title: Ureteral stricture formation after ureteroscope treatment of impacted calculi: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary calculi is a familiar disease. A well-known complication of endourological treatment for impacted ureteral stones is the formation of ureteral strictures, which has been reported to occur in 14.2% to 24% of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study. Ureterotripsy treatment was used on patients with impacted ureteral stones. Then, after 3 months and 6 months, the condition of these patients was assessed by means of a kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) ultrasound. If the KUB ultrasound indicated moderate to serious hydronephrosis, the patient was further assessed by means of a computed tomography intravenous urogram or retrograde pyelogram to confirm the occurrence of ureteral strictures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 77 patients who participated in the study, 5 developed ureteral strictures. Thus, the stricture rate was 7.8%. An analysis of the intraoperative risk factors including perforation of the ureter, damage to the mucous membrane, and residual stone impacted within the ureter mucosa revealed that none of these factors contributed significantly to the formation of the ureteric strictures. The stone-related risk factors that were taken into consideration were stone size, stone impaction site, and duration of impaction. These stone factors also did not contribute significantly to the formation of the ureteral strictures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study failed to identify any predictable factors for ureteral stricture formation. It is proposed that all patients undergo a simple postoperative KUB ultrasound screening 3 months after undergoing endoscopic treatment for impacted ureteral stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Xeng Inn
authors.initials: XI
authors.lastname: Fam
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singam
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Christopher Chee Kong
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hod
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Badrulhisham
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bahadzor
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Eng Hong
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Guan Hee
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zulkifli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zainuddin
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D053039:Ureterolithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Ureter; Ureterolithiasis; Ureteroscopy