title: Early developmental exposure to high fructose intake in rats with NaCl stimulation causes cardiac damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. High consumption of fructose is a proposed cause of increased MS, manifested through hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. High NaCl also increases the risk of CD. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of fructose and sodium on autonomic dysfunction and its relation with CD in MS. Fructose overload was started at weaning and continued through adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (21 days) were divided into four groups: Control (C), fructose consumption (10%, F), NaCl consumption (salt 1% for the 10 last days, S), and fructose and NaCl (FS), and monitored for 8 weeks. Metabolic evaluations consisted of Lee index, glycemia, insulin and glucose tolerance tests, triglycerides, and total cholesterol measurements. Cardiovascular parameters measured were arterial pressure (AP) and cardiac function performed by echocardiography. They also measured the influence of renin angiotensin (RAS) and autonomic nervous systems by drug blockage with losartan, atropine, and atenolol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy analysis showed no change between groups. Fructose overload induced a MS state, confirmed by insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Fasting glucose was increased in F and FS rat groups compared with C and S groups. AP was higher in F, S, and FS groups in comparison with the C group. The hypotensive response after sympathetic blockade was increased in F, S, and FS versus C. The cardiac vagal tonus was reduced in F and FS animal groups. The intrinsic heart rate was decreased in the FS group (372 ± 9 bpm) compared with the C group (410 ± 13 bpm). The morphometric measurements evaluated through left ventricular diameter during diastole and the left ventricular diameter during systole decreased in the FS group (16 and 26%, respectively). Diastolic function was reduced in F and FS. The depressor response induced by losartan was increased in the F group in comparison with other groups. However, there was a uniform increase in plasma ACE activity in all treated groups compared with the C group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that early exposure to high fructose intake produced marked alterations in metabolic and cardiovascular function. When stimulated by NaCl, the fructose-fed subjects showed further impairment in cardiac function.
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. araujo.iara@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Renal, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiopharmacology Laboratory, Health and Biological Science Center, Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolacao, 930, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil. romario.pan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), Avenida Doutor Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil. fernandostos@ig.com.br.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Renal, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiopharmacology Laboratory, Health and Biological Science Center, Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolacao, 930, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil. eli.sinais@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. yokota_rodrigo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Federal Univeristy of Maranhao- UFMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil. cristiano.mostarda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mostarda
authors.affiliation: Renal, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiopharmacology Laboratory, Health and Biological Science Center, Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolacao, 930, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil. patriciafiorino@mackenzie.br.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiorino
authors.affiliation: Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil. prof.kangelis@uninove.br.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), Avenida Doutor Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil. maria.irigoyen@incor.usp.br.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Irigoyen
authors.affiliation: College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA. mmorris1@nova.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. verafarah@hotmail.com.|Renal, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiopharmacology Laboratory, Health and Biological Science Center, Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolacao, 930, São Paulo, SP, 01302-907, Brazil. verafarah@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Farah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Fructose; Metabolic syndrome; NaCl; Renin angiotensin system