title: Germination sensitivities to water potential among co-existing C3 and C4 grasses of cool semi-arid prairie grasslands.
abstract: An untested theory states that C4 grass seeds could germinate under lower water potentials (Ψ) than C3 grass seeds. We used hydrotime modelling to study seed water relations of C4 and C3 Canadian prairie grasses to address Ψ divergent sensitivities and germination strategies along a risk-spreading continuum of responses to limited water. C4 grasses were Bouteloua gracilis, Calamovilfa longifolia and Schizachyrium scoparium; C3 grasses were Bromus carinatus, Elymus trachycaulus, Festuca hallii and Koeleria macrantha. Hydrotime parameters were obtained after incubation of non-dormant seeds under different Ψ PEG 6000 solutions. A t-test between C3 and C4 grasses did not find statistical differences in population mean base Ψ (Ψb (50)). We found idiosyncratic responses of C4 grasses along the risk-spreading continuum. B. gracilis showed a risk-taker strategy of a species able to quickly germinate in a dry soil due to its low Ψb (50) and hydrotime (θH ). The high Ψb (50) of S. scoparium indicates it follows the risk-averse strategy so it can only germinate in wet soils. C. longifolia showed an intermediate strategy: the lowest Ψb (50) yet the highest θH . K. macrantha, a C3 grass which thrives in dry habitats, had the highest Ψb (50), suggesting a risk-averse strategy for a C3 species. Other C3 species showed intermediate germination patterns in response to Ψ relative to C4 species. Our results indicate that grasses display germination sensitivities to Ψ across the risk-spreading continuum of responses. Thus seed water relations may be poor predictors to explain differential recruitment and distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in the Canadian prairies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Land Reclamation International Graduate School, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.
authors.forename: F P O
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Mollard
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Naeth
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D017753:Ecosystem; D018525:Germination; D065948:Grassland; D008954:Models, Biological; D006109:Poaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: C3 grasses; C4 grasses; germination ecology; recruitment; semi-arid grasslands; soil water availability