title: Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Chronic Postsurgical Pain and Poor Global Recovery 1 Year After Outpatient Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively describe the prevalence and predictive factors of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) and poor global recovery in a large outpatient population at a university hospital, 1 year after outpatient surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective longitudinal cohort study was performed. During 18 months, patients presenting for preoperative assessment were invited to participate. Outcome parameters were measured by using questionnaires at 3 timepoints: 1 week preoperatively, 4 days postoperatively, and 1 year postoperatively. A value of >3 on an 11-point numeric rating scale was considered to indicate moderate to severe pain. A score of ≤80% on the Global Surgical Recovery Index was defined as poor global recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 908 patients were included. The prevalence of moderate to severe preoperative pain was 37.7%, acute postsurgical pain 26.7%, and CPSP 15.3%. Risk factors for the development of CPSP were surgical specialty, preoperative pain, preoperative analgesic use, acute postoperative pain, surgical fear, lack of optimism, and poor preoperative quality of life. The prevalence of poor global recovery was 22.3%. Risk factors for poor global recovery were recurrent surgery because of the same pathology, preoperative pain, preoperative analgesic use, surgical fear, lack of optimism, poor preoperative and acute postoperative quality of life, and follow-up surgery during the first postoperative year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate to severe CPSP after outpatient surgery is common, and should not be underestimated. Patients at risk for developing CPSP can be identified during the preoperative phase.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology and Pain Treatment §Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Center+(a.k.a. MUMC+) †Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ‡Department of Anaesthesiology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium ∥Department of Anesthesiology, ICU and Perioperative Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Daisy M N
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hoofwijk
authors.forename: Audrey A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fiddelers
authors.forename: Madelon L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stessel
authors.forename: Alfons G H
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Elbert A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Hans-Fritz
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Gramke
authors.forename: Marco A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult