title: Early gestation chorionic villi-derived stromal cells for fetal tissue engineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential for early gestation placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) for fetal tissue engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  PMSCs were isolated from early gestation chorionic villus tissue by explant culture. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)-size tissue samples (mean = 35.93 mg) were used to test the feasibility of obtaining large cell numbers from CVS within a clinically relevant timeframe. We characterized PMSCs isolated from 6 donor placentas by flow cytometry immunophenotyping, multipotency assays, and through immunofluorescent staining. Protein secretion from PMSCs was examined using two cytokine array assays capable of probing for over 70 factors in total. Delivery vehicle compatibility of PMSCs was determined using three common scaffold systems: fibrin glue, collagen hydrogel, and biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds made from a combination of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Viral transduction of PMSCs was performed using a Luciferase-GFP-containing lentiviral vector and efficiency of transduction was tested by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined that an average of 2.09 × 10(6) (SD ± 8.59 × 10(5)) PMSCs could be obtained from CVS-size tissue samples within 30 d (mean = 27 d, SD ± 2.28), indicating that therapeutic numbers of cells can be rapidly expanded from very limited masses of tissue. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry demonstrated that PMSCs were positive for MSC markers CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, and CD29, and were negative for hematopoietic and endothelial markers CD45, CD34, and CD31. PMSCs displayed trilineage differentiation capability, and were found to express developmental transcription factors Sox10 and Sox17 as well as neural-related structural proteins NFM, Nestin, and S100β. Cytokine arrays revealed a robust and extensive profile of PMSC-secreted cytokines and growth factors, and detected 34 factors with spot density values exceeding 10(3). Detected factors had widely diverse functions that include modulation of angiogenesis and immune response, cell chemotaxis, cell proliferation, blood vessel maturation and homeostasis, modulation of insulin-like growth factor activity, neuroprotection, extracellular matrix degradation and even blood coagulation. Importantly, PMSCs were also determined to be compatible with both biological and synthetic material-based delivery vehicles such as collagen and fibrin hydrogels, and biodegradable nanofiber scaffolds made from a combination of PLA and PLGA. Finally, we demonstrated that PMSCs can be efficiently transduced (> 95%) with a Luciferase-GFP-containing lentiviral vector for future in vivo cell tracking after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that PMSCs represent a unique source of cells that can be effectively utilized for in utero cell therapy and tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lankford
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Taryn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Volodymyr
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ryzhuk
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Connor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Lee Lankford, Taryn Selby, James Becker, Volodymyr Ryzhuk, Connor Long, Diana Farmer, Aijun Wang, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
authors.forename: Aijun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Chorionic villus; Fetal surgery; Mesenchymal stromal cells; Placenta; Tissue engineering