title: Systematic review of systematic reviews for the management of urinary incontinence and promotion of continence using conservative behavioural approaches in older people in care homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize evidence from systematic reviews on the management of urinary incontinence and promotion of continence using conservative/behavioural approaches in older people in care homes to inform clinical practice, guidelines and research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Incontinence is highly prevalent in older people in care home populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of systematic reviews with narrative synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches of published systematic reviews in English using MEDLINE and CINAHL with no date restrictions up to September 2013. Searches supplemented by hand searching and electronic searching of Cochrane Library and PROSPERO.
  
  
  METHODS
  PRISMA statement was followed, as were established methods for systematic review of systematic reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five systematic reviews of high quality were included, three specific to intervention studies and two reviewed descriptive studies. Urinary incontinence was the primary outcome in three reviews with factors associated with the management of urinary incontinence the primary outcome for the other reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toileting programmes, in particular prompted voiding, with use of incontinence pads are the main conservative behavioural approach for the management of incontinence and promotion of continence in this population with evidence of effectiveness in the short term. Evidence from associated factors; exercise, mobility, comorbidities, hydration, skin care, staff perspectives, policies and older people's experiences and preference are limited. The majority of evidence of effectiveness are from studies from one country which may or may not be transferable to other care home populations. Future international studies are warranted of complex combined interventions using mixed methods to provide evidence of effectiveness, context of implementation and economic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Evidence-based Practice Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.|Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.affiliation: Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health & Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormksirk, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000451:nursing*; D014554:Urination
keywords: associated factors with incontinence; care homes; conservative behavioural approaches; evidence synthesis; management of incontinence; nursing homes; older people; promotion of continence; systematic reviews; toileting programmes; urinary incontinence