title: Effectiveness of oral ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail versus oral diphenhydramine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedation is a condition of reduced level of consciousness (LOC) for a patient that is created to decrease irritability, anxiety, and restlessness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we compared the sedative effect of oral administration of ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail with diphenhydramine in the referent children to the emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the double-blind randomized clinical trial in this investigation, 80 children, who needed to repair their wounds with suture were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 and group 2, who have received oral diphenhydramine and oral ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail, respectively. Behavioral changes were collected and recorded before, during intervention and two weeks after intervention. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to study the relations among variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of drug acceptance and anxiety degree in children before intervention. Group 2 had achieved better and deeper sedation than group 1 during 45-minute post-medication (P < 0.05, P = 0.01). Regarding pediatric general behavior such as crying or interruptive moves, there was also a significant statistical difference between group 2 and group 1 (P = 0.009) based on Houpt Classification. The mean recovery times in groups 1 and 2 were 34.37 ± 14.23 min and 27.25 ± 5.14 min, respectively (P = 0.003). In terms of behavioral changes, the rate of cumulative frequency was computed for behavioral changes two weeks after the discharge from emergency department in which there were less behavioral changes in group 2 than in group 1 (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail induces better sedation than diphenhydramine with respect to its limited mood changes in children, who need a medical procedure at emergency department.
authors.affiliation: Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soleimanpour
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology Research Team, Department of Anesthesiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahmoodpoor
authors.affiliation: Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eftekhari Milani
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Kavous
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shahsavari Nia
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Robab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehdizadeh Esfanjani
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safari
keywords: Children; Conscious Sedation; Emergency Service; Oral Drug Administrations