title: The human area postrema: clear-cut silhouette and variations shown in vivo.
abstract: OBJECT The human area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ that has only been described in cadaveric specimens and animals. Because of its position in the calamus scriptorius and the absence of surface markers on the floor of the fourth ventricle, the AP cannot be clearly localized during surgical procedures. METHODS The authors intravenously administered 500 mg fluorescein sodium to 25 patients during neuroendoscopic procedures; in 12 of these patients they explored the fourth ventricle. A flexible endoscope equipped with dual observation modes for both white light and fluorescence was used. The intraoperative fluorescent images were reviewed and compared with anatomical specimens and 3D reconstructions. RESULTS Because the blood-brain barrier does not cover the AP, it was visualized in all cases after fluorescein sodium injection. The AP is seen as 2 coupled leaves on the floor of the fourth ventricle, diverging from the canalis centralis medullaris upward. Although the leaves normally appear short and thick, there can be different morphological patterns. Exploration using the endoscope's fluorescent mode allowed precise localization of the AP in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence-enhanced inspection of the fourth ventricle accurately identifies the position of the AP, which is an important landmark during surgical procedures on the brainstem. A better understanding of the AP can also be valuable for neurologists, considering its functional role in the regulation of homeostasis, emesis, and cardiovascular and electrolyte balance. Despite the limited number of cases in this report, evidence indicates that the normal anatomical appearance of the AP is that of 2 short and thick leaves that are joined at the midline. However, there can be great variability in terms of the structure's shape and size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Treviso Hospital, University of Padova; and 
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Longatti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porzionato
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Basaldella
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiorindi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Caro
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D031608:Area Postrema / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020546:Fourth Ventricle; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: AP = area postrema; BBB = blood-brain barrier; ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; anatomy; area postrema; circumventricular organ; diagnostic and operative techniques; endoscopy; fluorescence; fourth ventricle; human; in vivo