title: Effects of oatmeal and corn flakes cereal breakfasts on satiety, gastric emptying, glucose, and appetite-related hormones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The extent to which different types of breakfasts affect appetite and food intake is unclear. To assess the satiety effects of a high-fiber cereal, we compared oatmeal, isocaloric corn flakes, and water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six subjects (18 lean, 18 overweight) were assigned to three conditions in a randomized sequence on different days. Ratings of hunger and fullness were obtained concurrently with blood samples for measuring concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and acetaminophen (gastric emptying tracer). Appetite was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for fullness and hunger, and by measuring food intake of an ad libitum lunch meal at 180 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lunch meal intake was lowest after consuming oatmeal (p < 0.00001), which was lower for overweight subjects than lean subjects (p = 0.007). Fullness AUC was greatest (p = 0.00001), and hunger AUC lowest (p < 0.001) after consuming oatmeal. At 180 min, blood glucose was lowest after the corn flakes (p = 0.0001). Insulin AUC was greater for both cereals than water (p < 0.00001). Leptin AUC and glucagon AUC values did not differ between conditions. Acetaminophen concentrations peaked latest after consuming oatmeal (p = 0.046), reflecting slower gastric emptying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Satiety was greater and ad libitum test meal intake lower after consuming oatmeal than after corn flakes, especially in the overweight subjects.
authors.affiliation: New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geliebter
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Grillot
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aviram-Friedman
authors.forename: Sakeena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yahav
authors.forename: Sami A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hashim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D018554:Avena; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D062408:Breakfast / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D005934:Glucagon