title: Predictors of neuropsychological effort test performance in schizophrenia.
abstract: There is some evidence that insufficient effort may be common in schizophrenia, posing significant threats to the validity of neuropsychological test results. Low effort may account for a significant proportion of variance in neuropsychological test scores and the generalized cognitive deficit that characterizes the disorder. The current study evaluated clinical predictors of insufficient effort in schizophrenia using an embedded effort measure, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Effort Index (EI). Participants were 330 patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or another psychotic disorder who received a battery of neuropsychological tests, including: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), and RBANS. Clinical assessments designed to measure functional outcome and symptoms were also obtained. Results indicated that 9.4% of patients failed the EI. Patients who failed had lower full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ, as well as poorer performance on RBANS domains not included in the EI (immediate memory, language, and visuospatial/construction). Patients who failed the EI also displayed poorer community-based vocational outcome, greater likelihood of having "deficit schizophrenia" (i.e., primary and enduring negative symptoms), and increased severity of positive symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that insufficient effort was most significantly predicted by a combination of low IQ, negative symptoms, and positive symptoms. Findings suggest that although insufficient effort may be relatively uncommon in schizophrenia, it is associated with important clinical outcomes. The RBANS EI may be a useful tool in evaluating insufficient effort in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, USA.
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, USA. Electronic address: gstrauss@binghamton.edu.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: Cognition; Effort; Intelligence; Negative symptoms; Psychosis