title: Progression of cerebellar chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma during late pregnancy after gamma knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology and appropriate management strategy of chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma during pregnancy after gamma knife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 34-year-old female developed chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma during late pregnancy, after angiographic disappearance of cerebellar AVM following two courses of gamma knife radiosurgery. The present case implicates pregnancy as a potential promoter of growth and enlargement of chronic encapsulated expanding hematoma, which may become life-threatening and require surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate surgical management after delivery may be associated with a favorable outcome, so close follow-up management and patient education are very important in women planning pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiuchi
keywords: Arteriovenous malformation; gamma knife; pregnancy; radiosurgery