title: Increase in the oxidised low-density lipoprotein level by smoking and the possible inhibitory effect of statin therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) level is a marker of oxidative stress and is linked to progression of arteriosclerosis; however, the clinical factors affecting the oxidised LDL level have not been elucidated. We investigate various factors to identify correlation with MDA-LDL level in high-risk patients requiring catheter intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary care (cardiology), single-centre study.
  
  
  METHODS
  600 patients who were admitted to our hospital and underwent cardiac catheterisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained to measure lipid profiles and MDA-LDL level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With regard to smoking status, MDA-LDL level was significantly higher in ex-smokers/current smokers compared with non-smokers. Of note, there was no improvement of MDA-LDL level even in patients who had quit smoking. Multiple regression analysis showed that MDA-LDL level was positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) level, Brinkman index and male gender. The correlation between smoking status and either MDA-LDL or LDL-C level was investigated in two groups: namely, patients with and patients without statin treatment. In the non-statin group, MDA-LDL level and MDA-LDL/LDL-C ratio were significantly higher in ex-smokers/current smokers compared with non-smokers, while no significant correlation was observed between smoking status and LDL-C level. In contrast, in the statin group, there were no significant correlations between smoking status and any of the cholesterol parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that MDA-LDL level was affected by multiple factors, such as smoking status, LDL-C level and male gender. The present findings give additional evidence that smoking should be prohibited from a MDA-LDL standpoint. Furthermore, statin therapy might have a beneficial effect on the reduction of MDA-LDL level.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagoshi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arase
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minai
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein