title: Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
abstract: There are few reports of associations between alcohol consumption and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). To investigate this further, we studied 5476 participants aged 28-75 years in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a prospective population-based cohort, who were free of CKD at baseline (1997/1998). Alcohol consumption was self-reported on a questionnaire validated against serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The primary outcome was de novo CKD defined as a combination of a creatinine-cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) and/or the mean of two consecutive 24-h urinary albumin excretions over 30 mg. During four serial follow-up examinations (median 10.2 years until February 2012), 903 participants developed CKD. Compared with those abstaining from alcohol, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CKD risk were 0.85 (0.69-1.04) for occasional (under 10 g/week), 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for light (10-69.9 g/week), 0.71 (0.58-0.88) for moderate (70-210 g/week), and 0.60 (0.42-0.86) for heavier (over 210 g/week) alcohol consumers (significant trend). Similar inverse associations for alcohol consumption were found when CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) or as 24-h urinary albumin excretion over 30 mg. Thus, in this population-based cohort, alcohol consumption was inversely associated with the risk of developing CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Koning
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gansevoort
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Joosten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D055316:Cystatin C; D003404:Creatinine