title: Sponging up metals: bacteria associated with the marine sponge Spongia officinalis.
abstract: The present study explored the bacteria of the sponge Spongia officinalis in a metal-polluted environment, using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, culture-dependent approaches and in situ hybridization. The sponge samples collected over three consecutive years in the Western Mediterranean Sea contained high concentrations of zinc, nickel, lead and copper determined by ICP-MS. DGGE signatures indicated a sponge specific bacterial association and suggested spatial and temporal variations. The bacterial culturable fraction associated with S. officinalis and tolerant to heavy metals was isolated using metal-enriched microbiological media. The obtained 63 aerobic strains were phylogenetically affiliated to the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. All isolates showed high tolerances to the selected heavy metals. The predominant genus Pseudovibrio was localized via CARD-FISH in the sponge surface tissue and validated as a sponge-associated epibiont. This study is the first step in understanding the potential involvement of the associated bacteria in sponge's tolerance to heavy metals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cléa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauvais
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zirah
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Interactions Protéines Métal, CEA, DSV, IBEB, SBVME, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, UMR 7265, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Université d'Aix-Marseille, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique Chimie Prévention des risques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7263, IRD 237, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chaspoul
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Domart-Coulon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Interactions Protéines Métal, CEA, DSV, IBEB, SBVME, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, UMR 7265, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Université d'Aix-Marseille, Bât 185, CEA de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chapon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique Chimie Prévention des risques, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7263, IRD 237, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallice
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rebuffat
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7263 CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, CNRS/MNHN UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (CP 54), 75005 Paris, France. Electronic address: bourguet@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Lise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bourguet-Kondracki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Bacteria; Bioindicators; Heavy metals; Mediterranean sea; Metallic tolerance; Spongia officinalis