title: Application of next-generation sequencing technologies in Neurology.
abstract: Genetic risk factors that underlie many rare and common neurological diseases remain poorly understood because of the multi-factorial and heterogeneous nature of these disorders. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully uncovered numerous susceptibility genes for these diseases, odds ratios associated with risk alleles are generally low and account for only a small proportion of estimated heritability. These results implicated that there are rare (present in <5% of the population) but not causative variants exist in the pathogenesis of these diseases, which usually have large effect size and cannot be captured by GWAS. With the decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) have enabled the rapid identification of rare variants with large effect size, which made huge progress in understanding the basis of many Mendelian neurological conditions as well as complex neurological diseases. In this article, recent NGS-based studies that aimed to investigate genetic causes for neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxias, have been reviewed. In addition, we also discuss the future directions of NGS applications in this article.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Shan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Tai
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: Next-generation sequencing (NGS); genetics; neurological diseases; whole-exome sequencing (WES); whole-genome sequencing (WGS)