title: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and lack of association with subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from a Mediterranean area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies linked vitamin D deficiency with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the presence of early atherosclerosis in asymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients with no previous history of ischemic heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-five patients with T1D (age 37.8 ± 8 years, 57 % male, all Caucasian, disease duration 20.6 ± 8.3 years, HbA1c 7.6 ± 1.4 % (60.2 ± 11.1 mmol/mol), body mass index (BMI) 25.2 ± 3.5 kg/m2, 52.4 % smokers, 23 % retinopathy, 10 % nephropathy) and 48 controls matched for age, sex, BMI and smoking habit were studied. 25OHD deficiency was defined for values ≤20 ng/mL. A sun exposure questionnaire, carotid ultrasonography to determine carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the presence of atheroma plaques and cardiac computed tomography for evaluation of calcium artery calcification (CACS) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1D subjects showed a high proportion of 25OHD deficiency (43.2 % vs. 21.7 %, p = 0.032). Of all, 82 % of T1D patients and 92 % of controls had a calcium score of 0. CIMT was greater in patients with T1D (0.55 ± 0.14 mm vs 0.48 ± 0.15, p = 0.01) compared with controls. T1D subjects showed no differences in the results of CACS or CIMT according to the vitamin D concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1D patients have lower concentrations and twice more prevalence of 25OHD deficiency than controls. There was no association between 25OHD concentrations and subclinical CAD.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute of Research and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain, e.serraplanas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serra-Planas
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: M Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Granada
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soldevila
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Jorge Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reverter
authors.forename: Edu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pellitero
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Dídac
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mauricio
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puig-Domingo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D