title: The emotional-behavioural functioning of children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms across pregnancy and early childhood: a prospective Australian pregnancy cohort study.
abstract: Children exposed to maternal depression during pregnancy and in the postnatal period are at increased risk of a range of health, wellbeing and development problems. However, few studies have examined the course of maternal depressive symptoms in the perinatal period and beyond on children's wellbeing. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between both the severity and chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms across the early childhood period and children's emotional-behavioural difficulties at 4 years of age. Data from over 1,085 mothers and children participating in a large Australian prospective pregnancy cohort were used. Latent class analysis identified three distinct trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum: (1) no or few symptoms (61%), (2) persistent subclinical symptoms (30%), and (3) increasing and persistently high symptoms (9%). Regression analyses revealed that children of mothers experiencing subclinical and increasing and persistently high symptoms were at least two times more likely to have emotional-behavioural difficulties than children of mothers reporting minimal symptoms, even after accounting for known risk factors for poor outcomes for children. These findings challenge policy makers and health professionals to consider how they can tailor care and support to mothers experiencing a broader spectrum of depressive symptoms across the early childhood period, to maximize opportunities to improve both short-and long-term maternal and child health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, W5, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. rebecca.giallo@mcri.edu.au.|RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. rebecca.giallo@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giallo
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, W5, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Woolhouse
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, W5, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gartland
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, W5, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, W5, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.|General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Child outcomes; Early childhood; Emotional–behavioural functioning; Maternal depression; Postnatal