title: The Influence of Vascular Risk Factors and Stroke on Cognition in Late Life: Analysis of the NACC Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular risk factors in mid-life predict late life cognitive decline in previously normal populations. We sought to investigate the contribution of vascular risk factors in late life to cognitive decline in a cohort of normal elderly individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitively normal subjects were identified from the longitudinal cohort of participants in the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC) database (n=2975). The association between a composite score of vascular risk factors (based on the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile) and cognitive function was tested at baseline visit and estimated in longitudinal analyses using linear mixed-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total vascular risk factor burden was associated with worse cognitive performance at baseline and faster decline longitudinally in univariate analyses but only with worse WAIS digit symbol performance in cross-sectional (estimate=-0.266 units/1 unit of Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score; 95% confidence interval, -0.380 to -0.153; P<0.001) and longitudinal (estimate=-0.034 units/1 unit of Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score/year; 95% confidence interval, -0.055 to -0.012; P=0.002) analyses after adjusting for age, education, and APOE genotype. Individuals with history of stroke performed significantly worse on the trails B, category fluency, and Boston naming tests in cross-sectional analyses and in delayed logical memory and digit span backwards in longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the modified Framingham Stroke Risk Profile in late-life predicts rate of decline on selective neurocognitive measures in previously normal elderly individuals, age appears to be the strongest risk factor for cognitive impairment in this population. History of stroke independently influences rate of cognitive decline in these individuals.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Neurology ‡Psychiatry †Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program §Biostatistics Center ¶Massachusetts Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA ∥Departments of Biostatistics **Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA #Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Macklin
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Betensky
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blacker
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*