title: Cost of HAART in Italy: multicentric evaluation and determinants from a large HIV outpatient cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As HIV infection turned into a chronic treatable disease, now ranking as one of the most costly in medicine, long-term sustainability of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) expenses became a major issue, especially in countries with universal access to care. Identification of determinants of higher HAART costs may therefore help in controlling costs of care, while keeping high levels of retention in care and viral suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  With this aim, we enrolled a large multicentric sample of consecutive unselected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients followed at five sites of care in Italy, and evaluated annual individual HAART costs in relation to a number of sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 2,044 patients, including 1,902 on HAART. Mean HAART costs were €9,377±€3,501 (range 782-29,852) per year, with remarkable site-based differences, possibly related to the different composition of local assisted populations. Percentages of patients on viral suppression were homogeneously high across all study sites. The factors identified by cross-validation were line of HAART, diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, current CD4 T-cell count, and detectable HIV viremia >50 copies/mL. In the final multivariable model, HAART costs were independently directly associated with more advanced HAART line (P<0.001) and inversely correlated with current CD4 T-cell count (P=0.024). Site of care held independent prediction of higher costs, with marked control of expenses at sites 2 (P=0.001) and 5 (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher costs of HAART were strongly associated with previous treatment failures, detectable HIV viremia, and lower CD4 T-cell count at the time of evaluation, with no correlation at all with sex, age, hepatitis C virus coinfection, and nadir CD4 T-cell counts. Newer drugs, which are typically those associated with high prices, at the time of the analysis were still prevalently prescribed to rescue and maintain viral suppression in patients with more complex treatment history. Further analyses of the contribution of the single drug/regimen to the estimated cost are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy ; Clinic of Infectious Diseases, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tontodonati
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Galliera General Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cenderello
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Benedetto Maurizio
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Celesia
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pistoia General Hospital, Pistoia, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trezzi
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ursini
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology Unit, Ancona Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Galliera General Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polilli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pistoia General Hospital, Pistoia, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catalani
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology Unit, Ancona Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Butini
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sozio
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.affiliation: First Infectious Diseases Department, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzardini
authors.affiliation: Section of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Pharmacology and Legal Medicine, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Lamberto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manzoli
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cozzi-Lepri
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Giustino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parruti
keywords: costs; current CD4 count; highly active antiretroviral treatment; human immunodeficiency virus; treatment failures; viremia