title: Effect of Heating Method on Alteration of Protein Molecular Structure in Flaxseed: Relationship with Changes in Protein Subfraction Profile and Digestion in Dairy Cows.
abstract: This study evaluated the effect of heating methods on alteration of protein molecular structure in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in relation to changes in protein subfraction profile and digestion in dairy cows. Seeds from two flaxseed varieties, sampled from two replicate plots at two locations, were evaluated. The seeds were either maintained in their raw state or heated in an air-draft oven (dry heating) or autoclave (moist heating) for 60 min at 120 °C or by microwave irradiation (MIR) for 5 min. Compared to raw seeds, moist heating decreased (P < 0.05) soluble protein (SP) content [56.5 ± 5.55 to 25.9 ± 6.16% crude protein (CP)] and increased (P < 0.05) rumen undegraded protein (RUP) content (36.0 ± 5.19 to 46.9 ± 2.72% CP) and intestinal digestibility of RUP (61.0 ± 2.28 to 63.8 ± 2.67% RUP). Dry heating did not alter (P > 0.05) the protein subfraction profile and rumen degradation kinetics, whereas MIR increased (P < 0.05) the RUP content from 36.0 ± 5.19 to 40.4 ± 4.67% CP. The MIR and dry heating did not alter (P > 0.05) the amide I to amide II ratio, but moist heating decreased (P < 0.05) both the amide I to amide II ratio and α-helix-to-β-sheet ratio. Regression equations based on protein molecular spectral intensities provided high prediction power for estimation of heat-induced changes in SP (R2= 0.62), RUP (R2= 0.71), and intestinal digestibility of RUP (R2= 0.72). Overall, heat-induced changes in protein nutritive value and digestion were strongly associated with heat-induced alteration in protein molecular structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada.|Department Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar , Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Booker
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada.|College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University , 22 Jinjin Road, Tianjin 300384, China.
authors.forename: Peiqiang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: flaxseed; heat processing method; protein molecular structure; protein subfraction