title: Microbiota-mediated inflammation and antimicrobial defense in the intestine.
abstract: The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucleic acid sequencing platforms, new computational and bioinformatics tools, and full-genome characterization of several hundred commensal bacterial species facilitated studies of the microbiota and revealed that differences in microbiota composition can be associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious diseases, that each human is colonized by a distinct bacterial flora, and that the microbiota can be manipulated to reduce and even cure some diseases. Different bacterial species induce distinct immune cell populations that can play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, and thus the composition of the microbiota determines, in part, the level of resistance to infection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent work characterizing commensal microbes that contribute to the antimicrobial defense/inflammation axis.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; email: pamere@mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Pamer
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D019295:Computational Biology; D004032:Diet; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D055442:Metabolome; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins
keywords: TLR signaling; antimicrobial molecules; commensals; dendritic cells; mucins