title: Microwave synthesis of ZnO@mSiO₂ for detailed antifungal mode of action study: understanding the insights into oxidative stress.
abstract: A simple chemical method has been devised for deliberate incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) within mesoporous nanosilica (mSiO2) matrix to yield zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous nanosilica (ZnO@mSiO2). ZnO@mSiO2 inhibited the growth of four strains of fungi in a dose dependant manner. A series of biochemical assays revealed generation of oxidative stress from ZnO@mSiO2 for such biocidal response. We proposed transient superoxide and its subsequent conversion to H2O2 played a pivotal role behind such biocidal response as revealed from our systematic evaluation. This resulted morphological alteration of fungi through increase in number of facets, in correlation we found up-regulation in oxidative stress related genes. Bioavailability within the fungal sample was confirmed from microscopic, spectroscopic, biophysical techniques. Protein carbonylation of fungal species was the chemical outcome of such above mentioned stress and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) via subsequent hydrazone derivatization. Several in vitro and in vivo evaluations revealed the biocompatibility of ZnO@mSiO2. Altogether this report claims a new biocidal agent with a detailed mode of action focusing on the origin and quantification of oxidative stress through biophysical and biochemical techniques for the first time for real time applications.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India. Electronic address: shouvik.14@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shouvik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700098, India.
authors.forename: Prasun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India.
authors.forename: Saheli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 12241, India.
authors.forename: Nitai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India.
authors.forename: Kushal Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India.
authors.forename: Sampad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700098, India.
authors.forename: Dhrubajyoti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India.
authors.forename: Arunava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goswami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D060585:Fusariosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008872:Microwaves; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Antifungal; Origin; Oxidative stress; Quantification; ZnO@mSiO(2)