title: Characterization of medical students recall of factual knowledge using learning objects and repeated testing in a novel e-learning system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spaced-repetition and test-enhanced learning are two methodologies that boost knowledge retention. ALERT STUDENT is a platform that allows creation and distribution of Learning Objects named flashcards, and provides insight into student judgments-of-learning through a metric called 'recall accuracy'. This study aims to understand how the spaced-repetition and test-enhanced learning features provided by the platform affect recall accuracy, and to characterize the effect that students, flashcards and repetitions exert on this measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three spaced laboratory sessions (s0, s1 and s2), were conducted with n=96 medical students. The intervention employed a study task, and a quiz task that consisted in mentally answering open-ended questions about each flashcard and grading recall accuracy. Students were randomized into study-quiz and quiz groups. On s0 both groups performed the quiz task. On s1 and s2, the study-quiz group performed the study task followed by the quiz task, whereas the quiz group only performed the quiz task. We measured differences in recall accuracy between groups/sessions, its variance components, and the G-coefficients for the flashcard component.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At s0 there were no differences in recall accuracy between groups. The experiment group achieved a significant increase in recall accuracy that was superior to the quiz group in s1 and s2. In the study-quiz group, increases in recall accuracy were mainly due to the session, followed by flashcard factors and student factors. In the quiz group, increases in recall accuracy were mainly accounted by flashcard factors, followed by student and session factors. The flashcard G-coefficient indicated an agreement on recall accuracy of 91% in the quiz group, and of 47% in the study-quiz group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recall accuracy is an easily collectible measurement that increases the educational value of Learning Objects and open-ended questions. This metric seems to vary in a way consistent with knowledge retention, but further investigation is necessary to ascertain the nature of such relationship. Recall accuracy has educational implications to students and educators, and may contribute to deliver tailored learning experiences, assess the effectiveness of instruction, and facilitate research comparing blended-learning interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. tiago.taveira@me.com.|ALERT Life Sciences Computing, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. tiago.taveira@me.com.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taveira-Gomes
authors.affiliation: ALERT Life Sciences Computing, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. rcosta4540@gmail.com.|Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. rcosta4540@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prado-Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. milton@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. mameliaferreira@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Amélia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006056:Golgi Apparatus; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011174:Portugal; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012984:Software; D055815:Young Adult