title: Assessment of arsenic in Australian grown and imported rice varieties on sale in Australia and potential links with irrigation practises and soil geochemistry.
abstract: Chronic dietary exposure to arsenic, particularly the inorganic forms (defined as elemental arsenic, predominantly As(3+) and As(5+), and all its inorganic compounds except arsine), is a matter of concern for human health. Ingestion of arsenic usually occurs via contaminated water but recent studies show there is also a risk of exposure from food, particularly Asian rice (Oryza sativa). Australia is a rice growing country, contributing around 2% of the world rice trade, and a large proportion of the population consumes rice regularly. In the present study we investigated concentrations of arsenic in both Australian grown and imported rice on sale in Australia and examined the potential links with irrigation practises and soil geochemistry. The results indicated a wide spread of arsenic levels of 0.09-0.33 mg kg(-1), with Australian grown Arborio and sushi varieties of O. sativa containing the highest mean value of ∼0.22 mg kg(-1). Arsenic levels in all samples were below the 1 mg kg(-1) limit set by Food Standards Australia New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Yunnita
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fransisca
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Darryl M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Small
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle J S
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3073 VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia. Electronic address: Oliver.Jones@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Oliver A H
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001315:Australia; D004032:Diet; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Environmental pollution; Irrigation practice; Mobilisation; Soil