title: The impact of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism for the risk of oral cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since development of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is triggered by various noxa, different variants of the antioxidant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) can counteract toxic compounds (e.g., tobacco smoke). Because different polymorphisms of GST are known to have an increased sensitivity to carcinogenic agents, the aim of this study was to analyze whether GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphisms increase the risk for the development of OSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism was examined in healthy volunteers (n = 93) and in patients with OSCC (n = 100) by PCR after brush biopsy of oral mucosa. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to evaluate the risk of oral cancer development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion was found in 57% (53/93) and 18% (17/93), respectively, in healthy patients, while the OSCC group showed 57% (57/100) for GSTM1 deletion and 22% (22/100) with a deletion of GSTT1. Odds ratio for GSTM1 polymorphism was 1.00 and for GSTT1 1.26. Comparing smokers and nonsmokers with GSTM1 deletion polymorphism, OR was 4.35, while smokers without GSTM1 deletion showed an OR of 1.45. Adapting these data to the smoking habits of the general population in Germany, the OR was 9.25 for smokers with a GSTM1 deletion and OR 6.68 for smokers without a GSTM1 deletion. In smokers with GSTT1 deletion polymorphism, OR was 1.6 (adapted to the smoking habits of the general population: OR 6.16) and 3.16 (OR 8.56) in smokers without deletion in GSTT1 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of GST-M1 polymorphism in smokers could help to identify patients with a higher risk for the development of oral cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection of OSCC due to a close meshed monitoring program for patients with GST-M1 polymorphism could help to improve the patient outcome. For polymorphism investigations, the oral brush biopsy is a sufficient method to gain DNA material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas Max
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Facial Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Peer Wolfgang
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kämmerer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Facial Surgery, University Medical Center Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Koch@facialplastics.de.
authors.forename: Felix Peter
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1
keywords: Brush biopsy; Cancer genetics; GST polymorphism; Oral squamous cell cancer; Risk evaluation