title: Materials science. Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling.
abstract: Complex three-dimensional (3D) structures in biology (e.g., cytoskeletal webs, neural circuits, and vasculature networks) form naturally to provide essential functions in even the most basic forms of life. Compelling opportunities exist for analogous 3D architectures in human-made devices, but design options are constrained by existing capabilities in materials growth and assembly. We report routes to previously inaccessible classes of 3D constructs in advanced materials, including device-grade silicon. The schemes involve geometric transformation of 2D micro/nanostructures into extended 3D layouts by compressive buckling. Demonstrations include experimental and theoretical studies of more than 40 representative geometries, from single and multiple helices, toroids, and conical spirals to structures that resemble spherical baskets, cuboid cages, starbursts, flowers, scaffolds, fences, and frameworks, each with single- and/or multiple-level configurations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-In
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haoran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeonghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Zijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flavin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Joselle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Renhan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Adina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badea
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Yuhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Dongqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety (MOE), School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guoyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jungwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Ha Uk
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Huanyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ungyu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nuzzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yihui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers