title: Patterns in benthic biodiversity link lake trophic status to structure and potential function of three large, deep lakes.
abstract: Relative to their scarcity, large, deep lakes support a large proportion of the world's freshwater species. This biodiversity is threatened by human development and is in need of conservation. Direct comparison of biodiversity is the basis of biological monitoring for conservation but is difficult to conduct between large, insular ecosystems. The objective of our study was to conduct such a comparison of benthic biodiversity between three of the world's largest lakes: Lake Tahoe, USA; Lake Hövsgöl, Mongolia; and Crater Lake, USA. We examined biodiversity of common benthic organism, the non-biting midges (Chironomidae) and determined lake trophic status using chironomid-based lake typology, tested whether community structure was similar between the three lakes despite geographic distance; and tested whether chironomid diversity would show significant variation within and between lakes. Typology analysis indicated that Lake Hövsgöl was ultra-oligotrophic, Crater Lake was oligotrophic, and Lake Tahoe was borderline oligotrophic/mesotrophic. These results were similar to traditional pelagic measures of lake trophic status for Lake Hövsgöl and Crater Lake but differed for Lake Tahoe, which has been designated as ultra-oligotrophic by traditional pelagic measures such as transparency found in the literature. Analysis of similarity showed that Lake Tahoe and Lake Hövsgöl chironomid communities were more similar to each other than either was to Crater Lake communities. Diversity varied between the three lakes and spatially within each lake. This research shows that chironomid communities from these large lakes were sensitive to trophic conditions. Chironomid communities were similar between the deep environments of Lake Hövsgöl and Lake Tahoe, indicating that chironomid communities from these lakes may be useful in comparing trophic state changes in large lakes. Spatial variation in Lake Tahoe's diversity is indicative of differential response of chironomid communities to nutrient enrichment which may be an indication of changes in trophic state within and across habitats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Wayne State College, Wayne, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hayford
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Caires
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sudeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Crater Lake National Park, Crater Lake, Oregon, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Girdner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D060106:Lakes