title: PPE57 induces activation of macrophages and drives Th1-type immune responses through TLR2.
abstract: Proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) are related proteins exclusive to Mycobacteria that play diverse roles in modulating critical innate immune pathways. In this study, we observed that the PPE57 protein is associated with the cell wall and is exposed on the cell surface. PPE57 enhances Mycobacterium spp. entering into macrophages and plays a role in macrophage phagocytosis. To explore the underlying mechanism, we demonstrated that PPE57 is able to recognise Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and further induce macrophage activation by augmenting the expression of several cell surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40) within macrophages. These molecules are involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathways. We demonstrated that PPE57 effectively polarises T cells to secrete interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 and to up-regulate CXCR3 expression in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that this protein may contribute to Th1 polarisation during the immune response. Moreover, recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) over-expressing PPE57 could provide better protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge compared with BCG. Taken together, our data provides several pieces of evidence that PPE57 may regulate innate and adaptive immunity by interacting with TLR2. These findings indicate that PPE57 protein is a potential antigen for the rational design of an efficient vaccine against M. tuberculosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPE57 is located on the cell surface and enhances mycobacterium entry into macrophage. PPE57 interacts directly with TLR2 on macrophages. PPE57 plays a key role in the activation of macrophages in a TLR2-dependent manner. PPE57 induces a Th1 immune response via TLR2-mediated macrophage functions. Recombinant BCG over-expressing PPE57 could improve protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China, yingxu2520@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Enzhuo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Guoyuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Honghai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000276:immunology*; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases