title: Electroencephalographic evaluation of the effectiveness of blunt trauma to induce loss of consciousness for on-farm killing of chickens and turkeys.
abstract: Euthanasia of small numbers of birds in case of injury or other illness directly on the farm may be necessary for welfare reasons. This should be done without transportation of the moribund animals in order to minimize pain and distress. Blood loss has to be avoided to minimize the risk of contaminating the environment. Cervical dislocation in combination with a blunt trauma may be an appropriate way to achieve this aim but the bird's age and body weight may influence the practicability of this method in the field. In this study, we evaluated broilers, broiler breeders, and turkeys of different age groups and weights up to nearly 16 kg for the efficacy of blunt trauma to induce unconsciousness, allowing subsequent killing of the bird without pain. The effect of blunt trauma on the brain was determined by electroencephalography (EEG). Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded for each animal. Convulsions or tonic seizures were observed in all investigated animals after blunt trauma, including strong wing movements, torticollis, and stretching of legs. The EEG results demonstrate that the blunt trauma induced by a single, sufficiently strong hit placed in the frontoparietal region of the head led to a reduction or loss of the AEP in all groups of birds. These results clearly indicate a loss of sensibility and induction of unconsciousness, which would allow painless killing of the birds immediately after the induction of the blunt trauma.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cors
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Heidemark Mästerkreis GmbH & Co. KG, Ahlhorn, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: PHW Zentrallabor, Rechterfeld, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer-Kühling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Germany Silke.Rautenschlein@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rautenschlein
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D014422:Turkeys / Q000502:physiology*; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: auditory evoked potential; blunt trauma; electroencephalography; poultry