title: Inertial cavitation threshold of nested microbubbles.
abstract: Cavitation of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) promotes both beneficial and detrimental bioeffects in vivo (Radhakrishnan et al., 2013) [1]. The ability to determine the inertial cavitation threshold of UCA microbubbles has potential application in contrast imaging, development of therapeutic agents, and evaluation of localized effects on the body (Ammi et al., 2006) [2]. This study evaluates a novel UCA and its inertial cavitation behavior as determined by a home built cavitation detection system. Two 2.25 MHz transducers are placed at a 90° angle to one another where one transducer is driven by a high voltage pulser and the other transducer receives the signal from the oscillating microbubble. The sample chamber is placed in the overlap of the focal region of the two transducers where the microbubbles are exposed to a pulser signal consisting of 600 pulse trains per experiment at a pulse repetition frequency of 5 Hz where each train has four pulses of four cycles. The formulation being analyzed is comprised of an SF6 microbubble coated by a DSPC PEG-3000 monolayer nested within a poly-lactic acid (PLA) spherical shell. The effect of varying shell diameters and microbubble concentration on cavitation threshold profile for peak negative pressures ranging from 50 kPa to 2 MPa are presented and discussed in this paper. The nesting shell decreases inertial cavitation events from 97.96% for an un-nested microbubble to 19.09% for the same microbubbles nested within a 2.53 μm shell. As shell diameter decreases, the percentage of inertially cavitating microbubbles also decreases. For nesting formulations with average outer capsule diameters of 20.52, 14.95, 9.95, 5.55, 2.53, and 1.95 μm, the percentage of sample destroyed at 1 MPa was 51.02, 38.94, 33.25, 25.27, 19.09, and 5.37% respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: spw22@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wrenn
mesh_terms: D002214:Capsules; D003287:Contrast Media; D045423:Microbubbles; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Cavitation threshold; Inertial cavitation; Microbubble; Microcapsule; Ultrasound contrast agent