title: Assessment of readiness for clinical decision support to aid laboratory monitoring of immunosuppressive care at U.S. liver transplant centers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following liver transplantation, patients require lifelong immunosuppressive care and monitoring. Computerized clinical decision support (CDS) has been shown to improve post-transplant immunosuppressive care processes and outcomes. The readiness of transplant information systems to implement computerized CDS to support post-transplant care is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  a) Describe the current clinical information system functionality and manual and automated processes for laboratory monitoring of immunosuppressive care, b) describe the use of guidelines that may be used to produce computable logic and the use of computerized alerts to support guideline adherence, and c) explore barriers to implementation of CDS in U.S. liver transplant centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a web-based survey using cognitive interviewing techniques. We surveyed 119 U.S. transplant programs that performed at least five liver transplantations per year during 2010-2012. Responses were summarized using descriptive analyses; barriers were identified using qualitative methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents from 80 programs (67% response rate) completed the survey. While 98% of programs reported having an electronic health record (EHR), all programs used paper-based manual processes to receive or track immunosuppressive laboratory results. Most programs (85%) reported that 30% or more of their patients used external laboratories for routine testing. Few programs (19%) received most external laboratory results as discrete data via electronic interfaces while most (80%) manually entered laboratory results into the EHR; less than half (42%) could integrate internal and external laboratory results. Nearly all programs had guidelines regarding pre-specified target ranges (92%) or testing schedules (97%) for managing immunosuppressive care. Few programs used computerized alerting to notify transplant coordinators of out-of-range (27%) or overdue laboratory results (20%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of EHRs is common, yet all liver transplant programs were largely dependent on manual paper-based processes to monitor immunosuppression for post-liver transplant patients. Similar immunosuppression guidelines provide opportunities for sharing CDS once integrated laboratory data are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA ; Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staes
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D003625:Data Collection; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007753:Laboratories; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States
keywords: Organ transplantation; clinical decision support systems; clinical laboratory information systems; clinical protocols; information management