title: Working overtime and risk factors for coronary heart disease: a propensity score analysis based in the J-SHINE (Japanese Study of Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence on the causal relationship between working overtime and the risk of coronary heart disease is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 2355 workers in Japan and conducted propensity-matched logistic regression analysis, using propensity-matched 438 pairs, to evaluate the associations between working overtime (more than 50 hr per week) and coronary risk factors: physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, sleep deprivation (<5 hr/day), psychological stress, overweight/obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The exposure and outcomes were self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2355 workers, 476 participants worked overtime. Propensity-matched analysis revealed that the associations between working overtime and sleep deprivation (odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals: 2.33, 1.39-3.88) and high stress (2.13, 1.60-2.82). The associations between working overtime and physical inactivity, current smoking, and overweight/obesity were not statistically significant. Excessive alcohol consumption was inversely associated with working overtime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Working overtime was positively associated with two coronary risk factors: sleep deprivation and increased psychological stress.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of International and Community Oral Health, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuboya
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D057216:Propensity Score; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: cigarette smoking; excessive alcohol consumption; obesity; overweight; physical inactivity; psychological stress; sleep deprivation