title: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine: An epigenetic mark frequently deregulated in cancer.
abstract: The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has gained interest since 2009, when it was discovered that Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) proteins catalyze the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5hmC. This conversion appears to be an intermediate step in the active DNA demethylation pathway. Factors that regulate DNA hydroxymethylation are frequently affected in cancer, leading to deregulated 5hmC levels. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of DNA hydroxymethylation, defects in this pathway in cancer, and novel therapies that may correct deregulated (hydroxy)methylation of DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Leonie.Kroeze@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Leonie I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Kroeze
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Bert.vanderReijden@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bert A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: van der Reijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Joop.Jansen@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Joop H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D049308:Dioxygenases; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C011865:5-hydroxymethylcytosine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; C543588:IDH1 protein, human; D049308:Dioxygenases; C541081:TET2 protein, human
keywords: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine; Cancer; DNA methylation; IDH; TET