title: Immune cell promotion of metastasis.
abstract: Metastatic disease is the major cause of death from cancer, and immunotherapy and chemotherapy have had limited success in reversing its progression. Data from mouse models suggest that the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells to tumours protects metastatic cancer cells from surveillance by killer cells, which nullifies the effects of immunotherapy and thus establishes metastasis. Furthermore, in most cases, tumour-infiltrating immune cells differentiate into cells that promote each step of the metastatic cascade and thus are novel targets for therapy. In this Review, we describe how tumour-infiltrating immune cells contribute to the metastatic cascade and we discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target these cells.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Bin-Zhi
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: 1] Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. [2] Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10543, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D019139:Tumor Escape; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment