title: Ketamine interferes with the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of neonatal rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown ketamine can alter the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. However, these effects have not been entirely clarified in vivo in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of neonatal rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ketamine on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in the SVZ of neonatal rats in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postnatal day 7 (PND-7) male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered four injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine at 1-h intervals, and then 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally at PND-7, 9 and 13. NSC proliferation was assessed with Nestin/BrdU double-labeling immunostaining. Neuronal and astrocytic differentiation was evaluated with β-tubulin III/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU double-labeling immunostaining, respectively. The expressions of nestin, β-tubulin III and GFAP were measured using Western blot analysis. The apoptosis of NSCs and astrocytes in the SVZ of neonatal rats was evaluated using nestin/caspase-3 and GFAP/caspase-3 double-labeling immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal ketamine exposure significantly reduced the number of nestin/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU double-positive cells in the SVZ. Meanwhile, the expressions of nestin and GFAP in the SVZ from the ketamine group were significantly decreased compared those in the control group. Still, no double-positive cells for nestin/caspase-3 and GFAP/caspase-3 were found after ketamine exposure. In addition, the neuronal differentiation of NSCs in the SVZ was markedly promoted by ketamine with an increased number of β-tubulin III/BrdU double-positive cells and enhanced expression of β-tubulin III. These effects of ketamine on the NSCs in the SVZ often lasted at least 1 week after ketamine anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, it was demonstrated that ketamine could alter neurogenesis by inhibiting the proliferation of NSCs, suppressing their differentiation into astrocytes and promoting the neuronal differentiation of the NSCs in the SVZ of neonatal rats during a critical period of their neurodevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, P R. China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pan-Pan
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chun-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yang-Zi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Cheng-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yu-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D064231:Nestin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014404:Tubulin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D064231:Nestin; D014404:Tubulin; D007649:Ketamine; D053148:Caspase 3