title: Influence of immune activation and inflammatory response on cardiovascular risk associated with the human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased cardiovascular risk. Although initially this increased risk was attributed to metabolic alterations associated with antiretroviral treatment, in recent years, the attention has been focused on the HIV disease itself. Inflammation, immune system activation, and endothelial dysfunction facilitated by HIV infection have been identified as key factors in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV infection and summarize the latest knowledge on the relationship between traditional and novel inflammatory, immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers on the cardiovascular risk associated with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic-Vascular Unit, Fundación IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.affiliation: Vascular, Renal, and Diabetes Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubio-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Vascular, Renal, and Diabetes Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Amaro-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Vascular, Renal, and Diabetes Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain ; Fundación Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigaciones Nefrológicas (FRIAT-IRSIN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
authors.affiliation: Metabolic-Vascular Unit, Fundación IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Puig
authors.affiliation: Vascular, Renal, and Diabetes Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: HIV; antiretroviral therapy; cardiovascular disease; immune activation; inflammation