title: Coffee drinking and cutaneous melanoma risk in the NIH-AARP diet and health study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in the United States. Modifiable risk factors, with the exception of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), are poorly understood. Coffee contains numerous bioactive compounds and may be associated inversely with melanoma. However, previous epidemiological evidence is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coffee intake was assessed at baseline with a food frequency questionnaire in the National Institutes of Health-AARP prospective cohort study. Among 447 357 non-Hispanic whites who were cancer-free at baseline, 2904 incident cases of malignant melanoma were identified during 4 329 044 person-years of follow-up, with a median of 10.5 years of follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coffee intake and subsequent melanoma risk with non-coffee drinkers as the reference group. Statistical tests were two-sided, and P values less than .05 were interpreted as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest category of coffee intake was inversely associated with malignant melanoma (≥4 cups/day: HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.93, P trend = .01). This association was statistically significant for caffeinated (≥4 cups/day: HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.89, P trend = .01) but not for decaffeinated coffee (P trend = .55).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher coffee intake was associated with a modest decrease in risk of melanoma in this large US cohort study. Additional investigations of coffee intake and its constituents, particularly caffeine, with melanoma are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM). erikka.loftfield@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Erikka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loftfield
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Fatma M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Shebl
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (EL, FMS, STM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (EL, NDF, BIG, RS); AARP (retired), Washington, D.C. (ARH); Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (FMS, STM).
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine; D003069:Coffee; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine