title: Thrombomodulin in the management of acute cholangitis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the need for thrombomodulin (rTM) therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with acute cholangitis (AC)-induced DIC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients who were diagnosed with AC-induced DIC and who were treated at our hospital were enrolled in this study. The diagnoses of AC and DIC were made based on the 2013 Tokyo Guidelines and the DIC diagnostic criteria as defined by the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine, respectively. Thirty consecutive patients who were treated with rTM between April 2010 and September 2013 (rTM group) were compared to 36 patients who were treated without rTM (before the introduction of rTM therapy at our hospital) between January 2005 and January 2010 (control group). The two groups were compared in terms of patient characteristics at the time of DIC diagnosis (including age, sex, primary disease, severity of cholangitis, DIC score, biliary drainage, and anti-DIC drugs), the DIC resolution rate, DIC score, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score, hematological values, and outcomes. Using logistic regression analysis based on multivariate analyses, we also examined factors that contributed to persistent DIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the rTM group and the control group in terms of the patients' backgrounds other than administration. DIC resolution rates on day 9 were higher in the rTM group than in the control group (83.3% vs 52.8%, P < 0.01). The mean DIC scores on day 7 were lower in the rTM group than in the control group (2.1 ± 2.1 vs 3.5 ± 2.3, P = 0.02). The mean SIRS scores on day 3 were significantly lower in the rTM group than in the control group (1.1 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.1, P = 0.03). Mortality on day 28 was 13.3% in the rTM group and 27.8% in the control group; these rates were not significantly different (P = 0.26). Multivariate analysis identified only the absence of biliary drainage as significantly associated with persistent DIC (P < 0.01, OR = 12, 95%CI: 2.3-60). Although the difference did not reach statistical significance, primary diseases (malignancies) (P = 0.055, OR = 3.9, 95%CI: 0.97-16) and the non-use of rTM had a tendency to be associated with persistent DIC (P = 0.08, OR = 4.3, 95%CI: 0.84-22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The add-on effects of rTM are anticipated in the treatment of AC-induced DIC, although biliary drainage for AC remains crucial.
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Keigo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suetani
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okuse
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Michikawa
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Keigo Suetani, Chiaki Okuse, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Yohei Noguchi, Midori Suzuki, Ryo Morita, Nozomi Sato, Masaki Kato, Fumio Itoh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018180:Thrombomodulin
keywords: Acute cholangitis; Anticoagulant therapy; Biliary drainage; Disseminated intravascular coagulation; Thrombomodulin