title: End-stage renal disease in Japanese children: a nationwide survey during 2006-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children is considered a rare, but serious condition. Epidemiological and demographic information on pediatric ESRD patients around the world is important to better understand this disease and to improve patient care. The Japanese Society for Pediatric Nephrology (JSPN) reported epidemiological and demographic data in 1998. Since then, however, there has been no nationwide survey on Japanese children with ESRD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The JSPN conducted a cross-sectional nationwide survey in 2012 to update information on the incidence, primary renal disease, initial treatment modalities, and survival in pediatric Japanese patients with ESRD aged less than 20 years during the period 2006-2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average incidence of ESRD was 4.0 per million age-related population. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract were the most common cause of ESRD, present in 39.8 % of these patients. In addition, 12.2 % had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and 5.9 % had glomerulonephritis. Initial treatment modalities in patients who commenced renal replacement therapy (RRT) consisted of peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and pre-emptive transplantation (Tx) in 61.7, 16.0, and 22.3 %, respectively. The Japanese RRT mortality rate was 18.2 deaths per 1000 person-years of observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ESRD is lower in Japanese children than in children of other high-income countries. Since 1998, notably, there has been a marked increase in pre-emptive Tx as an initial treatment modality for Japanese children with ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. hattori@kc.twmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Motoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Division for Clinical Trials, Department of Development Strategy, Center for Social and Clinical Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.affiliation: Matsunaga Kids Clinic, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.affiliation: Kidney Center, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Noritomo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itami
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Metabolism, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Children; End-stage renal disease; Epidemiology; Japan; Renal replacement therapy