title: Response of ligninolytic macrofungi to the herbicide atrazine: dose-response bioassays.
abstract: The effect of atrazine concentrations on mycelial growth and ligninolytic enzyme activities of eight native ligninolytic macrofungi isolated in Veracruz, México, were evaluated in a semi-solid culture medium. Inhibition of mycelial growth and growth rates were significantly affected (p=0.05) by atrazine concentrations (468, 937, 1875, and 3750 mg/l). In accordance with the median effective concentration (EC50), Pleurotus sp. strain 1 proved to be the most tolerant isolate to atrazine (EC50=2281.0 mg/l), although its enzyme activity was not the highest. Pycnoporus sanguineus strain 2, Daedalea elegans and Trametes maxima showed high laccase activity (62.7, 31.9, 29.3 U mg/protein, respectively) without atrazine (control); however, this activity significantly increased (p<0.05) (to 191.1, 83.5 and 120.6 U mg/protein, respectively) owing to the effect of atrazine (937 mg/l) in the culture medium. Pleurotus sp. strain 2 and Cymatoderma elegans significantly increased (p<0.05) their manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities under atrazine stress at 468 mg/l. The isolates with high EC50 (Pleurotus sp. strain 1) and high enzymatic activity (P. sanguineus strain 2 and T. maxima) could be considered for future studies on atrazine mycodegradation. Furthermore, this study confirms that atrazine can increase laccase and MnP activities in ligninolytic macrofungi.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Electronic address: wilberth_20@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Wilberth Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cupul
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela Heredia
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Abarca
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Refugio Rodríguez
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Dulce
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salmones
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rigoberto Gaitán
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Enrique Alarcón
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D008031:Lignin; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Estrés oxidativo; Herbicide tolerance; Hongos de la pudrición blanca; Lacasa; Laccase; Manganese peroxidase; Manganeso peroxidasa; Oxidative stress; Tolerancia a herbicidas; White-rot fungi