title: Chronic all-trans retinoic acid administration induces CRF over-expression accompanied by AVP up-regulation and multiple CRF-controlling receptors disturbance in the hypothalamus of rats.
abstract: Clinical reports suggest a potential link between excess retinoids and development of depression. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is considered the central driver of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. Although we had shown that chronic all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) administration induced hypothalamic CRF over-expression and hyperactivity of HPA axis in rats, further insight into how ATRA modulate CRF expression is lacking. The activity of CRF neurons is under close control of vasopressinergic system and three-paired receptors (corticosteroid receptors, sex hormone receptors and CRF receptors). Here we show that ATRA-induced CRF over-expression is accompanied by arginine-vasopressin (AVP) up-regulation and apparent gene expression disturbances of CRF-controlling receptors. ATRA was applied to rats by daily intraperitoneal injection for 6 weeks. Chronic ATRA treatment induced significantly increased expression of CRF and AVP in the PVN. Moreover, the transcript levels of CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1), estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), three genes involved in the activation of CRF neurons, were significantly increased in the hypothalamus, and the expression ratio of GRα/MR was markedly decreased. Correlation analysis indicated that the alteration of multiple CRF-controlling receptors is highly correlated with depression-related behaviors of rats in the forced swimming test. These findings support that in addition to the 'classic' retinoic acid receptor α-mediated transcriptional control of CRF expression, disruption in CRF-modulating systems constitutes a novel pathway that underlies ATRA-induced HPA axis hyperactivity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China. Electronic address: jnzhou_ustc@163.com.
authors.forename: Jiang-Ning
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000235:genetics*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000235:genetics; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D014212:Tretinoin; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: All-trans retinoic acid; Arginine-vasopressin; Corticotrophin-releasing factor; Depression; Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; Paired CRF-controlling receptor