title: Bacillus Calmette-Guerín vaccination: a novel therapeutic approach to preventing hyperoxic lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A growing body of evidence suggests that vaccinations play a role in the normal maturation of the immune system and in both the development and balance of immune regulatory pathways that can impact health later in life. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerín (BCG) vaccine on the hyperoxia-induced neonatal rat lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups were defined as hyperoxia-exposed BCG-vaccinated, hyperoxia-exposed placebo, room air-exposed control and room air-exposed BCG-vaccinated group. The validity of the hyperoxia-induced lung injury model used in this study was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical test. Gene expression related with cytokine and growth factor was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean alveolar surface area and quantification of secondary crest formation in the oxygen-exposed placebo group was significantly lower than that of the oxygen-exposed BCG-vaccinated group. Compared to the oxygen-exposed placebo group, the oxygen-exposed BCG-vaccinated group showed a significantly decreased alveolar septal fibrosis and smooth muscle actin expression. The expression of genes VEGF, FGF-BP1, IL-13, and NFκB1 (p50) in the lungs of the hyperoxia-exposed BCG-vaccinated group was significantly higher than that of the hyperoxia-exposed placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that BCG vaccination can protect against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. These benefits may be interpreted to coincide with its immunomodulatory effects on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance and expression of growth factors.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumral
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Burçin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: İşcan
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tuzun
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology , Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap Cilaker
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Micili
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Meltem Koyuncu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology , Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tugyan
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duman
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000150:complications*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: BCG vaccine; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; hyperoxic lung injury; newborns