title: New adipose tissue formation by human adipose-derived stem cells with hyaluronic acid gel in immunodeficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently available injectable fillers have demonstrated limited durability. This report proposes the in vitro culture of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) on hyaluronic acid (HA) gel for in vivo growth of de novo adipose tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro studies, hASCs were isolated from human adipose tissue and were confirmed by multi-lineage differentiation and flow cytometry. hASCs were cultured on HA gel. The effectiveness of cell attachment and proliferation on HA gel was surveyed by inverted light microscopy. For in vivo studies, HA gel containing hASCs, hASCs without HA gel, HA gel alone were allocated and subcutaneously injected into the subcutaneous pocket in the back of nude mice (n=6) in each group. At eight weeks post-injection, the implants were harvested for histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, Oil-Red O stain and immunohistochemical staining. The human-specific Alu gene was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hASCs were well attachment and proliferation on the HA gel. In vivo grafts showed well-organized new adipose tissue on the HA gel by histologic examination and Oil-Red O stain. Analysis of neo-adipose tissues by PCR revealed the presence of the Alu gene. This study demonstrated not only the successful culture of hASCs on HA gel, but also their full proliferation and differentiation into adipose tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of injected filler could be permanent since the reduction of the volume of the HA gel after bioabsorption could be replaced by new adipose tissue generated by hASCs. This is a promising approach for developing long lasting soft tissue filler.
authors.affiliation: 1. Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 2. Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yun-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 2. Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Su-Shin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 5. Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chee-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: 6. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsai-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 2. Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: 2. Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 4. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sin-Daw
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: adipose tissue; human adipose-derived stem cells