title: Adhesion of mutans streptococci to self-ligating ceramic brackets: in vivo quantitative analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze in vivo mutans streptococci (MS) adhesion to self-ligating ceramic brackets [Clarity-SL (CSL) and Clippy-C (CC)] and the relationships between bacterial adhesion and oral hygiene indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four central incisor brackets from the maxilla and mandible were collected from 40 patients (20 patients per each bracket type) at debonding immediately after plaque and gingival indices were measured. Adhesions of Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and total bacteria were quantitatively determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction after genomic DNA was extracted. Factorial analysis of variance was used to analyze bacterial adhesion to the brackets with respect to the bracket type and jaw position. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships of bacterial adhesion to oral hygiene indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adhesion of total bacteria and S. mutans to CSL was higher than that to CC (P < 0.001). Adhesion of total bacteria to the mandibular brackets was higher than that to the maxillary ones (P < 0.001), while adhesion of S. mutans to the maxillary brackets were higher than that in the mandibular ones (P < 0.001). In particular, the proportion of S. mutans to total bacteria in CSL was higher than CC (P < 0.05) in the maxillary anterior teeth (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in adhesion of S. sobrinus between the brackets and jaw positions. Interestingly, no significant relationships were found between bacterial adhesions and oral hygiene indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex bracket configurations may significantly influence bacterial adhesion to orthodontic brackets. Further in vivo study using bracket raw materials will help to define the relationships between bacteria adhesion and enamel demineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because oral hygiene indices were not significantly correlated with adhesions of MS to self-ligating ceramic brackets, careful examinations around the brackets should be needed to prevent enamel demineralization, regardless of oral hygiene status.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK).
authors.forename: Woo-Sun
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK).
authors.forename: Il-Hyung
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK).
authors.forename: Won Hee
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK).
authors.forename: Seung-Hak
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK).
authors.forename: Tae-Woo
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (ROK) titoo@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sug-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000382:microbiology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000382:microbiology; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011446:Prospective Studies; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D003764:Dental Materials