title: Contemporary issues surrounding folic Acid fortification initiatives.
abstract: The impact of folate on health and disease, particularly pregnancy complications and congenital malformations, has been extensively studied. Mandatory folic acid fortification therefore has been implemented in multiple countries, resulting in a reduction in the occurrence of neural tube defects. However, emerging evidence suggests increased folate intake may also be associated with unexpected adverse effects. This literature review focuses on contemporary issues of concern, and possible underlying mechanisms as well as giving consideration the future direction of mandatory folic acid fortification. Folate fortification has been associated with the presence of unmetabolized folic acid (PteGlu) in blood, masking of vitamin B12 deficiency, increased dosage for anti-cancer medication, photo-catalysis of PteGlu leading to potential genotoxicity, and a role in the pathoaetiology of colorectal cancer. Increased folate intake has also been associated with twin birth and insulin resistance in offspring, and altered epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance. Although limited data exists to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these issues, elevated blood folate level due to the excess use of PteGlu without consideration of an individual's specific phenotypic traits (e.g. genetic background and undiagnosed disease) may be relevant. Additionally, the accumulation of unmetabolized PteGlu may lead to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and other enzymes. Concerns notwithstanding, folic acid fortification has achieved enormous advances in public health. It therefore seems prudent to target and carefully monitor high risk groups, and to conduct well focused further research to better understand and to minimize any risk of mandatory folic acid fortification.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia ; Human Economics Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Teaching and Research Unit, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veysey
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ran
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucock
keywords: adverse effects; mandatory folic acid fortification; public health; synthetic folic acid