title: Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with IBD: a trail still climbing.
abstract: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents one of the most common and life-threatening extraintestinal complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the prevention of VTE is essential and foremost involves the assessment of individual patient risk factors for VTE and, consequently, the correction of those risk factors that are modifiable. Mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxis are highly effective at preventing VTE in patients hospitalized for acute disease, and they are recommended by the leading guidelines for hospitalized patients with IBD. Unfortunately, several recent surveys reported that prophylaxis against VTE is still poorly implemented because of concerns about its safety and a lack of awareness of the magnitude of thrombotic risk in patients with IBD. Therefore, further efforts are required to increase the thromboprophylaxis rate in these patients to bridge the gap between the best care and standard care and, consequently, to avoid preventable VTE-associated morbidity and mortality. This review provides insight on the critical points that persist on the prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with IBD.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology and †Digestive Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy; and ‡IBD Center, Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzo
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scaldaferri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sofo
authors.forename: Gian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rapaccini
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danese
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasbarrini
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*