title: A novel vertebral stabilization method for producing contusive spinal cord injury.
abstract: Clinically-relevant animal cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) models are essential for developing and testing potential therapies; however, producing reliable cervical SCI is difficult due to lack of satisfactory methods of vertebral stabilization. The conventional method to stabilize the spine is to suspend the rostral and caudal cervical spine via clamps attached to cervical spinous processes.  However, this method of stabilization fails to prevent tissue yielding during the contusion as the cervical spinal processes are too short to be effectively secured by the clamps (Figure 1).  Here we introduce a new method to completely stabilize the cervical vertebra at the same level of the impact injury.  This method effectively minimizes movement of the spinal column at the site of impact, which greatly improves the production of consistent SCIs.  We provide visual description of the equipment (Figure 2-4), methods, and a step-by-step protocol for the stabilization of the cervical 5 vertebra (C5) of adult rats, to perform laminectomy (Figure 5) and produce a contusive SCI thereafter.  Although we only demonstrate a cervical hemi-contusion using the NYU/MASCIS impactor device, this vertebral stabilization technique can be applied to other regions of the spinal cord, or be adapted to other SCI devices.  Improving spinal cord exposure and fixation through vertebral stabilization may be valuable for producing consistent and reliable injuries to the spinal cord.  This vertebral stabilization method can also be used for stereotactic injections of cells and tracers, and for imaging using two-photon microscopy in various neurobiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine; Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Chandler L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare.
authors.forename: Y Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare.
authors.forename: Lisa B E
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare; cbshields1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; xu26@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology*