title: Clinical pharmacology of analgesic drugs in cattle.
abstract: Providing pain relief in cattle is challenging. In the absence of labeled drugs, the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act regulates the extralabel drug use of analgesics in cattle within the United States. Given the variety of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pain-relieving drugs, evidence needs to drive the development of analgesic protocols for cattle during pain-related events. This article reviews the commonly used analgesics investigated in cattle including local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, and gabapentin. These compounds are examined with respect to evidence of analgesia in cattle during pain states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2448 Lloyd Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2448 Lloyd Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: hcoetzee@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Johann F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Coetzee
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: Gabapentin; Local anesthetics; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Opioids; α2-Agonists