title: Significance of scattering by oceanic particles at angles around 120 degree.
abstract: Field observations and theoretical studies have shown that shapes of the volume scattering functions (VSFs) of oceanic particles in the backward directions, i.e., VSFs normalized by the total backscattering coefficient, exhibit a surprisingly low variability at angles near 120 degree, which is also confirmed by measurements of VSFs in coastal waters around the US. To investigate what this minimum variability angle (θ*) represents, we estimated mean values of the VSFs in the backward angles using four mean value theorems: mean value for integral, weighted mean value for integral, classic mean value for differentiation and Cauchy's mean value. We also estimated the angles corresponding to the minimum values of the VSFs. We found θ* to be very close to the angles representing the classic mean values for differentiation of the VSFs. The low variability is due to the fact that the classic mean values vary little with the composition and sizes of particles.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: Deric J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gray