title: Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japan: a 24-year follow-up of the NIPPON DATA80 Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There have been few studies on the association of fruit and vegetable (FV) intake with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Asian populations where both dietary habits and disease structure are different from western countries. No study in Asia has found its significant association with stroke. We examined associations of FV intake with mortality risk from total CVD, stroke and coronary heart diseases (CHDs) in a representative Japanese sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9112 participants aged from 24-year follow-up data in the NIPPON DATA80, of which baseline data were obtained in the National Nutrition Survey Japan in 1980, were studied. Dietary data were obtained from 3-day weighing dietary records. Participants were divided into sex-specific quartiles of energy adjusted intake of FV. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated between strata of the total of FV intake, fruit intake and vegetable intake. The adjustment included age, sex, smoking, drinking habit and energy adjusted intakes of sodium and some other food groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with higher FV intake were older, ate more fish, milk and dairy products and soybeans and legumes and ate less meat. Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% confidence interval; P; P for trend) for the highest versus the lowest quartile of the total of FV intake was 0.74 (0.61-0.91; 0.004; 0.003) for total CVD, 0.80 (0.59-1.09; 0.105; 0.036) for stroke and 0.57 (0.37-0.87; 0.010; 0.109) for CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that higher total intake of FVs was significantly associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan [2] Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Center for International Collaboration and Partnership, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Tsuruga, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan [2] Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D014675:Vegetables