title: Morphological and chemical characteristics of different titanium surfaces treated by bicarbonate and glycine powder air abrasive systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study investigated possible morphological and chemical changes induced by glycine or sodium bicarbonate powder air polishing on machined and acid-etched titanium surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  The glycine powder (granulometry <65 μm) and sodium bicarbonate powder (granulometry <150 μm) were applied on 2 machined healing abutments and on 2 acid-etched healing abutments. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The analyses were performed at different steps: (1) as received, right after opening the abutment packaging; (2) after 20 minutes air exposure; (3) after aging in artificial saliva; (4) after glycine or sodium bicarbonate powder air polishing for 5 seconds; (5) after repetition of steps 3 and 4 with longer time of polishing (20 seconds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air polishing using glycine and sodium bicarbonate powder seemed to be safe for professional oral hygiene of titanium dental implants, although acid-etched abutments and abutments treated with bicarbonate harbored more salts. This might indicate a greater plaque accumulation in a clinical situation. However, this result has to be investigated in vivo to understand its clinical relevance.
authors.affiliation: *Assistant Professor, Department of Fixed and Implant Prosthodontics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. †Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. ‡Lecturer, Department of Fixed and Implant Prosthodontics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. §PhD Student, Department of Fixed and Implant Prosthodontics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. ‖Professor, Department of Fixed and Implant Prosthodontics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piccardo
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dellepiane
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pera
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods*; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011208:Powders; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D011208:Powders; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D014025:Titanium; D005998:Glycine