title: Effects of silver nanoparticles to soil invertebrates: oxidative stress biomarkers in Eisenia fetida.
abstract: Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are among the most produced NPs worldwide having several applications in consumer products. Ag-NPs are known to cause oxidative stress in several organisms and cell lines, however comparatively less information is available regarding their effects on soil living invertebrates. The purpose of this study was to investigate if Ag-NPs cause oxidative stress on soil invertebrates. The model soil species Eisenia fetida was used. Our results showed that total glutathione (TG) is the first mechanism triggered by Ag-NPs, followed by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), however oxidative damage was observed for higher doses and exposure time (increased lipid peroxidation, LPO). AgNO3 exposure caused impairment in GPx and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), probably as result of the higher bioavailability of Ag in the salt-form. The current results indicate that effects are partly caused by Ag ions released from Ag-NPs, but specific particle effects cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: susana.gomes@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Susana I L
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ditte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janeck J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Scott-Fordsmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mónica J B
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amorim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012834:Silver; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Earthworms; Nanomaterials; Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); Soil