title: Update in cardiology: vascular risk and cardiac rehabilitation.
abstract: As in other fields, understanding of vascular risk and rehabilitation is constantly improving. The present review of recent epidemiological update shows how far we are from achieving good risk factor control: in diet and nutrition, where unhealthy and excessive societal consumption is clearly increasing the prevalence of obesity; in exercise, where it is difficult to find a balance between benefit and risk, despite systemization efforts; in smoking, where developments center on programs and policies, with the electronic cigarette seeming more like a problem than a solution; in lipids, where the transatlantic debate between guidelines is becoming a paradigm of the divergence of views in this extensively studied area; in hypertension, where a nonpharmacological alternative (renal denervation) has been undermined by the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 setback, forcing a deep reassessment; in diabetes mellitus, where the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide 1 analogues have contributed much new information and a glimpse of the future of diabetes treatment, and in cardiac rehabilitation, which continues to benefit from new information and communication technologies and where clinical benefit is not hindered by advanced diseases, such as heart failure. Our summary concludes with the update in elderly patients, whose treatment criteria are extrapolated from those of younger patients, with the present review clearly indicating that should not be the case.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: egalve@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galve
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bertomeu-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Consorcio Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fácila
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazón
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Policlínica Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alegría
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández de Bobadilla
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de León, León, Spain.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Porrero
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sellés
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: José Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: González-Juanatey
mesh_terms: D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000639:trends*; D014943:Global Health; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Diabetes; Ejercicio físico; Factores de riesgo; Hipertensión arterial; Hypertension; Novedades; Physical exercise; Risk factors; Smoking; Tabaco; Update