title: Chemical composition and immunomodulatory effects of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) egg.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to prepare protein hydrolysates from underutilized common carp (Cyprinus carpio) egg and to investigate their immunomodulatory effects in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) egg (roe) was hydrolysed by pepsin, trypsin, and Alcalase. Chemical composition (proximate, amino acid, mineral and fatty acid compositions) and molecular mass distribution of the three hydrolysates were determined. The carp egg protein hydrolysates (CEPHs) were evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects in BALB/c mice. CEPHs (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg body weight) were orally administered daily to female BALB/c mice (4-6 wk, 18-20 g) for a period of 45 d. After 45 d, mice were sacrificed and different tissues were collected for the immunologic investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three hydrolysates contained high protein content (64%-73%) with all essential amino acids, and good proportion of ω-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid. Molecular mass analysis of hydrolysates confirmed the conversion of large-molecular-weight roe proteins into peptides of different sizes (5-90 kDa). The three hydrolysates significantly enhanced the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes. Pepsin hydrolysate (0.5 g/kg body weight) significantly increased the splenic natural killer cell cytotoxicity, mucosal immunity (secretory immunoglobulin A) in the gut and level of serum immunoglobulin A. Whereas Alcalase hydrolysate induced significant increases in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in spleen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that CEPHs are able to improve the immune system and further reveal that different CEPHs may exert differential influences on the immune function. These results indicate that CEPHs could be useful for several applications in the health food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chalamaiah
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hemalatha
authors.affiliation: Central Food Technological Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Resource Centre, Hubshiguda, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jyothirmayi
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prakash V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhaskarachary
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vajreswari
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramesh Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Electronic address: Pctgeneral@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dinesh Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000378:metabolism; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010455:Peptides; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D014131:Trace Elements; D013381:Subtilisins; D014357:Trypsin; D010434:Pepsin A
keywords: Bioactive peptides; Cyprinus carpio roe (egg); Enzymatic hydrolysis; Fish processing waste; Immunomodulatory activities