title: Cardioprotective cryptides derived from fish and other food sources: generation, application, and future markets.
abstract: The primary function of dietary protein is to provide amino acids for protein synthesis. However, protein is also a source of latent bioactive peptides or cryptides with potential health benefits including the control and regulation of blood pressure. Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the major, controllable risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it is also implicated in the development of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and end-stage diabetes. Cryptides can act on various systems of the body including the circulatory, gastrointestinal (GI), nervous, skeletal, and respiratory systems. A number of studies carried out to date have examined the health benefits of food protein isolates and hydrolysates. This review provides an overview of existing blood pressure regulating peptides and products derived from fish and other protein sources and hydrolysates. It discusses the methods used currently to generate and identify cryptides from these sources and their application in food and pharmaceutical products. It also looks at the current market for protein-derived peptides and peptide-containing products, legislation governing their use, and the future development of research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agroquı́mica y Tecnologı́a de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D029941:Fish Proteins; D010455:Peptides
keywords: ACE and ACE2 inhibitory; European Food Safety Authority; antithrombotic; bioavailability; blood−brain barrier; cryptides; hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase inhibitory; renin angiotensin aldosterone system; renin inhibitory