title: Guiding protractor for accurate freehand placement of ventricular catheter in ventriculoperitoneal shunting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While frameless stereotaxis can be used for shunt ventricular catheter placement in patients with smaller ventricles, the ventricular catheter is still commonly placed based on the surface anatomy of the head for patients with larger ventricles. Thus, surgical techniques and guides facilitating accurate and reliable freehand placement of the ventricular catheter still need to be devised.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the patient in a supine position and the axis of their head maintained horizontally, the guiding protractor is placed horizontally in the frontal burrhole at Kocher's point. Using the guiding angle between the head axis and the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle based on coronal head computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) images, the ventricular catheter is then placed in the catheter guide within the guiding protractor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 20 hydrocephalic patients with a bicaudate index >0.2 or bifrontal distance >25 mm, the ideal guiding angle ranged from 17 to 23° (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 19.6° ± 1.6°). In all these patients, ventricular catheterization was successfully achieved with only one pass of the catheter, and postoperative CT scans showed satisfactory placement of the catheter in the ipsilateral frontal horn of the lateral ventricles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed surgical technique using a guiding protractor facilitates accurate freehand placement of a ventricular catheter for patients with a bicaudate index >0.2 or bifrontal distance >25 mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center for Neurosurgical Robotic Systems, Kyungpook National University, 50, Samduk 2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Donghan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wonsoo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Jaechan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000379:methods*