title: The technique of sacral nerve modulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge and recommendations regarding the technique of implantation of the electrode in performing sacroneuromodulation (SNM) and the available information on programming parameters and implantation algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English-language articles published from January 1985 to December 2013 that reported the SNM surgical technique and results were considered for inclusion. Data were considered useful for the present review only if related to: (i) peripheral nerve evaluation; (ii) temporary nerve stimulation; (iii) definitive impulse generator placement; and (iv) parameters programming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search revealed 193 potentially relevant studies from initial electronic search terms and eligibility criteria, and these studies were evaluated in detail. In total, 41 studies were included in the final analysis. Of the studies reviewed, the majority (n = 37) were prospective or retrospective case series. Only three randomized clinical trials were eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the technique seems to be standardized, several steps still need to be clarified in order to define the best way to perform the procedure and then to maximize the outcome.
authors.affiliation: General, Emergency and Mini-invasive Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martellucci
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Sacral neuromodulation; peripheral nerve evaluation; sacral nerve stimulation; surgical technique; tined-lead electrode; verify system