title: Endothelial cell dysfunction in viral hemorrhage and edema.
abstract: The endothelium maintains a vascular barrier by controlling platelet and immune cell interactions, capillary tone and interendothelial cell (EC) adherence. Here we suggest common elements in play during viral infection of the endothelium that alter normal EC functions and contribute to lethal hemorrhagic or edematous diseases. In viral reservoir hosts, infection of capillaries and lymphatic vessels may direct immunotolerance without disease, but in the absence of these cognate interactions they direct the delayed onset of human disease characterized by thrombocytopenia and vascular leakage in a severe endothelial dysfunction syndrome. Here we present insight into EC controls of hemostasis, immune response and capillary permeability that are altered by viral infection of the endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Erich R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mackow
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elena E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Gorbunova
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Irina N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Gavrilovskaya
keywords: PD-L1; arenavirus; dengue; endothelial; hantavirus; permeability barrier; platelet; tolerance induction