title: Factors associated with risk of depression and relevant predictors of screening for depression in clinical practice: a cross-sectional study among HIV-infected individuals in Denmark.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression and psychiatric disorders are frequent among HIV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and describe the psychiatric history of HIV-infected individuals in an out-patient clinic in Denmark and to identify factors of clinical importance that may be used to identify patients at risk of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2013, 212 HIV-infected patients were included in a questionnaire study. We used the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. Patients with a BDI-II score ≥ 20 were offered a clinical evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors associated with risk of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms of depression (BDI-II score ≥ 14) were observed in 75 patients (35%), and symptoms of moderate to major depression (BDI-II score ≥ 20) in 55 patients (26%). There was also a high prevalence of co-occurring mental illness. In a multivariate model, self-reported stress, self-reported perception that HIV infection affects all aspects of life, self-reported poor health, not being satisfied with one's current life situation, previous alcohol abuse, nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy and previously having sought help because of psychological problems were independently associated with risk of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of depression and co-occurring mental illness are under-diagnosed and under-treated among HIV-infected individuals. We recommend that screening of depression should be conducted regularly to provide a full psychiatric profile to decrease the risk of depression and improve adherence and quality of life in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sodemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatric Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmskov
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laursen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodkjaer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: HIV; adherence; depression; psychiatric disorder; stress