title: Characterization and potential environmental implications of select Cu-based fungicides and bactericides employed in U.S. markets.
abstract: This exploratory study aimed to examine the extent and mineral speciation of nanosized Cu in two fungicide products (A and B) available in the U.S. markets. Electron microcopy results demonstrated the presence of spherical and polydisperse <100 nm Cu particles in product B. Other elements (e.g., Pb, Na, Ca, and S) were found in both products. Mineral speciation analysis indicated the dominance of spertiniite followed by cornetite and then malachite in product A. In product B, spertiniite and tenorite were the dominant Cu species followed by cornetite and malachite. Tenorite in product B (∼30%, <450 nm) has the potential for stronger toxicological impacts relative to those of other Cu minerals in the tested products. For both products, the particle hydrodynamic diameter was impacted by changes in environmental parameters (pH, ionic strength, and background electrolyte) in Milli-Q water and humic acid suspensions. However, a minimal impact was observed in polyvinylpyrrolidone suspensions. The findings are critically important for estimating the fate and transport of Cu particles in different environmental scenarios as well as allowing a more accurate assessment of their risk that is largely impacted by chemical speciation and size.
authors.affiliation: School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, United States.
authors.forename: Ayenachew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tegenaw
authors.forename: Thabet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolaymat
authors.forename: Souhail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Abed
authors.forename: Amro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Badawy
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luxton
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorial
authors.forename: Ash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genaidy
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006812:Humic Substances; D003300:Copper