title: Rubella.
abstract: Rubella remains an important pathogen worldwide, with roughly 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome estimated to occur every year. Rubella-containing vaccine is highly effective and safe and, as a result, endemic rubella transmission has been interrupted in the Americas since 2009. Incomplete rubella vaccination programmes result in continued disease transmission, as evidenced by recent large outbreaks in Japan and elsewhere. In this Seminar, we provide present results regarding rubella control, elimination, and eradication policies, and a brief review of new laboratory diagnostics. Additionally, we provide novel information about rubella-containing vaccine immunogenetics and review the emerging evidence of interindividual variability in humoral and cell-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses to rubella-containing vaccine and their association with haplotypes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms across the human genome.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strebel
authors.affiliation: Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Icenogle
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: poland.gregory@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Poland
mesh_terms: D000915:Antibody Affinity; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007125:Immunogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines