title: The effect of whole-body resonance vibration in a porcine model of spinal cord injury.
abstract: Whole-body vibration has been identified as a potential stressor to spinal cord injury (SCI) patients during pre-hospital transportation. However, the effect that such vibration has on the acutely injured spinal cord is largely unknown, particularly in the frequency domain of 5 Hz in which resonance of the spine occurs. The objective of the study was to investigate the consequences of resonance vibration on the injured spinal cord. Using our previously characterized porcine model of SCI, we subjected animals to resonance vibration (5.7±0.46 Hz) or no vibration for a period of 1.5 or 3.0 h. Locomotor function was assessed weekly and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to assess different inflammatory and injury severity markers. Spinal cords were evaluated histologically to quantify preserved white and gray matter. No significant differences were found between groups for CSF levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and lL-8. Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were lower in the resonance vibration group, compared with the non-vibrated control group. Spared white matter tissue was increased within the vibrated group at 7 d post-injury but this difference was not apparent at the 12-week time-point. No significant difference was observed in locomotor recovery following resonance vibration of the spine. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to resonance vibration for 1.5 or 3 h following SCI in our porcine model is not detrimental to the functional or histological outcomes. Our observation that a 3.0-h period of vibration at resonance frequency induces modest histological improvement at one week post-injury warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streijger
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Jae H T
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 Deparments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chak
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 Deparments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dressler
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manouchehri
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Elena B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Okon
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 Deparments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Melnyk
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 Deparments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cripton
authors.affiliation: 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|3 Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute (VSSI), Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
keywords: cytokines; porcine model; resonance vibration; spinal cord injury