title: Multidifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and hamstring tendons for musculoskeletal cell-based therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been deeply characterized for their usefulness in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration; recently, other mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources have also been proposed. This study compares for the first time human tendon stem/progenitor cells isolated from hamstring tendons with human ASCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human TSPCs and ASCs were isolated from hamstring tendon portions and adipose tissue of healthy donors undergoing ACL reconstruction or liposuction, respectively (n = 7). Clonogenic ability, immunophenotype and multi-differentiation potential were assessed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both populations showed similar proliferation and clonogenic ability and expressed embryonic stem cell genes and MSC surface markers. Tendon stem/progenitor cells showed lower adipogenic and osteogenic ability, but after the chondrogenic differentiation, they produced more abundant glycosaminoglycans and expressed higher levels of aggrecan with regards to ASCs. The tenogenic induction with BMP-12 upregulated SCX and DCN gene expression in both populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that waste hamstring tendon fragments could represent a convenient MSC source for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanco
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perucca Orfei
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Giancamillo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.|Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peretti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanfranchi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012038:Regeneration; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C499470:GDF7 protein, human; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors
keywords: adipose-derived stem cells; bone morphogenetic protein-12; multidifferentiation potential; musculoskeletal pathologies; regenerative medicine; tendon; tendon stem progenitor cells; tenogenic differentiation