title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the past 50 years.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder and one of the main diagnoses seen by general paediatricians today. Despite the impression often portrayed in the media, it is not a new condition; in fact it has been described for over 200 years. The past 50 years has seen a progressive increase in our understanding of the underlying neurocognitive deficits in ADHD, and over the past 20 years behavioural genetics and neuroimaging studies have shed light on the complex causal factors and neurobiological processes operating. The plethora of ADHD research has advanced our knowledge of the condition, but so far has had little impact on improving clinical practice. Stimulant medication has been the mainstay of symptomatic treatment for over 30 years; however, it is still unclear how developmental trajectories can be modified to achieve best outcomes. It is hoped that novel therapies and more individualised management will evolve over the coming decades.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Efron
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001315:Australia; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005060:Europe; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants
keywords: ADHD; behaviour; development; genetics; neuroimaging