title: Biotransformation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by ligninolytic fungi--Metabolites, enzymes and residual antibacterial activity.
abstract: A group of white rot fungi (Irpex lacteus, Panus tigrinus, Dichomitus squalens, Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated for the biodegradation of norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OF) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The selected fluoroquinolones were readily degraded almost completely by I. lacteus and T. versicolor within 10 and 14 d of incubation in liquid medium, respectively. The biodegradation products were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analyses indicated that the fungi use similar mechanisms to degrade structurally related antibiotics. The piperazine ring of the molecules is preferably attacked via either substitution or/and decomposition. In addition to the degradation efficiency, attention was devoted to the residual antibiotic activities estimated using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Only I. lacteus was able to remove the antibiotic activity during the course of the degradation of NOR and OF. The product-effect correlations evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled elucidation of the participation of the individual metabolites in the residual antibacterial activity. Most of the metabolites correlated with the antibacterial activity, explaining the rather high residual activity remaining after the biodegradation. PCA of ligninolytic enzyme activities indicated that manganese peroxidase might participate in the degradation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Čvančarová
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filipová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: cajthaml@biomed.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cajthaml
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009643:Norfloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D010544:Peroxidases; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000378:metabolism; D020072:Polyporales / Q000378:metabolism; D055454:Trametes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015242:Ofloxacin; D010544:Peroxidases; C051129:manganese peroxidase; D009643:Norfloxacin
keywords: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics; Residual antibacterial activity; Transformation products; White rot fungi