title: Biomaterials. Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces.
abstract: The mechanical mismatch between soft neural tissues and stiff neural implants hinders the long-term performance of implantable neuroprostheses. Here, we designed and fabricated soft neural implants with the shape and elasticity of dura mater, the protective membrane of the brain and spinal cord. The electronic dura mater, which we call e-dura, embeds interconnects, electrodes, and chemotrodes that sustain millions of mechanical stretch cycles, electrical stimulation pulses, and chemical injections. These integrated modalities enable multiple neuroprosthetic applications. The soft implants extracted cortical states in freely behaving animals for brain-machine interface and delivered electrochemical spinal neuromodulation that restored locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Minev
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musienko
authors.affiliation: Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Barraud
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.affiliation: Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eduardo Martin
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Moraud
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gandar
authors.affiliation: Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Capogrosso
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milekovic
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Léonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asboth
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rafael Fajardo
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vachicouras
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Qihan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavlova
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larmagnac
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vörös
authors.affiliation: Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvestro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micera
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Suo
authors.affiliation: International Paraplegic Foundation Chair in Spinal Cord Repair, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland. gregoire.courtine@epfl.ch stephanie.lacour@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Courtine
authors.affiliation: Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Microengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. gregoire.courtine@epfl.ch stephanie.lacour@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Stéphanie P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lacour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004388:Dura Mater; D004548:Elasticity; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D053672:Electrochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D008124:Locomotion; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010984:Platinum; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012825:Silicon; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D010984:Platinum; D012825:Silicon