title: Ready to benefit from training: heterologous effects of early life immunization.
abstract: Trained immunity reflects the ability of the innate immune system to adapt via epigenetic changes in monocytes, enhancing responses to a range of microbes, thereby potentially reducing infection in high-risk populations. Examples of trained immunity at birth include enhanced resistance to infection in TLR-simulated newborn mice, reduced risk of late onset sepsis with histologic chorioamnionitis and beneficial heterologous effects of neonatal bacille Calmette-Guérin administration in reducing diverse infections during infancy. Future efforts will assess leveraging trained immunity in early life by administering 'stand-alone' innate immune stimuli or (self-)adjuvanted vaccines to protect against a broad range of infections.
authors.affiliation: Buckingham Browne and Nichols School, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Orly
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA ofer.levy@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064789:Immunity, Heterologous / Q000187:drug effects*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007114:Immunization / Q000639:trends*; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Heterologous immunity; Infant; Newborn; Non-specific effect; Trained immunity; Vaccine