title: Usefulness of cordotomy in patients with cancer who experience bilateral pain: implications of increased pain and new pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although mirror pain occurs after cordotomy in patients experiencing unilateral pain via a referred pain mechanism, no studies have examined whether this pain mechanism operates in patients who have bilateral pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of cordotomy for bilateral pain from the viewpoint of increased pain or new pain caused by a referred pain mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients who underwent percutaneous cordotomy through C1-C2 for severe bilateral cancer pain in the lumbosacral nerve region were enrolled. Pain was dominant on 1 side in 23 patients, and pain was equally severe on both sides in 3 patients. Unilateral cordotomy was performed for the dominant side of pain, and bilateral cordotomy was performed for 13 patients in whom pain on the nondominant side developed or remained severe after cordotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After unilateral cordotomy, 19 patients (73.1%) exhibited increased pain, which for 14 patients was as severe as the original dominant pain. After bilateral cordotomy, 7 patients (53.4%) exhibited new pain, which was located cephalad to the region rendered analgesic by cordotomy and was better controlled than the original pain. No pathological organic causes of new pain were found in any patient, and evidence of a referred pain mechanism was found in 3 patients after bilateral cordotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that a referred pain mechanism causes increased or new pain after cordotomy in patients with bilateral pain. Nevertheless, cordotomy can still be indicated for patients with bilateral pain because postoperative pain is better controlled than the original pain.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; ‡Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Matsuyama Bethel Hospital, Ehime, Japan; §Department of Anesthesiology, Uwajima City Hospital, Ehime, Japan; ¶Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Hyogo, Japan; ‖Pain Clinic Unit, Nakatani Hospital, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorozuya
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaro
authors.forename: Shinzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsubota
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Tomoe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.forename: Mitsuhide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Takeki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002818:Cordotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D053591:Referred Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*