title: Antecedents and consequences of cannabis use among racially diverse cannabis users: an analysis from Ecological Momentary Assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabis remains the most commonly used illicit substance and use rates are rising. Notably, the prevalence of cannabis use disorders (CUD) nearly equals that of other illicit substance use disorders combined. Thus, the present study aimed to identify cognitive, affective, and situational predictors and consequences of ad-lib cannabis use in a racially diverse sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 93 current cannabis users (34.4% female; 57.1% non-Hispanic Caucasian), 87.1% of whom evinced a current CUD. Ecological Momentary Assessment was used to collect frequent ratings of cannabis withdrawal, craving, affect, cannabis use motives, and peer cannabis use over two weeks. Mixed effects linear models examined within- and between-day correlates and consequences of cannabis use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Withdrawal and craving were higher on cannabis use days than non-use days. Withdrawal, craving, and positive and negative affect were higher immediately prior to cannabis use compared to non-use episodes. Withdrawal and craving were higher among those who subsequently used cannabis than those who did not. Cannabis use resulted in less subsequent withdrawal, craving, and negative affect. Enhancement and coping motives were the most common reasons cited for use. Withdrawal and negative affect were related to using cannabis for coping motives and social motives. Participants were most likely to use cannabis if others were using, and withdrawal and craving were greater in social situations when others were using.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data support the contention that cannabis withdrawal and craving and affect and peer use play important roles in the maintenance of cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Electronic address: jbuckner@lsu.edu.
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Buckner
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77024, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences and Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences and Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wonderlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D009042:Motivation; D010379:Peer Group; D057566:Self Report; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cannabis; Craving; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Marijuana; Motives; Withdrawal