title: Human gut Bacteroidetes can utilize yeast mannan through a selfish mechanism.
abstract: Yeasts, which have been a component of the human diet for at least 7,000 years, possess an elaborate cell wall α-mannan. The influence of yeast mannan on the ecology of the human microbiota is unknown. Here we show that yeast α-mannan is a viable food source for the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a dominant member of the microbiota. Detailed biochemical analysis and targeted gene disruption studies support a model whereby limited cleavage of α-mannan on the surface generates large oligosaccharides that are subsequently depolymerized to mannose by the action of periplasmic enzymes. Co-culturing studies showed that metabolism of yeast mannan by B. thetaiotaomicron presents a 'selfish' model for the catabolism of this difficult to breakdown polysaccharide. Genomic comparison with B. thetaiotaomicron in conjunction with cell culture studies show that a cohort of highly successful members of the microbiota has evolved to consume sterically-restricted yeast glycans, an adaptation that may reflect the incorporation of eukaryotic microorganisms into the human diet.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.|Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuskin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
authors.forename: Elisabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
authors.forename: Max J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.|Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Pudlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Urs
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cartmell
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rogowski
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Tolbert
authors.affiliation: Oxyrane, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piens
authors.affiliation: Oxyrane, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bracke
authors.affiliation: Oxyrane, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vervecken
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Zalihe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hakki
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Speciale
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Munōz-Munōz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Suits
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Alisdair B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boraston
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atherly
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Cherie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ziemer
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Spencer J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
authors.forename: Gideon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.|Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: D Wade
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.|Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D004032:Diet; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008358:Mannose / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019897:Periplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008351:Mannans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D008358:Mannose