title: The effects of lead sources on oral bioaccessibility in soil and implications for contaminated land risk management.
abstract: Lead (Pb) is a non-threshold toxin capable of inducing toxic effects at any blood level but availability of soil screening criteria for assessing potential health risks is limited. The oral bioaccessibility of Pb in 163 soil samples was attributed to sources through solubility estimation and domain identification. Samples were extracted following the Unified BARGE Method. Urban, mineralisation, peat and granite domains accounted for elevated Pb concentrations compared to rural samples. High Pb solubility explained moderate-high gastric (G) bioaccessible fractions throughout the study area. Higher maximum G concentrations were measured in urban (97.6 mg kg(-1)) and mineralisation (199.8 mg kg(-1)) domains. Higher average G concentrations occurred in mineralisation (36.4 mg kg(-1)) and granite (36.0 mg kg(-1)) domains. Findings suggest diffuse anthropogenic and widespread geogenic contamination could be capable of presenting health risks, having implications for land management decisions in jurisdictions where guidance advises these forms of pollution should not be regarded as contaminated land.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK. Electronic address: spalmer04@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
authors.forename: Rebekka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McIlwaine
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ofterdinger
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
authors.forename: Siobhan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Elmwood Avenue, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wragg
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cave
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Anthropogenic pollution; Geogenic contamination; Human health risk assessment; Oral bioaccessibility; Soil