title: The Dynamics and Environmental Influence on Interactions Between Cassava Brown Streak Disease and the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.
abstract: Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is currently the most significant virus disease phenomenon affecting African agriculture. In this study, we report results from the most extensive set of field data so far presented for CBSD in Africa. From assessments of 515 farmers' plantings of cassava, incidence in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania (46.5% of plants; 87% of fields affected) was higher than in the Lake Zone (22%; 34%), but incidences for both zones were greater than previous published records. The whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, was more abundant in the Lake Zone than the Coastal Zone, the reverse of the situation reported previously, and increased B. tabaci abundance is driving CBSD spread in the Lake Zone. The altitudinal "ceiling" previously thought to restrict the occurrence of CBSD to regions <1,000 masl has been broken as a consequence of the greatly increased abundance of B. tabaci in mid-altitude areas. Among environmental variables analyzed, minimum temperature was the strongest determinant of CBSD incidence. B. tabaci in the Coastal and Lake Zones responded differently to environmental variables examined, highlighting the biological differences between B. tabaci genotypes occurring in these regions and the superior adaptation of B. tabaci in the Great Lakes region both to cassava and low temperature conditions. Regression analyses using multi-country data sets could be used to determine the potential environmental limits of CBSD. Approaches such as this offer potential for use in the development of predictive models for CBSD, which could strengthen country- and continent-level CBSD pandemic mitigation strategies.
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jeremiah
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Ndyetabula
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mkamilo
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haji
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Muhanna
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chuwa
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasele
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ijumba
authors.affiliation: First, sixth, and seventh authors: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Ukiriguru Research, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania; second author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Maruku Research, P.O. Box 127, Bukoba, Tanzania; third author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Naliendele Research, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania; fourth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kizimbani Research, P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania; fifth author: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives-Kibaha Research, P.O. Box 30031, Kibaha, Tanzania; eighth author: Geospace, Roseboomlaan 38, 6717 ZB Ede, Netherlands; ninth author: Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; and tenth author: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Legg
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D005843:Geography; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D002365:Manihot / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D019176:Potyviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D013636:Tanzania