title: Cystoscopic findings: a video tutorial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cystoscopy is frequently performed by gynecologists to ensure ureteral patency and to prevent bladder injury when performing concomitant gynecological procedures. Generally, there are no additional findings on cystoscopy; however, when abnormalities arise, they may require either observation or intervention. Our aim was to create a visual library of benign, malignant, and foreign-body pathological conditions incidentally encountered on cystoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cystoscopic findings were videotaped at the time of routine surgical care. Regarding Institutional Review Board approval, individual consent was waived as the videos were de-identified and collected for educational purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Benign pathological conditions: squamous metaplasia, duplicated ureteral orifice, ureterocele, Hutch diverticulum, bladder trabeculation, urachal cyst, interstitial cystitis with and without Hunner's lesion, endometriosis in the bladder, port-wine stain due to Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome, nephrogenic (mesonephric) metaplasia, and cystitis glandularis (intestinal metaplasia). Malignant pathological conditions: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), carcinoma in situ (CIS), high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and urachal cancer. Foreign-body pathological conditions: edema from ureteral stents and stone-encrusted mesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This video is intended to educate the audience on some incidental bladder findings seen on female cystoscopy. Many pathological conditions can be biopsied or treated immediately during the procedure; hence, early urology consultation is encouraged for most abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive 3875 Taubman Center, SPC 5330, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5330, USA, slenherr@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lenherr
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D014521:Urethra / Q000503:physiopathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis