title: Recognition of bio-relevant dicarboxylate anions by an azacalix[2]arene[2]triazine derivative decorated with urea moieties.
abstract: A new dichloroazacalix[2]arene[2]triazine receptor (1) with two chiral urea binding moieties is reported. The binding affinity of this macrocycle was evaluated by (1)H NMR titrations in CDCl3 for the dicarboxylate anions oxalate (ox(2-)), malonate (mal(2-)), succinate (suc(2-)), glutarate (glu(2-)), diglycolate (dg(2-)), fumarate (fum(2-)), maleate (male(2-)), and (R,R)- and (S,S)-tartarate (tart(2-)) enantiomers. Among the first five linear anions, the higher association constants were calculated for the larger anions glu(2-) and dg(2-) and for the smallest anion ox(2-), with Kass values following the sequence dg(2-) > glu(2-) > ox(2-) > suc(2-) > mal(2-). Despite the high binding affinity 1 of for both tart(2-) enantiomers, no enantioselectivity was observed. By contrast, Kass for fum(2-) is ca. 8.9 times greater than that for male(2-), showing the selectivity of 1 for the trans isomer. These binding preferences were further elucidated by theoretical methods. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the linear anions are lodged between both pendant arms and that each anion can assume two distinct binding poses, with one or two carboxylate groups establishing intermittent hydrogen bonds with both urea binding units. On the other hand, the recognition of male(2-) ensues in an alternative scenario, characterised by the interaction between a carboxylate group and a single urea binding unit, mirroring the lower experimental binding affinity relatively to fum(2-). A linear increase of the receptor's Nurea···Nurea and the anions' (-)O2C···CO2(-) distances versus experimental Kass was established for mal(2-), suc(2-), glu(2-) and dg(2-) associations, indicating that the match between these two distances determines the anion binding strength. The affinity for ox(2-) was associated with the most negative values of electrostatic potential positioned near carboxylate groups.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, iBiMED and CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. vitor.felix@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moiteiro
authors.forename: Vítor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Félix
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry*; D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019856:Ethanolamine / Q000737:chemistry; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007477:Ions; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010070:Oxalates / Q000737:chemistry; D011336:Probability; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D055672:Static Electricity; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D007477:Ions; D010070:Oxalates; D014227:Triazines; C000599810:azacalix(2)arene(2)triazine; C548254:azacalix(4)pyrimidine; D047250:Calixarenes; D019856:Ethanolamine; D014508:Urea