title: Palmolein and olive oil consumed within a high protein test meal have similar effects on postprandial endothelial function in overweight and obese men: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the postprandial effects of high fat, high protein meals containing either palmolein or olive oil on endothelial function in overweight/obese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 men (32-65 yr; 25-35 kg/m(2)) consumed, in random order 1 wk apart, isocaloric high protein, high fat meals (2791 kJ, 40 g protein (∼3 g l-arginine), 44 g fat, 21 g carbohydrate) prepared with either 40 g palmolein or 40 g olive oil after an overnight fast. The SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratio of the oils were: palmolein, 42:47:12; olive oil, 17:76:7. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), circulating endothelial function markers, nitrotyrosine (oxidative stress marker), triglycerides, glucose and insulin were assessed pre-meal and hourly for 5 h. Mixed model procedures were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meal consumption increased serum triglycerides (time effect, P < 0.001); with no meal differences (meal × time interaction, P = 0.93). Serum insulin peaked 1 h post-consumption and returned to pre-meal concentrations by 5 h with both meals (time effect, P < 0.001; meal × time effect, P = 0.68). FMD, serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin did not change (meal × time effect, P > 0.4). Olive oil transiently increased plasma nitrotyrosine after 1 h compared to palmolein (meal × time interaction, P = 0.002) whereas both meals increased serum vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) after 1 h (time effect, P < 0.001; meal × time interaction, P = 0.98). Both nitrotyrosine and VCAM-1 returned to pre-meal concentrations after 2 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of a high protein meal, palmolein similarly to olive oil did not affect postprandial endothelial function in overweight/obese men.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (http://www.anzctr.org.au/default.aspx). Trial ID: ACTRN12613000136707.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: welma.stonehouse@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Welma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stonehouse
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Brinkworth
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Manny
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noakes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; D000073878:Palm Oil
keywords: Endothelial function; Flow-mediated dilation; Olive oil; Palmolein; Postprandial; l-arginine