title: Clinical research and medical care: towards effective and complete integration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite their close relationship, clinical research and medical care have become separated by clear boundaries. The purpose of clinical research is to generate generalizable knowledge useful for future patients, whereas medical care aims to promote the well-being of individual patients. The evolution towards patient-centered medicine and patient-oriented research, and the gradual standardization of medicine are contributing to closer ties between clinical research and medical practice. But the integration of both activities requires addressing important ethical and methodological challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From an ethical perspective, clinical research should evolve from a position of paternalistic beneficence to a situation in which the principle of non-maleficence and patient autonomy predominate. The progressive adoption of "patient-oriented informed consent", "patient equipoise", and "altruism-based research", and the application of risk-based ethical oversight, in which the level of regulatory scrutiny is adapted to the potential risk for patients, are crucial steps to achieve the integration between research and care. From a methodological standpoint, careful and systematic observations should have greater relevance in clinical research, and experiments should be embedded into usual clinical practice. Clinical research should focus on individuals through the development of patient-oriented research. In a complementary way, the integration of experiments into medical practice through the systematic application of "point of care research" could help to generate knowledge for the individuals and for the populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of clinical research and medical care will require researchers, clinicians, health care managers, and patients to reevaluate the way they understand both activities. The development of an integrated learning health care system will contribute to generating and applying clinically relevant medical knowledge, producing benefits for present and future patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Department, Lilly Spain, Madrid, Spain. sacristan_jose@lilly.com.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sacristán
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*