title: The clinical pattern of diabetes Insipidus in a large university hospital in the Middle East.
abstract: Diabetes insipidus is a rare but serious endocrine disorder. Paediatric patients were evaluated for polyuria at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over a decade (2000-13). Relevant clinical examination and/or a triad of high serum osmolality, hypernatremia and low urine osmolality due to increased urine output confirmed the diagnosis. Water deprivation test was required in some cases with non-classic presentations. Appropriate brain imaging was performed whenever central diabetes insipidus (CDI) was suspected. Twenty-eight patients, 15 males (53.6%) and 13 females (46.4%), aged 0-17 years (mean: 6 years) were included. The calculated period prevalence was 7 in 10,000. In our cohort, 60.7% (17 of 28 patients) had CDI, 21.4% (6 of 28) were diagnosed with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and 17.9% (5 of 30) had psychogenic polydipsia. CDI was due to variable aetiology. Though CDI was the commonest, NDI was not a rare encounter in our community, possibly because of high consanguineous marriages.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia babikeramir@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Amir M I
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Babiker
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nasir A M
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al Jurayyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Medical imaging, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rushaid N A
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Al Jurayyan
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al Gadi
authors.affiliation: Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stenvert L S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Drop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D010904:Pituitary Gland, Posterior / Q000473:pathology*; D059606:Polydipsia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011141:Polyuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Saudi Arabia.; central; diabetes insipidus; polydipsia; polyuria