title: Batchwise dyeing of bamboo cellulose fabric with reactive dye using ultrasonic energy.
abstract: Bamboo is a regenerated cellulose fiber usually dyed with reactive dyes. This paper presents results of the batchwise dyeing of bamboo fabric with reactive dyes by ultrasonic (US) and conventional (CN) dyeing methods. The study was focused at comparing the two methods for dyeing results, chemicals, temperature and time, and effluent quality. Two widely used dyes, CI Reactive Black 5 (bis-sulphatoethylsulphone) and CI Reactive Red 147 (difluorochloropyrimidine) were used in the study. The US dyeing method produced around 5-6% higher color yield (K/S) in comparison to the CN dyeing method. A significant savings in terms of fixation temperature (10°C) and time (15 min), and amounts of salt (10 g/L) and alkali (0.5-1% on mass of fiber) was realized. Moreover, the dyeing effluent showed considerable reductions in the total dissolved solids content (minimum around 29%) and in the chemical oxygen demand (minimum around 13%) for the US dyebath in comparison to the CN dyebath. The analysis of colorfastness tests demonstrated similar results by US and CN dyeing methods. A microscopic examination on the field emission scanning electron microscope revealed that the US energy did not alter the surface morphology of the bamboo fibers. It was concluded that the US dyeing of bamboo fabric produces better dyeing results and is a more economical and environmentally sustainable method as compared to CN dyeing method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Safdar Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Larik
authors.affiliation: Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan. Electronic address: awais.khatri@faculty.muet.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Awais
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.affiliation: Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76060, Pakistan; Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shamshad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimsh@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seong Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D011743:Pyrimidines; D002482:Cellulose; C063421:Remazol black B
keywords: Bamboo fabric; Batchwise dyeing; Cellulose fiber; Reactive dyes; US dyeing