title: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of saliva proteins for the noninvasive differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors.
abstract: The capability of saliva protein analysis, based on membrane protein purification and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), for detecting benign and malignant breast tumors is presented in this paper. A total of 97 SERS spectra from purified saliva proteins were acquired from samples obtained from three groups: 33 healthy subjects; 33 patients with benign breast tumors; and 31 patients with malignant breast tumors. Subtle but discernible changes in the mean SERS spectra of the three groups were observed. Tentative assignments of the saliva protein SERS spectra demonstrated that benign and malignant breast tumors led to several specific biomolecular changes of the saliva proteins. Multiclass partial least squares-discriminant analysis was utilized to analyze and classify the saliva protein SERS spectra from healthy subjects, benign breast tumor patients, and malignant breast tumor patients, yielding diagnostic sensitivities of 75.75%, 72.73%, and 74.19%, as well as specificities of 93.75%, 81.25%, and 86.36%, respectively. The results from this exploratory work demonstrate that saliva protein SERS analysis combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis diagnostic algorithms has great potential for the noninvasive and label-free detection of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shangyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guannan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongzeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zufang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Imaging Unit - Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Haishan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides
keywords: PLS-DA; SERS; breast cancer; noninvasive detection; saliva protein purification