title: The association between an abnormal post-voiding urine volume and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes with no voiding symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic cystopathy is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus. This study assessed the association between the post-voiding residual (PVR) urine volume and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetics with no voiding symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated 42 patients with type 2 diabetes who were followed regularly at our outpatient clinic between July 1, 2008 and June 30, 2009. No patient had voiding problems or International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSSs) ≥ 12. An urologist performed the urological evaluations and the PVR was measured using a bladder scan. A PVR > 50 mL on two consecutive voids was considered abnormal, which was the primary study outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 60 ± 10 years; the IPSS score was 3.7 ± 3.3; and the diabetes duration was 11.9 ± 7.8 years. Seven of the 42 patients (16.7%) had a PVR > 50 mL. The presence of overt proteinuria or microalbuminuria was associated with an increased risk of a PVR > 50 mL (p < 0.01). Patients with a PVR > 50 mL had a significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) compared with those with a PVR ≤ 50 mL (59.2 ± 27.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) vs. 28.7 ± 23.3 mL/min/1.73 m(2); p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that a lower eGFR (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 0.99; p = 0.04) was a significant risk factor for a PVR > 50 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with diabetic nephropathy had a significantly higher PVR and a lower eGFR was associated with an abnormal PVR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Gyun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jang Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ja-Ryong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Jik
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Goo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Noh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014563:Urodynamics
keywords: Diabetes complications; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic nephropathies; Residual volume