title: Effects of homeopathic Anax imperator on behavioural and pain models in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeopathy is a medical theory and practice that asserts that disease can be cured by remedies that produce symptoms in a healthy person similar to those suffered by a patient with a malady.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to investigate effects of homeopathic Anax imperator (dragonfly) (Anax-i 30c and Anax-i 200c) in the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, hot plate (HP) test and open field test and examined NPY1 receptor expression, in naive mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the FST, treatment with Anax-i 30c or Anax-i 200c significantly diminished immobility time while in EPM test, Anax-i 200c increased the percentage of time spent in open arms as well as the percentage of open arm/total arms. In the HP test, Anax-i 30c or Anax-i 200c decreased the total time mice spent licking their hind paws while in open field test, treatment with Anax-i 200c increased the total distance and speed mice traveled compared to the control group. Three weeks of daily injections with Anax-i 30c or Anax-i 200c caused significant weight loss in mice. Anax-i 30c or Anax-i 200c treatment significantly decreased NPY1 receptor expression, and Anax-i 30c also decreased NPY2 receptor expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the homeopathic Anax-i exerts antidepressant, anxiolytic and analgesic-like effects and causes hyperlocomotion and weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: oguzmutlu80@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: gunerulak@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Guner
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ulak
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embriyology, Ordu University Medical Faculty, 52000 Ordu, Turkey. Electronic address: skokturk@mynet.com.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kokturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: ikcelikyurt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ipek Komsuoglu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Celikyurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: firuzanakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Furuzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: faruk.erden@isbank.net.tr.
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erden
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D006705:Homeopathy; D007313:Insecta; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000032:analysis; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y / Q000032:analysis; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; C507698:Npy1r protein, mouse; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; C095889:neuropeptide Y2 receptor
keywords: Adipokinetic hormone; Anax imperator; Behavioral models; Homeopathy; Mice; Neuroreceptor