title: Tracking changing X-ray contrast media application to an urban-influenced karst aquifer in the Wadi Shueib, Jordan.
abstract: Sewage input into a karst aquifer via leaking sewers and cesspits was investigated over five years in an urbanized catchment. Of 66 samples, analyzed for 25 pharmaceuticals, 91% indicated detectable concentrations. The former standard iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ICM) diatrizoic acid was detected most frequently. Remarkably, it was found more frequently in groundwater (79%, median: 54 ng/l) than in wastewater (21%, 120 ng/l), which is supposed to be the only source in this area. In contrast, iopamidol, a possible substitute, spread over the aquifer during the investigation period whereas concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher in wastewater than in groundwater. Knowledge about changing application of pharmaceuticals thus is essential to assess urban impacts on aquifers, especially when applying mass balances. Since correlated concentrations provide conclusive evidence that, for this catchment, nitrate in groundwater rather comes from urban than from rural sources, ICM are considered useful tracers.
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: moritz.zemann@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zemann
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grimmeisen
authors.affiliation: Water Technology Center (TZW), 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiehm
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hötzl
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goldscheider
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis*; D003973:Diatrizoate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D007597:Jordan; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003973:Diatrizoate; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Arid zone hydrogeology; Diatrizoic acid; Environmental tracers; Iopamidol; Sewer leakage; Urban groundwater pollution