title: Effects of moderate exercise on the biochemical, physiological, morphological and functional parameters of the aorta in the presence of estrogen deprivation and dyslipidemia: an experimental model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The estrogen deficiency, abnormal lipid profile, weight gain and a sedentary lifestyle are factors associated with the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women. However, physical exercise practice reduces some of these risk factors. Moreover, it has been shown that exercise has an impact on inflammation, in sympathetic activity and improves endothelial function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to evaluate the effects of moderate aerobic training on biochemical, morphological and physiological parameters in LDL Knockout mice with estrogen deprivation, evaluating the components of the ascending aortic wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n=5): sedentary control (SC), sedentary control ovariectomized (SCO), trained control ovariectomized (TCO), LDL-Knockout sedentary (KS), LDL-Knockout sedentary ovariectomized (KOS) and LDL-Knockout trained ovariectomized (KOT). The trained groups underwent a protocol of moderate training for 4 weeks on a treadmill with speed and progressive load. After training, blood samples were collected for biochemical assessments and the aorta was removed for dissection and histological morphometry study. In addition, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry in all groups of animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes of expressions of ACE and angiotensin II were found when the group was subjected to exercise. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were lower in the groups of animals with estrogen deprivation and dyslipidemia. In animals that performed exercises we found significant increase (p<0.05) in Vv[lam]; decrease in Vv[col] and CWT, and a tendency for decrease both in TS and IMT when compared to the SC groups. The histological morphometry findings showed consistency in the results of the aorta study when the ovariectomized group underwent the exercise protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that physical training contributed to reducing vessel rigidity and to improvements in vascular compliance, with the increase in volume density of elastic lamellae in the estrogen-deprived groups who had normal cholesterol levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estudos Morfoquantitativo e Imunohistoquímico da Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marchon
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Marco Ornelas
authors.forename: Katia Aparecida
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: da Silva Viegas
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacchini
authors.forename: Romeu Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Fernando Luiz Affonso
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Laura Beatriz Mesiano
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Maifrino
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D010052:Ovariectomy; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D014280:Triglycerides; D000804:Angiotensin II; D002784:Cholesterol; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A