title: Investigation of vacuum forming techniques for reduction of loss in mouthguard thickness: part 2—effects of sheet grooving and thermal shrinkage.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate vacuum forming techniques for reduction of loss in mouthguard thickness effects of sheet grooving and thermal shrinkage of extruded sheets on molded mouthguard thickness. Mouthguards were fabricated with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets (4.0 mm thick) using a vacuum forming machine. Sheet form was a convexing v-shaped groove toward the back, 10-40 mm from the anterior end. The sheets were placed in the forming machine with the sheet extrusion direction either vertical or parallel to the model's centerline of right and left. Molding was performed by crimping the sheet using suction when the most descending portion of the sheet sagged downwards from the clamp, 15 mm below the basal surface. Postmolding thickness was determined using a measuring device. Measurement points were the incisal portion (incisal edge and labial surface) and molar portion (cusp and buccal surface). Differences in molded mouthguard thickness with the sheet orientation of extruded EVA sheets were analyzed by student's t-test. The sheet in parallel axis orientation with the model's centerline yielded higher thickness than vertical orientation at the labial surface and the buccal surface. The present results suggested that addition of a groove to the sheet in conjunction with placement of the sheet with its axis of orientation parallel the centerline of the working model can effectively reduce thickness loss in the molded mouthguard with the equipment and materials used in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.affiliation: Department of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mizuhashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009064:Mouth Protectors; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D012984:Software; D013696:Temperature; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C016438:ethylenevinylacetate copolymer
keywords: mouthguard; sheet form; thermal shrinkage; thermoforming; thickness