title: Prospective associations between socio-economic status and dietary patterns in European children: the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study.
abstract: Exploring changes in children's diet over time and the relationship between these changes and socio-economic status (SES) may help to understand the impact of social inequalities on dietary patterns. The aim of the present study was to describe dietary patterns by applying a cluster analysis to 9301 children participating in the baseline (2-9 years old) and follow-up (4-11 years old) surveys of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants Study, and to describe the cluster memberships of these children over time and their association with SES. We applied the K-means clustering algorithm based on the similarities between the relative frequencies of consumption of forty-two food items. The following three consistent clusters were obtained at baseline and follow-up: processed (higher frequency of consumption of snacks and fast food); sweet (higher frequency of consumption of sweet foods and sweetened drinks); healthy (higher frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and wholemeal products). Children with higher-educated mothers and fathers and the highest household income were more likely to be allocated to the healthy cluster at baseline and follow-up and less likely to be allocated to the sweet cluster. Migrants were more likely to be allocated to the processed cluster at baseline and follow-up. Applying the cluster analysis to derive dietary patterns at the two time points allowed us to identify groups of children from a lower socio-economic background presenting persistently unhealthier dietary profiles. This finding reflects the need for healthy eating interventions specifically targeting children from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Alvira
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS,Bremen,Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Börnhorst
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health and Nursing Sciences (IPP), University of Bremen,Bremen,Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bammann
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Business School,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: Wencke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gwozdz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS,Bremen,Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hebestreit
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council,Avellino,Italy.
authors.forename: Gianvincenzo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barba
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Business School,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reisch
authors.affiliation: Public Health Epidemiology Unit (EPI), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg,Sweden.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eiben
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iglesia
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Diseases,National Institute for Health Development,Tallinn,Estonia.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veidebaum
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Institute of Child Health,Strovolos,Cyprus.
authors.forename: Yannis A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kourides
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics,University of Pécs,Pécs,Hungary.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health,Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS,Bremen,Germany.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pigeot
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D057140:Fast Foods; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011322:Primary Prevention; D011446:Prospective Studies; D062410:Snacks; D012923:Social Class; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Paternal education