title: Phonological processing deficits as a universal model for dyslexia: evidence from different orthographies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify the universal nature of the phonological processing deficit hypothesis for dyslexia, since the most influential studies on the topic were conducted in children or adults speakers of English.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was designed, conducted and analyzed using PubMed, Science Direct, and SciELO databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search was conducted using the terms "phonological processing" AND "dyslexia" in publications of the last ten years (2004-2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  Following screening of (a) titles and abstracts and (b) full papers, 187 articles were identified as meeting the pre-established inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phonological processing deficit hypothesis was explored in studies involving several languages. More importantly, we identify studies in all types of writing systems such as ideographic, syllabic and logographic, as well as alphabetic orthography, with different levels of orthography-phonology consistency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phonological processing hypothesis was considered as a valid explanation to dyslexia, in a wide variety of spoken languages and writing systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo - FCMSCSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Luiza Gomes Pinto
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Navas
authors.affiliation: Graduate program in Human Communication´s Health, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo - FCMSCSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érica de Cássia
authors.initials: Éde C
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.affiliation: Graduate program in Human Communication´s Health, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo - FCMSCSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Postigo Amorina
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception; D014956:Writing