title: Plastic responses of native plant root systems to the presence of an invasive annual grass.
abstract: •
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The ability to respond to environmental change via phenotypic plasticity may be important for plants experiencing disturbances such as climate change and plant invasion. Responding to belowground competition through root plasticity may allow native plants to persist in highly invaded systems such as the cold deserts of the Intermountain West, USA.•
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated whether Poa secunda, a native bunchgrass, could alter root morphology in response to nutrient availability and the presence of a competitive annual grass. Seeds from 20 families were grown with high and low nutrients and harvested after 50 d, and seeds from 48 families, grown with and without Bromus tectorum, were harvested after ∼2 or 6 mo. We measured total biomass, root mass fraction, specific root length (SRL), root tips, allocation to roots of varying diameter, and plasticity in allocation.•
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plants had many parallel responses to low nutrients and competition, including increased root tip production, a trait associated with tolerance to reduced resources, though families differed in almost every trait and correlations among trait changes varied among experiments, indicating flexibility in plant responses. Seedlings actively increased SRL and fine root allocation under competition, while older seedlings also increased coarse root allocation, a trait associated with increased tolerance, and increased root mass fraction.•
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high degree of genetic variation for root plasticity within natural populations could aid in the long-term persistence of P. secunda because phenotypic plasticity may allow native species to persist in invaded and fluctuating resource environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557 USA.
authors.forename: Allison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557 USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Leger
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D031724:Bromus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D058865:Introduced Species; D009505:Nevada; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D031785:Poa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Bromus tectorum; Poa secunda; Poaceae; adaptation; competition; phenotypic plasticity