title: Effects of a high-caloric diet and physical exercise on brain metabolite levels: a combined proton MRS and histologic study.
abstract: Excessive intake of high-caloric diets as well as subsequent development of obesity and diabetes mellitus may exert a wide range of unfavorable effects on the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that one mechanism in this context is the promotion of neuroinflammation. The potentially harmful effects of such diets were suggested to be mitigated by physical exercise. Here, we conducted a study investigating the effects of physical exercise in a cafeteria-diet mouse model on CNS metabolites by means of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)HMRS). In addition postmortem histologic and real-time (RT)-PCR analyses for inflammatory markers were performed. Cafeteria diet induced obesity and hyperglycemia, which was only partially moderated by exercise. It also induced several changes in CNS metabolites such as reduced hippocampal glutamate (Glu), choline-containing compounds (tCho) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA)+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamic acid (NAAG) (tNAA) levels, whereas opposite effects were seen for running. No association of these effects with markers of central inflammation could be observed. These findings suggest that while voluntary wheel running alone is insufficient to prevent the unfavorable peripheral sequelae of the diet, it counteracted many changes in brain metabolites. The observed effects seem to be independent of neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: 1] RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany [2] RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.affiliation: 1] RG Translational Imaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany [2] Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.affiliation: 1] RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany [2] RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jenny N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: RG Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakovcevski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Biedermann
authors.affiliation: 1] RG Translational Imaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany [2] Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falfán-Melgoza
authors.affiliation: RG Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deussing
authors.affiliation: RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinle
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bielohuby
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bidlingmaier
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.affiliation: RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Stalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ende
authors.affiliation: 1] RG Translational Imaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany [2] Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weber-Fahr
authors.affiliation: RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuss
authors.affiliation: RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011522:Protons; D012420:Running
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin; D011522:Protons; C027172:isospaglumic acid; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D005947:Glucose