title: Cerebellar injury in preterm children with cerebral palsy after intraventricular hemorrhage: Prevalence and relationship to functional outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the prevalence of cerebellar injury and its relationship to functional outcomes in preterm children with cerebral palsy (CP) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 69 children (40 males and 29 females, aged between 6 and 13 years) out of 2049 with cerebral palsy who visited Morinomiya Hospital, the regional center hospital for CP in West Japan. The inclusion criteria were (1) gestational age under 36 weeks at birth, (2) clear history of postnatal intraventricular hemorrhage, and (3) age at investigation over 6 years old. Those without sufficient imaging study or functional evaluation were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were divided into four groups according to the presence of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PH) and cerebellar injury (CI): PH+/CI+, PH+/CI-, PH-/CI+, and PH-/CI-. Type of CP, ability to walk, verbal function, the incidence of severe visual impairment, and the complication of epilepsy were investigated and compared among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gestational ages of the participants were between 22 and 34 weeks, and their birth weight was between 412 and 1788 g. PH and CI were found in 39 (57%) and 40 (58%) children, respectively. Both the PH+/CI+ group (n=31) and the PH-/CI+ group (n=9) showed significantly lower walking and verbal abilities and a higher incidence of epilepsy than the PH-/CI- group (n=21), while the PH+/CI- group showed no significant difference from the PH-/CI- group. Severe visual impairment was found only in the PH+/CI+ group and the PH-/CI+ group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CI in preterm children with CP after IVH (58%) was almost the same as that of PH. CI is one of the most significant complications in preterm infants, affecting motor and verbal functions and being associated with epilepsy more than PH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka 536-0025, Japan. Electronic address: kitai@omichikai.or.jp.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka 536-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Satori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka 536-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka 536-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaeko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka 536-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D020201:Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000150:complications*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000503:physiopathology; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cerebellar injury; Cerebral palsy; Hydrocephalus; Intraventricular hemorrhage; Outcome; Preterm