title: A practical approach to determine dose metrics for nanomaterials.
abstract: Traditionally, administered mass is used to describe doses of conventional chemical substances in toxicity studies. For deriving toxic doses of nanomaterials, mass and chemical composition alone may not adequately describe the dose, because particles with the same chemical composition can have completely different toxic mass doses depending on properties such as particle size. Other dose metrics such as particle number, volume, or surface area have been suggested, but consensus is lacking. The discussion regarding the most adequate dose metric for nanomaterials clearly needs a systematic, unbiased approach to determine the most appropriate dose metric for nanomaterials. In the present study, the authors propose such an approach and apply it to results from in vitro and in vivo experiments with silver and silica nanomaterials. The proposed approach is shown to provide a convenient tool to systematically investigate and interpret dose metrics of nanomaterials. Recommendations for study designs aimed at investigating dose metrics are provided.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christiaan J E
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Delmaar
authors.forename: Willie J G M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peijnenburg
authors.forename: Agnes G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Oomen
authors.forename: Jingwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Adriënne J A M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sips
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Margriet V D Z
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D010839:Phytoplankton; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish; D015048:Zooplankton
chemical_list: D012834:Silver; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Dose metrics; Dose-response modeling; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Risk assessment