title: Psychosomatic disorders of gravida status: false and denied pregnancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors review the literature on two dramatic psychosomatic disorders of reproduction and offer a potential classification of pregnancy denial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on false and denied pregnancies is summarized by comparing the descriptions, differential diagnoses, epidemiology, patient characteristics, psychological factors, abdominal tone, and neuroendocrinology. Pregnancy denial's association with neonaticide is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  False and denied pregnancies have fooled women, families, and doctors for centuries as the body obscures her true condition. Improvements in pregnancy testing have decreased reports of false pregnancy. However, recent data suggests 1/475 pregnancies are denied to 20 weeks, and 1/2455 may go undiagnosed to delivery. Factors that may contribute to the unconscious deception include abdominal muscle tone, persistent corpus luteum function, and reduced availability of biogenic amines in false pregnancy, and posture, fetal position, and corpus luteum insufficiency in denied pregnancy. For each condition, there are multiple reports in which the body reveals her true pregnancy status as soon as the woman is convinced of her diagnosis. Forensic literature on denied pregnancy focused on the woman's rejection of motherhood, while psychiatric studies have revealed that trauma and dissociation drive her denial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  False pregnancy has firm grounding as a classic psychosomatic disorder. Pregnancy denial's association with neonaticide has led to misleading forensic data, which obscures the central role of trauma and dissociation. A reappraisal of pregnancy denial confirms it as the somatic inverse of false pregnancy. With that perspective, clinicians can help women understand their pregnancy status to avoid unexpected deliveries with tragic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Kenner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: steve.nicolson@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nicolson
mesh_terms: D003717:Denial, Psychological; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011555:Pseudopregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D000067073:Psychological Trauma / Q000523:psychology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology*