title: REM sleep as a potential indicator of hyperarousal in psychophysiological and paradoxical insomnia sufferers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study REM sleep macrostructure and microstructure as potential indicators of hyperarousal in insomnia by comparing good sleepers (GS) and insomnia sufferers (INS) (subdivided into psychophysiological "PSY-I" and paradoxical "PARA-I").
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional comparisons of GS, PSY-I and PARA-I.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants slept for 4 consecutive nights in the laboratory where PSG was recorded. Nights 2 and 3 were combined to compare REM sleep between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine PSY-I, 27 PARA-I and 47 GS completed the study, comprising home questionnaires, clinical interviews and night PSG recordings. All participants were aged between 25 and 55 and met inclusion criteria for either PSY-I, PARA-I or GS.
  Results showed no between group differences on REM sleep macrostructure. As for REM sleep microstructure, PSY-I had an increased number of wake intrusions compared to PARA-I (p=.03). Subjective SE, TST and TWT were significantly correlated with the duration of REM sleep (REMD; p≤.002) and with the proportion of REM sleep for PARA-I (p≤.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  REM sleep macrostructure does not seem to be an adequate indicator of hyperarousal in insomnia. However, the number of wake intrusions in REM could be used to differentiate PSY-I from PARA-I and could reflect the heightened arousal of the former group. Relationships between REM sleep duration and proportion could be linked to dream imagery activity, especially in PARA-I. Further investigations are needed to identify variables that could reflect hyperarousal and differentiate insomnia types.
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: alexandra.duchesne-perusse.1@ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Alexandra D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pérusse
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: maude.pedneault-drolet.1@ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Maude
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedneault-Drolet
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: christine.rancourt.2@ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rancourt
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: isabelle.turcotte.2@ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turcotte
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: stjeang@csdraveurs.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: St-Jean
authors.affiliation: École de psychologie, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Laboratoire de sommeil et potentiels évoqués cognitifs, 2525 chemin de la Canardière, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC,G1J 2G2, Canada. Electronic address: celyne.bastien@psy.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Célyne H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bastien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011603:Psychophysiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Arousals; Hyperarousal; Insomnia; Macrostructure; Microstructure; REM sleep