title: Enriched Intestinal Stem Cell Seeding Improves the Architecture of Tissue-Engineered Intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a methodology to separate intestinal stem cell (ISC)-enriched crypts from differentiated epithelial cell (DEC)-containing villi to improve the morphology of tissue-engineered intestine (TEI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Small intestinal tissues from 5- to 7-day-old transgenic Lgr5-EGFP mice (with fluorescently labeled ISCs) were used to measure the height of villi and the depth of crypts. Based on the significant size difference between crypts and villi, a novel cell filtration system was developed. Filtration of mixed organoid units from full-thickness intestine of transgenic Lgr5-EGFP mice allowed determination of the percentage of ISCs in the different size-based filtration fractions obtained. In vivo, 5-7-day-old Lewis rat pups were used as cell donors to obtain purified crypts and villi, and the dams of the pups served as recipients. Flat and tubular polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds were seeded with either ISC-enriched crypts or DEC-containing villi and implanted intra-abdominally on the anterior abdominal wall. After 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of in vivo incubation, explants were processed for histologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small intestine from transgenic Lgr5-EGFP mice contained villi with an average height of 134.89±41.91 μm and crypts with an average depth of 49.59±8.95 μm. After filtration, we found that the 100-200 μm fractions contained relatively pure villi in which DECs were located, whereas the 25-70 μm range fractions contained concentrated crypts in which ISCs were located. In vivo, flat PGA scaffolds implanted with purified crypts formed well-developed mucosa by day 14 postimplantation, whereas flat scaffolds seeded with villi were replaced with fibrous tissue. Tubular scaffolds seeded with the crypt fraction developed a well-formed mucosal layer on the interior surface, with 80.9% circumferential mucosal engraftment and an average villous height of 478±65 μm, which was very close to native intestine (512±98 μm), whereas tubular scaffolds seeded with the villous fraction only had 21.7% circumferential mucosal engraftment and an average villous height of 243±78 μm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel filtration system described can effectively and efficiently isolate ISC-containing crypts. TEI produced from ISC-containing crypts has an improved morphology that is similar to native intestine.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery and The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Yanchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery and The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rager
authors.affiliation: 2 Nanofiber Solutions, LLC , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 2 Nanofiber Solutions, LLC , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enmark
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Surgery and The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Besner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D051381:Rats; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*