title: Endotracheal Intubation in Patients Treated for Prehospital Status Epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data describe the frequency, timing, or indications for endotracheal intubation (ETI) in patients with status epilepticus. A better understanding of the characteristics of patients with status epilepticus requiring airway interventions could inform clinical care. We sought to characterize ETI use in patients with prehospital status epilepticus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a secondary analysis of the Rapid Anticonvulsant Medication Prior to Arrival Trial, a multi-center, randomized trial comparing intravenous lorazepam to intramuscular midazolam for prehospital status epilepticus treatment. Subjects received ETI in the prehospital, Emergency Department (ED), or inpatient setting at the discretion of caregivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1023 enrollments, 218 (21 %) received ETI. 204 (93.6 %) of the ETIs were performed in the hospital and 14 (6.4 %) in the prehospital setting. Intubated patients were older (52 vs 41 years, p < 0.001), and men underwent ETI more than women (26 vs 21 %, p = 0.047). Patients with ongoing seizures on ED arrival had a higher rate of ETI (32 vs 16 %, p < 0.001), as did those who received rescue anti-seizure medication (29 vs 20 %, p = 0.004). Mortality was higher for intubated patients (7 vs 0.4 %, p < 0.001). Most ETI (n = 133, 62 %) occurred early (prior to or within 30 min after ED arrival), and late ETI was associated with higher mortality (14 vs 3 %, p = 0.002) than early ETI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ETI is common in patients with status epilepticus, particularly among the elderly or those with refractory seizures. Any ETI and late ETI are both associated with higher mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, CFP 259, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA, tvohra1@hfhs.org.
authors.forename: Taher T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Panayiotis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Varelas
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harsh
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Durkalski
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silbergleit
authors.forename: Henry E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*