title: Pocket depth and bleeding on probing and their associations with dental, lifestyle, socioeconomic and blood variables: a cross-sectional, multicenter feasibility study of the German National Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the periodontal disease status in a multi-center cross-sectional study in Germany. Associations of dental, socio-economic, blood and biomedical variables with periodontal outcome parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 4 different centers N = 311 persons were included, drawn randomly from the registration offices. Maximal pocket depth (PD) was used as primary indicator for periodontitis. It was classified as: no/mild ≤3 mm, moderate 4-5 mm, severe ≥6 mm. Associations between socioeconomic (household income, education), lifestyle, and biomedical factors and PD or bleeding on probing (BOP) per site ("Yes"/"No") was analyzed with logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of subjects was 46.4 (range 20-77) years. A significantly higher risk of deeper pockets for smokers (OR = 2.4, current vs. never smoker) or persons with higher BMI (OR = 1.6, BMI increase by 5) was found. Severity of periodontitis was significantly associated with caries lesions (p = 0.01), bridges (p < .0001), crowns (p < .0001), leukocytes (p = 0.04), HbA1c (p < .0001) and MCV (p = 0.04). PD was positively correlated with BOP. No significant associations with BOP were found in regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier findings for BMI and smoking with severity of PD were confirmed. Dental variables might be influenced by potential confounding factors e.g. dental hygiene. For blood parameters interactions with unknown systemic diseases may exist.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, lm Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. h.zimmermann@uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hagenfeld
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Diercke
authors.forename: Nihad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: Karin Halina
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Greiser
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kühnisch
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samietz
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitter
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.forename: Ti-Sun
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003442:Crowns / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000145:classification; D003829:Denture, Partial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin