title: Return on investment in electronic health records in primary care practices: a mixed-methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of electronic health records (EHR) in clinical settings is considered pivotal to a patient-centered health care delivery system. However, uncertainty in cost recovery from EHR investments remains a significant concern in primary care practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Guided by the question of "When implemented in primary care practices, what will be the return on investment (ROI) from an EHR implementation?", the objectives of this study are two-fold: (1) to assess ROI from EHR in primary care practices and (2) to identify principal factors affecting the realization of positive ROI from EHR. We used a break-even point, that is, the time required to achieve cost recovery from an EHR investment, as an ROI indicator of an EHR investment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given the complexity exhibited by most EHR implementation projects, this study adopted a retrospective mixed-method research approach, particularly a multiphase study design approach. For this study, data were collected from community-based primary care clinics using EHR systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected data from 17 primary care clinics using EHR systems. Our data show that the sampled primary care clinics recovered their EHR investments within an average period of 10 months (95% CI 6.2-17.4 months), seeing more patients with an average increase of 27% in the active-patients-to-clinician-FTE (full time equivalent) ratio and an average increase of 10% in the active-patients-to-clinical-support-staff-FTE ratio after an EHR implementation. Our analysis suggests, with a 95% confidence level, that the increase in the number of active patients (P=.006), the increase in the active-patients-to-clinician-FTE ratio (P<.001), and the increase in the clinic net revenue (P<.001) are positively associated with the EHR implementation, likely contributing substantially to an average break-even point of 10 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that primary care clinics can realize a positive ROI with EHR. Our analysis of the variances in the time required to achieve cost recovery from EHR investments suggests that a positive ROI does not appear automatically upon implementing an EHR and that a clinic's ability to leverage EHR for process changes seems to play a role. Policies that provide support to help primary care practices successfully make EHR-enabled changes, such as support of clinic workflow optimization with an EHR system, could facilitate the realization of positive ROI from EHR in primary care practices.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Desautels Faculty of Management, Montreal, QC, Canada. yeona.jang@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Yeona
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-7756
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-930X
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lortie
authors.forename: Steven
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-6406
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanche
keywords: ROI indicator; cost recovery from EHR implementation; physician satisfaction with EHR; primary care practices; return on investment in electronic health records