title: Adaptive optics imaging of healthy and abnormal regions of retinal nerve fiber bundles of patients with glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the nature of glaucomatous damage of the macula, especially the structural changes seen between relatively healthy and clearly abnormal (AB) retinal regions, using an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adaptive optics SLO images and optical coherence tomography (OCT) vertical line scans were obtained on one eye of seven glaucoma patients, with relatively deep local arcuate defects on the 10-2 visual field test in one (six eyes) or both hemifields (one eye). Based on the OCT images, the retinal nerve fiber (RNF) layer was divided into two regions: (1) within normal limits (WNL), relative RNF layer thickness within mean control values ±2 SD; and (2) AB, relative thickness less than -2 SD value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As seen on AO-SLO, the pattern of AB RNF bundles near the border of the WNL and AB regions differed across eyes. There were normal-appearing bundles in the WNL region of all eyes and AB-appearing bundles near the border with the AB region. This region with AB bundles ranged in extent from a few bundles to the entire AB region in the case of one eye. All other eyes had a large AB region without bundles. However, in two of these eyes, a few bundles were seen within this region of otherwise missing bundles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AO-SLO images revealed details of glaucomatous damage that are difficult, if not impossible, to see with current OCT technology. Adaptive optics SLO may prove useful in following progression in clinical trials, or in disease management, if AO-SLO becomes widely available and easy to use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Monica F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Toco Y P
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.affiliation: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alhadeff
authors.affiliation: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritch
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubra
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014794:Visual Fields
keywords: adaptive optics; glaucoma; optical coherence tomography; retinal nerve fiber layer