title: Influence of simulated pulpal pressure on efficacy of bleaching gels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the Influence of simulated pulpal pressure on efficacy of bleaching gels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cylindrical enamel-dentin specimens from bovine teeth (3 mm diameter, enamel and dentin layer each 1 mm thick) were divided into 4 groups, according to the bleaching treatment: negative control (non-bleached), bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), bleached with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Ten percent CP gel was applied for 8 h/day and 7.5% HP for 1 h/day, during 14 days. For 35% HP treatment, two sessions of 45 minutes each were employed. In intermediate periods specimens were stored in artificial saliva. Experimental groups (n = 19) were subdivided according to the simulation of pulpal pressure (25 mm Hg) during bleaching treatment. Initial color measurement and after bleaching treatment were assessed by spectrophotometry, using CIE L*a*b* system. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett's post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant difference of ΔE for all experimental groups compared to negative control group, according to Dunnett's test (p < 0.0001). There were no significant difference for total color variation (ΔE) among experimental groups (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that all bleaching gels showed bleaching efficacy compared to non-bleached group and that the simulated pulpal pressure did not Influence the bleaching outcomes of the tested gels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although numerous in vitro studies investigating the efficacy of bleaching agents have been performed, they do not properly simulate the pulpal pressure. In order to make these studies closer to clinical conditions, it is important to reproduce these conditions in laboratory, so the results can be more reliable. This in vitro study was performed under simulated pulpal pressure, aiming to investigate its Influence on dental bleaching outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry UNESP, São Jose dos Campus, São Paulo, Brazil, e-mail: alessandra@fosjc.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Alessandra Bühler
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: PhD Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry UNESP, São Jose dos Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziela Ribeiro
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: MSc Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry UNESP, São Jose dos Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula Tamião
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Arantes
authors.affiliation: Head, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.affiliation: Chairman, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse, Zürich Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry UNESP, São Jose dos Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Rocha Gomes
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002417:Cattle; D003116:Color; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008422:Materials Testing; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011312:Pressure; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010545:Peroxides; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide