title: Steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla suppress adhesion, migration and invasion of human lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor metastases are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Paris polyphylla (Chinese name: Chonglou) has traditionally been used for its anti-cancer actions. In this article, we focus on the regulation of human lung cancer A549 cell metastases and invasion by Paris polyphylla steroidal saponins (PPSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Effects of PPSS on invasion and migration were investigated by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Adhesion to type IV collagen and laminin was evaluated by MTT assay. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPSS exerted growth inhibitory effects on A549 cells, and effectively inhibited A549 cell adhesion, migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis revealed that PPSS inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPSS has the potential to suppress the migration, adhesion and invasion of A549 cells. PPSS could be a potential candidate for interventions against lung cancer metastases.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China E-mail : hehao313@163.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yan-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Guang-Wei
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zheng-Gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D013256:Steroids; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9