title: Detection of benz[j]aceanthrylene in urban air and evaluation of its genotoxic potential.
abstract: Benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A) is a cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. We have identified B[j]A in air particulate matter (PM) in samples collected in Stockholm, Sweden and in Limeira, Brazil using LC-GC/MS analysis. Determined concentrations ranged between 1.57 and 12.7 and 19.6-30.2 pg/m(3) in Stockholm and Limeira, respectively, which was 11-30 times less than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) concentrations. Activation of the DNA damage response was evaluated after exposure to B[j]A in HepG2 cells in comparison to B[a]P. We found that significantly lower concentrations of B[j]A were needed for an effect on cell viability compared to B[a]P, and equimolar exposure resulted in significant more DNA damage with B[j]A. Additionally, levels of γH2AX, pChk1, p53, pp53, and p21 proteins were higher in response to B[j]A than B[a]P. On the basis of dose response induction of pChk1 and γH2AX, B[j]A potency was 12.5- and 33.3-fold higher than B[a]P, respectively. Although B[j]A levels in air were low, including B[j]A in the estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk increased the risk up to 2-fold depending on which potency factor for B[j]A was applied. Together, our results show that B[j]A could be an important contributor to the cancer risk of air PM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 16 SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hwanmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Åse
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: Ian W H
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergvall
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bottai
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kummrow
authors.forename: Gisela A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Umbuzeiro
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stenius
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westerholm
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dreij
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D009153:Mutagens