title: [A history of antipsychotic long-acting injections in the treatment of schizophrenia].
abstract: From a historical perspective, this article describes the use of antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAI) in the treatment of schizophrenia, a disorder that was defined in the final years of the 19th century. An efficient treatment for schizophrenia was discovered only in 1952 with the introduction of chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine derivative. Fairly soon, antipsychotics became available as LAI. The first compounds were fluphenazine enanthate (1966) and decanoate (1968) whose development is attributed to G.R. Daniel, a medical director at Squibb & Sons. Other first-generation antipsychotics long-acting injections (FGA-LAIs) were introduced in a rapid succession in the 1960s and 1970s. FGA-LAIs made a key contribution to the development of community psychiatry. As neuroleptics emptied psychiatric hospitals, it was important to ensure that patients could be taken care of in outpatient facilities. FGA-LAIs prevented covert non-compliance. Compliance was further reinforced by the social and psychological support of patients. The introduction of second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) led to a loss of interest in FGA-LAIs. This is evidenced by a drop in the number of papers published on this topic. The interest in LAI was revived with the introduction of the first SGA-LAI in 2003. Four different preparations have been approved in the decade between 2003 and 2013. SGA-LAIs differ from FGA-LAIs in the technology that is used to produce the depot effect, and also in the treatment objectives. The rationale for using SGA-LAIs is not only to prevent relapses due to treatment interruption, but also to achieve more constant plasma levels in order to reduce side effects due to excessive plasma levels and loss of efficacy due to insufficient plasma levels. Also, treatment objectives are no longer limited to controlling acute symptoms. Treatment objectives now include the alleviation of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits that are key prognostic factors.
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier, 27, rue du 4(e)-RSM, 68250 Rouffach, France. Electronic address: macrocq@aol.com.
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crocq
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000266:history*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations
keywords: Antipsychotics; Antipsychotiques; Antipsychotiques atypiques; Antipsychotiques atypiques d’action prolongée; Depot; Long-acting injection; Neuroleptiques; Neuroleptiques d’action prolongée; Schizophrenia; Schizophrénie