title: Computed tomography scanogram compared to long leg radiograph for determining axial knee alignment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Supine computed tomography scanogram (CTS) is a commonly used alternative to weight bearing long leg plain radiograph (LLR) in measuring knee alignment. No published studies have validated its use in the native knee and the post-unicompartmental replacement knee (UKR). We quantified the difference in measurements obtained from CTS and LLR for knee alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supine CT scanograms and weight bearing long leg plain anteroposterior radiographs were obtained for 40 knees (in 25 patients), 17 of which were native, and 23 of which were post-UKR. The mechanical and anatomical axes of the tibio-femoral joint were measured. Bland-Altman plots were used to calculate the 1.96 standard deviation limits of agreement between CTS and LLR. Intraclass correlation was used to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (where values > 0.81 indicate very good reliability).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CTS and LLR were equally reliable in measurement of the mechanical and anatomical axes of the tibio-femoral joint (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.9 for all parameters). Statistically significant and clinically relevant differences were found between CTS and LLR in measurement of the mechanical axis (limits of agreement: UKR -3.2° to 6.3°; native -3.2° to 5.6°) and the anatomical axis (limits of agreement: UKR -3.7° to 8.7°; native -2.0° to 8.8°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is a reliable tool, CTS is not necessarily an accurate one for measurement of knee alignment when compared to LLR. We recommend that CTS should not be used as a substitute for LLR in measurement of the mechanical or anatomical axes of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, University College London.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Holme
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henckel
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartshorn
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Alister J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D015588:Observer Variation; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016683:Supine Position; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016474:Weight-Bearing