title: Characterization of the genetic environment of bla ESBL genes, integrons and toxin-antitoxin systems identified on large transferrable plasmids in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously 14 conjugative plasmids from multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli from healthy humans and food-producing animals in Switzerland were sequenced. The aim of this study was to extend the genetic characterization of these plasmids with a focus on bla ESBL genes including bla CTX-M-1 and bla TEM, class 1 integrons and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems contained therein.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nucleotide sequences and subsequent annotation therein of 14 conjugative plasmids were previously determined from their corresponding transconjugants. The TA loci were confirmed by RASTA-Bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the conjugative plasmids identified were found to encode genes expressing ESBLs. Structural heterogeneity was noted in the regions flanking both the bla CTX-M-1 and bla TEM genes. The bla CTX-M-1 genes were associated with the common insertion sequences ISEcp1 and IS26, and uniquely with an IS5 element in one case; while bla TEM genes were found to be associated with IS26 and Tn2. A new bla TEM-210 gene was identified. Seven class 1 integrons were also identified and assigned into 3 groups, denoted as In54, In369 and In501. Sixteen TA loci belonging to 4 of the TA gene families (relBE, vapBC, ccd and mazEF) were identified on 11 of these plasmids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative sequence analysis of these plasmids provided data on the structures likely to contribute to sequence diversity associated with these accessory genes, including IS26, ISEcp1 and Tn2. All of them contribute to the dissemination of the corresponding resistance genes located on the different plasmids. There appears to be no association between β-lactam encoding genes and TA systems.
authors.affiliation: UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zurfluh
authors.affiliation: Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hächler
authors.affiliation: UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Séamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanning
keywords: CTX-M; TEM; accessory genes; bla genes; plasmid sequencing