title: Evaluation of Photoprotective Potential and Percutaneous Penetration by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Extract.
abstract: Schinus terebinthifolius is a plant rich in phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties and can provide new opportunities for treatment and prevention of diseases mediated by ultraviolet radiation like photoaging and skin cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the photoprotective potential and ex vivo percutaneous penetration of the crude extract of Schinus terebinthifolius leaves. The extract was tested for antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and β-carotene bleaching test. The sun protection factor was also evaluated. The ex vivo skin permeation of the emulsion and gel formulations were assayed. Fractionation of the extract resulted in gallic acid, ethyl gallate and a mixture of flavonoids, suggesting derivatives of quercetin and myricetin. The phenolic content of the extract was 384.64 ± 2.60 mg GAE g(-1) extract. The antioxidant activity was superior to butylated hydroxytoluene, in DPPH method, and ascorbic acid and rutin, in β-carotene bleaching assay. The extract showed UV absorption with photoprotector potential in the UVB region. The photoacoustic spectroscopy measurements confirmed absorption in the UV region and topical application of the formulations caused no histological changes in the rats' skin. These results suggest that the crude extract of Schinus terebinthifolius leaves may be a promising natural sunscreen product.
authors.affiliation: Program of Post-Graduation in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bulla
authors.forename: Luzmarina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernandes
authors.forename: Mauro L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Baesso
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bento
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bortoluzzi
authors.forename: Lara Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Diogenes A G
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cortez
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C048734:ethyl gallate; D005707:Gallic Acid