title: Menstrual cycle effects on psychological symptoms in women with PTSD.
abstract: The menstrual cycle has been implicated as a sex-specific biological process influencing psychological symptoms across a variety of disorders. Limited research exists regarding the role of the menstrual cycle in psychological symptoms among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study examined the severity of a broad range of psychological symptoms in both the early follicular (Days 2-6) and midluteal (6-10 days postlutenizing hormone surge) phases of the menstrual cycle in a sample of trauma-exposed women with and without PTSD (N = 49). In the sample overall, total psychological symptoms (d = 0.63), as well as depression (d = 0.81) and phobic anxiety (d = 0.81) symptoms, specifically, were increased in the early follicular compared to midluteal phase. The impact of menstrual cycle phase on phobic anxiety was modified by a significant PTSD × Menstrual Phase interaction (d = 0.63). Women with PTSD reported more severe phobic anxiety during the early follicular versus midluteal phase, whereas phobic anxiety did not differ across the menstrual cycle in women without PTSD. Thus, the menstrual cycle appears to impact fear-related symptoms in women with PTSD. The clinical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yael I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Nillni
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pineles
authors.forename: Samantha C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Alice T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rasmusson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult