title: CD206+ cell number differentiates influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 from seasonal influenza A virus in fatal cases.
abstract: In 2009, a new influenza A (H1N1) virus affected many persons around the world. There is an urgent need for finding biomarkers to distinguish between influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza virus. We investigated these possible biomarkers in the lung of fatal cases of confirmed influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Cytokines (inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) and cellular markers (macrophages and lymphocytes subpopulation markers) were analyzed in lung tissue from both influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza virus. High levels of IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α positive cells were identical in lung tissue from the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal cases when compared with healthy lung tissue (P < 0.05). Increased IL-4+ cells, and CD4+ and CD14+ cells were also found in high levels in both influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza virus (P < 0.05). Low levels of CD206+ cells (marker of alternatively activated macrophages marker in lung) were found in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 when compared with seasonal influenza virus (P < 0.05), and the ratio of CD206/CD14+ cells was 2.5-fold higher in seasonal and noninfluenza group compared with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CD206+ cells differentiate between influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza virus in lung tissue of fatal cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Heidi G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Salinas-Carmona
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anatomia Patologica y Citopatologia, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Oralia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barboza-Quintana
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anatomia Patologica y Citopatologia, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Americo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melo-de la Garza
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anatomia Patologica y Citopatologia, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis Angel
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ceceñas-Falcon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), HGZ No. 6, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lilia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rangel-Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine and University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: Adrian G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rosas-Taraco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology*; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface