title: Parental history of premature cardiovascular disease, estimated GFR, and rate of estimated GFR decline: results from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease sharing similar causes and interplay, it is unknown if a broader relationship between these diseases exists across generations. We investigated the association between parental CVD history and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  13,241 community-based adults with serum creatinine measurement and follow-up visits (from 1-8 visits ~2 years apart) from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premature parental CVD history (before age 50 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  eGFR, decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and rate of eGFR decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information for parental history was collected by protocol-standardized questionnaires. eGFR was assessed with serum creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3,339 (25.2%) participants reported a history of parental CVD. Individuals with parental CVD had significantly lower eGFRs compared with those without parental CVD (69.4 ± 12.9 vs 74.8 ± 14.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, parental CVD was associated independently with higher odds of having decreased eGFR (adjusted OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.52-1.86). Random-coefficient models showed that individuals with parental CVD had a faster decline in eGFR compared with those without parental CVD (sex- and ethnicity-adjusted annual change of -0.47 vs -0.41 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ~70% of participants did not attend a second examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental history of CVD was associated with lower baseline eGFR, higher odds of decreased eGFR, and a nominally faster rate of eGFR decline in the offspring. Such findings may imply previously unrecognized cross-generational links between both diseases and be of support in community screening programs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, China; Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: huangxy@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: The PROFITH Research Group "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity," Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jonatan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hirth
authors.affiliation: The PROFITH Research Group "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity," Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: juan.jesus.carrero@ki.se.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carrero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS); Cardiovascular disease (CVD); chronic kidney disease (CKD); glomerular filtration rate (GFR); heart; kidney; kidney disease progression; parental history; random-coefficient model; renal function; risk factor