title: Bacterial and fungal microflora on the external genitalia of male donkeys (Equus asinus).
abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial and fungal microflora on the external genitalia of a population of healthy male donkeys in the state of Michigan, USA. The aim was to identify and determine the frequency of occurrence of these microorganisms using seven different isolation media and standard microbiological procedures. The sites (urethral fossa [fossa glandis], dorsal diverticulum of the urethral sinus, distal urethra, and penile surface) in the distal reproductive tract were cultured and each isolated microorganism identified. Ten different genera of gram-positive bacteria, eight different genera of gram-negative bacteria, and two genera of fungi were isolated from the external genitalia of the 43 donkeys in this study. All 43 donkeys yielded gram-positive bacteria (2-8 species) from all four sites sampled. Arcanobacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp. were the most frequently isolated gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were cultured from 16 (37.2%) of the 43 donkeys, with Acinetobacterlwoffii (16.3%), Oligella urethralis (11.6%), and Taylorellaasinigenitalis (9.3%), the most frequently isolated. Fungi were cultured from only 5 (11.6%) of the 43 donkeys, with Rhizopus spp. isolated from 3 (7.0%) and Cladosporium spp. from 2 (4.7%) individuals. The testes and epididymides collected from 40 donkeys at time of castration were culture negative. Few differences were found in the bacterial flora between prepubertal and mature intact and castrated donkeys. Of notable interest was the scarcity of known equine pathogens across the population tested and isolation of T. asinigenitalis from normal donkeys, especially prepubertal individuals and previously castrated males.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. LCS, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Carla L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Carleton
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. LCS, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Judith V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Marteniuk
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sells
authors.affiliation: Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA. Electronic address: ptimoney@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Timoney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004822:Epididymis / Q000382:microbiology; D018397:Equidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D013737:Testis / Q000382:microbiology; D014521:Urethra / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: External genitalia; Male donkey; Normal flora