title: Impact of a behaviour change intervention on long-lasting insecticidal net care and repair behaviour and net condition in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While some data on net durability have been accumulating in recent years, including formative qualitative research on attitudes towards net care and repair, no data are available on how the durability of a net is influenced by behaviour of net maintenance, care and repair, and whether behavioural change interventions (BCC) could substantially impact on the average useful life of the net.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used an intervention-control design with before-after assessment through repeated cross-sectional household surveys with two-stage cluster sampling following Nasarawa State's December 2010 mass campaign. All campaign nets were 100-denier polyester, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). Baseline, midline, and endline surveys occurred at one-year intervals, in March 2012, March 2013, and April 2014, respectively. Outcome measures were the proportion of confirmed campaign nets with observed repairs, and the proportion in serviceable condition, measured with proportionate hole index (pHI) and according to WHO guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all respondents, exposure to BCC messages was strongly correlated with increased positive attitude towards care and repair, and increases in attitude were positively correlated with observed net repairs, and with the proportion of nets in serviceable condition. In a multivariate regression model, positive care and repair attitude (OR 6.17 p = 0.001) and level of exposure (1 source: OR 4.00 p = 0.000; 3 sources: OR 9.34 p = 0.000) remained the most significant predictors of net condition, controlling for background and environmental factors. Nets that were tied up had 2.70 higher odds of being in serviceable condition (p = 0.001), while repairs made to nets were not sufficient to improve their pHI category. Estimated median net lifespan was approximately one full year longer for nets in households with a positive compared to a negative attitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to multiple channels of a comprehensive BCC intervention was associated with improved attitude scores, and with improved net condition at endline. It is possible for BCC interventions to change both attitudes and behaviours, and to have an important effect on overall median net lifespan. Care and repair messages are easily incorporated into existing malaria BCC platforms, and will help contribute to improved net condition, providing, in principle, more protection from malaria.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA. hkoenker@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koenker
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scandurra
authors.forename: Babafunke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fagbemi
authors.forename: Emmanuel O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Onyefunafoa
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fotheringham
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008283:Maintenance; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D055815:Young Adult