title: Neuroprosthetic limb control with electrocorticography: approaches and challenges.
abstract: Advanced upper limb prosthetics, such as the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab Modular Prosthetic Limb (MPL), are now available for research and preliminary clinical applications. Research attention has shifted to developing means of controlling these prostheses. Penetrating microelectrode arrays are often used in animal and human models to decode action potentials for cortical control. These arrays may suffer signal loss over the long-term and therefore should not be the only implant type investigated for chronic BMI use. Electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals from electrodes on the cortical surface may provide more stable long-term recordings. Several studies have demonstrated ECoG's potential for decoding cortical activity. As a result, clinical studies are investigating ECoG encoding of limb movement, as well as its use for interfacing with and controlling advanced prosthetic arms. This overview presents the technical state of the art in the use of ECoG in controlling prostheses. Technical limitations of the current approach and future directions are also presented.
authors.forename: Nitish V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Thakor
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fifer
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hotson
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: Geoffrey I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Griffin W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Milsap
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Crone
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D034941:Upper Extremity