title: Biomarkers of brevetoxin exposure and composite toxin levels in hard clam (Mercenaria sp.) exposed to Karenia brevis blooms.
abstract: Brevetoxins in clams (Mercenaria sp.) exposed to recurring blooms of Karenia brevis in Sarasota Bay, FL, were studied over a three-year period. Brevetoxin profiles in toxic clams were generated by ELISA and LC-MS. Several brevetoxin metabolites, as identified by LC-MS, were major contributors to the composite brevetoxin response of ELISA. These were S-desoxyBTX-B2 (m/z 1018), BTX-B2 (m/z 1034), BTX-B5 (m/z 911), open A-ring BTX-B5 (m/z 929), and BTX-B1 (m/z 1018). Summed values of these metabolites were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.9) with composite B-type brevetoxin measurements by ELISA. S-desoxyBTX-B2, BTX-B2, and BTX-B1 were the most persistent and detectable in shellfish for several months after dissipation of blooms. These metabolites were selected as LC-MS biomarkers of brevetoxin exposure and reflective of composite B-type brevetoxins in hard clam. ELISA and LC-MS values were moderately correlated with toxicity of the shellfish by mouse bioassay. ELISA and LC-MS methods offer rapid screening and confirmatory determination of brevetoxins, respectively, as well as toxicity assessment in clams exposed to K. brevis blooms.
authors.affiliation: FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA. Electronic address: ann.abraham@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: El Said
authors.affiliation: FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Yuesong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Edward L E
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.affiliation: FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Plakas
authors.affiliation: Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Flewelling
authors.affiliation: Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005431:Florida; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008387:Marine Toxins; D035964:Oxocins; C053342:brevetoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
keywords: Biomarkers; Brevetoxins; Hard clams; Karenia brevis