title: Metabonomics of human fecal extracts characterize ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy individuals.
abstract: This study employs spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling of fecal extracts from healthy subjects and patients with active or inactive ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) to substantiate the potential use of spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and to characterize the fecal metabolome in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Stool samples from 113 individuals (UC 48, CD 44, controls 21) were analyzed by1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Bruker 600 MHz, Bruker BioSpin, Rheinstetten, Germany). Data were analyzed with principal component analysis and orthogonal-projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis using SIMCA-P + 12 and MATLAB. Significant differences were found in the metabolic profiles making it possible to differentiate between active IBD and controls and between UC and CD. The metabolites holding differential power primarily belonged to a range of amino acids, microbiota-related short chain fatty acids, and lactate suggestive of an inflammation-driven malabsorption and dysbiosis of the normal bacterial ecology. However, removal of patients with intestinal surgery and anti-TNF-α antibody treatment eliminated the discriminative power regarding UC versus CD. This study consequently demonstrates that1H NMR spectroscopy of fecal extracts is a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool and able to characterize the inflammation-driven changes in the metabolic profiles related to malabsorption and dysbiosis. Intestinal surgery and medication are to be accounted for in future studies, as it seems to be factors of importance in the discriminative process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob Tveiten
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bjerrum
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fuhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coskun
authors.affiliation: HWB-NMR, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: HWB-NMR, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole Haagen
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
keywords: Diagnostic tool; Dysbiosis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Metabolomics; NMR spectroscopy