title: Spotty calcification and plaque vulnerability in vivo: frequency-domain optical coherence tomography analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spotty calcification is a morphological characteristic of a vulnerable plaque phenotype. While this calcium pattern is considered an active process, promoted by inflammation, it is unknown whether spotty calcification associates with development of microstructures observed in vulnerable plaques. As frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) enables visualization of microstructures associated with plaque vulnerability, we investigated the association between spotty calcification and plaque microstructures by using FD-OCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), having clinical indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were analyzed. Totally 280 non-culprit lipid plaques within the target vessel requiring PCI were evaluated by FD-OCT. Spotty calcification was defined as a presence of lesion <4 mm in length, containing an arc of calcification <90° on FD-OCT. Plaque microstructures were compared in non-culprit lipid-rich plaques with and without spotty calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spotty calcification was observed in 39.6% of non-culprit lipid-rich plaques, with 30.6% of these plaques demonstrating multiple spotty calcifications. Plaques containing spotty calcification exhibited a greater lipid index (= averaged lipid arc × lipid length); 1,511.8±1,522.3 vs. 815.2±1,040.3 mm°, P<0.0001), thinner fibrous caps (89.0±31.6 vs. 136.5±32.5 µm, P=0.002) and a higher prevalence of microchannels (45.9% vs. 17.7%, P=0.007). A significant association was observed between the number of spotty calcifications per plaque and fibrous cap thickness (r=-0.40, P=0.006). Increased number of spotty calcification was also associated with a higher prevalence of microchannel within plaques (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with stable CAD requiring PCI, the presence of spotty calcification imaged by FD-OCT was associated with features of greater plaque vulnerability.
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammadah
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Bhanu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duggal
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Samir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: E Murat
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tuzcu
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.affiliation: 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
keywords: Calcification; optical coherence tomography; plaque; plaque vulnerability