title: Family Density and SES Related to Diabetes Management and Glycemic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Youth with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) from single-parent families have poorer glycemic control; a finding confounded with socioeconomic status (SES). Family density (FD), or youth:adult ratio, may better characterize family risk status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural equation modeling assessed the relation of single-parent status, SES, and FD to parenting stress, diabetes-related conflict, parental monitoring, adherence, and glycemic control using cross-sectional parent and youth data (n = 257).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-parent status exhibited similar relations as SES and was removed. Lower FD was associated with better glycemic control (β = -.29, p = .014) via less conflict (β = .17, p = .038) and greater adherence (β = -.54, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beyond SES, FD plays a significant role in adherence and glycemic control via diabetes-related conflict. In contrast, the effects of single-parent status were indistinguishable from those of SES. FD provides distinct information related to adolescent glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA caccavalelj@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Caccavale
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Rusan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Streisand
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Virginia Commonwealth University, Georgetown University, and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Clarissa S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D015406:Single Parent; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: SES; Type 1 diabetes; adolescence; family structure; glycemic control