title: The role of metabolic syndrome and related clinical variables in determining CEA levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate how metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related clinical variables correlate with high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables related to MetS as well as the serum CEA levels of 366 subjects were assayed. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between various clinical variables and high CEA levels, which were defined as values greater than the median (i.e., 1.4 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MetS, as an entity, and diabetes were more prevalent in subjects with high CEA levels (for MetS: 64.2% in subjects with CEA≥1.4 vs. 51.1% in subjects with CEA<1.4 ng/mL, p<0.05; for diabetes: 72.6% vs. 59.1% respectively, p<0.05). Waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis-model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and HbA1c as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressures were directly associated with CEA levels, after adjusting for age and sex (p<0.05). Subjects with a greater number of MetS components tended to have high CEA levels. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the association of waist circumference and FPG with CEA is independent of other MetS components, age and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MetS and related clinical variables contribute to CEA values. Thus, the reference interval of CEA may differ according to the clinical status of the subjects.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteghamati
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zandieh
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saadipoor
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hafezi-Nejad
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noshad
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdoulreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteghamati
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedomid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seyedahmadinejad
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Manouchehr
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakhjavani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen