title: Refinement of animal models of sepsis and septic shock.
abstract: This report aims to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in the use of animal models or procedures involving sepsis and septic shock, an area where there is the potential of high levels of suffering for animals. The emphasis is on refinement because this has the greatest potential for immediate implementation. Specific welfare issues are identified and discussed, and practical measures are proposed to reduce animal use and suffering as well as reducing experimental variability and increasing translatability. The report is based on discussions and submissions from a nonregulatory expert working group consisting of veterinarians, animal technologists, and scientists with expert knowledge relevant to the field.
authors.affiliation: *Research Animals Department, RSPCA, Southwater; †Huntington Life Sciences, Huntington; ‡University College London, London; §Animals in Science Regulation Unit, Home Office, London; ∥Royal Veterinary College, London; ¶The Babraham Institute, Cambridge; **Centre for Biomedical Research, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth; ††The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London; and ‡‡Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lilley
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: López-Salesansky
authors.forename: Anne-Katrien
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thiemermann
authors.forename: Manasi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nandi
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000503:physiopathology*