title: Lower serum magnesium is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypomagnesaemia is a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pre-dialysis magnesium (Mg) and CV risk markers, [including pulse pressure (PP), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and vascular calcifications (VC)], and mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 48-month prospective study in 206 patients under pre-dilution haemodiafiltration with a dialysate Mg concentration of 1 mmol/l.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower Mg concentrations were predictors of an increased PP (≥65 mm Hg) (p = 0.002) and LVMI (≥140 g/m(2)) (p = 0.03) and of a higher VC score (≥3) (p = 0.01). Patients with Mg <1.15 mmol/l had a lower survival at the end of the study (p = 0.01). Serum Mg <1.15 mmol/l was an independent predictor of all-cause (p = 0.01) and CV mortality (p = 0.02) when adjusted for multiple CV risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower Mg levels seem to be associated with increased CV risk markers, like PP, LVMI and VC, and with higher mortality in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Nephrocare - Vila Franca de Xira - Dialysis Unit, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: João Matias
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laranjinha
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aires
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Aníbal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002118:Calcium; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D014807:Vitamin D; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium