title: Clinical evaluation of nonarthritic shoulder pain: Diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Shoulder pain and dysfunction is a complex problem frequently encountered by primary care physicians. Common nonarthritic conditions seen in the primary care setting include rotator cuff syndrome, impingement, posttraumatic stiffness, adhesive capsulitis, and instability. A thorough history and physical examination can aid in the diagnosis of many common shoulder complaints. Pain and instability are the most common shoulder complaints. Pain that is sharp or burning is commonly radicular in origin, whereas pain caused by tendinitis is often dull, diffuse, and aching. Instability is frequently found in patients with a history of dislocation, but also may occur with no prior history. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful for more advanced pathology. However, many common shoulder conditions can be diagnosed without imaging, and may be initially treated with a short course of rest, ice, topical analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, directed and supervised physical therapy, and occasionally subacromial corticosteroid injections. As always, a detailed history and a thorough physical exam by a primary care physician are vital for diagnosis. When conservative measures fail, referral to an orthopaedic surgeon may be necessary for further patient management.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Barfield
authors.forename: Shane K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Woolf
mesh_terms: D002062:Bursitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010808:Physical Examination; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis
keywords: Repetitive overhead arm activity; shoulder dysfunction; shoulder instability; shoulder pain