title: Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in breast milk samples from three dioxin-contaminated hotspots of Vietnam.
abstract: We determined polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) levels in breast milk of 143 primiparae living around the three most dioxin-contaminated areas of Vietnam. The women sampled lived in the vicinity of former U.S. air bases at Bien Hoa (n=51), Phu Cat (n=23), and Da Nang (n=69), which are known as dioxin hotspots. Breast milk samples from Bien Hoa City, where residents live very close to the air base, showed high levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), with 18% of the samples containing >5 pgTCDD/g lipid. However, Phu Cat residents lived far from the air base and their samples showed lower TCDD levels, with none containing >5 pgTCDD/g lipid. In Da Nang, TCDD levels in mothers from Thanh Khe (close to the air base, n=43) were significantly higher than those in mothers from Son Tra (far from the air base, n=26), but not other PCDD and PCDF (PCDD/F) congeners. Although TCDD levels in Bien Hoa were the highest among these hotspots, levels of other PCDD/F congeners as well as the geometric mean concentration of total PCDD/F level in Bien Hoa (9.3 pg toxic equivalents [TEQ]/g lipid) were significantly lower than the level observed in Phu Cat (14.1 pgTEQ/g lipid), Thanh Khe (14.3 pgTEQ/g lipid), and Son Tra (13.9 pgTEQ/g lipid). Our findings indicated that residents living close to former U.S. air bases were exposed to elevated levels of TCDD, but not of other PCDD/F congeners.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan; Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Lac Hong University, No. 10 Huynh Van Nghe, Buu Long, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Ho Dung
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Manh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan. Electronic address: kido@mhs.mp.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Pham The
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Seijiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Sun Xian
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Le Thai
authors.initials: le T
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruzeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tran Ngoc
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Nhu
authors.affiliation: 10-80 Division, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Dao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Tung
authors.affiliation: 10-80 Division, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Ngoc
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Environment Administration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 67 Nguyen Du Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Le Ke
authors.initials: le K
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
keywords: Agent Orange; Breast milk; Dioxins; Hotspots; Vietnamese primiparae