title: Altered breathing syndrome in heart failure: newer insights and treatment options.
abstract: In patients with heart failure (HF), altered breathing patterns, including periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and oscillatory ventilation, are seen in several situations. Since all forms of altered breathing cause similar detrimental effects on clinical outcomes, they may be considered collectively as an "altered breathing syndrome." Altered breathing syndrome should be recognized as a comorbid condition of HF and as a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss mechanisms and therapeutic options of altered breathing while sleeping, while awake at rest, and during exercise.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minatoku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan, ytomita.tmy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kisaka
authors.forename: Harry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rossiter
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: Karlman
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daida
mesh_terms: D002639:Cheyne-Stokes Respiration / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D005080:Exercise Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D013577:Syndrome