title: Toxicity of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to new insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles.
abstract: An initiative within the US military is targeting the replacement of traditional munitions constituents with insensitive munitions to reduce risk of accidental detonation. The purpose of the present study was to comparatively assess toxicity of the traditional munitions constituents 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) with the new insensitive munitions constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). The following exposure durations were performed with Rana pipiens (leopard frog) tadpoles: TNT and DNAN, 96 h and 28 d; RDX, 10 d and 28 d; NTO, 28 d. The 96-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values and 95% confidence intervals for TNT and DNAN were 4.4 mg/L (4.2 mg/L, 4. 7 mg/L) and 24.3 mg/L (21.3 mg/L, 27.6 mg/L), respectively. No significant impacts on survival were observed in the 10-d exposure to RDX up to 25.3 mg/L. Effects on tadpole swimming distance were observed with a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of 5.9 mg/L RDX. In the 28-d exposures, the LOECs for survival for TNT, DNAN, and NTO were 0.003 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. No significant mortality was observed in the RDX chronic 28-d exposure up to the highest treatment level tested of 28.0 mg/L. Neither tadpole developmental stage nor growth was significantly affected in any of the 28-d exposures. Rana pipiens were very sensitive to chronic TNT exposure, with an LOEC 3 orders of magnitude lower than those for insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Guilherme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Biedenbach
authors.forename: Pornsawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gust
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D001822:Body Burden; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011894:Rana pipiens; D013550:Swimming; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C505897:3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; D000840:Anisoles; D053834:Explosive Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014230:Triazoles; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: Amphibians; Aquatic toxicology; Behavioral toxicology; Munitions constituents