title: Integrated options for the management of black root rot of strawberry caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.
abstract: An investigation was made to manage strawberry black root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) through the integration of Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolate STA7, mustard oil cake and Provax 200. A series of preliminary experiments were conducted to select a virulent isolate of R. solani, an effective isolate of T. harzianum, a suitable organic amendment, and a suitable fungicide before setting the experiment for integration. The pathogenicity of the selected four isolates of R. solani was evaluated against strawberry and isolate SR1 was selected as the test pathogen due to its highest virulent (95.47% mortality) characteristics. Among the 20 isolates of T. harzianum, isolate STA7 showed maximum inhibition (71.97%) against the test pathogen (R. solani). Among the fungicides, Provax-200 was found to be more effective at lowest concentration (100 ppm) and highly compatible with Trichoderma isolates STA7. In the case of organic amendments, maximum inhibition (59.66%) of R. solani was obtained through mustard oil cake at the highest concentration (3%), which was significantly superior to other amendments. Minimum percentages of diseased roots were obtained with pathogen (R. solani)+Trichoderma+mustard oil cake+Provax-200 treatment, while the highest was observed with healthy seedlings with a pathogen-inoculated soil. In the case of leaf and fruit rot diseases, significantly lowest infected leaves as well as fruit rot were observed with a pathogen+Trichoderma+mustard oil cake+Provax-200 treatment in comparison with the control. A similar trend of high effectiveness was observed by the integration of Trichoderma, fungicide and organic amendments in controlling root rot and fruit diseases of strawberry. Single application of Trichoderma isolate STA7, Provax 200 or mustard oil cake did not show satisfactory performance in terms of disease-free plants, but when they were applied in combination, the number of healthy plants increased significantly. The result of the current study suggests the superiority of our integrated approach to control the sclerotia forming pathogen R. solani compared to the individual treatment either by an antagonist or by a fungicide or by mustard oil cake.
authors.affiliation: Rice Farming systems Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asad-Uz-Zaman
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Rejwan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ashik Iqbal
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Khurshed
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alam Bhuiyan
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh. Electronic address: alatif1965@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latif
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002261:Carboxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004357:Drug Synergism; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009149:Mustard Plant; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010938:Plant Oils; C028175:metalaxyl; D002261:Carboxin; C006698:carbendazim; D000409:Alanine; C027793:mustard oil
keywords: Black root rot disease; Integrated management; Rhizoctonia solani; Strawberry