title: The transient dermal exposure II: post-exposure absorption and evaporation of volatile compounds.
abstract: The transient dermal exposure is one where the skin is exposed to chemical for a finite duration, after which the chemical is removed and no residue remains on the skin's surface. Chemical within the skin at the end of the exposure period can still enter the systemic circulation. If it has some volatility, a portion of it will evaporate from the surface before it has a chance to be absorbed by the body. The fate of this post-exposure "skin depot" is the focus of this theoretical study. Laplace domain solutions for concentration distribution, flux, and cumulative mass absorption and evaporation are presented, and time domain results are obtained through numerical inversion. The Final Value Theorem is applied to obtain the analytical solutions for the total fractional absorption by the body and evaporation from skin at infinite time following a transient exposure. The solutions depend on two dimensionless variables: χ, the ratio of evaporation rate to steady-state dermal permeation rate; and the ratio of exposure time to membrane lag time. Simple closed form algebraic equations are presented that closely approximate the complete analytical solutions. Applications of the theory to the dermal risk assessment of pharmaceutical, occupational, and environmental exposures are presented for four example chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505.
authors.forename: H Frederick
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Frasch
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bunge
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004159:Diphenylamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C019498:4-nitroaniline; D000431:Ethanol; D004159:Diphenylamine; C027561:butylbenzyl phthalate
keywords: absorption potential; passive diffusion/transport; percutaneous; skin; solvent evaporation; transdermal