title: Diabetic cystopathy: A review.
abstract: Herein we review and discuss epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies on diabetic cystopathy, a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus with a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, providing directions for future research. A search of published epidemiological, clinical, or preclinical trial literature was performed using the key words "diabetes", "diabetic cystopathy", "diabetic bladder dysfunction", "diabetic lower urinary tract dysfunction", "diabetic detrusor instability". The classic symptoms of diabetic cystopathy are decreased bladder sensation, increased bladder capacity, and impaired bladder emptying with resultant increased post-void residual volume. However, recent clinical evidence indicates a presence of storage symptoms, such as overactive bladder symptoms. The pathophysiology of diabetic cystopathy is multifactorial, including disturbances of the detrusor, neuron, urothelium, and urethra. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and polyuria play important roles in inducing voiding dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Treatment choice depends on clinical symptoms and urodynamic abnormalities. Urodynamic evaluation is the cornerstone of diagnosis and determines management strategies. Diabetes mellitus could cause a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, leading to diabetic cystopathy with broadly varied estimates of the prevalence rates. The exact prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetic cystopathy remains to be further investigated and studied in multicenter, large-scaled, or randomized basic and clinical trials, and a validated and standardized workup needs to be made, improving diabetic cystopathy management in clinical practice. Further studies involving only female diabetics are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhengyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ziwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dujiangyan Medical Center, Dujiangyan, China.
authors.forename: Changxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications; D006801:Humans; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: bladder dysfunction; diabetes mellitus; diabetic cystopathy; epidemiology; female; 关键词：膀胱功能障碍，糖尿病，糖尿病性膀胱病，流行病学，女性