adverse cardiac events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several novel non-invasive strategies are being developed to widen the therapeutic options. Among them, drug delivery tools were tested in vivo encompassing liposomes, micelles, polymeric, metallic and lipid nanoparticles used as carriers of statins, corticosteroids, a bisphosphonate, a glitazone, anti-cancer agents, a mycotoxin, a calcium channel blocker and a compound of traditional Chinese medicine. All preparations improved parameters related to atherosclerotic lesions induced in rabbits, rats and mice and reduced neointima formation in experiments aiming to prevent post-stenting restenosis. In subjects submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention, nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel and alendronate showed safety but are still not conclusive regarding in-stent late loss. The experience of our group in atherosclerotic rabbits treated with non-protein lipid nanoparticles associated with anti-cancer drugs such as paclitaxel, etoposide and methotrexate is summarized, and preliminary safety data in CHD patients are anticipated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these studies show that non-invasive drug-delivery systems may become promising tools to rescue CHD patients from the risks of severe and life-threatening lesions that should be more energetically treated.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital, Lipid Metabolism Laboratory , Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, bloco 2, 1° subsolo, São Paulo - SP, 05403-000 , Brazil +55 11 2661 5951 ; +55 11 2661 5574 ; ramarans@usp.br.
authors.forename: Raul C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maranhão
authors.forename: Elaine R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Tavares
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D017239:Paclitaxel
keywords: coronary artery disease treatment; drug targeting; liposomes; nanoemulsions; nanoparticles