title: A mixed methods investigation into the use of non-technical skills by community and hospital pharmacists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-technical skills refer to the social and cognitive factors that may influence efficient and safe job performance. Non-technical skills are an important element of patient safety in a variety of health care disciplines, including surgery, anesthesia and nursing. However, the use of non-technical skills in pharmacy practice has not yet been fully assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine attitudes toward, and use of, non-technical skills by pharmacy personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed methods approach was used: An attitude survey explored pharmacy personnel attitudes towards non-technical skills and inter-professional collaboration, with community and hospital pharmacy staff (n = 62). Qualitative interviews were then conducted using the critical incident technique, with community pharmacists (n = 11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey results demonstrated differences in the opinions of community and hospital pharmacists on three non-technical skill constructs: team structure, mutual support, and situation monitoring, with community pharmacists reporting significantly more positive attitudes about all three constructs. Both groups reported low levels of collaboration with primary care physicians. The interviews identified five non-technical skills as key elements of successful pharmacist performance from the interview transcripts: teamwork; leadership; task management; situation awareness; decision-making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey and interviews identified the non-technical skills that are important to pharmacists. This represents the first step towards the development of a behavioral rating system for training purposes that could potentially improve the non-technical skills of pharmacists and enhance patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, William Guild Building, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 2UB, UK. Electronic address: a.irwin@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Weidmann
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001364:Awareness; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D061214:Patient Safety; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Leadership; Non-technical skills; Pharmacy; Situation awareness; Teamwork