title: Immunotherapy of melanoma: present options and future promises.
abstract: Metastatic melanoma is notorious for its immune evasion and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. The recent success of ipilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), in increasing the median survival time and stabilizing the disease progression renewed, hopes in treatment for melanoma. Currently, ipilimumab and high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2; Aldesleukin) are approved as monotherapies for the treatment of patients with unresectable advanced melanoma, and pegylated interferon-α2b (p-IFN-α2b) is approved as an adjuvant for the treatment of patients with surgically resected high-risk melanoma. The present review describes the currently approved immune-modulators and the promising immune-based interventions that are currently in clinical trials. We present the four commonly used strategies to boost immune responses against the tumors; monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, cancer vaccines, and adoptive T cell transfer. The corresponding lists of ongoing clinical trials include details of the trial phase, target patients, intervention details, status of the study, and expected date of completion. Further, our review discusses the challenges faced by immunotherapy and the various strategies adopted to overcome them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Research Pavilion, 828 West, 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L8, Canada, anand.rotte@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotte
authors.forename: Madhuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhandaru
authors.forename: Youwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McElwee
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D000074324:Ipilimumab