title: Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δALAD) activity in four free-living bird species exposed to different levels of lead under natural conditions.
abstract: The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the δALAD activity and δALAD ratio in blood of four free-living bird species (Griffon vulture, Eagle owl, Slender-billed gull and Audouin's gull); (2) and to investigate the correlations between δALAD activity/ratio and Pb concentrations in blood samples. A decrease was observed in δALAD activity in Griffon vultures and Eagle owls exposed to Pb. In addition, negative relationships were found between δALAD ratio or δALAD activity and Log blood Pb levels in Griffon vultures and Eagle owls, and these relationships were stronger in areas with the highest Pb exposure. We provide equations that may be helpful to estimate δALAD activity and δALAD ratio using blood Pb concentrations. Regarding gull species, δALAD activity found in the present study may be considered the normal activity in Slender-billed gull and Audouin's gull species, since very low blood Pb concentrations and no correlations were found in these species. Although both δALAD activity and δALAD ratio are sensitive biomarkers of Pb exposure and effect in birds, the use of δALAD ratio may improve the results. Besides, this study provides blood threshold concentrations at which Pb bears effects on δALAD enzyme (5µg/dl in Eagle owl; 8µg/dl in Griffon vulture; and probably >2µg/dl in Slender-billed gull and Audouin's gull). Our findings show that Eagle owl seems to be more sensitive to δALAD enzymatic inhibition by Pb than Griffon vultures. Eagle owls and Griffon vultures exhibited up to 79% and 94% decrease in δALAD activity when blood Pb concentrations exceeded 19 and 30µg/dl, respectively. Regarding the effects related with δALAD inhibition, significant negative correlations were found between δALAD activity and hematocrit in Eagle owls and Griffon vultures, which may be related to compensatory response associated with a decrease in δALAD activity. In addition, an effect on creatine kinase activity and total proteins in plasma was found in Griffon vultures. The significant negative correlations found between δALAD activity and tGSH in Griffon vulture, and between δALAD activity and Log CAT activity in Eagle owls, may be related to a protective response of antioxidant system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). The negative relationship found between δALAD activity and TBARS levels in Griffon vulture is probably related to an induction of lipid peroxidation by ROS that may be generated by δALA accumulation when δALAD activity is depressed. δALAD activity and δALAD ratio in blood are suggested as important nondestructive biomarkers for Pb exposure and effect for future biomonitoring studies in Griffon vulture and Eagle owl. Further studies are recommended to provide new data on Pb concentrations at which δALAD activity is affected in different wild bird species and to elucidate why different species tolerate Pb in different ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: silvia.espin@um.es.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espín
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: emmaml@um.es.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: pjjm@um.es.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; "Santa Faz" Wildlife Recovery Centre, Comunidad Valenciana, Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: pmmojica@um.es.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: María-Mojica
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: ajgf@um.es.
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000097:blood*; D020304:Raptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013030:Spain; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase
keywords: Birds; Blood; Pb; δALAD