title: Factors associated with over-serving at drinking establishments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address characteristics of drinking establishments, bartenders and patrons that may affect the likelihood of over-serving.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic examination of 425 purchase attempts with pseudo-intoxicated patrons enacting scripts that, according to the law, should lead to the denial of alcohol sales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drinking establishments in the three largest cities in Norway (Trondheim, Bergen and Oslo) were visited by male and female actors aged 20-30 years on weekend nights, with a total of 425 purchase items.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over-serving was recorded when the pseudo-intoxicated patron was served alcohol. Characteristics of the drinking establishment, the bartender and the pseudo-intoxicated patron were recorded systematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pseudo-intoxicated patrons were served in 347 of 425 purchase attempts (82%). In bivariate analyses, the over-serving rate increased with venue characteristics, music/noise level and intoxication level among patrons. These factors were intercorrelated and correlated with poor lighting. The over-serving rate was also higher when the pseudo-intoxicated patron was female and when the purchase attempt occurred after midnight. In multi-variate analyses, two factors increased the likelihood of over-serving significantly: a high problematic bar indicator score (poor lighting, high music/noise level and high intoxication level among patrons) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9, 6.4] and female gender of pseudo-intoxicated patrons (adjusted OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4, 4.7). The rate of over-serving was 95% when both risk factors were present and 67% when both factors were absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In urban settings in Norway, it is likely that over-serving occurs frequently, and is increased by the risk factors of poor lighting, loud music and high intoxication level among patrons.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buvik
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rossow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009146:Music; D009622:Noise; D009664:Norway; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Bartender; drinking establishments; gender; intoxication; night-time economy; over-serving; pseudo-patrons