title: New serum biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a biomarker for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer (CaP). However, PSA typically lacks the sensitivity and specificity desired of a diagnostic marker.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify an additional biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that is more sensitive and specific than PSA in differentiating benign versus malignant prostate disease and/or localized CaP versus metastatic CaP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concurrent measurements of circulating interleukin-8 (IL-8), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptors 1 (sTNFR1) were obtained from four groups of men: (1) Controls (2) with elevated prostate-specific antigen with a negative prostate biopsy (elPSA_negBx) (3) with clinically localized CaP and (4) with castration resistant prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC = 0.93) and sTNFR1 (AUC = 0.97) were strong predictors of elPSA_negBx (vs. CaP). The best predictor of elPSA_negBx vs CaP was sTNFR1 and IL-8 combined (AUC = 0.997). The strongest single predictors of localized versus metastatic CaP were TNF-α (AUC = 0.992) and PSA (AUC = 0.963) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specificity and sensitivity of a PSA-based CaP diagnosis can be significantly enhanced by concurrent serum measurements of IL-8, TNF-α and sTNFR1. In view of the concerns about the ability of PSA to distinguish clinically relevant CaP from indolent disease, assessment of these biomarkers in the larger cohort is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kailash C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Austin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bindukumar B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Underwood
keywords: Castration resistant prostate cancer; interleukin-8; prostate cancer; prostate specific antigen; serum biomarker; tumor necrosis factor-α