title: Protein intake in infancy and carotid intima media thickness at 5 years--a secondary analysis from a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrition in childhood has an influence on the cardiovascular function later on in life. European Childhood Obesity Project is a multicenter, randomized clinical intervention trial examining the effect of early protein intake on later health outcomes, particularly adiposity and related disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of nutritional intervention--different protein intake in infancy on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) at 5 years. The association of cardiovascular risk factors with cIMT was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy term formula-fed infants in five European countries were enrolled either to the higher (HP) or to the lower (LP) protein group. Observational group consisted of breastfed infants. Plasma insulin, glucose, lipid profile, IGF-1, apolipoprotein A1 and B were measured as well as anthropometric parameters of parents and a child, blood pressure and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference in cIMT between HP and LP group was observed. Insulin, HOMA-IR index and total IGF-1 were positively associated with cIMT but after adjustment for confounders only an inverse association between ApoA1 and positive between ApoB/ApoA1 and cIMT were significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High versus low protein intake in infancy does not influence cIMT at 5 years. cIMT in healthy children at 5 years is associated with their apolipoprotein profile.
authors.affiliation: Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruszfeld
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowakowska-Rysz
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kozlik-Feldmann
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xhonneux
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verduci
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Closa-Monasterolo
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrzanska
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C569471:APOB protein, human; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I