title: Plate osteosynthesis versus hemiarthroplasty in proximal humerus fractures--does routine screening of systemic inflammatory biomarkers makes sense?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increases in C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) counts after orthopedic surgical procedures can give evidence of postoperative infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the kinetics of these biomarkers in cases with an uneventful clinical course after osteosynthesis of upper limb fractures. This study investigated CRP and WBC serum levels after osteosynthesis or hemiarthroplasty of humeral head fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study on patients with humeral head fractures who had open reduction and internal fixation via plate osteosynthesis (PO) (n = 64) or hemiarthroplasty (HA) (n = 28) without any complications in the postoperative clinical course. C-reactive protein serum levels (mg/l) and leukocyte counts (g/l) were assayed at several time points. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of several confounding variables (the surgical procedure, duration of surgery, patient's health status, and comorbidities) on the kinetics of CRP and WBC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data showed that CRP levels were statistically significantly higher in the HA cohort when compared to the PO cohort (p = 0.003). Moreover, daily measurement of CRP levels during the postoperative course showed that CRP peaked on the 2nd and 3rd days postoperatively in both cohorts and started to decrease afterward, reaching normal values on day 8 to 10. However, WBCs did not show any significant differences between the HA and PO cohorts. Finally, the choice of surgical procedure and the patient's health status were associated with higher peak levels of CRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After osteosynthesis or hemiarthroplasty of humeral head fractures, CRP is a responsive serum parameter in the postoperative course of an uneventful inflammatory response. Abnormalities from these values should be interpreted carefully as they may give a hint as to postoperative complications such as infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. khorst@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. fhildebrand@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. rpfeifer@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. karin.koeppen@rwth-aachen.de.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Köppen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. plichte@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichte
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. hpape@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Aachen University Medical Centre, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. tdienstknecht@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dienstknecht
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D062785:Hemiarthroplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein