title: Treatment of Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy: Comparing the Effects of Adding Rifaximin to Lactulose on Patient Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rifaximin is approved for the reduction of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) recurrence in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD); however, few studies have evaluated the benefit of adding rifaximin to lactulose for treatment of acute HE. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of combination therapy with lactulose and rifaximin on hospital length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of patients admitted to an adult hospital within the Methodist LeBonheur Healthcare (MLH) System in Memphis, Tennessee, between 2007 and 2012 was conducted. Patients were identified via International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) coding for liver cirrhosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 173 patients included, 87 (50%) received lactulose monotherapy and 62 (36%) combination therapy, while 24 (14%) underwent therapy escalation. Median LOS was 6 days in monotherapy group and 8 days in combination group (P = .9). At 180 days, patients receiving combination therapy had fewer readmissions for HE than those receiving monotherapy (2.4% vs 16.2%, P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of rifaximin to lactulose for treatment of acute HE did not reduce hospital LOS; however, it did result in lower readmission rates for HE at 180 days.
authors.affiliation: New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alesa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Courson
authors.affiliation: Methodist University Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: G Morgan
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Methodist University Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA jennifer.twilla@mlh.org.
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Twilla
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007792:Lactulose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000078262:Rifaximin; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D012294:Rifamycins; D007792:Lactulose; D000078262:Rifaximin
keywords: hepatic encephalopathy; internal medicine; lactulose; rifaximin