title: Organic-on-silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor colour image sensors.
abstract: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) colour image sensors are representative examples of light-detection devices. To achieve extremely high resolutions, the pixel sizes of the CMOS image sensors must be reduced to less than a micron, which in turn significantly limits the number of photons that can be captured by each pixel using silicon (Si)-based technology (i.e., this reduction in pixel size results in a loss of sensitivity). Here, we demonstrate a novel and efficient method of increasing the sensitivity and resolution of the CMOS image sensors by superposing an organic photodiode (OPD) onto a CMOS circuit with Si photodiodes, which consequently doubles the light-input surface area of each pixel. To realise this concept, we developed organic semiconductor materials with absorption properties selective to green light and successfully fabricated highly efficient green-light-sensitive OPDs without colour filters. We found that such a top light-receiving OPD, which is selective to specific green wavelengths, demonstrates great potential when combined with a newly designed Si-based CMOS circuit containing only blue and red colour filters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this state-of-the-art hybrid colour image sensor, we acquired a real full-colour image using a camera that contained the organic-on-Si hybrid CMOS colour image sensor.
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon-Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Seok
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Leem
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Bae
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangchul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sul
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoungwon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gae Hwang
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul-Joon
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bulliard
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ryu-Ichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Takkyun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dongmo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jungkyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myungwon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: System LSI, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 95 Samsung 2-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Yon
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Moon Gyu
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Wan
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Organic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee