title: Glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and fractional clearance of electrolytes in acute kidney injury in dogs and their association with survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in dogs. Few studies have assessed sequential changes in indices of kidney function in dogs with naturally occurring AKI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document sequential changes of conventional indices of renal function, to better define the course of AKI, and to identify a candidate marker for recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten dogs with AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were prospectively enrolled and divided into surviving and nonsurviving dogs. Urine production was measured with a closed system for 7 days. One and 24-hour urinary clearances were performed daily to estimate solute excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Solute excretion was calculated as an excretion ratio (ER) and fractional clearance (FC) based on both the 1- and 24-hour urine collections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four dogs survived and 6 died. At presentation, GFR was not significantly different between the outcome groups, but significantly (P = .03) increased over time in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. Fractional clearance of Na decreased significantly over time (20.2-9.4%, P < .0001) in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. The ER and FC of solutes were highly correlated (r, 0.70-0.95).
  Excretion ratio might be used in the clinical setting as a surrogate marker to follow trends in solute excretion. Increased GFR, urine production, and decreased FC of Na were markers of renal recovery. The FC of Na is a simple, noninvasive, and cost-effective method that can be used to evaluate recovery of renal function.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush West, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Segev
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Francey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cowgill
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000652:urine; D004285:Dogs; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000662:veterinary*; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes
keywords: Acute renal failure; Excretion ratio; Kidney; Prognostic indicators; Renal/Urinary tract; Urinary clearance