title: Alginate-calcium microsphere loaded with thrombin: a new composite biomaterial for hemostatic embolization.
abstract: To date, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has become a standard treatment to control intracavitary bleeding as an alternative to surgery. Due to excellent biocompatibility and no residual in vivo, biodegradable materials are preferred in TAE. However, gelfoam is the only commercially available biodegradable embolic material used to treat blunt trauma of solid abdominal viscera until now, and controversial on its stability and reliability never stopped in the past five decades. In this study, a new biodegradable macromolecule material (thrombin-loaded alginate-calcium microspheres, TACMs) was prepared using electrostatic droplet techniques and a special method was developed for hemostatic embolization. Thrombin was successfully loaded into microspheres with high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity. A burst release of TACMs was observed at early stage and sustained release later on, with the activity of thrombin preserved well. The strength of TACMs mixed thrombus, which was used as embolic agent, increased in a dose-dependent manner after TACMs were added. In addition, the TACMs were verified to be of no cytotoxicity and systemic toxicity, and biodegradable in vivo. Finally, the results of preliminary applications revealed that the TACMs could serve as an effective and promising embolic material for blunt trauma and hemorrhage of solid abdominal viscera.
authors.affiliation: Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: rjaipx@163.com.
authors.forename: Jing-jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: lming000919@sina.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: xuanfengqi1988@126.com.
authors.forename: Feng-qi
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: sjy2003413002@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jing-yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: symc_zlj@126.com.
authors.forename: Li-jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China. Electronic address: zhenghz@dicp.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Hui-zhen
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: tian_xx@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-xiang
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: liudan1014@qq.com.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: qyzhang1983@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Quan-yu
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: 1059427125@qq.com.
authors.forename: Cheng-fei
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: yaotianming2003@sina.com.
authors.forename: Tian-ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: feili_666@163.com.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: wxiaozeng@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-zeng
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: hanyl@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Ya-ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China. Electronic address: yuwt@dicp.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wei-ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006490:Hemostatics; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D013917:Thrombin; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Alginate; Arterial embolization; Hemostasis; Microsphere; Thrombin; Trauma