title: Preoperative planning and real-time assisted navigation by three-dimensional individual digital model in partial nephrectomy with three-dimensional laparoscopic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of preoperative planning and real-time assisted surgical navigation for three-dimensional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy under the guidance of three-dimensional individual digital model (3D-IDM) created using three-dimensional medical image reconstructing and guiding system (3D-MIRGS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2012 and February 2014, 44 patients with cT1 renal tumors underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) using a three-dimensional laparoscopic system. The 3D-IDMs were created using the 3D-MIRGS in 21 patients (3D-MIRGS group) between February 2013 and February 2014. After preoperative planning, operations were real-time assisted using composite 3D-IDMs, which were fused with two-dimensional retrolaparoscopic images. The remaining 23 patients underwent surgery without 3D-MIRGS between May 2012 and February 2013; 14 of these patients were selected as a control group. Preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical score, "radius; exophytic/endophytic; nearness; anterior/posterior; location" nephrometry score, tumor size, operative time (OT), segmental renal artery clamping (SRAC) time, estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hospitalization, the preoperative serum creatinine level and ipsilateral glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as well as postoperative 6-month data were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the SRAC procedures were technically successful, and each targeted tumor was excised completely; final pathological margin results were negative. The OT was shorter (159.0 vs. 193.2 min; p < 0.001), and EBL (148.1 vs. 176.1 mL; p < 0.001) was reduced in the 3D-MIRGS group compared with controls. No statistically significant differences in SRAC time or postoperative hospitalization were found between the groups. Neither group showed any statistically significant increases in serum creatinine level or decreases in ipsilateral GFR postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative planning and real-time assisted surgical navigation using the 3D-IDM reconstructed from 3D-MIRGS and combined with the 3D laparoscopic system can facilitate LPN and result in precise SRAC and accurate excision of tumor that is both effective and safe.
authors.affiliation: First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, urology2007@126.com.
authors.forename: Dongwen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Xuhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D010934:Planning Techniques; D057234:Preoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine