title: Environmental, dietary, maternal, and fetal predictors of bulky DNA adducts in cord blood: a European mother-child study (NewGeneris).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bulky DNA adducts reflect genotoxic exposures, have been associated with lower birth weight, and may predict cancer risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We selected factors known or hypothesized to affect in utero adduct formation and repair and examined their associations with adduct levels in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women from Greece, Spain, England, Denmark, and Norway were recruited in 2006-2010. Cord blood bulky DNA adduct levels were measured by the 32P-postlabeling technique (n = 511). Diet and maternal characteristics were assessed via questionnaires. Modeled exposures to air pollutants and drinking-water disinfection by-products, mainly trihalomethanes (THMs), were available for a large proportion of the study population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greek and Spanish neonates had higher adduct levels than the northern European neonates [median, 12.1 (n = 179) vs. 6.8 (n = 332) adducts per 108 nucleotides, p < 0.001]. Residence in southern European countries, higher maternal body mass index, delivery by cesarean section, male infant sex, low maternal intake of fruits rich in vitamin C, high intake of dairy products, and low adherence to healthy diet score were statistically significantly associated with higher adduct levels in adjusted models. Exposure to fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide was associated with significantly higher adducts in the Danish subsample only. Overall, the pooled results for THMs in water show no evidence of association with adduct levels; however, there are country-specific differences in results with a suggestion of an association in England.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a combination of factors, including unknown country-specific factors, influence the bulky DNA adduct levels in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schoket
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Godschalk
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landström
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Domenico F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fthenou
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracia-Lavedan
authors.forename: Frederik-J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Schooten
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunborg
authors.forename: Helle M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Jeanette K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Hoogh
authors.forename: Kristine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gutzkow
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hardie
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatzi
authors.forename: Lisbeth E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Lívia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anna
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketzel
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Botsivali
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cirach
authors.forename: Mireille B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agramunt
authors.forename: Soterios A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kyrtopoulos
authors.forename: Viktória
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lukács
authors.forename: Jos C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Segerbäck
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018736:DNA Adducts; D060766:Drinking Water; D052638:Particulate Matter; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide