title: Protective effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats and possible underlying mechanisms.
abstract: The current study was aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effects of friedelin isolated from the hexane extract of leaves of Azima tetracantha. Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model was used to investigate the gastroprotective effects of friedelin. Antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, gastric vascular permeability, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis level have been investigated. Ethanol caused severe gastric damage and friedelin pretreatment protected against its deleterious role. Antioxidant enzyme activities, anti-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) and mucus weight have been increased significantly. However, the vascular permeability, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-3 and apoptosis level have significantly been decreased after friedelin ingestion. The present study has clearly demonstrated the anti-ulcer potential of friedelin, these findings suggested that friedelin could be a new useful natural gastroprotective tool against gastric ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Biosafety Research Institute, 664-14, 1GA, Duckjin-Dong, Duckjin-Gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk Do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Paulrayer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonisamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Biosafety Research Institute, 664-14, 1GA, Duckjin-Dong, Duckjin-Gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk Do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Adithan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aravinthan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Savarimuthu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
authors.affiliation: Grassland and forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Biosafety Research Institute, 664-14, 1GA, Duckjin-Dong, Duckjin-Gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk Do 561-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhkim1@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D032121:Salvadoraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000094042:Lupanes
chemical_list: D053148:Caspase 3; D002374:Catalase; D016207:Cytokines; D015232:Dinoprostone; D000431:Ethanol; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014315:Triterpenes; C060796:friedelin; D000094042:Lupanes
keywords: Azima tetracantha; Ethanol; Friedelin; Gastric ulcer; Microvascular permeability; Ulcer index