title: Antioxidant effects of proanthocyanidin-rich natural extracts from grape seed and cupuassu on gastrointestinal mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is constantly exposed to reactive species released by the GI tract itself, and those present in food and beverages. Phenolic compounds may help in protecting the GI tract against damage produced by the reactive species. In this paper we have analyzed the effects of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in two different intestinal cell types: the absorptive cell line Caco-2 and the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that GSPE prevents tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in both cell lines, and that the effects are dose and time dependent. We have also analyzed whether GSPE has any in vivo effect, and found that 25 mg kg(-1) body weight cannot counteract the increase in intestinal ROS induced by the cafeteria diet. However, an acute (1 h) treatment of 1 g GSPE kg(-1) body weight reduced ROS in fasted animals and also decreased ROS induction by food. These effects were found only after a short-term treatment. Furthermore, we have compared the in vitro GSPE effects with those of another proanthocyanidin-rich extract from cupuassu seeds, though it has compounds with different structures. Cupuassu extract also shows antioxidant effects in both cell types, which suggests different mechanisms from those of GSPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Natural proanthocyanidin-rich extracts have an antioxidant effect in the GI tract, acting on absorptive cells and enterohormone-secreting cells, although the effects depend on the dose and period of treatment. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinent
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castell-Auví
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutriçao Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Inés
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mayte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blay
authors.affiliation: MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardévol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001835:Body Weight; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D005260:Female; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide
keywords: Enteroendocrine; ROS; cupuassu; enterocyte; grape; proanthocyanidin