title: Temporal lobe epilepsy: decreased thalamic resting-state functional connectivity and their relationships with alertness performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have provided evidence regarding the pathology of the thalamus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The thalamus, particularly the right thalamus, is one of the subcortical structures that are most uniformly accepted as being significantly involved in alertness. Moreover, alertness impairment in epilepsy has been reported. This study aimed to investigate alterations in thalamic resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and their relationships with alertness performance in patients with TLE; an issue that has not yet been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 patients with right TLE (rTLE) and 16 healthy controls were recruited for the present study. All of the participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan and the attention network test (ANT). Whole-brain voxel-wise FC analyses were applied to extract the thalamic resting-state functional networks in the patients with rTLE and healthy controls, and the differences between the two groups were evaluated. Correlation analyses were employed to examine the relationships between alterations in thalamic FC and alertness performance in patients with rTLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the healthy controls, the FC within and between the bilateral thalamus was decreased in the patients with rTLE. Moreover, in the patient group, the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and subcortical regions, including the bilateral brainstem, cerebellum, putamen, right caudate nucleus, and amygdala, exhibited decreased FC with the ipsilateral thalamus (p<0.05, AlphaSim corrected, cluster size>44) but not with the contralateral thalamus (p<0.05, AlphaSim corrected, cluster size>43). The intrinsic and phasic alertness performances of the patients were impaired (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) but not correlated with decreased thalamic FC. Meanwhile, the alertness performance was not altered in right TLE but was negatively correlated with decreased thalamic FC with ACC (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the functional importance of the thalamus in TLE pathology and suggest that damage to the thalamic resting-state functional networks, particularly ipsilateral to the epileptogenic focus, is present in patients with TLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Hong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Zong-Xia
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. Electronic address: jinouzheng@163.com.
authors.forename: Jin-Ou
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alertness; Cognition; Depression; Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; Temporal lobe epilepsy; Thalamus