title: Zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibit murine photoreceptor-derived cell proliferation and migration via reducing TGF-β and MMP-9 expression in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate behaviour and expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9) in murine photoreceptor-derived cells (661W) after incubation with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored effects of ZnO nanoparticles on 661W cells using a real-time cell electronic sensing system, flow cytometry, multiple function microplate reading, real-time quantitative PCR detection system and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that ZnO nanoparticles induced overload of calcium and reactive oxygen species within cells, causing formation of apoptotic bodies, disruption of cell cycle distribution, and reduction in expression of TGF-β and MMP-9, to suppress cell proliferation and migration. Our findings show that disruption of intracellular calcium homoeostasis and overproduction of reactive oxygen species were closely associated with reduction of TGF-β and MMP-9 in 661W cells under ZnO nanoparticle treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of our study indicate that ZnO nanoparticles suppressed cell proliferation and migration, and reduced production of TGF-β and MMP-9 at both gene and protein levels. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that reduced TGF-β and MMP-9 levels inhibit cell proliferation and migration under ZnO nanoparticle influence.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China.
authors.forename: Da Dong
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qing Ning
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chun Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D002118:Calcium