title: Removing ventricular far-field signals in intracardiac electrograms during stable atrial tachycardia using the periodic component analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracardiac electrograms are an indispensable part during diagnosis of supraventricular arrhythmias, but atrial activity (AA) can be obscured by ventricular far-fields (VFF). Concepts based on statistical independence like principal component analysis (PCA) cannot be applied for VFF removal during atrial tachycardia with stable conduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database of realistic electrograms containing AA and VFF was generated. Both PCA and the new technique periodic component analysis (πCA) were implemented, benchmarked, and applied to clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concept of πCA was successfully verified to retain compromised AA morphology, showing high correlation (cc=0.98±0.01) for stable atrial cycle length (ACL). Performance of PCA failed during temporal coupling (cc=0.03±0.08) but improved for increasing conduction variability (cc=0.77±0.14). Stability of ACL was identified as a critical parameter for πCA application. Analysis of clinical data confirmed these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  πCA is introduced as a powerful new technique for artifact removal in periodic signals. Its concept and performance were benchmarked against PCA using simulated data and demonstrated on measured electrograms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: tobias.oesterlein@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Tobias Georg
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Oesterlein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: gustavo.lenis@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lenis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: dan-timon.rudolph@student.kit.edu.
authors.forename: Dan-Timon
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: armin.luik@klinikum-karlsruhe.de.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: bhawna.verma@student.kit.edu.
authors.forename: Bhawna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: Claus.Schmitt@klinikum-karlsruhe.de.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiser Str. 12, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: olaf.doessel@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dössel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019985:Benchmarking; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Atrial flutter; Intracardiac electrogram; Periodic component analysis; Principal component analysis; Ventricular far-field