title: Ultrasound imaging beyond the vasculature with new generation contrast agents.
abstract: Current commercially available ultrasound contrast agents are gas-filled, lipid- or protein-stabilized microbubbles larger than 1 µm in diameter. Because the signal generated by these agents is highly dependent on their size, small yet highly echogenic particles have been historically difficult to produce. This has limited the molecular imaging applications of ultrasound to the blood pool. In the area of cancer imaging, microbubble applications have been constrained to imaging molecular signatures of tumor vasculature and drug delivery enabled by ultrasound-modulated bubble destruction. Recently, with the rise of sophisticated advancements in nanomedicine, ultrasound contrast agents, which are an order of magnitude smaller (100-500 nm) than their currently utilized counterparts, have been undergoing rapid development. These agents are poised to greatly expand the capabilities of ultrasound in the field of targeted cancer detection and therapy by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention phenomenon of many tumors and can extravasate beyond the leaky tumor vasculature. Agent extravasation facilitates highly sensitive detection of cell surface or microenvironment biomarkers, which could advance early cancer detection. Likewise, when combined with appropriate therapeutic agents and ultrasound-mediated deployment on demand, directly at the tumor site, these nanoparticles have been shown to contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes. Ultrasound's safety profile, broad accessibility and relatively low cost make it an ideal modality for the changing face of healthcare today. Aided by the multifaceted nano-sized contrast agents and targeted theranostic moieties described herein, ultrasound can considerably broaden its reach in future applications focused on the diagnosis and staging of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Reshani H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Haoyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Pavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kota
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Agata A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Exner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media