title: The expanded endonasal approach for the treatment of intracranial skull base disease in the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature on the expanded endonasal approach for pediatric skull base lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review examines the currently published outcomes of pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery. It specifically reviews the anatomic considerations of pediatric patients, growth considerations in pediatric patients, reconstructive options and limitations, and the use of image guidance. In addition, this review provides some suggestions for approaching skull base lesions in pediatric patients, based on both experience and the current body of literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expanded endonasal approach for pediatric skull base lesions is a well tolerated and reliable method for the treatment of children with midline nasal masses. With improvements in technology and technique, this approach has become increasingly common in high-volume skull base centers as a well tolerated alternative to traditional open approaches.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Health System, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA *Sammy Khalili and Nithin D. Adappa contributed equally to the writing of this article.
authors.forename: Sammy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Nithin D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Adappa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome