title: New Molecular Techniques to Study the Skin Microbiota of Diabetic Foot Ulcers.
abstract: Significance:Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a major and growing public health problem. They pose difficulties in clinical practice in both diagnosis and management. Bacterial interactions on the skin surface are important in the pathophysiology of DFU and may contribute to a delay in healing. Fully identifying bacteria present in these wounds is difficult with traditional culture methods. New molecular tools, however, have greatly contributed to our understanding of the role of the cutaneous microbiota in DFU.Recent Advances:Molecular technologies revealed new information concerning how bacteria are organized in DFU. This has led to the concept of "functionally equivalent pathogroups," meaning that certain bacterial species which are usually nonpathogenic (or at least incapable of maintaining a chronic infection on their own) may coaggregate symbiotically in a pathogenic biofilm and act synergistically to cause a chronic infection. The distribution of pathogens in multispecies biofilms is nonrandom. The high bacterial diversity is probably related to the development of a microbial biofilm that is irreversibly attached to the wound matrix.Critical Issues:Using molecular techniques requires a financial outlay for high-cost equipment. They are still too time-consuming to perform and reporting is too delayed for them to be used in routine practice. Finally, they do not differentiate live from dead or pathogenic from nonpathogenic microorganisms.Future Directions:Molecular tools have better documented the composition and organization of the skin flora. Further advances are required to elucidate which among the many bacteria in the DFU flora are likely to be pathogens, rather than colonizers.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1047, Université Montpellier , UFR de Médecine, Nîmes Cedex, France . ; Service de Microbiologie , CHU Carémeau, Nîmes Cedex, France .
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lavigne
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1047, Université Montpellier , UFR de Médecine, Nîmes Cedex, France . ; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales , CHU Carémeau, Nîmes Cedex, France .
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sotto
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1047, Université Montpellier , UFR de Médecine, Nîmes Cedex, France . ; Service de Microbiologie , CHU Carémeau, Nîmes Cedex, France .
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunyach-Remy
authors.affiliation: Green Templeton College, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lipsky