title: Periodontal parameters and whole salivary cytokine profiles among habitual gutka chewers and non-chewers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and MMP-9 levels among habitual gutka chewers and non-chewers (controls) have not been investigated. The aim of the present study is to assess clinical periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels among habitual gutka chewers and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five gutka chewers and 45 controls were included. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration and daily frequency of gutka chewing, duration of gutka placement in the mouth, and daily toothbrushing habits were collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) >3 mm, clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL), and number of missing teeth, were recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined. Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-8, and MMP-9 were measured in UWS using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PI (P <0.01), BOP (P <0.01), PD >3 mm (P <0.01), and clinical AL (P <0.01) were significantly higher in gutka chewers than controls, as were whole salivary IL-6 (P <0.01), IL-1β (P <0.01), MMP-8 (P <0.01), and MMP-9 (P <0.01) concentrations. There was no significant difference in UWSFR, number of missing teeth, or MBL among habitual gutka chewers and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammatory conditions were worse, and whole salivary IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels were higher among gutka chewers than non-chewers.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Kheraif
authors.forename: Mohammad D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Al Amri
authors.forename: Toshinari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Fahim
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warnakulasuriya
authors.forename: Georgios E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Romanos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification; D001114:Areca; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D057566:Self Report; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009067:Mouthwashes; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Cytokines; inflammation; interleukins; matrix metalloproteinases; saliva; tobacco, smokeless