title: Generality and specificity in the effects of musical expertise on perception and cognition.
abstract: Performing musicians invest thousands of hours becoming experts in a range of perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills. The duration and intensity of musicians' training - far greater than that of most educational or rehabilitation programs - provides a useful model to test the extent to which skills acquired in one particular context (music) generalize to different domains. Here, we asked whether the instrument-specific and more instrument-general skills acquired during professional violinists' and pianists' training would generalize to superior performance on a wide range of analogous (largely non-musical) skills, when compared to closely matched non-musicians. Violinists and pianists outperformed non-musicians on fine-grained auditory psychophysical measures, but surprisingly did not differ from each other, despite the different demands of their instruments. Musician groups did differ on a tuning system perception task: violinists showed clearest biases towards the tuning system specific to their instrument, suggesting that long-term experience leads to selective perceptual benefits given a training-relevant context. However, we found only weak evidence of group differences in non-musical skills, with musicians differing marginally in one measure of sustained auditory attention, but not significantly on auditory scene analysis or multi-modal sequencing measures. Further, regression analyses showed that this sustained auditory attention metric predicted more variance in one auditory psychophysical measure than did musical expertise. Our findings suggest that specific musical expertise may yield distinct perceptual outcomes within contexts close to the area of training. Generalization of expertise to relevant cognitive domains may be less clear, particularly where the task context is non-musical.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Electronic address: d.carey@bbk.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Saloni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Marcus T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aydelott
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognition; Expertise; Generalization; Musicians; Perception