title: Systolic blood pressure variation and mean heart rate is associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with high cardiovascular risk.
abstract: Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) correlates to cognitive decline and incident dementia. The effects of heart rate (HR), visit to visit HR variation, and visit to visit SBP variation are less well established. Patients without preexisting cognitive dysfunction (N=24 593) were evaluated according to mean SBP, SBP visit to visit variation (coefficient of variation [standard deviation/mean×100%], CV), mean HR, and visit to visit HR variation (HR-CV) in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial and the Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease. Cognitive function was assessed with mini mental state examination. Cognitive dysfunction (fall in mini mental state examination ≤24 points), important cognitive decline (drop of ≥5 points), and cognitive deterioration (drop of >1 point per year or decline to <24 points) were assessed. SBP and HR were measured over 10.7±2.2 (mean±SD) visits. Mean SBP, mean HR, and SBP-CV were associated with cognitive decline, dysfunction, and deterioration (all P<0.01, unadjusted). After adjustment, only SBP-CV (P=0.0030) and mean HR (P=0.0008) remained predictors for cognitive dysfunction (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals], 1.32 [1.10-1.58] for 5th versus 1st quintile of SBP-CV and 1.40 [1.18-1.66] for 5th versus 1st quintile of mean HR). Similar effects were observed for cognitive decline and deterioration. SBP-CV and mean HR showed additive effects. In conclusion, SBP-CV and mean HR are independent predictors of cognitive decline and cognitive dysfunction in patients at high CV risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT 00153101.
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.). michael.boehm@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancia
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmieder
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Custodis
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Diener
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Laufs
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonn
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sliwa
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Koon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Redon
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: From the Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany (M.B., F.C., U.L.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany (H.S.); Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.L., E.L., K.T., S.Y.); Centro di Fisiologica Clinica e Ipertensione, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy (G.M.); CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany (R.S.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (H.-C.D.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa & IIDMM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Hypertension Unit, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium (R.F.); University of Valencia, Spain (J.R.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (P.S.); The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia (C.A.); and HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Geata an Eolais, University Road, Galway, Ireland (M.O'D.).
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001565:Benzoates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077333:Telmisartan
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001565:Benzoates; D017257:Ramipril; D000077333:Telmisartan
keywords: heart rate; hypertension; myocardial infarction; stroke