title: Whole inactivated avian Influenza H9N2 viruses induce nasal submucosal dendritic cells to sample luminal viruses via transepithelial dendrites and trigger subsequent DC maturation.
abstract: Nasal mucosal barrier is a key impediment for the absorption of influenza whole inactivated virus (WIV) intranasal vaccine. Yet it is still unclear how WIV cross the epithelial cells (ECs) in nasal cavity. Here, in vitro, a coculture system was well established, consisting of surrogate nasal ECs (Calu-3) and dendritic cells (DCs). After adding H9N2 WIV on the apical side of ECs, we found that submucosal DCs extended their transepithelial dendrites (TEDs) and sampled luminal viruses. However, ECs were not involved in the transepithelial transport of viruses. Subsequently, the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs were also enhanced, whereas they were attenuated after blocking of TED formation by anti-JAM1 antibody. In vivo, we confirmed that H9N2 WIV were capable of inducing nasal submucosal DCs to sample luminal viruses via TEDs in the nasal passage but not nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). CD103(+) and CD103(-) DC subsets participated in this process. Of note, chemokine CCL20, released from the H9N2 WIV-induced ECs, played a vital role in DC recruitment and TED formation. Taken together, our findings indicated that TEDs played a critical role in facilitating viral transport across the epithelial barrier, which may guide the design of novel nasal mucosal vaccine strategies.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Yinyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Haofei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: zxbyq@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054418:Chemokine CCL20 / Q000276:immunology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D014611:Vaccination; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C493447:CCL20 protein, mouse; D054418:Chemokine CCL20; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: Antigen uptake; Dendritic cells; Influenza whole inactivated virus; Nasal mucosa; Transepithelial dendrites