title: Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics.
abstract: In this paper, we review recent publications regarding the toxicokinetics and -dynamics of the flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD has recently been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, which therefore influenced the legislation concerning its manufacturing and formulation. However, under specific circumstances it may still be used until 2024. Early toxicity studies have only focussed on HBCD itself, which is a mixture of different isomers with different physical and toxicological characteristics. Here we take a more differentiated look at the three diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD. We also address the different enantiomers to give an overview of the toxicity of HBCD to identify present gaps in our knowledge about this chemical, especially with respect to its possible formulation until 2024.
authors.affiliation: Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany. Electronic address: christoph.koch@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Hengeler Mueller Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwälten mbB, 40213, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Kötters
authors.affiliation: Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.affiliation: Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sures
mesh_terms: D058735:Environmental Policy; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D066007:Toxicokinetics
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane
keywords: Enantiomer; HBCD; Legislation; Toxicodynamic; Toxicokinetic