title: The contrasting phylodynamics of human influenza B viruses.
abstract: A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses. Although considerable attention has been paid to influenza A viruses, a lack of equivalent data means that an integrated evolutionary and epidemiological framework has until now not been available for influenza B viruses, despite their significant disease burden. Through the analysis of over 900 full genomes from an epidemiological collection of more than 26,000 strains from Australia and New Zealand, we reveal fundamental differences in the phylodynamics of the two co-circulating lineages of influenza B virus (Victoria and Yamagata), showing that their individual dynamics are determined by a complex relationship between virus transmission, age of infection, and receptor binding preference. In sum, this work identifies new factors that are important determinants of influenza B evolution and epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dhanasekaran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vijaykrishna
authors.affiliation: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Udayan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fourment
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yvonne C F
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halpin
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Raphael T C
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Yi-Mo
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Vithiagaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gunalan
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: Nadia B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Fedorova
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spirason
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kühnert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bošková
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.
authors.forename: Dominic E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Q Sue
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lance C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheena G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Aeron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurer-Stroh
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wentworth
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Gavin J D
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001216:Asparagine / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D006031:Glycosylation; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013997:Time Factors; D014739:Victoria
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D001216:Asparagine
keywords: antigenic drift; epidemiology; evolution; evolutionary biology; genomics; human; infectious disease; influenza virus; microbiology; viruses