title: Radiologic assessment of forward head posture and its relation to myofascial pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess head posture using cervical spine X-rays to find out whether forward head posture is related to myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in neck and shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight participants who were diagnosed with MPS in neck and shoulder were evaluated in this study. Four parameters (distance among head, cervical spines, and shoulder, and cervical angle) were measured from lateral view of cervical spine X-ray. The location and number of trigger points in the neck and shoulder and symptom duration were evaluated for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both horizontal distances between C1 vertebral body and C7 spinous process and between the earhole and C7 vertebral body were negatively correlated with cervical angle reflecting cervical lordosis (p<0.05). Younger patients had significantly (p<0.05) less cervical angle with more forward head posture. There was no relationship between MPS (presence, location, and number of trigger points) and radiologic assessments (distance parameters and the cervical angle).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forward head posture and reduced cervical lordosis were seen more in younger patients with spontaneous neck pain. However, these abnormalities did not correlate with the location or the number of MPS. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanism of neck pain in patients with forward head posture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Han Gyeol
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Uk
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea. ; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea. ; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Keun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cervical vertebrae; Lordosis; Myofascial pain syndromes; Neck pain; Trigger points