title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using chlorin e6 with halogen light for acne bacteria-induced inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using chlorin e6 with halogen light against acne bacteria-induced inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Highly purified chlorin e6 (Ce6), as a second generation photosensitizer, was synthesized from Spirulina chlorophyll. To evaluate the antimicrobial property of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light, the broth microdilution method and two-color fluorescence assay were used. The free radicals generated upon irradiating Ce6 with halogen light were measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Propionibacterium acnes was intradermally injected into the left ear of the ICR mice, and the anti-inflammatory effect of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light was measured by the histological examination. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorin e6-mediated PDT with halogen light (30,000 lx) inactivated various skin bacteria, including P. acnes in a dose-dependent manner. The MIC99 value against P. acnes (KCTC3314) of Ce6 with light was >0.49 μg/ml, whereas the MIC99 for Ce6 alone was >31.25 μg/ml. Ce6-mediated PDT suppressed the expression of P. acnes-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS, but not COX-2 in a mouse model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a remarkable therapeutic effect of chlorin e6-mediated PDT with halogen light against P. acnes-induced inflammation. Our results suggest for the first time the potential of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light as a more effective and safer alternative treatment to antibiotic therapy against pathogenic infections of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: R&D Center, Dong Sung Lumax Co. Ltd. Nonsan, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research, Cheonan Hospital of Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-721, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dongjun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Chung Nam Technopark Bio Center, Nonsan, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Dong Sung Bio Pharm Co. Ltd, Asan, Chungnam 336-871, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Hwan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: miyoung@sch.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Mi-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002735:Chlorophyllides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006219:Halogens; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000187:drug effects*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002735:Chlorophyllides; D016207:Cytokines; D006219:Halogens; D011166:Porphyrins; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C062985:phytochlorin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Anti-inflammatory effect; Anti-microbial effect; Chlorin e6; Halogen light; Photodynamic therapy