title: Radiation induced bystander effect and DNA damage.
abstract: Bystander effects (BSEs) have been investigated for a long time but without much deliberation as to the cause in targeted cells and the subsequent effect in naïve cells. BSEs have traditionally been associated with radiation. Currently, this phenomenon is at a juncture where nuclear DNA damage is being debated as either essential or nonessential. If DNA damage is essential for the bystander signal (BSS) production then, this raises a number of questions about, radiotherapy and chemotherapy of cancer patients. This review presents a detailed analysis of the work done to investigate nuclear DNA damage versus exclusively cytoplasmic targeting with ionizing radiations and measurement of bystander end-points in naïve cells. The review also analyzes some of the research work done to investigate cell models that were developed specifically to study and track radiation-induced DNA damage to construct mutation spectra. Production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as possible candidates of the elusive BSS are also discussed besides the signal transduction pathways implicated in reception of a BSS by the naïve cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalal
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Namrah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Saadiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazeer
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing