title: Effects of decontamination solutions on the surface of titanium: investigation of surface morphology, composition, and roughness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of treatments used to detoxify dental implants on the oxide layer morphology and to infer how changes in morphology created by these treatments may impact re-osseointegration of an implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pure titanium (cpTi) and the alloy Ti6Al4V were subjected to a series of chemical treatments and mechanical abrasion simulating surface decontamination of dental implants. The morphology and roughness of the surface layer before and after treatment with these solutions were investigated with optical and atomic force microscopy (OM, AFM). The solutions employed are typically used for detoxification of dental implants. These included citric acid, 15% hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine gluconate, tetracycline, doxycycline, sodium fluoride, peroxyacetic acid, and treatment with carbon dioxide laser. The treatments consisted of both immersions of samples in solution and rubbing with cotton swabs soaked in solution for 1, 2, and 5 min. Cotton swabs used were analyzed with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microscopy investigation showed that corrosion and pitting of the samples were present in both metal grades with immersion and rubbing methods when employing more acidic solutions, which had pH <3. Mildly acidic solutions caused surface discoloration when coupled with rubbing but did not cause corrosion with immersion. Neutral or basic treatments resulted in no signs of corrosion with both methods. EDS results revealed the presence of titanium particles on all rubbing samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was demonstrated in this study that acidic environments coupled with rubbing are able to introduce noticeable morphological changes and corrosion on the surface of both titanium grades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sutton E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wheelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Izabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gindri
authors.affiliation: Private Practice of Periodontics, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.affiliation: Private Practice of Periodontics, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Private Practice of Periodontics, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Danieli C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D019343:Citric Acid; D003343:Corrosion; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D004318:Doxycycline; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D054020:Lasers, Gas; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010463:Peracetic Acid; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D013752:Tetracycline; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D019343:Citric Acid; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014025:Titanium; D013752:Tetracycline; D010463:Peracetic Acid; D004318:Doxycycline; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: AFM; corrosion; detoxification; oxide layer; titanium