title: Water dynamics in different biochar fractions.
abstract: Biochar is a carbonaceous porous material deliberately applied to soil to improve its fertility. The mechanisms through which biochar acts on fertility are still poorly understood. The effect of biochar texture size on water dynamics was investigated here in order to provide information to address future research on nutrient mobility towards plant roots as biochar is applied as soil amendment. A poplar biochar has been stainless steel fractionated in three different textured fractions (1.0-2.0 mm, 0.3-1.0 mm and <0.3 mm, respectively). Water-saturated fractions were analyzed by fast field cycling (FFC) NMR relaxometry. Results proved that 3D exchange between bound and bulk water predominantly occurred in the coarsest fraction. However, as porosity decreased, water motion was mainly associated to a restricted 2D diffusion among the surface-site pores and the bulk-site ones. The X-ray μ-CT imaging analyses on the dry fractions revealed the lowest surface/volume ratio for the coarsest fraction, thereby corroborating the 3D water exchange mechanism hypothesized by FFC NMR relaxometry. However, multi-micrometer porosity was evidenced in all the samples. The latter finding suggested that the 3D exchange mechanism cannot even be neglected in the finest fraction as previously excluded only on the basis of NMR relaxometry results. X-ray μ-CT imaging showed heterogeneous distribution of inorganic materials inside all the fractions. The mineral components may contribute to the water relaxation mechanisms by FFC NMR relaxometry. Further studies are needed to understand the role of the inorganic particles on water dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Pellegrino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nestle
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004058:Diffusion; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D032107:Populus / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: FFC NMR relaxometry; biochar; dynamics; micro-CT imaging; micro-tomography; texture size; water