title: Relationships among depressive, passive-aggressive, sadistic and self-defeating personality disorder features with suicidal ideation and reasons for living among older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suicide among older adults is a major public health problem in the USA. In our recent study, we examined relationships between the 10 standard DSM-5 personality disorders (PDs) and suicidal ideation, and found that the PD dimensions explained a majority (55%) of the variance in suicidal ideation. To extend this line of research, the purpose of the present follow-up study was to explore relationships between the four PDs that previously were included in prior versions of the DSM (depressive, passive-aggressive, sadistic, and self-defeating) with suicidal ideation and reasons for living.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling older adults (N = 109; age range = 60-95 years; 61% women; 88% European-American) completed anonymously the Coolidge Axis II Inventory, the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL), and the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlational analyses revealed that simple relationships between PD scales with GSIS subscales were generally stronger than with RFL subscales. Regarding GSIS subscales, all four PD scales had medium-to-large positive relationships, with the exception of sadistic PD traits, which was unrelated to the death ideation subscale. Multiple regression analyses showed that the amount of explained variance for the GSIS (48%) was higher than for the RFL (11%), and this finding was attributable to the high predictive power of depressive PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that depressive PD features are strongly related to increased suicidal thinking and lowered resilience to suicide among older adults. Assessment of depressive PD features should also be especially included in the assessment of later-life suicidal risk.
authors.affiliation: a Psychology Department , University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs , CO , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gottschling
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marty
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Coolidge
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010324:Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012448:Sadism / Q000523:psychology*; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology
keywords: aging; assessment; elderly; personality; suicide