title: Cellular and nephrotoxicity of selenium species.
abstract: METHODS
  Beside its useful functions at very low concentrations, selenium including supplementary Se sources pose a potential toxicological risk. The toxicity of selenium species was tested in HaCaT cell culture and related nephrotoxicity in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apoptotic shrinkage and necrotic expansion of cells were measured by time-lapse image microscopy. Acute nephrotoxicity was estimated upon administration of various selenium species to mice for two weeks. To confirm or to refute the accumulation of Se in the kidney and its potential chronic effect, Se concentration in kidney tissue and histopathlology were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison of selenium species showed that organic lactomicroSe did not affect cell growth at 5ppm, but inorganic nanoSe severely hampered it at lower concentration (1ppm). The in vivo Se treatment (0.5, 5, 50ppm, corresponding to 4, 40 and 400μg/kg) was misleading as it did neither affect the outward appearance nor the weight of the kidney. Se accumulation was observed after selenate, selenite, SelPlex, selenite and nanoSe administration, while lactomicroSe caused no traceable accumulation. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experiments reflected this order of selenium toxicity: selenate>selenite>SelPlex=nanoSe>lactomicroSe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the tested species lactomicroSe was the only non-nephrotoxic selenium source recommended for nutritional Se supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Benko
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiraly
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Orsolya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Voros
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Bence
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tanczos
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sztrik
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Timea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takács
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pocsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Jozsef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prokisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. Electronic address: bgaspar@unideb.hu.
authors.forename: Gaspar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Banfalvi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012643:Selenium / Q000633:toxicity*; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D018036:Selenium Compounds; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Ex vivo; Histopathology; In vitro toxicity; In vivo; Time-lapse microphotography