title: Simultaneous glutamate recordings in the frontal cortex network with multisite biomorphic microelectrodes: New tools for ADHD research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aberrant regulation of glutamate has been implicated in numerous psychiatric disorders including drug addiction and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. To understand glutamate signaling and its role in facilitating disease, tools to directly measure glutamate in a complex, neural network are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of a ceramic-based, dual-sided, biomorphic microelectrode array with four recording sites on each side to facilitate a more detailed measurement of glutamate in awake, behaving rodents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro calibrations of these biosensors showed selective and specific responses to glutamate. In awake rats, these biomorphic electrode arrays enabled the concurrent evaluation of glutamate in a network, the frontal cortex: including the cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic and dorsal peduncle regions. Regions within the frontal cortex exhibited varying phasic glutamate patterns in awake animals.Comparison with existing method: Existing methodologies to measure glutamate neurotransmission employ single-sided biosensors or biosensors capable of measuring neurochemicals at only one location in space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-site, biomorphic neurochemical biosensors provide a method for simultaneously measuring glutamate in multiple areas of a neural network in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huettl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Electronic address: pglas0@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E A
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Glaser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Biosensors; Frontal cortex; Glutamate; Microelectrode array; Neural network