title: Asymmetric interaction paired with a super-rational strategy might resolve the tragedy of the commons without requiring recognition or negotiation.
abstract: Avoiding the tragedy of the commons requires that one or more individuals in a group or partnership "volunteer", benefiting the group at a cost to themselves. Recognition and negotiation with social partners can maintain cooperation, but are often not possible. If recognition and negotiation are not always the mechanism by which cooperative partnerships avoid collective tragedies, what might explain the diverse social cooperation observed in nature? Assuming that individuals interact asymmetrically and that both "weak" and "strong" players employ a super-rational strategy, we find that tragedy of the commons can be avoided without requiring either recognition or negotiation. Whereas in the volunteer's dilemma game a rational "strong" player is less likely to volunteer to provide a common good in larger groups, we show that under a wide range of conditions a super-rational "strong" player is more likely to provide a common good. These results imply that the integration of super-rationality and asymmetric interaction might have the potential to resolve the tragedy of the commons. By illuminating the conditions under which players are likely to volunteer, we shed light on the patterns of volunteerism observed in variety of well-studied cooperative social systems, and explore how societies might avert social tragedies.
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, P.R. China [2] Statistics and Mathematics College, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan, 650221, P.R. China [3] Yunnan Tongchuang Computing &Data Mining Center, Kunming, Yunnan, 650221, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jun-Zhou
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Rui-Wu
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Science, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Pratt Institute, 200 Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher X J
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yao-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005716:Game Theory; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017008:Negotiating; D011336:Probability; D014838:Volunteers