title: Adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems predict their affect-specific HPA and HPG axes reactivity.
abstract: We examined psychopathology-neuroendocrine associations in relation to the transition into adolescence within a developmental framework that acknowledged the interdependence of the HPA and HPG hormone systems in the regulation of responses to everyday affective contexts. Saliva samples were collected during anxiety and anger inductions from 51 young adolescents (M 13.47, SD = .60 years) to evaluate cortisol, DHEA, and testosterone responses. Internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed at pre-adolescence (M = 9.27, SD = .58 years) while youths were in elementary school and concurrently with hormones in early adolescence. Externalizing problems from elementary school predicted adolescents' reduced DHEA reactivity during anxiety induction. Follow up analyses simultaneously examining the contributions of elementary school and adolescent problems showed a trend suggesting that youths with higher levels of internalizing problems during elementary school eventuated in a profile of heightened DHEA reactivity as adolescents undergoing anxiety induction. For both the anxiety and the anger inductions, it was normative for DHEA and testosterone to be positively coupled. Adolescents with high externalizing problems but low internalizing problems marshaled dual axes co-activation during anger induction in the form of positive cortisol-testosterone coupling. This is some of the first evidence suggesting affective context determines whether dual axes coupling is reflective of normative or problematic functioning in adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Jonas G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zahn-Waxler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hastings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D046468:Sexual Development / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: DHEA; HPA-HPG coupling; adolescence; anger; anxiety; cortisol; externalizing problems; internalizing problems; longitudinal; neuroendocrine reactivity; risk activated neuroendocrine protective mechanism; structural equation modeling; testosterone