title: Stigma against HIV/AIDS among female sex workers and general migrant women in eastern China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV related stigma is a recognized barrier to early detection of HIV and causes great suffering for those affected. However, data regarding HIV related stigma among female sex workers (FSW) in China was limited, with none for comparison between FSW and general migrant women (GMW). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine HIV related stigma among FSW and GMW in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community based cross-sectional study with face-to-face interviews was conducted in Shanghai (September 2011 through December 2012), using a structured questionnaire.HIV related stigma scores were examined graphically using boxplot. A logistic regression analysis with the proportional odds model was employed to identify factors affecting HIV related stigma scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,396 subjects, including 721 FSW and 675 GMW, were recruited in the present study. Both groups had substantial misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, although FSW had slightly higher scores on average. Both groups showed a medium level of HIV related stigma (38.34 ± 6.21 and 38.35 ± 6.86 for FSW and GMW, respectively). For the FSW, higher levels of stigma were observed for those who were in the older age groups (age 26-35 years, OR, 2.06, 95% CI 1.06-4.01), those who were married (OR, 1.62, 95% CI 1.03-2.54), and those who were working at lower-level sex service sites (OR, 1.60, 95% CI 1.06-2.43). Conversely, HIV knowledge was inversely associated with the level of HIV related stigma (OR, 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98).Among GMW participating in the study, those age in the 26-35 years were more likely to show higher level of stigma (OR, 2.61, 95% CI 1.03-2.54), and HIV knowledge was found to be inversely associated with the HIV related stigma level as well (OR, 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that there is an urgent need for the development of appropriate education strategies to reduce HIV related stigma among FSW and GMW in Shanghai, China. In particular, older women, less educated women, and women that have lived in Shanghai a relatively long time should be targeted in future stigma reduction programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. yangyingsh@hotmail.com.|Minhang District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. yangyingsh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. 13211020065@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. 12211020056@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. tzhang@shmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Minhang District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. yufeng@minghangcdc.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Minhang District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. Zhaoyanping@minghangcdc.com.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. tjzhang@shmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057545:Social Stigma; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data