title: Regulatory T cells are not a strong predictor of survival for patients with glioblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potentially prognostic indicators in patients with glioblastoma. If differences in frequency of Tregs in tumor or blood account for substantial variation in patient survival, then reliably measuring Tregs may enhance treatment selection and improve outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured Tregs and CD3+ T cells in tumors and blood from 25 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Tumor-infiltrating Tregs and CD3+ T cells, measured by quantitative DNA demethylation analysis (epigenetic qPCR) and by immunohistochemistry, and peripheral blood Treg proportions measured by flow cytometry were correlated with patient survival. Additionally, we analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to correlate the expression of Treg markers with patient survival and glioblastoma subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tregs, as measured in tumor tissue and peripheral blood, did not correlate with patient survival. Although there was a correlation between tumor-infiltrating Tregs expression by epigenetic qPCR and immunohistochemistry, epigenetic qPCR was more sensitive and specific. Using data from TCGA, mRNA expression of Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and Helios and FoxP3 methylation level did not predict survival. While the classical glioblastoma subtype corresponded to lower expression of Treg markers, these markers did not predict survival in any of the glioblastoma subtypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although immunosuppression is a hallmark of glioblastoma, Tregs as measured in tissue by gene expression, immunohistochemistry, or demethylation and Tregs in peripheral blood measured by flow cytometry do not predict survival of patients. Quantitative DNA demethylation analysis provides an objective, sensitive, and specific way of identifying Tregs and CD3+ T cells in glioblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Alissa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rahme
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwachula
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: C Harker
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tafe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tsongalis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lefferts
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wishart
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Chery A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Whipple
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Francine B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: de Abreu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ernstoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.).
authors.forename: Camilo E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fadul
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex
keywords: Tregs; epigenetic qPCR; glioblastoma; immunotherapy; regulatory T cell