title: Dysbiotic bacteria translocate in progressive SIV infection.
abstract: Infection of gut-resident CD4(+) memory T cells during acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with rapid loss of these cells and damage to the epithelial barrier. Damage to the epithelial barrier allows translocation of microbial products from the intestinal lumen into the body. Immune activation caused by these microbial products has been associated with disease progression. Although microbial translocation has been demonstrated in SIV-infected nonhuman primates, the identity of translocating bacteria has not been determined. In this study we examined the communities of bacteria both within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and systemic tissues of both healthy and experimentally SIV-infected Asian macaques. Although there were only modest changes in the GI tract-associated microbiome resulting from infection, there is substantial dysbiosis after administration of antiretrovirals. Analysis of bacterial DNA isolated from tissues of infected animals revealed a preference for the phylum Proteobacteria, suggesting that they preferentially translocate. Consistent with this finding, we observed increased metabolic activity of Proteobacterial species within the colonic lumen of SIV-infected animals. Overall, these data provide insights into disease progression and suggest that therapies aimed at altering the composition and metabolic activity of the GI tract microbiome could benefit chronically HIV-infected individuals, particularly those on antiretroviral therapies.
authors.affiliation: 1] Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA [2] Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Klase
authors.affiliation: Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: The AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deleage
authors.affiliation: Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mudd
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, OCICB, OSMO, OD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.affiliation: Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
authors.affiliation: 1] Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutics, WaNPRC, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Klatt
authors.affiliation: Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canary
authors.affiliation: The AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.affiliation: Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Immunopathogenesis Section, LMM, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brenchley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D020560:Proteobacteria; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents