title: Controversies in the use of fresh frozen plasma in critically ill small animal patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature supporting or discouraging the use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human and animal publications were searched using PubMed without time limits and the following keywords were used: "fresh frozen plasma," "coagulopathy," "hypocoagulable state," "hypercoagulable states," and "critical illness."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The commonly used tests of coagulation (eg, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio) are poorly predictive of clinical bleeding. FFP use in critically ill patients is unlikely to result in improved outcomes and may be associated with increased risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding the use of FFP in critically ill animals, but clinical studies are underway that may provide further data that clarify the optimal use of FFP in animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of FFP in critically ill patients remains controversial. In the absence of clinical bleeding or a risk for clinical bleeding associated with a planned procedure, treatment use of FFP is not recommended in human patients. There are insufficient data in critically ill animals to enable formulation of recommendations. Further research is warranted in dogs and cats to establish evidence-based guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Kari Santoro
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Deborah C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Silverstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000662:veterinary*; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D002415:Cats; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000662:veterinary; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time / Q000662:veterinary; D010949:Plasma; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
keywords: cats; coagulopathies; critical illness; dogs; transfusion medicine