title: Could changes in adiponectin drive the effect of statins on the risk of new-onset diabetes? The case of pitavastatin.
abstract: Statins represent the elective lipid-lowering strategy in hyperlipidemic and high cardiovascular-risk patients. Despite excellent safety and tolerability, reversible muscle-related and dose-dependent adverse events may decrease a patient's compliance. Large meta-analyses, post-hoc and genetic studies showed that statins might increase the risk of new-onset diabetes (NOD), particularly in insulin-resistant, obese, old patients. Race, gender, concomitant medication, dose and treatment duration may also contribute to this effect. Based on this evidence, to warn against the possibility of statin-induced NOD or worsening glycemic control in patients with already established diabetes, FDA and EMA changed the labels of all the available statins in the USA and Europe. Recent meta-analyses and retrospective studies demonstrated that statins' diabetogenicity is a dose-related class effect, but the mechanism(s) is not understood. Among statins, only pravastatin and pitavastatin do not deteriorate glycemic parameters in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, available data, obtained in small-scale, retrospective or single-center clinical studies, document that pitavastatin, while ameliorating lipid profile, seems protective against NOD. Beyond differences in pharmacokinetics between pitavastatin and the other statins (higher oral bioavailability, lower hepatic uptake), its consistent increases in plasma adiponectin documented in clinical studies may be causally connected with its effect on glucose metabolism. Adiponectin is a protein with antiatherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetogenic properties exerted on liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and pancreatic beta cells. Further studies are required to confirm this unique property of pitavastatin and to understand the mechanism(s) leading to this effect.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: lorenzo.arnaboldi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arnaboldi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: alberto.corsini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corsini
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065840:Protective Factors; D011804:Quinolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011804:Quinolines; C108475:pitavastatin
keywords: Adiponectin; Insulin sensitivity; Pitavastatin; Statins; Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)