title: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 integration sites in viral latency.
abstract: The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in latent reservoirs is a major barrier to HIV cure. Reservoir establishment depends on low viral expression that may be related to provirus integration sites (IS). In vitro, in cell lines and primary T cells, latency is associated with specific IS through reduced viral expression mediated by transcriptional interference by host cellular promoters, reverse orientation, and the presence of specific epigenetic modifiers. In primary T cell models of latency, specific IS are associated with intracellular viral antigen expression that is not directly related to cell activation. In contrast, in patient CD4+ T cells, there is enrichment for IS in genes controlling cell cycle and survival and in some clonally expanded T cell subpopulations. Multiple insertion sites within some specific genes may suggest that integrated HIV can increase the host's T cell survival.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 4th Floor, 786-798 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, 3010, Australia, simin.rezaei@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Simin D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: Paul U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000502:physiology*; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000502:physiology*