title: Cardiac dimensions and function in female handball players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term intensive endurance training leads to increased left ventricular mass and increased left ventricular end-diastolic and left atrial end-systolic diameters. Different types of sports tend to give rise to distinct morphological forms of the athlete's heart. However, the sport-specific aspects have not been fully investigated in female athletes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences in left and right cardiac dimensions, cardiac volumes, and systolic and diastolic function in elite female handball players compared to sedentary controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 33 elite female handball players was compared to 33 matched sedentary controls. Mean age was 21.5±2 years. The subjects underwent echocardiography examinations, both 2-dimensional (2DE) and 3-dimensional (3DE). Cardiac dimensions and volumes were quantified using M-mode, 2DE and 3DE. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular functions were also evaluated. All cardiac dimensions and volumes were adjusted for body surface area (BSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left atrium and left ventricle volumes were significantly (P<0.001) larger in elite female handball players compared with sedentary controls. Even right atrium area as well as right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic area were significantly (P<0.001) larger in elite female handball players. Significant differences were observed in three out of five systolic parameters. Most diastolic function parameters did not differ between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from the present study suggest that similar cardiac remodeling takes place in elite female handball players as it does in athletes pursuing endurance or team game sports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden - andreas.malmgren@skane.se.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmgren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dencker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stagmo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gudmundsson
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013177:Sports; D013318:Stroke Volume; D055815:Young Adult