title: Hyperemesis gravidarum, nutritional treatment by nasogastric tube feeding: a 10-year retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate maternal and fetal outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum comparing enteral tube feeding of the mothers with other fluid/nutrition regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective hospital-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 558 women treated for hyperemesis gravidarum 2002-2011; 273 received water/electrolytes intravenously, 177 received nutritional supplements by peripheral line, 107 received enteral feeding by gastroscopically positioned nasojejunal tube and 10 received total parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different fluid/nutritional groups were compared by chi-squared or non-parametric tests. The influence (odds ratio) of nutritional regimens on having small-for-gestational-age infants was evaluated by binary logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal weight gain during hospitalization and pregnancy, birthweight and gestational age at delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women receiving enteral nutrition had significantly greater weight loss on admission (median 5.0 kg) and at start of nutrition (5.5 kg) than the other treatment groups (4.0 kg) (p < 0.001). Enteral nutrition was administered for up to 41 days (median 5 days) during hospitalization, leading to 0.8 kg weight gain (95% CI 0.5-1.0, p = 0.005). The tube-fed women achieved similar weight gain during pregnancy and experienced similar incidence of preterm birth or small-for-gestational age compared with the other treatment groups. Women with <7 kg total weight gain had increased risk of birthweight <2500 g and small-for-gestational-age infants (odds ratio 3.68, 95% CI 1.89-7.18, p < 0.001). The nutritional regimen used was not an independent risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other fluid/nutrition regimens, enteral tube feeding for women affected by severe hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with adequate maternal weight gain and favorable pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Guro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stokke
authors.forename: Bente L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gjelsvik
authors.forename: Katrine T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Flaatten
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flaatten
authors.forename: Jone
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trovik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000628:therapy*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Hyperemesis gravidarum; naso-enteral tube; nutrition; outcome; pregnancy complications