title: Directed Growth of Virus Nanofilaments on a Superhydrophobic Surface.
abstract: The evaporation of single droplets of colloidal tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanoparticles on a superhydrophobic surface with a hexagonal pillar-pattern results in the formation of coffee-ring type residues. We imaged surface features by optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies. Bulk features were probed by raster-scan X-ray nanodiffraction. At ∼100 pg/μL nanoparticle concentration, the rim of the residue connects to neighboring pillars via fibrous extensions containing flow-aligned crystalline domains. At ∼1 pg/μL nanoparticle concentration, nanofilaments of ≥80 nm diameter and ∼20 μm length are formed, extending normal to the residue-rim across a range of pillars. X-ray scattering is dominated by the nanofilament form-factor but some evidence for crystallinity has been obtained. The observation of sheets composed of stacks of self-assembled nanoparticles deposited on pillars suggests that the nanofilaments are drawn from a structured droplet interface.
authors.affiliation: †ESRF-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.|‡Nanostructures Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marinaro
authors.affiliation: †ESRF-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.|#Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S12B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burghammer
authors.affiliation: †ESRF-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: †ESRF-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dane
authors.affiliation: ‡Nanostructures Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: §Physical Science and Engineering Divisions, KAUST (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|⊥BIONEM Lab, University of Magna Graecia, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Viale Europa, 88100 Germaneto-Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Fabrizio
authors.affiliation: †ESRF-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riekel
mesh_terms: D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000648:ultrastructure* / Q000821:virology*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D014027:Tobacco Mosaic Virus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
keywords: X-ray nanodiffraction; droplet microfluidics; nanofilaments; superhydrophobic surface; virus nanoparticles