title: Cardiolipin signaling mechanisms: collapse of asymmetry and oxidation.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  An ancient anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), ubiquitously present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes, is essential for several structural and functional purposes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The emerging role of CLs in signaling has become the focus of many studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we describe two major pathways through which mitochondrial CLs may fulfill the signaling functions via utilization of their (i) asymmetric distribution across membranes and translocations, leading to the surface externalization and (ii) ability to undergo oxidation reactions to yield the signature products recognizable by the executionary machinery of cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a concept that CLs and their oxidation/hydrolysis products constitute a rich communication language utilized by mitochondria of eukaryotic cells for diversified regulation of cell physiology and metabolism as well as for inter-cellular interactions.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|3Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|4Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Valerian E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Yulia Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Tyurina
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Tyurin
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Bioengineering, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mohammadyani
authors.affiliation: 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jose Pedro Friedmann
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.affiliation: 7Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Baranov
authors.affiliation: 8Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein-Seetharaman
authors.affiliation: 7Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: 9Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rama K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mallampalli
authors.affiliation: 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: 10Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bayir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011387:Prokaryotic Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D002308:Cardiolipins