title: Effects of nursing position on transformational leadership practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to identify significant differences in nursing leadership strengths by position title.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent reports show aspects of transformational leadership (TL) related to position, age, and educational level. This study focuses on differentiating the strength of leadership practices across the range of nursing management positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Leadership Practices Inventory-Self-assessment survey, and a variety of demographic questions, were used to anonymously poll voluntary members of the Association of California Nurse Leaders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nursing positions of director level and above were strongest in leadership practices. Those at manager and below were identified as needing additional leadership development. LPI-S subscales Enable Others to Act and Model the Way were strongest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those at the manager level and below will benefit most from additional education and training. Even upper levels of management would gain from enhancing the LPI practices of Challenge the Process and Inspire a Shared Vision.
authors.affiliation: Author Affiliations: Magnet Program Director (Dr Herman), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto; Professor (Dr Gish), California State University Fresno, Department of Nursing; Professor (Dr Rosenblum), Valley Foundation School of Nursing, San Jose State University, California.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gish
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000145:classification / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards