title: Antimony retention and release from drained and waterlogged shooting range soil under field conditions.
abstract: Many soils polluted by antimony (Sb) are subject to fluctuating waterlogging conditions; yet, little is known about how these affect the mobility of this toxic element under field conditions. Here, we compared Sb leaching from a calcareous shooting range soil under drained and waterlogged conditions using four large outdoor lysimeters. After monitoring the leachate samples taken at bi-weekly intervals for >1.5 years under drained conditions, two of the lysimeters were subjected to waterlogging with a water table fluctuating according to natural rainfall water infiltration. Antimony leachate concentrations under drained conditions showed a strong seasonal fluctuation between 110 μg L(-1) in summer and <40 μg L(-1) in winter, which closely correlated with fluctuations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. With the development of anaerobic conditions upon waterlogging, Sb in leachate decreased to 2-5 μg L(-1) Sb and remained stable at this level. Antimony speciation measurements in soil solution indicated that this decrease in Sb(V) concentrations was attributable to the reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) and the stronger sorption affinity of the latter to iron (Fe) (hydr)oxide phases. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering seasonal and waterlogging effects in the assessment of the risks from Sb-contaminated sites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: kerstin.hockmann@env.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hockmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tandy
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
authors.forename: Héctor M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Conesa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulin
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony / Q000032:analysis*; D005858:Germany; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water; D000965:Antimony
keywords: Eh; Microbial reduction; Redox potential; Sb leaching; Sb speciation; Transport