title: Comparison of nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel and NiTi wires after immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral environment of the mouth is a suitable place for biodegradation of alloys used in orthodontic wires. The toxicity of these alloys namely nickel and chromium has concerned the researchers about the release of these ions from orthodontic wires and brackets. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of nickel and chromium ions released from 0.018" stainless steel (SS) and NiTi wires after immersion in three solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-four round NiTi and 144 round SS archwires with the diameters of 0.018" were immersed in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva. The amounts of nickel and chromium ions released were measured after 1, 6, 24 hours and 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two way repeated ANOVA showed that the amount of chromium and nickel significantly increased in all solutions during all time intervals (p < 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromium and nickel ions were released more in NiTi wire in all solutions compared with SS wire. The lowest increase rate was also seen in artificial saliva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is general consensus in literature that even very little amounts of nickel and chromium are dangerous for human body specially when absorbed orally; therefore, knowing the precise amount of these ions released from different wires when immersed in different mouthwashes is of high priority.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran e-mail: info@jamilian.net.
authors.forename: Abdolreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamilian
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moghaddas
authors.affiliation: General Practitioner, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toopchi
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Second University of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perillo
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000737:chemistry; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D002857:Chromium; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D014025:Titanium; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine