title: Longitudinal associations between cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization and problem behavior and mental health problems in young Australians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate associations between Grade 9 and 10 cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization and Grade 11 problem behavior and mental health problems after controlling for risk factors for these outcomes in the analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 927 students from Victoria, Australia who completed a modified version of the self-report Communities That Care Youth Survey in Grades 9-11 to report on risk factors, traditional and cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization, problem behavior, and mental health. Complete data on over 650 participants were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five per cent of Grade 9 and 10 students reported cyber-bullying perpetration only, 6-8% reported victimization only, and 8-9% both cyber-bullied others and were cyber-bullied. Results showed that cyber-bullying others in Grade 10 was associated with theft in Grade 11, cyber-victimization in Grade 10 was linked with Grade 11 depressive symptoms, and Grade 10 cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization combined predicted Grade 11 school suspension and binge drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention approaches that target traditional and cyber-bullying, and established risk factors are necessary. Such multi-faceted programs may also reduce problem behavior and mental health problems.
authors.affiliation: Learning Sciences Institute Australia Faculty of Education and Arts, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia, sheryl.hemphill@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hemphill
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotevski
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Heerde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D020380:Needs Assessment; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria