title: Particle-facilitated transport of lindane in water-saturated tropical lateritic porous media.
abstract: The persistent insecticide lindane [(1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane] is still in use in many tropical countries and remains a threat to soil and water quality. We studied the sorption and transport of lindane onto and through lateritic soils in both the absence and presence of lignite particles, onto which lindane may preferably sorb. We determined a linear distribution coefficient of lindane onto the soil matrix of 3.38 ± 0.16 L kg. Soil particles were not released from the porous medium on changing ionic strength, and also transport of lindane was not affected by changes in ionic strength. We fitted coupled transport models for lindane and the particles to the data, revealing that: (i) sorption kinetics of lindane onto the matrix is described best by intraparticle diffusion; (ii) 20% of the total porosity of the lateritic sample is intraparticle porosity; and (iii) only lignite particles with a median diameter <0.45 μm were not retained in the porous medium and thus facilitated the transport of lindane. We conclude that although lindane and similar pollutants may sorb on tropical lateritic porous media, their transport may be facilitated by particles with high organic-C content or dissolved organic C (DOC). This may be of relevance in farmlands and swamp groundwater systems where DOC, produced by leaching or slow biodegradation of surface organic matter, could cause rapid groundwater contamination by sorbing pollutants. Moreover, the results of this study can help to understand nanoparticle behavior in lateritic soils as the size of particles that facilitate lindane transport approaches the nanoparticle size range.
authors.forename: Stéphane K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ngueleu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grathwohl
authors.forename: Olaf A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Cirpka