title: Use of opioids for treatment of osteoporotic pain.
abstract: The prevalence of osteoporosis increases markedly with age: currently it is estimated that over 200 million people suffer from osteoporosis worldwide. One of the most feared and more frequent complications of osteoporosis is pain, which affects 85% of patients. Commonly in the treatment of chronic pain the therapeutic strategy is based on a three-ladder approach, involving opioids for moderate and severe pain. As proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), according to the intensity of chronic pain, analgesic treatment can be established. Despite the debate and updates to the analgesic ladder for pain published in 1986 by the WHO, the benefits resulting from its worldwide use are uncontested. In case the pain was not responsive to drugs of pain ladder, is necessary to resort to specialized practices (e.g. subarachnoid infusion of drugs). The oral route for administering analgesics should be preferred, provided that the patients are able to use it. About 50% of all opioid users experience at least one side effect, and more than 20% discontinued treatment due to a serious adverse event. Despite published guidelines and WHO's pain ladder for the management of chronic pain, the treatment of this condition remains suboptimal. Given the physiopsychopathology and complexity of the problems of chronic osteoporotic pain, a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach is still considered the best way to diagnose and treat this disease.
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vellucci
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco Domenico
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mediati
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ballerini
keywords: bone pain; chronic pain; opioids; osteoporosis