title: Favored use of anti-predator netting (APN) applied for the farming of clams leads to little benefits to industry while increasing nearshore impacts and plastics pollution.
abstract: An overview of the efficacy of anti-predator netting (APN) used by the shellfish industry is presented. There is little support that the currently favored APN effectively protects farmed clams from predators. Evidence does suggest that APN leads to impacts and pollution. APN is an attractant for predators, e.g., crabs, by providing a refuge within Ulva sp. which attaches onto the surface of APN. APN entrains silt and organic matter and increases sediment temperatures degrading habitat underneath the APN. APN present hazards to fish and wildlife and is a source of plastics to the marine environment. The continued use of ineffective APN does not serve either the environment or industry well, and many of these issues could be addressed through the alternate use of "ancient" technology used by aboriginal people to maintain clam gardens; building of rock walls optimizing the amount of clam habitat thereby increasing numbers without the use of APN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Electronic address: bendell@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Bendell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000254:growth & development*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D010969:Plastics
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics
keywords: APN; Anti-predator netting; Clam gardens; Crabs; Intertidal habitat