title: Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure.
abstract: We analyzed food market basket samples obtained in Sweden from 1999, 2005, and 2010 for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and a range of precursor compounds. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors were detected in all food year pools with the highest concentrations in 1999. Six polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs, 4:2/6:2, 6:2/6:2, 6:2/8:2, 8:2/8:2, 6:2/10:2, and 10:2/10:2) were detected in the year pools with the highest ∑diPAP concentrations in 1999 and 2005. All precursors were predominantly found in meat, fish, and/or eggs based on analysis of individual food groups from 1999. Based on year pools, PFOS precursors contributed between 4 and 1% as an indirect source to total dietary PFOS intakes between 1999 and 2010. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) exposure originated entirely from diPAPs, whereas for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), diPAPs contributed between 1 and 19% to total exposure. The lowest precursor contributions were generally seen in food samples from 2010.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: wouter.gebbink@itm.su.se.
authors.forename: Wouter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gebbink
authors.affiliation: Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per Ola
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Darnerud
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002208:Caproates / Q000032:analysis; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005399:Fishes; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002208:Caproates; D002210:Caprylates; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C036567:perfluorodecanoic acid; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C479228:perfluorohexanoic acid
keywords: Dietary exposure; PAPs; Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); Precursors; Temporal changes