title: Chicken and porcine models for training in laparoscopy and robotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the most recent literature and contemporary role of the use of porcine and chicken models in laparoscopic and robotic simulation exercises, for training and skill assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are multiple types of the simulators which include mechanical, virtual reality, hybrid simulators and animal models. The recent literature has seen insurgence of several of such simulators, specifically the animate ones comprising porcine and chicken models. The different training models reported have evolved from generalized and simpler, to a more task dedicated and complex versions. Unlike in the past, the recent publications include analysis of these models incorporating different measures of validity assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On account of the natural tissue properties inherent to these porcine and chicken models, they are proving to be instrumental in acquisition of higher surgical skills such as dissection, suturing and use of energy sources, all of which are required in real-time clinical scenarios be it laparoscopy or robotic-assisted procedures. In-vivo training in the animal model continues to be, perhaps, the most sophisticated training method before resorting to real-time surgery.
authors.affiliation: Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Department of Urology, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganpule
authors.forename: Jaspreet Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004210:Dissection / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000193:education; D013552:Swine; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*