title: Short-term diabetes- and diuresis-induced alterations of the bladder are mostly reversible in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether diabetes mellitus- and diuresis-induced alterations in the bladder can be reversed in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into eight groups (n = 16 per group): 3 weeks and 11 weeks age-matched controls, 3 weeks and 11 weeks after streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, 3 weeks after diabetes mellitus induction then treated with insulin for 8 weeks, 3 weeks and 11 weeks after 5% sucrose-induced diuresis, and 3 weeks after 5% sucrose-induced diuresis followed by removal of 5% sucrose for 8 weeks. Bodyweight, blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c were monitored. At the designated time-points, 24-h urinary habits were examined, and cystometry was carried out in half of the animals. The bladders from the remaining animals were harvested for histological examination, and quantification of smooth muscle, urothelium and collagen components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin treatment reversed hyperglycemia and polyuria in diabetic animals successfully, which was shown by normalization of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c and 24-h urinary habits. Subsequently, bodyweight, bladder weight and percentage change of bladder components (smooth muscle, collagen, urothelium) in total bladder cross-sectional area were reversed to almost normal levels, and the bladder dysfunction was mostly reversed by 8 weeks of glycemic control, seen in the cystometry study. Similar alterations and reversed effects were seen in diuretic rats without and with 5% sucrose removal, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term (3-week induction) diabetes- and polyuria-induced functional and morphological alterations of the bladder can mostly be reversed in rats.
authors.affiliation: Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yexiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavran
authors.forename: Rania A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Elrashidy
authors.forename: Guiming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004231:Diuresis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011141:Polyuria / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D013395:Sucrose; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: bladder; diabetes; insulin; morphology; smooth muscle