title: Skin autofluorescence is associated with carotid intima-media thickness, diabetic microangiopathy, and long-lasting metabolic control in type 1 diabetic patients. Results from Poznan Prospective Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to assess the association between skin autofluorescence (AF) related to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation and long-term metabolic control, microvascular complications and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in an observational cohort of type 1 diabetes (DM1).
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis included 77 patients with DM1 (28 women and 49 men) aged 38 (IQR: 34-41), diabetes duration 15 (14-17), participating in Poznan Prospective Study (PoProStu). Skin AF was measured with AGE Reader (DiagnOptics).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 50% of any microvascular complication; 37% of retinopathy, 37% of diabetic kidney disease and 22% of distal symmetrical neuropathy. Median carotid IMT was 0.57 (0.52-0.67) mm and skin AF 2.2 (IQR: 1.9-2.6). We found positive correlation between skin AF and patients' age (r=0.31, p=0.006), mean HbA1c from the observation time (r=0.35, p=0.001) and IMT (r=0.39, p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression presence of microvascular complications was independently associated with skin AF: for retinopathy (OR 3.49; 95% CI: 1.08-11.28, p=0.03), for diabetic kidney disease (OR 3.62; 95% CI: 1.16-11.28, p=0.02), for neuropathy (OR 5.01; 95% CI: 1.21-20.77, p=0.02) and for any microangiopathy (OR 3.13; 95% CI: 1.06-9.18, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin AF is a reliable marker of past glycemic control of diabetes. Increased accumulation of AGEs is related to the presence of diabetic microangiopathy as well as subclinical macroangiopathy in patients with type 1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: olaaraszkiewicz@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naskret
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilacinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uruska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzelka
authors.affiliation: Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of General Chemistry, Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Raszeja Hospital, Mickiewicza 2, 60-834 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wierusz-Wysocka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000473:pathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Intima-media thickness; Microangiopathy; Skin autofluorescence; Type 1 diabetes