title: Gendered Facial Cues Influence Race Categorizations.
abstract: Race and gender categories, although long presumed to be perceived independently, are inextricably tethered in social perception due in part to natural confounding of phenotypic cues. We predicted that target gender would affect race categorizations. Consistent with this hypothesis, feminine faces compelled White categorizations, and masculine faces compelled Asian or Black categorizations of racially ambiguous targets (Study 1), monoracial targets (Study 2), and real facial photographs (Study 3). The efficiency of judgments varied concomitantly. White categorizations were rendered more rapidly for feminine, relative to masculine faces, but the opposite was true for Asian and Black categorizations (Studies 1-3). Moreover, the effect of gender on categorization efficiency was compelled by racial phenotypicality for Black targets (Study 3). Finally, when targets' race prototypicality was held constant, gender still influenced race categorizations (Study 4). These findings indicate that race categorizations are biased by presumably unrelated gender cues.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA colleen.m.carpinella@hawaii.edu kerri.johnson@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Carpinella
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: University of California Santa Barbara, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Kerri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Johnson
keywords: gender; person perception; race perception; social categorization