title: Emergence of Colistin- and Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST2 Clinical Isolate in Algeria: First Case Report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the mechanisms of carbapenem and colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in an Algerian hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve isolates were collected between October 2013 and March 2014. All isolates were resistant to almost all antibiotics tested with a high-level resistance to imipenem (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs] >32 mg/L) with one strain showing resistance to colistin (MIC=16 mg/L). The results of the modified Hodge test and the modified Carba NP test were positive for all isolates. Besides, the activity of β-lactamases was inhibited by EDTA in only two isolates. All the 12 isolates contained the naturally occurring blaOXA-51-like gene. Ten of them harbored the OXA β-lactamases: blaOXA-23 (six isolates) and blaOXA-24 (four isolates) genes, while two isolates were positive for blaNDM-1 gene. The colistin-resistant isolate producing OXA-24 enzyme harbored a single mutation in the pmrB gene. Multilocus sequence typing demonstrated that the 12 isolates belonged to 2 clones: 10 to ST2 and 2 to ST85.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, we describe the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance and we report the first colistin and carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii clinical isolate from a patient in Algeria.
authors.affiliation: 1Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France.|2Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Sofiane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakour
authors.affiliation: 1Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Abiola Olumuyiwa
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Olaitan
authors.affiliation: 3Laboratoire Central de Biologie Médicale, Unité de Microbiologie, CHU Béni-Messous, Alger, Algérie.
authors.forename: Houria
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ammari
authors.affiliation: 2Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Abdelaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Touati
authors.affiliation: 2Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Souad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saoudi
authors.affiliation: 2Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Kenza
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saoudi
authors.affiliation: 1Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rolain
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000462:Algeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002999:Clone Cells; D003091:Colistin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C409039:PmrB protein, bacteria; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015378:Imipenem; D004492:Edetic Acid; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D003091:Colistin