title: [Kinetics of heifers and cows walking on an instrumented treadmill].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kinetic data of stride characteristics and ground reaction forces of cattle become increasingly important as automated lameness detection may be installed in dairy cow housing systems in the future. Therefore, sound heifers and cows were measured on an instrumented treadmill to collect such basic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine heifers and 10 cows were trained to walk on an instrumented treadmill. Vertical ground reaction forces as well as step and stride timing and length variables were measured for all limbs simultaneously. On average, 16 stride cycles in cows and 24 strides in heifers were analysed in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cows walked on the treadmill at an average speed of 1.2 ± 0.05 m/s (mean ± standard deviation), with a stride rate of 43.0 ± 1.9/min and a stride length of 1.68 ± 0.1 m. The heifers had average values of 1.3 ± 0.04 m/s, 53.7 ± 2.2/min and 1.49 ± 0.05 m, respectively. The stance duration relative to stride duration (the duty factor) was for the cows significantly longer in the forelimbs (67%) than in the hind limbs (64%). Force-time-curves of all limbs showed two peaks, one after landing (FP1) and another during push off (FP2). Vertical ground reaction force was highest for FP1 in the hind limbs, but for FP2 in the forelimbs. At all limbs, force minimum between the peaks occurred shortly before midstance. The vertical impulse carried by both forelimbs amounted to 53.7% of the total stride impulse in cows and to 55.0% in heifers. The location of the centre of body mass varied during the stride cycle but was always located more towards the front limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cows and heifers showed a symmetrical walk with minimal intra-individual variations. Relative stride impulse of the front limbs was higher than that of the hind limbs. Peak vertical force in the hind limbs was highest at landing and in the forelimbs at push off. The present study offers kinetic data of sound cows and heifers which might be helpful as guidelines for automated systems for lameness detection in cattle.
authors.affiliation: Karl Nuss, Prof. Dr. med. vet., Dipl. ECVS, Departement für Nutztiere, Vetsuisse-Fakultät der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, E-Mail: knuss@vetclinics.unizh.ch.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nuss
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Waldern
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiestner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Dairy cattle; gait analysis; ground reaction forces; lameness