title: Type 1 diabetes alters astrocytic properties related with neurotransmitter supply, causing abnormal neuronal activities.
abstract: Glutamine synthetase (GS), an astrocytic protein in the brain, mediates the process by which glutamate (Glu) is transformed into glutamine (Gln) during Glu and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) de novo synthesis. There are many types of neural complications related with those neurotransmitters in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, but there is little information about the change GS. Therefore, we examined changes in GS activity and expression, as well as the amount of Glu, Gln, and GABA in the brain of a T1D animal model. Using primary culture we found that glucose fluctuation caused glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and GS changes but constant high glucose level didn׳t. In T1D mouse, GS expression increased in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HI), but decreased GS activity was only observed in the HI whereas GFAP expression decreased in both regions. Gln increased in both regions, but Glu and GABA were only increased in the HI of T1D animals where GS activity decreased with higher reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Collectively, low GS activity may be closely related with high levels of Glu and GABA in the HI of T1D brain, and this would result in abnormal neurotransmissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeonwi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soonwoong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Sancheong Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute, Sancheonggun, Gyeongnam, 666-831, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Sancheong Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute, Sancheonggun, Gyeongnam, 666-831, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Goo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kye Man
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gu Seob
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gyeong Jae
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wan Sung
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimhj@gnu.kr.
authors.forename: Hyun Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C528900:glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Astrocyte; Glu/Gln cycle; Glutamate; Glutamine; Glutamine synthetase; Type 1 diabetes