title: Hypersensitivity reactions to titanium: diagnosis and management.
abstract: Titanium is notable for its biocompatibility and is used as biologic implant material across surgical specialties, especially in metal-sensitive individuals. However, rare cases of titanium hypersensitivity reactions are reported in the literature. This article discusses the properties and biological behavior of titanium and provides a thorough review of the literature on reported cases, diagnostic techniques, and approach to management of titanium hypersensitivity.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School; and the †Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Warshaw
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D010328:Patch Tests; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D014025:Titanium