title: Predicting conversion from MCI to AD with FDG-PET brain images at different prodromal stages.
abstract: Early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD), while still at the stage known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is important for the development of new treatments. However, brain degeneration in MCI evolves with time and differs from patient to patient, making early diagnosis a very challenging task. Despite these difficulties, many machine learning techniques have already been used for the diagnosis of MCI and for predicting MCI to AD conversion, but the MCI group used in previous works is usually very heterogeneous containing subjects at different stages. The goal of this paper is to investigate how the disease stage impacts on the ability of machine learning methodologies to predict conversion. After identifying the converters and estimating the time of conversion (TC) (using neuropsychological test scores), we devised 5 subgroups of MCI converters (MCI-C) based on their temporal distance to the conversion instant (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months before conversion). Next, we used the FDG-PET images of these subgroups and trained classifiers to distinguish between the MCI-C at different stages and stable non-converters (MCI-NC). Our results show that MCI to AD conversion can be predicted as early as 24 months prior to conversion and that the discriminative power of the machine learning methods decreases with the increasing temporal distance to the TC, as expected. These findings were consistent for all the tested classifiers. Our results also show that this decrease arises from a reduction in the information contained in the regions used for classification and by a decrease in the stability of the automatic selection procedure.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Torre Norte, Piso 7 Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: cfcabral@isr.ist.utl.pt.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Torre Norte, Piso 7 Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: pedromorgado@isr.ist.utl.pt.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine, Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: durval.costa@fundacaochampalimaud.pt.
authors.forename: Durval
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos Costa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Torre Norte, Piso 7 Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: msilveira@isr.ist.utl.pt.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silveira
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: Alzheimer׳s disease; Conversion; Early diagnosis; FDG-PET; Machine learning; Mild cognitive impairment