title: Simulation of bright-field microscopy images depicting pap-smear specimen.
abstract: As digital imaging is becoming a fundamental part of medical and biomedical research, the demand for computer-based evaluation using advanced image analysis is becoming an integral part of many research projects. A common problem when developing new image analysis algorithms is the need of large datasets with ground truth on which the algorithms can be tested and optimized. Generating such datasets is often tedious and introduces subjectivity and interindividual and intraindividual variations. An alternative to manually created ground-truth data is to generate synthetic images where the ground truth is known. The challenge then is to make the images sufficiently similar to the real ones to be useful in algorithm development. One of the first and most widely studied medical image analysis tasks is to automate screening for cervical cancer through Pap-smear analysis. As part of an effort to develop a new generation cervical cancer screening system, we have developed a framework for the creation of realistic synthetic bright-field microscopy images that can be used for algorithm development and benchmarking. The resulting framework has been assessed through a visual evaluation by experts with extensive experience of Pap-smear images. The results show that images produced using our described methods are realistic enough to be mistaken for real microscopy images. The developed simulation framework is very flexible and can be modified to mimic many other types of bright-field microscopy images.
authors.affiliation: Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Centre for Image Analysis, Uppsala University, 751 05, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Ewert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis
keywords: Pap-smear; bright-field microscopy; cervical cancer screening; synthetic image generation