title: Anthocyanins and phenolic acids from a wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) powder counteract lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blueberries are a rich source of anthocyanins (ACNs) and phenolic acids (PA), which are hypothesized to protect against development of atherosclerosis. The present study examined the effect of an ACN- and PA-rich fractions, obtained from a wild blueberry powder, on the capacity to counteract lipid accumulation in macrophages derived from monocytic THP-1 cells. In addition, we tested the capacity of pure ACNs and their metabolites to alter lipid accumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1-derived macrophages were incubated with fatty acids (500 μM oleic/palmitic acid, 2:1 ratio) and different concentrations (from 0.05 to 10 μg mL(-1)) of ACN- and PA-rich fractions, pure ACN standards (malvidin, delphinidin and cyanidin 3-glucoside), and metabolites (syringic, gallic and protocatechuic acids). Lipid accumulation was quantified with the fluorescent dye Nile red.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipid accumulation was reduced at all concentrations of the ACN-rich fraction tested with a maximum reduction at 10 μg mL(-1) (-27.4%; p < 0.0001). The PA-rich fraction significantly reduced the lipid accumulation only at the low concentrations from 0.05 µg mL(-1) to 0.3 µg mL(-1), with respect to the control with fatty acids. Supplementation with pure ACN compounds (malvidin and delphinidin-3-glucoside and its metabolic products (syringic and gallic acid)) reduced lipid accumulation especially at the low concentrations, while no significant effect was observed after cyanidin-3-glucoside and protocatechuic acid supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated a potential role of both the ACN- and PA-rich fractions and single compounds in the lipid accumulation also at concentrations close to that achievable in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Bo'
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roursgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. patrizia.riso@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riso
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences-Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Møller
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D014815:Vitamins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005960:Glucosides; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D020011:Protective Agents; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C065861:malvidin; D002338:Carotenoids; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; C001945:syringic acid; C017185:delphinidin; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Lipid accumulation; Polyphenols; THP-1 macrophages; Wild blueberry