title: Dual use of smokeless tobacco or e-cigarettes with cigarettes and cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate predictors of dual use of cigarettes with smokeless tobacco or e-cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult smokers (N = 1324) completed online cross-sectional surveys. Logistic regression evaluated predictors of dual use and cigarette quit attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokeless tobacco dual use was associated with past attempts to quit smoking by switching to smokeless products. E-cigarette dual use was associated with using stop-smoking medication and strong anti-tobacco industry attitudes. Ever use of stop-smoking medication was associated with quit attempts among dual e-cigarette users and cigarette-only users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual users are more likely than cigarette-only users to endorse certain cessation-related attitudes and behaviors. This may provide an opportunity for clinicians or others to discuss evidence-based strategies for smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalkhoran
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Torsten B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Neilands
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Pamela.ling@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult