title: Unusual infra-clavicular venous circle - a case report.
abstract: Currently, numerous invasive procedures are preferred in cephalic vein (CV) and axillary vein (AV) than other veins in the neck. Anatomical variations of these veins in the axilla and delto-pectoral region may result in failure and postoperative complications of the procedures. A thorough knowledge of possible variations of AV and CV may immensely contribute to the success of any such procedures where the veins are involved. We report the variations of the CV, tributaries of AV and median cubital vein. We observed a venous circle formed by the tributaries of AV in the infra-clavicular region, deep to the pectoral muscles. Cephalic vein joined proximal end of venous circle just before ending into AV. Further, duplication of the median cubital vein was observed.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Satheesha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak B
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Srinivasa Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sirasanagandla
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aithal P
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guru
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Sudarshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: S
keywords: Axillary vein; Cephalic vein; Infraclavicular; Median cubital vein