title: Early-life course socioeconomic factors and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Kidney failure or ESRD affects approximately 650,000 Americans, whereas the number with earlier stages of CKD is much higher. Although CKD and ESRD are usually associated with adulthood, it is likely that the initial stages of CKD begin early in life. Many of these pathways are associated with low birth weight and disadvantaged socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood, translating childhood risk into later-life CKD and kidney failure. Social factors are thought to be fundamental causes of disease. Although the relationship between adult SES and CKD has been well established, the role of early childhood SES for CKD risk remains obscure. This review provides a rationale for examining the association between early-life SES and CKD. By collecting data on early-life SES and CKD, the interaction with other periods in the life course could also be studied, allowing for examination of whether SES trajectories (eg, poverty followed by affluence) or cumulative burden (eg, poverty at multiple time points) are more relevant to lifetime CKD risk.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology, University of Iowa Children's Hospital; Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Pediatric Nephrology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA; Neonatology, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL. Electronic address: patrick-brophy@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology, University of Iowa Children's Hospital; Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Pediatric Nephrology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA; Neonatology, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shoham
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: J  Bryan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: Kimberly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Lyndsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harshman
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segar
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Askenazi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Epidemiology; Health disparities; Life course; Socioeconomic status