title: Pycnogenol Induces Nuclear Translocation of Apoptosis-inducing Factor and Caspase-independent Apoptosis in MC-3 Human Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cell Line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pycnogenol is extracted from the pine bark of a tree known as Pinus pinaster that has variety biological effects. However, its anticancer activity has not yet been completely studied. The aim of this study is to investigate anticancer effect of pycnogenol in MC-3 human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the effect of anti-cancer of pycnogenol in MC-3 human oral MEC cells using trypan blue exclusion assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, Western blot, preparation of cytosolic and nuclear fractions, immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pycnogenol significantly decreased cell viability and also induced caspase-independent apoptosis. We confirmed that pycnogenol induced the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor into nucleus and regulated apoptosis. Also, Bak protein stability was partly enhanced by pycnogenol to elevate the expression level of Bak protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, pycnogenol may be a fascinating therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of MEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Hyoung
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Dae
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cho
keywords: Electrical stimulation; Quadriceps muscle; muscle