title: An update on hypertensive emergencies and urgencies.
abstract: Severe acute arterial hypertension is usually defined as 'hypertensive crisis', although 'hypertensive emergencies' or 'hypertensive urgencies', as suggested by the Joint National Committee and the European Society of Hypertension, have completely different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.The prevalence and demographics of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies have changed over the last four decades, but hypertensive emergencies and urgencies are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality.Different scientific societies have repeatedly produced up-to-date guidelines; however, the treatment of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies is still inappropriate, with potential clinical implications.This review focuses on hypertensive emergencies and urgencies management and treatment, as suggested by recent data.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia, 25100 Spedali Civili, Brescia bDepartment of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, Emergency Department, University La Sapienza, Sant'Andrea Hospital Rome, Rome cDepartment of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Lombardy dDepartment of Internal Medicine 1, USL12 Veneziana, Venice eDepartment of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova fDepartment of ScienzeMediche e Chirurgiche, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna gDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, University Roma 'Sapienza' - Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, and IRCCS Neuromed, Rome hDivision of Cardiology, AOU Sassari, Sassari iDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Tuscany jCardiovascular Disease Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Tranplantation, University of Bari, Bari kAS Department of Cardiology, Brindisi District, Brindisi lDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence mDepartment of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo nDipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Lorenza
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amadoro
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: di Somma
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perlini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Semplicini
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: Pier Sergio
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cameli
authors.forename: Marco Matteo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.forename: Pietro Amedeo
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Modesti
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palmiero
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scicchitano
authors.forename: Enrico Agabiti
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rosei
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pedrinelli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000209:etiology; D001014:Aortic Aneurysm / Q000209:etiology; D019468:Disease Management; D004630:Emergencies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D009626:Terminology as Topic