title: Authentication of beef versus horse meat using 60 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: This work reports a candidate screening protocol to distinguish beef from horse meat based upon comparison of triglyceride signatures obtained by 60 MHz (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Using a simple chloroform-based extraction, we obtained classic low-field triglyceride spectra from typically a 10 min acquisition time. Peak integration was sufficient to differentiate samples of fresh beef (76 extractions) and horse (62 extractions) using Naïve Bayes classification. Principal component analysis gave a two-dimensional "authentic" beef region (p=0.001) against which further spectra could be compared. This model was challenged using a subset of 23 freeze-thawed training samples. The outcomes indicated that storing samples by freezing does not adversely affect the analysis. Of a further collection of extractions from previously unseen samples, 90/91 beef spectra were classified as authentic, and 16/16 horse spectra as non-authentic. We conclude that 60 MHz (1)H NMR represents a feasible high-throughput approach for screening raw meat.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jakes
authors.affiliation: Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis, Tubney Woods, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QX, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerdova
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Defernez
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Limer
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.affiliation: Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis, Tubney Woods, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QX, UK.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: kate.kemsley@ifr.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kemsley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 60MHz (1)H NMR; Authenticity; Beef; Bench-top NMR; Chemometrics; Horse; Meat; Non-targeted screening; Speciation; Triglyceride