title: Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current state of immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature with emphasis on clinical trial data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have long been known to be immunosuppressed. This impairment of the immune system is believed, at least in part, to underlie the poor outcomes in this patient population. Modulating the immune system to improve cancer outcomes is an attractive concept in this difficult to treat population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New studies have started to unravel the mechanisms of immunosuppression and new therapies are being developed to exploit this new information.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Mark E P
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Electronic address: jmoyer@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moyer
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cancer stem cells; Cancer vaccines; Cytokine therapy; Monoclonal antibody therapy; T cell-based therapy