title: Acceptability of financial incentives for encouraging uptake of healthy behaviours: A critical review using systematic methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Financial incentives are effective in encouraging healthy behaviours, yet concerns about acceptability remain. We conducted a systematic review exploring acceptability of financial incentives for encouraging healthy behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database, reference, and citation searches were conducted from the earliest available date to October 2014, to identify empirical studies and scholarly writing that: had an English language title, were published in a peer-reviewed journal, and explored acceptability of financial incentives for healthy behaviours in members of the public, potential recipients, potential practitioners or policy makers. Data was analysed using thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty one papers were included: 59 pieces of scholarly writing and 22 empirical studies, primarily exploring acceptability to the public. Five themes were identified: fair exchange, design and delivery, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, recipients, and impact on individuals and wider society. Although there was consensus that if financial incentives are effective and cost effective they are likely to be considered acceptable, a number of other factors also influenced acceptability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Financial incentives tend to be acceptable to the public when they are effective and cost-effective. Programmes that benefit recipients and wider society; are considered fair; and are delivered to individuals deemed appropriate are likely to be considered more acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: e.l.giles@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: Shannon.robalino@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robalino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: falko.sniehotta@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Falko F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sniehotta
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: jean.adams@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: elaine.mccoll@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McColl
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012201:Reward
keywords: Behaviour change; Critical review; Financial incentives; Healthy behaviours; Systematic review