title: A theoretical study of inertial cavitation from acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and implications for the mechanical index.
abstract: The mechanical index (MI) attempts to quantify the likelihood that exposure to diagnostic ultrasound will produce an adverse biological effect by a non-thermal mechanism. The current formulation of the MI implicitly assumes that the acoustic field is generated using the short pulse durations appropriate to B-mode imaging. However, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging employs high-intensity pulses up to several hundred acoustic periods long. The effect of increased pulse durations on the thresholds for inertial cavitation was studied computationally in water, urine, blood, cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, liver and skin. The results indicate that, although the effect of pulse duration on cavitation thresholds in the three liquids can be considerable, reducing them by, for example, 6%-24% at 1 MHz, the effect on tissue is minor. More importantly, the frequency dependence of the MI appears to be unnecessarily conservative; that is, the magnitude of the exponent on frequency could be increased to 0.75. Comparison of these theoretical results with experimental measurements suggests that some tissues do not contain the pre-existing, optimally sized bubbles assumed for the MI. This means that in these tissues, the MI is not necessarily a strong predictor of the probability of an adverse biological effect.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Physical Acoustics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA. Electronic address: cchurch@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: National Center for Physical Acoustics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Cecille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Labuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nightingale
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001769:Blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004452:Echocardiography; D004453:Echoencephalography; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014556:Urine; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: ARFI; Acoustic radiation force imaging; Bio-effects; Cavitation threshold; Inertial cavitation; MI; Mechanical index