title: Naturally occurring, resistance-associated hepatitis C virus NS5A variants are linked to interleukin-28B genotype and are sensitive to interferon-based therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of resistance-associated variants (RAV) may attenuate the efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) in combination therapy for hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to characterize the NS3 and NS5A regions of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in naturally occurring RAV.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NS3 and NS5A regions of HCV were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and their nucleotide sequences were determined by direct sequencing in 493 genotype 1b patients naive to DAA-based therapies. The effect of baseline RAV on response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy was analyzed in 65 patients after stratification by interleukin (IL)-28B genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of RAV was 7.9% in NS3 (V36I/L, 1.2%; T54S, 2.8%; Q80K/R, 3.0%; A156S, 0.2%; and D168E/T, 2.4%) and 20.2% in NS5A (L31I/M, 2.2%; and Y93H, 19.0%). The incidence in interferon experienced and naive patients was similar. The incidence of Y93H in NS5A was significantly higher in the IL-28B TT genotype (rs8099917) than non-TT (27.1% vs 9.5%, P < 0.001). The virological response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy was not affected by the presence of RAV in IL-28B TT genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAV, especially Y93H in the NS5A region, were highly prevalent in DAA naive patients with genotype 1b HCV in Japan and were linked to IL-28B TT genotype. Interferon-based therapy could be an alternative for patients with RAV because these variants did not attenuate the response to that therapy. The analysis of RAV may impact the selection of the optimal treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Itakura
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakakuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Syuya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gondou
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itakura
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Nobuharu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Syinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Namiki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Izumi
keywords: direct-acting antivirals; hepatitis C virus; interferon-based therapy; interleukin-28B genotype; resistance-associated variants