title: β-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus.
abstract: β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has recently been shown to regulate hormone synthesis and secretion in the hypothalamus. However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion. In the present study, we examined the expression of the BHBA receptor GPR109A in primary hypothalamic cell cultures. We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals. Initial in vivo studies conducted in rats demonstrated that GHRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was strongly inversely correlated with BHBA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid during postnatal development (r = -0.89, P < 0.01). Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of BHBA acutely decreased GHRH mRNA expression in rats. Further in vitro studies revealed a decrease in GHRH synthesis and secretion in primary hypothalamic cells after treatment with BHBA; this effect was inhibited when hypothalamic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX). BHBA had no effect on GHRH synthesis and secretion in GT1-7 cells, which do not exhibit cell surface expression of GPR109A. Furthermore, BHBA acutely decreased the transcription of the homeobox gene for Gsh-1 in the hypothalamus in both in vivo and in vitro, and this effect was also inhibited by PTX in vitro. In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion. These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: S-P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: B-R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: B-X
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: S-N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Q-K
authors.initials: QK
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D051381:Rats; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; C554445:Hcar2 protein, rat; C559088:Hmbox1 protein, rat; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C113580:U 0126; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: ERK1/2; GPR109A; growth hormone-releasing hormone; hypothalamus; β-hydroxybutyric acid