title: Performance of the first combined smartwatch and smartphone diabetes diary application study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wearable computing has long been described as the solution to many health challenges. However, the use of this technology as a diabetes patient self-management tool has not been fully explored. A promising platform for this use is the smartwatch-a wrist-worn device that not only tells time but also provides internet connection and ability to communicate information to and from a mobile phone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 9 months, the design of a diabetes diary application for a smartwatch was completed using agile development methods. The system, including a two-way communication between the applications on the smartwatch and mobile phone, was tested with 6 people with type 1 diabetes. A small number of participants was deliberately chosen due to ensure an efficient use of resources on a novel system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The designed smartwatch system displays the time, day, date, and remaining battery time. It also allows for the entry of carbohydrates, insulin, and blood glucose (BG), with the option to view previously recorded data. Users were able to record specific physical activities, program reminders, and automatically record and transfer data, including step counts, to the mobile phone version of the diabetes diary. The smartwatch system can also be used as a stand-alone tool. Users reported usefulness, responded positively toward its functionalities, and also provided specific suggestions for further development. Suggestions were implemented after the feasibility study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented system and study demonstrate that smartwatches have opened up new possibilities within the diabetes self-management field by providing easier ways of monitoring BG, insulin injections, physical activity and dietary information directly from the wrist.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Computer Science, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway eirik.arsand@telemed.no.
authors.forename: Eirik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Årsand
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Spin-off Application Centre, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muzny
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway US Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and IIE, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bradway
authors.affiliation: SPA, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muzik
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine (NST), University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Computer Science, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063731:Mobile Applications; D012648:Self Care; D000068997:Smartphone; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: blood glucose; diabetes self-management; diabetes self-monitoring; mobile phone; smartphone; smartwatch