title: Associations between psychological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the associations between psychological factors and the presence of deleterious oral habits in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  147 students aged 8 to 14-years-old were divided in two groups concerning the presence and absence of DOH Habit group (HG) and Habit free group (HFG). Participants were asked about the presence of DOH using the domain III (Oral Habits) of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), respectively. Saliva was collected 30 min after waking and at night to determine the diurnal decline in salivary cortisol (DDSC). Data were analyzed using the Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, Spearman's correlation and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of DOH was higher in females than males (65.1 vs 34.9; p < 0.05). The most frequent DOH was nail biting (58.7%). HG presented more depressive symptoms than HFG (p < 0.05). There was positive correlation between salivary cortisol levels and age (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis found association between symptoms of anxiety and the presence of DOH (OR = 2.35; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, children and adolescents with DOH presented more symptoms of depression than their counterparts. Moreover, they were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leme
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelo
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gavião
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001734:Bites, Human / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking / Q000523:psychology; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009259:Nail Biting / Q000523:psychology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone