title: Quantitation of circumferential syndesmophyte height along the vertebral rim in ankylosing spondylitis using computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using the 3-D imaging capability of computed tomography (CT), we developed an algorithm quantitating syndesmophyte height along the entire vertebral rim. We investigated its reliability and sensitivity to change, performed a 2-year longitudinal study, and compared it to CT measures of syndesmophyte volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed thoracolumbar spine CT scans on 33 patients at baseline, Year 1, and Year 2, and computed syndesmophyte height in 4 intervertebral disc spaces (IDS). Height was computed every 5° (72 angular sectors) along the vertebral rim. These 72 measures were summed to form the circumferential height per IDS, and results from 4 IDS were summed to provide results per patient. To assess reliability, we compared results between 2 scans performed on the same day in 9 patients. Validity was assessed by associations with spinal flexibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coefficient of variation for circumferential syndesmophyte height was 0.893% per patient, indicating excellent reliability. Based on the Bland-Altman analysis, an increase in circumferential height of more than 3.44% per patient represented a change greater than measurement error. At years 1 and 2, mean (SD) circumferential syndesmophyte height increases were 10.2% (11.7%) and 16.1% (14.0%), respectively. Sensitivity to change was 0.72 and 0.87 at years 1 and 2, respectively. Circumferential syndesmophyte height correlated with the Schober test (r = -0.56, p = 0.0003) and lateral thoracolumbar flexion (r = -0.73, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-based circumferential syndesmophyte height had excellent reliability and good sensitivity to change. It was more highly correlated with spine flexibility than syndesmophyte volume. The algorithm shows promise for longitudinal studies of syndesmophyte growth.
authors.affiliation: From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.S. Tan, PhD; M.M. Ward, MD, MPH, NIAMS, NIH; J. Yao, PhD; L. Yao, MD, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH; J.A. Flynn, MD, MBA, MEd, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
authors.forename: Sovira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.S. Tan, PhD; M.M. Ward, MD, MPH, NIAMS, NIH; J. Yao, PhD; L. Yao, MD, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH; J.A. Flynn, MD, MBA, MEd, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.S. Tan, PhD; M.M. Ward, MD, MPH, NIAMS, NIH; J. Yao, PhD; L. Yao, MD, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH; J.A. Flynn, MD, MBA, MEd, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.S. Tan, PhD; M.M. Ward, MD, MPH, NIAMS, NIH; J. Yao, PhD; L. Yao, MD, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH; J.A. Flynn, MD, MBA, MEd, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: From the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.S. Tan, PhD; M.M. Ward, MD, MPH, NIAMS, NIH; J. Yao, PhD; L. Yao, MD, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH; J.A. Flynn, MD, MBA, MEd, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. wardm1@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; SYNDESMOPHYTE