title: Age differences in prenatal testosterone's protective effects on disordered eating symptoms: developmental windows of expression?
abstract: Prenatal testosterone exposure may be protective against disordered eating. However, prior studies have produced mixed results. Developmental differences in prenatal testosterone's protective effects on disordered eating may explain these discrepancies. Indeed, studies have differed in the age of participants assessed, with data supporting prenatal testosterone effects on disordered eating in early adolescent and young adult samples but not in late adolescence. The present studies are the first to investigate age differences in prenatal testosterone's protective effects on disordered eating. Two indirect markers of higher prenatal testosterone were examined: (a) lower finger-length ratios (Study 1: index [2D]/ring [4D] finger [2D:4D]) and (b) lower disordered eating in female s from opposite-sex twin pairs (who are thought to be exposed to higher prenatal testosterone from their male co-twin) relative to female controls (Study 2). Participants were twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (Study 1: n = 409; Study 2: n = 1,538) in early adolescence, late adolescence, or young adulthood. Disordered eating was assessed with well-validated questionnaires. Finger-length ratios were measured from hand scans, using electronic computer calipers. Findings were consistent across both studies. Higher prenatal testosterone (lower 2D:4D; females from opposite-sex twin pairs vs. controls) predicted lower disordered eating in early adolescence and young adulthood only. Prenatal testosterone-disordered eating associations were not observed during late adolescence. Results point to the possibility of developmental windows of expression for prenatal testosterone's protective effects on disordered eating and suggest that prior discrepant results may reflect age differences across samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Culbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: S Marc
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Breedlove
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sisk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University.
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Boker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: S Alexandra
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klump
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology*; D014427:Twins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone