title: A non-invasive method for the determination of liquid injectables by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Drug safety has become a very important subject, and more countries have joined in the fight against counterfeit drugs. This study demonstrated a non-invasive Raman spectroscopy method that could be utilized for screening liquid injectable drugs for spurious/falsely-labeled/falsified/counterfeit medical products (SFFCs). Two problems were solved to remove the blocks in identification and quantitation: one problem was the weak API signal extraction from the non-invasive Raman spectra and the other was the problem of Raman absolute measurement. Principal component analysis (PCA) and classical least square (CLS) algorithms were performed to establish the models. Water was chosen as the "internal standard" to normalize the spectra to solve the problem of Raman absolute measurement. The results showed that the 11 positive samples and 66 negative samples were all well identified with a threshold of 0.95. One of the positive samples contained the excipient propylene glycol, which was identified successfully at the same time. The accuracy of quantitative results was approximately 5% for doxofylline liquid injectables and about 10% for the low-concentration and big glass bottle-containers of Levofloxacin Lactate and Sodium Chloride Injections as compared to the results using an HPLC method, this is satisfactory for fast screening of SFFCs. In conclusion, with the development of a database of identification and quantitation models, this method may determine liquid injectable drugs in a fast and non-invasive way and become one of the most powerful weapons against SFFCs. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantan Xi Li, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D064704:Levofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D064704:Levofloxacin; D013806:Theophylline; C029797:doxofylline