title: Intrapartum care and substandard care: juridical recommendations to reduce the risk of liability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop juridical recommendations to reduce medical liability of the obstetrician, providing intrapartum care.
  
  
  METHODS
  107 legal proceedings of the past 40 years from Belgium, France and the Netherlands, involving medical negligence of the obstetrician during intrapartum care, were analyzed in depth. The legal databases used were Jura and Judit (Belgium), Legifrance, Juricaf and Dalloz (France) and Recht, Rechtspraak (the Netherlands). A minority of the cases were retrieved through contacts with insurance companies (Belgium only) and courts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The judicial assessment of negligence is focused on four domains of expertise of the obstetrician: 36 % (38/107) recognizing a specific pathology, 33 % (35/107) interpreting fetal monitoring, 19 % (21/107) performing a forceps/vacuum-assisted delivery and 12 % (13/107) managing shoulder dystocia. The highest liability rate of 86 % (30/35) was reflected in the category of interpreting fetal monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To reduce the liability rate of 66 %, several policy recommendations can be made. Respond to the first symptoms of obstetric complications (particularly placental abruption and uterine rupture). Secondly, respond to disturbing messages of the midwife concerning fetal distress and evaluate every deviation in fetal heart rate monitoring. Education concerning the interpretation of fetal monitoring is a must for every midwife and obstetrician. Use proper methods to monitor the heart rate to optimize the quality of the signal. The third recommendation is to be cautious about opting for a forceps/vacuum-assisted delivery, consider all circumstances. Consider the risk of failed instrumental delivery. And finally in relation to shoulder dystocia, recognize the risk factors by ordering further examinations to purchase a diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Law Faculty, Ghent University (Belgium), Universiteitstraat 4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium, marlies.eggermont@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggermont
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D004420:Dystocia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008880:Midwifery / Q000592:standards; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014597:Uterine Rupture / Q000517:prevention & control