title: Effect of combination of Phyllanthus emblica, Tinospora cordifolia, and Ocimum sanctum on spatial learning and memory in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been a steady rise in number of patients suffering from dementia including dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease. Effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease dementia is an unmet medical need.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effects of formulation containing combination of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) with and without Ocimum sanctum (Os) on learning and memory performance of normal and memory impaired rats in complex maze and compare with effects of Tinospora cordifolia and Phyllanthus emblica alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats; either sex (100-150 g) were divided in seven groups Control, Piracetam, Rivastigmine, Tc, Pe, Formulation 1 (Tc + Pe), and Formulation 2 (Tc + Pe + Os). The study was divided in four parts: In part 1 memory enhancement was tested in normal rats. In part 2, 3, and 4 the effects of drugs were tested in Scopolamine-, Diazepam-, and Cyclosporine-induced amnesia. Hebb-Williams maze was used to test for learning and memory. Time required to trace food and number of errors in maze were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal rats, all test drugs showed significant reduction in time required to trace the food and number of errors after 24 h compared with vehicle control. Formulations 1 and 2 reduced the time required to trace food and number of errors and the results were comparable with positive control groups and comparators Tc and Pe. Formulations 1 and 2 reversed amnesia produced by Scopolamine, Diazepam, and Cyclosporine when compared with vehicle control and showed comparable results with those of positive control groups and comparators Tc and Pe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formulations 1 and 2 demonstrated nootropic activity and both the formulations showed comparable nootropic activity with that of Tc and Pe alone.
authors.affiliation: Medical Advisor, Novo Nordisk India Limited, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Harshad O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Malve
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Sanket B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Padmaja A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Marathe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Nirmala N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rege
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Hebb-William's maze; Medhya; Ocimum sanctum; Phyllanthus emblica; Rasayana; Tinospora cordifolia