title: Nocturnal enuresis: non-pharmacological treatments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal enuresis affects 15% to 20% of 5-year-old children, 5% of 10-year-old children, and 1% to 2% of people aged 15 years and older. Without treatment, 15% of affected children will become dry each year. Nocturnal enuresis is not diagnosed in children younger than 5 years, and treatment may be inappropriate for children younger than 7 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of non-pharmacological interventions for relief of symptoms of nocturnal enuresis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: acupuncture, dry bed training, enuresis alarm, and hypnotherapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Darcie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiddoo
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000592:standards; D056902:Clinical Alarms / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000628:therapy*; D012449:Safety; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards