title: Tourette Syndrome: Update.
abstract: Tourette Syndrome is a disorder characterized by tics. It typically begins in childhood and often improves in adult life. Tics are best described as voluntary movements made automatically so that volition is not ordinarily appreciated. There is frequently an urge, sometimes in the form of a specific sensory feeling (sensory tic), that precedes the tic. Patients say that they make the tic in order to reduce the urge, although shortly after the tic, the urge recurs. The sensory feeling may arise due to defective sensory habituation. Since tics relieve the urge, this can be considered rewarding, and repetition of this behavior may perpetuate the tic as a habit. Tourette Syndrome affects boys more than girls and is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Although Tourette Syndrome often appears to be autosomal recessive in inheritance, it has been difficult to find any abnormal genes. There is a loss of inhibition in these patients and recent studies show abnormalities in brain GABA. Certainly there is also an abnormality in dopamine function and dopamine blocking agents are effective therapy. In severe drug-refractory patients, deep brain stimulation can be effective.
authors.affiliation: Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA. Electronic address: hallettm@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Dopamine; Habit; Inhibition; Sensory habituation; Tic; Urge