title: Efficacy of transcutaneous interferential electrical stimulation in treatment of children with primary nocturnal enuresis: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical stimulation has been used as an alternative therapy for adult urinary syndromes and for children with constipation. We have evaluated the safety and efficacy of interferential (IF) electrical stimulation in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized clinical trial in which 54 children (23 girls, 31 boys) aged 6-14 years with primary NE were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Children in the control group underwent standard urotherapy only (hydration, scheduled voiding, toilet training, diet), whereas children in the IF group (cases) were treated with standard urotherapy + 15 sessions of IF electrical stimulation for 20 min twice per week. An improvement score was calculated to identify relative decrease in wet nights after the treatment for each child. All children were followed for 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 15/27 (55.5%) and 6/27 (22%) of children in the IF and control groups responded to treatment at the 1-year follow-up (P = 0.01). The mean number of wet nights per week in the control and IF groups decreased from 5.4 ± 2 and 5.7 ± 2 to 3.3 ± 3 and 1.1 ± 2, respectively, at first evaluation (P = 0.003). The mean improvement score in the IF group was significantly higher than that of the control group after 1 year (78 vs. 46%, respectively; P = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interferential therapy can be applied as a safe, effective and well-tolerable alternative therapy in the treatment of children with NE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Pediatric Urology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 62, Dr. Qarib's St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194 33151, Iran, kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mozafarpour
authors.forename: Seyedeh-Sanam
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ladi-Seyedian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000628:therapy*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology