title: Protein kinase GCN2 mediates responses to glyphosate in Arabidopsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increased selection pressure of the herbicide glyphosate has played a role in the evolution of glyphosate-resistance in weedy species, an issue that is becoming a threat to global agriculture. The molecular components involved in the cellular toxicity response to this herbicide at the expression level are still unidentified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we identify the protein kinase GCN2 as a cellular component that fosters the action of glyphosate in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Comparative studies using wild-type and gcn2 knock-out mutant seedlings show that the molecular programme that the plant deploys after the treatment with the herbicide, is compromised in gcn2. Moreover, gcn2 adult plants show a lower inhibition of photosynthesis, and both seedlings and adult gcn2 plants accumulate less shikimic acid than wild-type after treatment with glyphosate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results points to an unknown GCN2-dependent factor involved in the cascade of events triggered by glyphosate in plants. Data suggest either that the herbicide does not equally reach the target-enzyme in a gcn2 background, or that a decreased flux in the shikimate pathway in a gcn2 plants minimize the impact of enzyme inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E. C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. mafaufer@etsmre.upv.es.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faus
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain. ana.zabalza@unavarra.es.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zabalza
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E. C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. julia.santiago@tuebingen.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. sergonne@bvg.upv.es.
authors.forename: Sergio G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nebauer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain. royuela@unavarra.es.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Royuela
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E. C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. rserrano@ibmcp.upv.es.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E. C/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. jgadeav@ibmcp.upv.es.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gadea
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000187:drug effects; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012765:Shikimic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005998:Glycine; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D011494:Protein Kinases; D012765:Shikimic Acid; D000097797:Glyphosate; C480318:GCN2 protein, Arabidopsis