title: Soluble CD36 in plasma and urine: a plausible prognostic marker for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to analyze the level of soluble CD36 (sCD36) in both plasma and urine of type 2 diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects (n=20 each) comprised of those with normal glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with normoalbuminiria, T2DM with microalbuminuria and T2DM with macroalbuminuria. The biochemical parameters were analyzed using auto-analyzer, and the level of sCD36 was estimated using an in-house Sandwich ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of sCD36 has been identified for the first time in the urine sample. Significant increase in the level of sCD36 was observed in both plasma and urine of diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (P<0.01) and macroalbuminuria (P<0.001). Positive correlation of sCD36 with the kidney markers such as urea, creatinine and eGFR confirmed the association of sCD36 with kidney damage in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria, which is clinically used as a biomarker for nephropathy showed a strong positive correlation with urine sCD36 (r=0.642; P<0.001) and plasma sCD36 (r=0.498; P<0.001) in Pearson correlation analysis, which was further substantiated in stepwise multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study implies a plausible prognostic/adjuvant biomarker role of soluble CD36 for diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio medical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India.
authors.forename: Thomas Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shiju
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Muthuswamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balasubramanyam
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Lab, Centre for Bio medical Research, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India. Electronic address: pragasam.v@vit.ac.in.
authors.forename: Pragasam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018955:CD36 Antigens
keywords: Asian Indians; Biomarker; Diabetic nephropathy; Kidney damage; Microalbuminuria; Soluble CD36