title: Altered dietary methionine differentially impacts glutathione and methionine metabolism in long-living growth hormone-deficient Ames dwarf and wild-type mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extending mammalian health span and life span has been achieved under a variety of dietary restriction protocols. Reducing the intake of a specific amino acid has also been shown to extend health and longevity. We recently reported that methionine (MET) restriction is not effective in life span extension in growth hormone (GH) signaling mutants. To better understand the apparent necessity of GH in the 'sensing' of altered dietary MET, the current study was designed to evaluate MET and glutathione (GSH) metabolism (as well as other pathways) in long-living GH-deficient Ames dwarf and wild-type mice following 8 weeks of restricted (0.16%), low (0.43%), or enriched (1.3%) dietary MET consumption. Metabolite expression was examined in liver tissue, while gene and protein expression were evaluated in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight was maintained in dwarf mice on the MET diets, while wild-type mice on higher levels of MET gained weight. Liver MET levels were similar in Ames mice, while several MET pathway enzymes were elevated regardless of dietary MET intake. Transsulfuration enzymes were also elevated in Ames mice but differences in cysteine levels were not different between genotypes. Dwarf mice maintained higher levels of GSH on MET restriction compared to wild-type mice, while genotype and diet effects were also detected in thioredoxin and glutaredoxin. MET restriction increased transmethylation in both genotypes as indicated by increased S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), betaine, and dimethylglycine. Diet did not impact levels of glycolytic components, but dwarf mice exhibited higher levels of key members of this pathway. Coenzyme A and measures of fatty acid oxidation were elevated in dwarf mice and unaffected by diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This component analysis between Ames and wild-type mice suggests that the life span differences observed may result from the atypical MET metabolism and downstream effects on multiple systems. The overall lack of responsiveness to the different diets is well reflected across many metabolic pathways in dwarf mice indicating the importance of GH signaling in the ability to discriminate dietary amino acid levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA.
authors.forename: Holly M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Brown-Borg
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA.
authors.forename: Sharlene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakoczy
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wonderlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA ; School of Sports Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand.
authors.forename: Lalida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rojanathammanee
keywords: Aging; Ames mice; Amino acids; Longevity; Metabolomics