title: Antipsychotics-associated serious adverse events in children: an analysis of the FAERS database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reports submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 1997 to 2011 were reviewed to assess serious adverse events induced by the administration of antipsychotics to children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following pre-processing of FAERS data by elimination of duplicated records as well as adjustments to standardize drug names, reports involving haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, risperidone, and aripiprazole were analyzed in children (age 0-12). Signals in the data that signified a drug-associated adverse event were detected via quantitative data mining algorithms. The algorithms applied to this study include the empirical Bayes geometric mean, the reporting odds ratio, the proportional reporting ratio, and the information component of a Bayesian confidence propagation neural network. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), QT prolongation, leukopenia, and suicide attempt were focused on as serious adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In regard to NMS, the signal scores for haloperidol and aripiprazole were greater than for other antipsychotics. Significant signals of the QT prolongation adverse event were detected only for ziprasidone and risperidone. With respect to leukopenia, the association with clozapine was noteworthy. In the case of suicide attempt, signals for haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and aripiprazole were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested that there is a level of diversity in the strength of the association between various first- and second-generation antipsychotics with associated serious adverse events, which possibly lead to fatal outcomes. We recommend that research be continued in order to gather a large variety and quantity of related information, and that both available and newly reported data be placed in the context of multiple medical viewpoints in order to lead to improved levels of care.
authors.affiliation: 1. Center for Integrative Education in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Goji
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: 1. Center for Integrative Education in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadoyama
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Clinical System Onco-Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: 3. Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: 3. Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: 3. Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan ; 4. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nisiguchi
authors.affiliation: 1. Center for Integrative Education in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan ; 4. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaeda
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Clinical System Onco-Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuno
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects; D057225:Data Mining; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D015363:Quinolones / Q000009:adverse effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D010879:Piperazines; D015363:Quinolones; D013844:Thiazoles; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; C092292:ziprasidone; D000068180:Aripiprazole; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine
keywords: FAERS; antipsychotics; children; data mining; pharmacovigilance; serious adverse events