title: The place of corticosteroids in migraine attack management: A 65-year systematic review with pooled analysis and critical appraisal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Headaches recur in up to 87% of migraine patients visiting the emergency department (ED), making ED recidivism a management challenge. We aimed herein to determine the role of corticosteroids in the acute management of migraine in the ED and outpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advanced search strategies employing PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases inclusive of a relevant gray literature search was employed for Clinical Studies and Systematic Reviews by combining the terms "migraine" and "corticosteroids" spanning all previous years since the production of synthetic corticosteroids ca. 1950 until August 30, 2014. Methods were in accordance with MOOSE guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five studies (n = 3989, median age 37.5 years, interquartile range or IQR 35-41 years; median male:female ratio 1:4.23, IQR 1:2.1-6.14; 52% ED-based, 56% randomized-controlled) and four systematic reviews were included. International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria were applied in 64%. Nineteen studies (76%) indicated observed outcome differences favoring benefits of corticosteroids, while six (24%) studies indicated non-inferior outcomes for corticosteroids. Median absolute risk reduction was 30% (range 6%-48.2%), and 11% (6%-48.6%) for 24-, and 72-hour headache recurrence, respectively. Parenteral dexamethasone was the most commonly (56%) administered steroid, at a median single dose of 10 mg (range 4-24 mg). All meta-analyses revealed efficacy of adjuvant corticosteroids to various abortive medications-indicating generalizability. Adverse effects were tolerable. Higher disability, status migrainosus, incomplete pain relief, and previous history of headache recurrence predicted outcome favorability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our literature review suggests that with corticosteroid treatment, recurrent headaches become milder than pretreated headaches and later respond to nonsteroidal therapy. Single-dose intravenous dexamethasone is a reasonable option for managing resistant, severe, or prolonged migraine attacks.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Headache and Facial Pain Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA ywoldeam@stanford.edu yohannes.woldeamanuel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Woldeamanuel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.affiliation: Stanford Headache and Facial Pain Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cowan
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones
keywords: Corticosteroids; critical appraisal; emergency room management of migraine; migraine; migraine attack management; neurogenic inflammation; pooled analysis; prolonged migraine; recurrent migraine; systematic review