title: An ischemic stroke model of nonhuman primates for remote lesion studies: a behavioral and neuroimaging investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to develop a nonhuman primate (NHP) stroke model for studies of secondary lesions in remote areas and to characterize its behavioral and neuroimaging features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monkeys were either subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) distal to the M1 branch (n = 17) or sham operation (n = 7). Neurological assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed before and 1 week after operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After MCAO, six monkeys showed occlusion of the distal M1 segment and infarcts predominantly in the cortical and subcortical regions, without hippocampal and thalamic involvement. They had obvious neurological deficits. The other 11 monkeys showed blockage of the main trunk of the MCA, with infarcts extending into the hippocampus and thalamus, but no substantia nigra involvement. Their infarct volume were larger and neurological deficits were more severe than those after distal M1 occlusion. All sham-operated monkeys displayed normal behavior; however, MRI revealed small infarcts in three animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCAO or even sham operations might cause cerebral infarction in NHPs. Therefore, neurological assessment should be combined with MRI for screening candidate stroke models. Our model is suitable for studying secondary damage in remote regions, including the thalamus, hippocampus, and substantia nigra, after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xinran
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shihui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yicong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Landau Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011897:Random Allocation; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Nonhuman primates; magnetic resonance imaging; middle cerebral artery occlusion; model; remote lesions