title: Evaluation of methods to purify virus-like particles for metagenomic sequencing of intestinal viromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viruses are a significant component of the intestinal microbiota in mammals. In recent years, advances in sequencing technologies and data analysis techniques have enabled detailed metagenomic studies investigating intestinal viromes (collections of bacteriophage and eukaryotic viral nucleic acids) and their potential contributions to the ecology of the microbiota. An important component of virome studies is the isolation and purification of virus-like particles (VLPs) from intestinal contents or feces. Several methods have been applied to isolate VLPs from intestinal samples, yet to our knowledge, the efficiency and reproducibility between methods have not been explored. A rigorous evaluation of methods for VLP purification is critical as many studies begin to move from descriptive analyses of virus diversity to studies striving to quantitatively compare viral abundances across many samples. Therefore, reproducible VLP purification methods which allow for high sample throughput are needed. Here we compared and evaluated four methods for VLP purification using artificial intestinal microbiota samples of known bacterial and viral composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the following four methods of VLP purification from fecal samples: (i) filtration + DNase, (ii) dithiothreitol treatment + filtration + DNase, (iii) filtration + DNase + PEG precipitation and (iv) filtration + DNase + CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Three of the four tested methods worked well for VLP purification. We observed several differences between methods related to the removal efficiency of bacterial and host DNAs and biases against specific phages. In particular the CsCl density gradient centrifugation method, which is frequently used for VLP purification, was most efficient in removing host derived DNA, but also showed strong discrimination against specific phages and showed a lower reproducibility of quantitative results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our data we recommend the use of methods (i) or (ii) for large scale studies when quantitative comparison of viral abundances across samples is required. The CsCl density gradient centrifugation method, while being excellently suited to achieve highly purified samples, in our opinion, should be used with caution when performing quantitative studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. manuel.kleiner@ucalgary.ca.|Current address: Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada. manuel.kleiner@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. lora.hooper@utsouthwestern.edu.|The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. lora.hooper@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Lora V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. breck.duerkop@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Breck A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Duerkop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020451:Contig Mapping; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005821:Genetic Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D007422:Intestines / Q000821:virology*; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral