title: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid ethanolamine concentration in major depressive disorder.
abstract: Amino acids play key roles in the function of the central nervous system, and their alterations are implicated in psychiatric disorders. In the search for a biomarker for major depressive disorder (MDD), we used high-performance liquid chromatography to measure amino acids and related molecules in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 52 patients with MDD (42 depressed and 10 remitted; DSM-IV) and 54 matched controls. Significant differences were found in four amino acid concentrations between the depressed patients and controls. After Bonferroni correction, only ethanolamine (EA) levels remained significantly reduced in depressed patients (nominal P = 0.0000011). A substantial proportion of the depressed patients (40.5%) showed abnormally low CSF EA levels (<12.1 μM) (P = 0.000033; OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 3.1-43.2). When patients with low EA and those with high EA levels were compared, the former had higher scores for overall depression severity (P = 0.0033) and 'Somatic Anxiety' symptoms (P = 0.00026). In unmedicated subjects, CSF EA levels showed a significant positive correlation with levels of homovanillic acid (P = 0.0030) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (P = 0.019). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that patients with MDD have significantly lower CSF EA concentrations compared with control subjects. CSF EA could be a state-dependent biomarker for a subtype of MDD.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Daimei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sasayama
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan [2] Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kunugi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D019856:Ethanolamine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D019856:Ethanolamine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid