title: Sense-antisense (complementary) peptide interactions and the proteomic code; potential opportunities in biology and pharmaceutical science.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A sense peptide can be defined as a peptide whose sequence is coded by the nucleotide sequence (read 5' → 3') of the sense (positive) strand of DNA. Conversely, an antisense (complementary) peptide is coded by the corresponding nucleotide sequence (read 5' → 3') of the antisense (negative) strand of DNA. Research has been accumulating steadily to suggest that sense peptides are capable of specific interactions with their corresponding antisense peptides. Unfortunately, although more and more examples of specific sense-antisense peptide interactions are emerging, the very idea of such interactions does not conform to standard biology dogma and so there remains a sizeable challenge to lift this concept from being perceived as a peripheral phenomenon if not worse, into becoming part of the scientific mainstream.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific interactions have now been exploited for the inhibition of number of widely different protein-protein and protein-receptor interactions in vitro and in vivo. Further, antisense peptides have also been used to induce the production of antibodies targeted to specific receptors or else the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies targeted against auto-antibodies. Such illustrations of utility would seem to suggest that observed sense-antisense peptide interactions are not just the consequence of a sequence of coincidental 'lucky-hits'. Indeed, at the very least, one might conclude that sense-antisense peptide interactions represent a potentially new and different source of leads for drug discovery. But could there be more to come from studies in this area?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies on the potential mechanism of sense-antisense peptide interactions suggest that interactions may be driven by amino acid residue interactions specified from the genetic code. If so, such specified amino acid residue interactions could form the basis for an even wider amino acid residue interaction code (proteomic code) that links gene sequences to actual protein structure and function, even entire genomes to entire proteomes. The possibility that such a proteomic code should exist is discussed. So too the potential implications for biology and pharmaceutical science are also discussed were such a code to exist.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH , UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids; D000818:Animals; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D016373:DNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003062:Codon; D016373:DNA, Antisense; D010455:Peptides
keywords: antisense peptide; genetic code; peptide–peptide interactions; peptide–protein interactions; proteomic code; sense peptide