title: Middle-ear pain and trauma during air travel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in air pressure during flying can cause ear-drum pain and perforation, vertigo, and hearing loss. It has been estimated that 10% of adults and 22% of children might have changes to the ear drum after a flight, although perforation is rare. Symptoms usually resolve spontaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of interventions to prevent middle-ear pain during air travel? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to July 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found three studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: nasal balloon inflation, nasal decongestants (topical), and oral pseudoephedrine.
authors.affiliation: Emeritus Professor of Otolaryngology, UCL Ear Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D064870:Air Travel; D004433:Earache / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054199:Pseudoephedrine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D054199:Pseudoephedrine