title: Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Sheep after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe.
abstract: Fentanyl is used for pain treatment during pregnancy in human beings and animals. However, fentanyl pharmacokinetics during pregnancy has not been fully established. The aim of this study was to characterize fentanyl pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep after intravenous and transdermal dosing during surgical procedure performed to ewe and foetus. Pharmacokinetic parameters reported for non-pregnant sheep and nominal transdermal dose rate were utilized for a priori calculation to achieve analgesic fentanyl concentration (0.5-2 ng/ml) in maternal plasma. A total of 20 Aland landrace ewes at 118-127 gestational days were used. In the first protocol, 1 week before surgery, 10 animals received 2 μg/kg fentanyl intravenous bolus, and on the operation day, transdermal fentanyl patches at nominal dose rate of 2 μg/kg/hr were applied to antebrachium, and ewes were then given a 2 μg/kg intravenous bolus followed by an intra-operative 2.5 μg/kg/hr infusion. In the second protocol, 10 animals received fentanyl only as transdermal patches on the operation day and oxycodone for rescue analgesia. The data were analysed with population pharmacokinetic modelling. Intra- and post-operative fentanyl concentrations were similar and slightly lower than the a priori predictions, and elimination and distribution clearances appeared slower during than before or after the surgery. Transdermal patches provided sustained fentanyl absorption for up to 5 days, but the absorption rate was slower than the nominal dose rate and showed a high interindividual variability. Further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical relevance of the observations made in sheep.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Centre, Department of Experimental Surgery, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna-Marja
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Voipio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Centre, Department of Experimental Surgery, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Centre, Department of Experimental Surgery, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Linnea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.affiliation: Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapsamo
authors.affiliation: Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hautajärvi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Anesthesia and Operative services, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Anesthesia and Operative services, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Aki T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl