title: Clozapine and GABA transmission in schizophrenia disease models: establishing principles to guide treatments.
abstract: Schizophrenia disease models are necessary to elucidate underlying changes and to establish new therapeutic strategies towards a stage where drug efficacy in schizophrenia (against all classes of symptoms) can be predicted. Here we summarise the evidence for a GABA dysfunction in schizophrenia and review the functional neuroanatomy of five pathways implicated in schizophrenia, namely the mesocortical, mesolimbic, ventral striopallidal, dorsal striopallidal and perforant pathways including the role of local GABA transmission and we describe the effect of clozapine on local neurotransmitter release. This review also evaluates psychotropic drug-induced, neurodevelopmental and environmental disease models including their compatibility with brain microdialysis. The validity of disease models including face, construct, etiological and predictive validity and how these models constitute theories about this illness is also addressed. A disease model based on the effect of the abrupt withdrawal of clozapine on GABA release is also described. The review concludes that while no single animal model is entirely successful in reproducing schizophreniform symptomatology, a disease model based on an ability to prevent and/or reverse the abrupt clozapine discontinuation-induced changes in GABA release in brain regions implicated in schizophrenia may be useful for hypothesis testing and for in vivo screening of novel ligands not limited to a single pharmacological class.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Flinders University School of Medicine, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. Electronic address: william.oconnor@ul.ie.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Applied Neurotherapeutics Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: O'Shea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D003024:Clozapine
keywords: Abrupt discontinuation; Atypical antipsychotic; Functional neuroanatomy; Microdialysis; Nerve pathway; Pharmacircuitry