title: Trigeminocardiac reflex: the current clinical and physiological knowledge.
abstract: The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is defined as the sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia, sympathetic hypotension, apnea, or gastric hypermotility during stimulation of any of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. Clinically, the TCR has been reported in all the surgical procedures in which a structure innervated by the trigeminal nerve is involved. Although, there is an abundant literature with reports of incidences and risk factors of the TCR; the physiological significance and function of this brainstem reflex has not yet been fully elucidated. In addition, there are complexities within the TCR that requires examination and clarification. There is also a growing need to discuss its cellular mechanism and functional consequences. Therefore, the current review provides an updated examination of the TCR with a particular focus on the mechanisms and diverse nature of the TCR.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada †Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX §Department of Neurosurgery, Tokuda Hospital Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria ∥Department of Neurology, University of Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ¶Department of Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK #Professional Program for International Dentists, University of California Los Angeles, CA **University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tumul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendelowith
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Golanov
authors.forename: Toma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spiriev
authors.forename: Belachew
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arasho
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandu
authors.forename: Pooyan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sadr-Eshkevari
authors.forename: Cyrill
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meuwly
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaller
mesh_terms: D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D059230:Reflex, Trigeminocardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology