title: The Activation of Embedded Words in Spoken Word Recognition.
abstract: The current study investigated how listeners understand English words that have shorter words embedded in them. A series of auditory-auditory priming experiments assessed the activation of six types of embedded words (2 embedded positions × 3 embedded proportions) under different listening conditions. Facilitation of lexical decision responses to targets (e.g., pig) associated with words embedded in primes (e.g.,hamster) indexed activation of the embedded words (e.g.,ham). When the listening conditions were optimal, isolated embedded words (e.g.,ham) primed their targets in all six conditions (Experiment 1a). Within carrier words (e.g.,hamster), the same set of embedded words produced priming only when they were at the beginning or comprised a large proportion of the carrier word (Experiment 1b). When the listening conditions were made suboptimal by expanding or compressing the primes, significant priming was found for isolated embedded words (Experiment 2a), but no priming was produced when the carrier words were compressed/expanded (Experiment 2b). Similarly, priming was eliminated when the carrier words were presented with one segment replaced by noise (Experiment 3). When cognitive load was imposed, priming for embedded words was again found when they were presented in isolation (Experiment 4a), but not when they were embedded in the carrier words (Experiment 4b). The results suggest that both embedded position and proportion play important roles in the activation of embedded words, but that such activation only occurs under unusually good listening conditions.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department at Stony Brook University, Address: 100 Nicholls Road, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2500, USA.
authors.forename: Xujin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department at Stony Brook University, Address: 100 Nicholls Road, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2500, USA ; Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Address: Paseo Mikeletegi 69, 2nd Floor, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain ; IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Address: Alameda Urquijo, 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Samuel
keywords: embedded words; priming; processing load; spoken word recognition