title: Myeloid dendritic cells: Development, functions, and role in atherosclerotic inflammation.
abstract: Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of professional antigen-presenting cells, which are responsible for capture, processing, and presentation of antigens on their surface to T cells. mDCs serve as a bridge linking adaptive and innate immune responses. To date, the development of DC lineage in bone marrow is better characterized in mice than in humans. DCs and macrophages share the common myeloid progenitor called macrophage-dendritic cell progenitor (MDP) that gives rise to monocytoid lineage and common DC progenitors (CDPs). CDP in turn gives rise to plasmacytoid DCs and predendritic cells (pre-mDCs) that are common precursor of myeloid CD11b+ and CD8α(+) DCs. The development and commitment of mDCs is regulated by several transcription and hematopoietic growth factors of which CCr7, Zbtb46, and Flt3 represent 'core' genes responsible for development and functional and phenotypic maintenance of mDCs. mDCs were shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. In atherogenesis, different subsets of mDCs could possess both proatherogenic (e.g. proinflammatory) and atheroprotective (e.g. anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic) activities. The proinflammatory role of mDCs is consisted in production of inflammatory molecules and priming proinflammatory subsets of effector T cells. In contrast, tolerogenic mDCs fight against inflammation through arrest of activity of proinflammatory T cells and macrophages and induction of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells. Microenvironmental conditions trigger differentiation of mDCs to acquire proinflammatory or regulatory properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA; Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dimitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Chistiakov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sobenin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Orekhov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: y.bobryshev@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yuri V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Bobryshev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Arteries; Atherosclerosis; Dendritic cells; Immune reactions; Inflammation; Myeloid dendritic cells