title: Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Swedish women: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a highly distressing and impairing preoccupation with nonexistent or slight defects in appearance. Patients with BDD present to both psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians. A few studies have assessed BDD prevalence in representative samples of the general population and have demonstrated that this disorder is relatively common. Our primary objective was to assess the prevalence of BDD in the Swedish population because no data are currently available.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current cross-sectional study, 2891 randomly selected Swedish women aged 18-60 years participated. The occurrence of BDD was assessed using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), which is a validated self-report measure derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria for BDD. In addition, symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of BDD among Swedish women was 2.1%. The women with BDD had significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety than the women without BDD. Depression (HADS depression score ≥ 8) and anxiety (HADS anxiety score ≥ 8) were reported by 42% and 72% of the women with BDD, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that BDD is relatively common among Swedish women (2.1%) and that it is associated with significant morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University and Department of Pediatrics, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: Sabina.Brohede@liu.se.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brohede
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wingren
authors.affiliation: Gender and Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wijma
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wijma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult