title: Spectroscopy and viability of Bacillus subtilis spores after ultraviolet irradiation: implications for the detection of potential bacterial life on Europa.
abstract: One of the most habitable environments in the Solar System outside of Earth may exist underneath the ice on Europa. In the near future, our best chance to look for chemical signatures of a habitable environment (or life itself) will likely be at the inhospitable icy surface. Therefore, it is important to understand the ability of organic signatures of life and life itself to persist under simulated europan surface conditions. Toward that end, this work examined the UV photolysis of Bacillus subtilis spores and their chemical marker dipicolinic acid (DPA) at temperatures and pressures relevant to Europa. In addition, inactivation curves for the spores at 100 K, 100 K covered in one micron of ice, and 298 K were measured to determine the probability for spore survival at the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectra of irradiated DPA showed a loss of carboxyl groups to CO2 as expected but unexpectedly showed significant opening of the heterocyclic ring, even for wavelengths>200 nm. Both DPA and B. subtilis spores showed identical unknown spectral bands of photoproducts after irradiation, further highlighting the importance of DPA in the photochemistry of spores. Spore survival was enhanced at 100 K by ∼5× relative to 298 K, but 99.9% of spores were still inactivated after the equivalent of ∼25 h of exposure on the europan surface.
authors.affiliation: NASA Astrobiology Institute and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California.
authors.forename: Aaron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Noell
authors.forename: Tucker
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: Diana K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bolser
authors.forename: Halley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darrach
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hodyss
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018559:Exobiology; D010777:Photochemistry; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013170:Spores / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010848:Picolinic Acids; D014867:Water; C004860:dipicolinic acid