title: Anthelmintic resistance in equine helminth parasites - a growing issue for horse owners and veterinarians in New Zealand?
abstract: There is growing concern that given the high frequency with which anthelmintics are being administered to many horses, anthelmintic resistance amongst equine helminth populations will be an increasing problem, rendering many of the currently available products unusable with little prospect of new products becoming available, at least in the near future. Worldwide, much reliance has been placed on the macrocyclic lactone (ML) group of anthelmintics, but resistance has been reported to these products as well as to the two other major anthelmintic classes used in this species, the benzimidazoles (BZ) and the tetrahydropyrimidines (e.g. pyrantel). In New Zealand, resistance has been reported to the ML and BZ groups, but not yet to pyrantel. As an alternative to interval-based anthelmintic regimens, the highly overdispersed nature of parasite populations in horses can be utilised to decide whether treatment is required, based on whether or not animals exceed a predetermined level of shedding of parasite eggs. If well managed, such a targeted and selective approach can be utilised to eliminate the majority of egg output whilst still providing a refuge for susceptible parasites to persist. Such a system would require that an adequate standard of monitoring be in place and cognisance needs to be taken of parasites or their lifecycle stages that cannot be diagnosed by routine methods. At the same time, using anthelmintics with high levels of efficacy, avoiding practices such as under-dosing, as well as utilising non-chemical means of parasite control when possible, e.g. regular removal of faeces from pasture, should all be considered. Combinations of anthelmintics, specifically of anthelmintics that target the same or a similar spectrum of parasite species, should play an important role in parasite control in horses. As well as providing arguably the highest levels of efficacy, combinations may also slow the rate at which anthelmintic resistance develops.
authors.affiliation: a Infectious Diseases and Public Health Group , Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North , New Zealand.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Pomroy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics
keywords: Horse; anthelmintic; helminth; resistance