title: PTSD symptom severity is associated with increased recruitment of top-down attentional control in a trauma-exposed sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent neuroimaging work suggests that increased amygdala responses to emotional stimuli and dysfunction within regions mediating top down attentional control (dorsomedial frontal, lateral frontal and parietal cortices) may be associated with the emergence of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This report examines amygdala responsiveness to emotional stimuli and the recruitment of top down attention systems as a function of task demands in a population of U.S. military service members who had recently returned from combat deployment in Afghanistan/Iraq. Given current interest in dimensional aspects of pathophysiology, it is worthwhile examining patients who, while not meeting full PTSD criteria, show clinically significant functional impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven participants with sub-threshold levels of PTSD symptoms completed the affective Stroop task while undergoing fMRI. Participants with PTSD or depression at baseline were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater PTSD symptom severity scores were associated with increased amygdala activation to emotional, particularly positive, stimuli relative to neutral stimuli. Furthermore, greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with increased superior/middle frontal cortex response during task conditions relative to passive viewing conditions. In addition, greater PTSD symptom severity scores were associated with: (i) increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral frontal, inferior parietal cortices and dorsomedial frontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmFC/dACC) in response to emotional relative to neutral stimuli; and (ii) increased functional connectivity during emotional trials, particularly positive trials, relative to neutral trials between the right amygdala and dmFC/dACC, left caudate/anterior insula cortex, right lentiform nucleus/caudate, bilateral inferior parietal cortex and left middle temporal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that these data may reflect two phenomena associated with increased PTSD symptomatology in combat-exposed, but PTSD negative, armed services members. First, these data indicate increased emotional responsiveness by: (i) the positive relationship between PTSD symptom severity and amygdala responsiveness to emotional relative to neutral stimuli; (ii) greater BOLD response as a function of PTSD symptom severity in regions implicated in emotion (striatum) and representation (occipital and temporal cortices) during emotional relative to neutral conditions; and (iii) increased connectivity between the amygdala and regions implicated in emotion (insula/caudate) and representation (middle temporal cortex) as a function of PTSD symptom severity during emotional relative to neutral trials. Second, these data indicate a greater need for the recruitment of regions implicated in top down attention as indicated by (i) greater BOLD response in superior/middle frontal gyrus as a function of PTSD symptom severity in task relative to view conditions; (ii) greater BOLD response in dmFC/dACC, lateral frontal and inferior parietal cortices as a function of PTSD symptom severity in emotional relative to neutral conditions and (iii) greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and inferior parietal cortex as a function of PTSD symptom severity during emotional relative to neutral conditions.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & Walter Reed National Military Center, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA ; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Drive #100, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Costanzo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & Walter Reed National Military Center, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057190:Stroop Test; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amygdala; Emotion attention; Post-traumatic stress disorder; Top down attention