title: Scanning electron microscopic analysis to compare the cleaning efficiency of three different irrigation systems at different root canal levels: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the efficacy of conventional, endovac and ultrasonic irrigation system for the removal of debris from root canal walls, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at cervical, middle and apical 3rd.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 freshly extracted human mandibular premolars with complete root formation were selected and divided into group 1 endovac, group 2 conventional and group 3 ultrasonic. After instrumentation and irrigation, the teeth were sectioned in buccolingual direction and analyzed by SEM and the results were analyzed statistically by students unpaired 't' test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant difference between mean values of cervical (CV), middle (M), and apical (A) when endovac compared with conventional and conventional compared with ultrasonic group (i.e. < 0.05) and no significant difference between mean values at CV, M and A when endovac compared with ultrasonic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among all groups ultrasonic and endovac group showed cleaner canal walls and less amount of debris than conventional group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of ultrasonic and endovac can be used effectively for irrigation of canals leading to least debris and better prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra India.
authors.forename: Varsha H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Tambe
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra India.
authors.forename: Jayshree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vishwas
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra India.
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Ghonmode
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, SMBT Dental College and Hospital and Post graudate Research Center, Sangamner Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Pradnya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nagmode
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SMBT Dental College and Hospital and Post Graduate Research Center Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, e-mail: agrawalgaurav28@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Gaurav Pralhad
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SMBT Dental College and Hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra India.
authors.forename: Omkar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Balsaraf
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016369:Smear Layer / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019237:Tooth Cervix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants