title: The relationship between pain, fatigue, depression and functional performance in stable heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the relationship between pain, fatigue, depression, demographic, clinical, and functional variables in stable heart failure (HF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pain, fatigue and depression are common in HF. Little is known about the relationship between pain, fatigue and depression and functional measures in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis of a cross sectional study of 173 stable HF patients. Associations between clinical and demographic factors, pain (SF-36), depression (CES-D), and fatigue (MAF) to functional performance and capacity (SF-36 role limitations due to physical functioning and 6-Minute Walk Test) were evaluated using hierarchical multiple regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was 65% male with a mean age of 60. Fifty-seven percent (n = 100) had pain, 54% (n = 94) had fatigue, and 46% (n = 79) had depression. Pain, depression and fatigue were negatively associated with functional performance but not functional capacity when controlling for demographic and clinical covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain, fatigue and depression were associated with decreased functional performance in stable HF. Symptom management interventions are needed in HF.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Nursing, Yale University West Campus, P.O. Box 27399, West Haven, CT 06516-7399, USA. Electronic address: samantha.conley@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Nursing, Yale University West Campus, P.O. Box 27399, West Haven, CT 06516-7399, USA.
authors.forename: Shelli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feder
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Nursing, Yale University West Campus, P.O. Box 27399, West Haven, CT 06516-7399, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Redeker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Depression; Fatigue; Functional status; Heart failure; Pain