title: Tapentadol extended release in the management of peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain.
abstract: Tapentadol, a μ-opioid agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has been found to be an effective medication for a wide variety of chronic pain conditions, including back pain, cancer-related pain, and arthritic pain. It has also been found to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than more traditional opioid-based therapies. More recently, tapentadol extended release has been demonstrated to be effective in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy, an often debilitating condition affecting approximately one-third of all patients with diabetes. This review highlights the most up-to-date basic and clinical studies by focusing on the mechanisms of action of tapentadol and its clinical efficacy, especially with regard to painful diabetic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maslin
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kodumudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Aron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legler
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berger
keywords: analgesia; chronic pain; neuropathic pain; pain management; pharmacology