title: Music therapy to promote psychological and physiological relaxation in palliative care patients: protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Music therapy is one of the most frequently used complementary therapies in different palliative care settings. Despite its long tradition and high acceptance by other health-care professionals, evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy interventions for terminally ill patients is rare. Recent reviews and health-care reports consistently point out the need of music therapists to provide an evidence-based rationale for their clinical treatments in this field. Therefore, the present study evaluates the psychological and physiological response of palliative care patients to a standardized music therapy relaxation intervention in a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 84 participants from a palliative care unit in Heidelberg is randomized to either two sessions of music therapy or two sessions of a verbal relaxation exercise, each lasting 30 minutes. The music therapy sessions consist of live played monochord music and a vocal improvisation, the control group uses a prerecorded excerpt from the mindfulness-based stress reduction program containing no musical elements. Outcome measures include self-report data on subjective relaxation, well-being, pain intensity, and quality of life, as well as continuous recording of heart rate variability and blood volume pulse as indicators of autonomous nervous system functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this study is the first clinical trial in Europe and one of very few randomized controlled trials worldwide to systematically examine the effects of music therapy in palliative care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  German Clinical Trials Register - DRKS00006137.
authors.affiliation: School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg, Maria-Probst-Strasse 3, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany ; Centre of Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 131, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warth
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 131, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 175 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg, Maria-Probst-Strasse 3, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wormit
authors.affiliation: School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg, Maria-Probst-Strasse 3, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hillecke
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 131, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hubert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bardenheuer
keywords: Autonomous functioning; End-of-life care; Music therapy; Palliative care; Quality of life; Randomized controlled trial; Relaxation