title: The test skeletal matrix of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula.
abstract: In the field of biomineralization, the past decade has been marked by the increasing use of high throughput techniques, i.e. proteomics, for identifying in one shot the protein content of complex macromolecular mixtures extracted from mineralized tissues. Although crowned with success, this approach has been restricted so far to a limited set of key-organisms, such as the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the pearl oyster or the abalone, leaving in the shadow non-model organisms. As a consequence, it is still unknown to what extent the calcifying repertoire varies, from group to group, at high (phylum, class), median (order, family) or low (genus, species) taxonomic rank. The present paper shows the first biochemical and proteomic characterization of the test matrix of the Mediterranean black sea urchin Arbacia lixula (Arbacioida). Our work suggests that the skeletal repertoire of A. lixula exhibits some similarities but also several differences with that of the few sea urchin species (S. purpuratus, Paracentrotus lividus), for which molecular data are already available. The differences may be attributable to the taxonomic position of the species considered: A. lixula belongs to an order - Arbacioida - that diverged more than one hundred million years ago from the Camarodonta, which includes the two species S. purpuratus and P. lividus. For the echinoid class, we suggest that large-scale proteomic screening should be performed in order to understand which molecular functions related to calcification are conserved and which ones have been co-opted for biomineralization in particular lineages.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dept. Zoology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: julia-maxi.kanold@bio.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kanold
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Immel
authors.affiliation: Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Plate-forme Protéomique 3P5, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France 22, Rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Broussard
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guichard
authors.affiliation: ICMUB, UMR CNRS 5260, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plasseraud
authors.affiliation: UPSP PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, 26 Boulevard Petitjean, BP 87999, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corneillat
authors.affiliation: UPSP PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, 26 Boulevard Petitjean, BP 87999, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dept. Zoology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brümmer
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France. Electronic address: frederic.marin@u-bourgogne.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D009005:Monosaccharides; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Arbacioida order; Biomineralization; Organic matrix; Proteomics; Sea urchin