title: Effects of vitamin D supplementation and circuit training on indices of obesity and insulin resistance in T2D and vitamin D deficient elderly women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation and circuit training on body composition, abdominal fat, blood lipids, and insulin resistance in T2D and vitamin D deficient elderly women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two elderly women were randomly assigned to either the vitamin D supplementation with circuit training group (D+T: n = 15), the circuit training group (T: n = 13), the vitamin D supplementation group (D: n = 11), or the control group (CON: n = 13). The subjects in D took vitamin D supplements at 1,200 IU per day for 12 weeks; the subjects in T exercised 3 to 4 times per week, 25 to 40 minutes per session for 12 weeks; and the subjects in D+T participated in both treatments. Subjects in CON were asked to maintain normal daily life pattern for the duration of the study. Body composition, abdominal fat, blood lipids, and surrogate indices for insulin resistance were measured at pre- and post-test and the data were compared among the four groups and between two tests by utilizing two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The main results of the present study were as follows:
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Body weight, fat mass, percent body fat, and BMI decreased significantly in T, whereas there were no significant changes in the variables in D and CON. Lean body mass showed no significant changes in all groups. 2) TFA and SFA decreased significantly in T, whereas there were no significant changes in the variables in D and CON. The other abdominal fat related variables showed no significant changes in all groups. 3) TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C showed improvements in T, whereas there were no significant changes in the variables in D and CON. 4) Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR tended to be lower in D+T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the 12 weeks of vitamin D supplementation and circuit training would have positive effects on abdominal fat and blood lipid profiles in T2D and vitamin D deficient elderly women. Vitamin D supplementation was especially effective when it was complemented with exercise training.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Kyun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Man-Gyoon
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Abdominal fat; Circuit training; Diabetes; Elderly; Insulin resistance; Vitamin D