title: Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid-related deaths driven by excessive prescribing of opioids, misuse of prescription drugs, and increased use of heroin. Buprenorphine-naloxone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder and can be provided in office-based settings, but this treatment is unavailable to many patients who could benefit. We sought to describe the geographic distribution and specialties of physicians obtaining waivers from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to prescribe buprenorphine-naloxone to treat opioid use disorder and to identify potential shortages of physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked physicians authorized to prescribe buprenorphine on the July 2012 DEA Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA) Waived Physician List to the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile to determine their age, specialty, rural-urban status, and location. We then mapped the location of these physicians and determined their supply for all US counties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen percent of psychiatrists had received a DEA DATA waiver (41.6% of all physicians with waivers) but practiced primarily in urban areas. Only 3.0% of primary care physicians, the largest group of physicians in rural America, had received waivers. Most US counties therefore had no physicians who had obtained waivers to prescribe buprenorphine-naloxone, resulting in more than 30 million persons who were living in counties without access to buprenorphine treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States opioid use and related unintentional lethal overdoses continue to rise, particularly in rural areas. Increasing access to office-based treatment of opioid use disorder--particularly in rural America--is a promising strategy to address rising rates of opioid use disorder and unintentional lethal overdoses.
authors.affiliation: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.affiliation: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington hollya@uw.edu.
authors.forename: C Holly A
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Andrilla
authors.affiliation: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Catlin
authors.affiliation: WWAMI Rural Health Research Center, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069479:Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination; D004501:Education, Medical; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010810:Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine / Q000193:education; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education; D012424:Rural Population; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000069479:Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine
keywords: buprenorphine; opiate addiction; opiate substitution treatment; opioid treatment programs; primary health care; rural health