title: Implementation of a pediatric critical care focused bedside ultrasound training program in a large academic PICU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility and describe the process of implementing a pediatric critical care bedside ultrasound program in a large academic PICU and to evaluate the impact of bedside ultrasound on clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series, description of program implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center quaternary noncardiac PICU in a children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients from January 22, 2012, to July 22, 2012, with bedside ultrasounds performed and interpreted by pediatric critical care practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pediatric critical care bedside ultrasound program consisting of a 2-day immersive course followed by clinical performance with internal quality assurance review was implemented. Studies performed in the PICU following training were documented and reviewed against reference standards including subspecialist-performed ultrasound or clinical response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen critical care faculties and eight fellows recorded 201 bedside ultrasound studies over 6 months in defined core applications: 57 procedural (28%), 76 hemodynamic (38%), 35 thoracic (17%), and 33 abdominal (16%). A quality assurance review identified 23 studies (16% of all nonprocedural studies) as critical (affected clinical management or gave valuable information). Forty-eight percent of those studies (11/23) were within the hemodynamic core. The proportion of critical studies were not significantly different across the applications (hemodynamic, 11/76 [15%] vs thoracic and abdominal, 12/68 [18%]; p = 0.65). Examples of critical studies include evidence of tamponade secondary to pleural effusions, identification of pulmonary hypertension, hemodynamic assessment before tracheal intubation, recognition of hypovolemia and systemic vascular resistance abnormalities, determination of pneumothorax, location of chest tube and urinary catheter, and differentiation of pleural fluid from pulmonary consolidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of a critical care bedside ultrasound program for critical care providers in a large academic PICU is feasible. Bedside ultrasound evaluation and interpretation by intensivists affected the management of critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 2Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 3Department of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 4Department of Emergency Medicine, The Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 5Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 6Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Himebauch
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Aaron E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Nova
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panebianco
authors.forename: Kassa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Darge
authors.forename: Meryl S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Greeley
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishisaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult