title: Optical diagnosis of malaria infection in human plasma using Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: We present the prediction of malaria infection in human plasma using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of malaria-infected samples are compared with those of healthy and dengue virus infected ones for disease recognition. Raman spectra were acquired using a laser at 532 nm as an excitation source and 10 distinct spectral signatures that statistically differentiated malaria from healthy and dengue-infected cases were found. A multivariate regression model has been developed that utilized Raman spectra of 20 malaria-infected, 10 non-malarial with fever, 10 healthy, and 6 dengue-infected samples to optically predict the malaria infection. The model yields the correlation coefficient r(2) value of 0.981 between the predicted values and clinically known results of trainee samples, and the root mean square error in cross validation was found to be 0.09; both these parameters validated the model. The model was further blindly tested for 30 unknown suspected samples and found to be 86% accurate compared with the clinical results, with the inaccuracy due to three samples which were predicted in the gray region. Standard deviation and root mean square error in prediction for unknown samples were found to be 0.150 and 0.149, which are accepted for the clinical validation of the model.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: PAEC General Hospital, Pathology Department, H-11/4 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Samina Tufail
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Amanat
authors.affiliation: PAEC General Hospital, Pathology Department, H-11/4 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Huma Abdul
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shakoor
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rashad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mushtaq
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003715:Dengue; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*