title: Staff attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities in Japan and the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staff attitudes may affect choices available to persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study examined attitudes towards people with ID among staff working with people with ID in Japan and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attitudes of staff working with people with ID in Japan and the United States were compared using the Community Living Attitudes Scale, Intellectual Disabilities Form. Responses were examined via multivariate analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unadjusted analyses, Japanese staff exhibited a greater tendency towards Sheltering and Exclusion of people with ID and lower endorsement of Empowerment and Similarity of people with ID. After controlling for covariates, the country effect was no longer significant for Sheltering and Exclusion. Age and education were significantly associated with attitudes in the adjusted model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While attitudes in Japan appeared less supportive of community inclusion of people with ID, some of the differences between countries were attributable to other staff characteristics such as age and education. Findings provide new information about how attitudes of staff in each country compare with each other.
authors.affiliation: Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, 707 SW Gaines Street, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Horner-Johnson
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Health, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Keys
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Welfare, Higashi Nippon International University, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Hokuriku Gakuin University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oi
authors.affiliation: SUN Total Partners, Inc., Nagano, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, Meisei University, Hinoshi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000208:ethnology*; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attitudes; community inclusion; cross-cultural comparison; intellectual disability; staff