title: Coordination and propulsion and non-propulsion phases in 100 meter breaststroke swimming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this study was to analyze the coordination, propulsion and non-propulsion phases in the 100 meter breaststroke race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven male swimmers (15.7 ± 1.98 years old) with the total body length (TBL) of 247.0 ± 10.60 [cm] performed an all-out 100 m breaststroke bout. The bouts were recorded with an underwater camera installed on a portable trolley. The swimming kinematic parameters, stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL), as well as the coordination indices based on propulsive or non-propulsive movement phases of the arms and legs were distinguished.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swimming speed (V100surface breast) was associated with SL (R = 0.41, p < 0.05) and with TBL tending towards statistical significance (R = 0.36, p < 0.07), all relationships between the selected variables in the study were measured using partial correlations with controlled age. SL interplayed negatively with the limbs propulsive phase Overlap indicator (R = -0.46, p < 0.05), but had no significant relationship to the non-propulsion Glide indicator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The propulsion in-sweep (AP3) phase of arms and their non-propulsion partial air recovery (ARair) phase interplayed with V100surface breast (R = 0.51, p < 0.05 and 0.48 p < 0.05) respectively, displaying the importance of proper execution of this phase (AP3) and in reducing the resistance recovery phases in consecutive ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Sports in the Sport Institute, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strzała
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory in the Department of Physiotherapy Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krężałek
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Sports in the Sport Institute, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kucia-Czyszczoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Sports in the Sport Institute, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Training, Faculty of Physical Education, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stanula
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation and Biological Regeneration, Faculty of Tourism and Leisure, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tyka
authors.affiliation: PhD candidate at the University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sagalara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult