title: Bacterial uropathogens isolates and antibiograms in children under 5 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood urinary infections are among the most common febrile illnesses occurring during this period with varying susceptibility to antibiotic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify uropathogens responsible to for urinarytract infection (UTIs) in children less than 5 years of age, and determine the antibiograms of the isolates to commonly used antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred and four children (2 months - 5 years old) seen at the Gadarif Teaching Hospital from January 2012 and December 2013 were evaluated. A urine specimen was obtained by a plastic bag with an adhesive backing around an opening or by direct voiding into sterile container. Urine was examined microscopically and those with significant pyuria and bacteruria were further cultured and microorganisms were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 304 children suffering from UTIs; 145(47.7%) had significant pyuria of them; 54(17.8 %) had positive bacterial growth. The frequency of sex and residency were almost the same. E. coli (42.6%) was the most common uropathogen, sensitive to ciprofloxacin (91.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.6%) sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (75%)and Norofloxacin (68.8%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (18.5%) sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Norofloxacin and Nalidixic acid (90%) and Proteus mirabilis sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Norofloxacin (90%), Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (Augmentin(80%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common uropathogens were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiellapneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Ciprofloxacin is the recommended initial empirical therapy while awaiting the culture and sensitivity results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Bahri, Sudan.
authors.forename: Mohamed Alkhatim
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alsammani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Bahri, Sudan.
authors.forename: Mohamed Issa
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Bahri, Sudan.
authors.forename: Nahla Farouk
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Abdelatif
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013397:Sudan; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: antimicrobial; pediatrics; resistance; sensitivity; urinary tract infection