title: Patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics: current concepts.
abstract: The patellofemoral joint, due to its particular bone anatomy and the numerous capsuloligamentous structures and muscles that act dynamically on the patella, is considered one of the most complex joints in the human body from the biomechanical point of view. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been demonstrated to contribute 60% of the force that opposes lateral displacement of the patella, and MPFL injury results in an approximately 50% reduction in the force needed to dislocate the patella laterally with the knee extended. For this reason, recent years have seen a growing interest in the study of this important anatomical structure, whose aponeurotic nature has thus been demonstrated. The MPFL acts as a restraint during motion, playing an active role under conditions of laterally applied stress, but an only marginal role during natural knee flexion. However, it remains extremely difficult to clearly define the anatomy of the MPFL and its relationships with other anatomical structures.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaffagnini
authors.affiliation: Lyon-Ortho-Clinic, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dejour
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bonanzinga
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Marcheggiani Muccioli
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colle
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benzi
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technological Innovation, Rizzoli Orthopedics Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurilio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcacci
keywords: biomechanics; knee; medial patellofemoral ligament; patellar instability; patellofemoral joint