title: Substance use disorders in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disability: current status and future directions.
abstract: Knowledge regarding substance use (SU) and substance use disorder (SUD) in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (ID) has increased over the last decade, but is still limited. Data on prevalence and risk factors are fragmented, and instruments for screening and assessment and effective treatment interventions are scarce. Also, scientific developments in other fields are insufficiently incorporated in the care for individuals with ID and SUD. In this selective and critical review, we provide an overview of the current status of SU(D) in ID and explore insights on the conceptualisation of SUD from other fields such as addiction medicine and general psychiatry. SU(D) turns out to be a chronic, multifaceted brain disease that is intertwined with other physical, psychiatric and social problems. These insights have implications for practices, policies and future research with regard to the prevalence, screening, assessment and treatment of SUD. We will therefore conclude with recommendations for future research and policy and practice, which may provide a step forward in the care for individuals with ID and SUD.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: n.vanduijvenbode@pwo.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Neomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Duijvenbode
authors.affiliation: Aveleijn, Grotestraat 260, 7622 GW Borne, The Netherlands; Tactus, Raiffeisenstraat 75, 7514 AM Enschede, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, P.O. Box 6909, 6503 GK Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joanneke E L
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: VanDerNagel
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trajectum, P.O. Box 40012, 8004 DA Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Didden
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Aveleijn, Grotestraat 260, 7622 GW Borne, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, P.O. Box 6909, 6503 GK Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiewik
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, P.O. Box 6909, 6503 GK Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cor A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Assessment; Intellectual disability; Prevalence; Screening; Substance use disorder; Treatment