title: Evaluation of various energy windows at different radionuclides for scatter and attenuation correction in nuclear medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improving signal to noise ratio (SNR) and qualified images by the various methods is very important for detecting the abnormalities at the body organs. Scatter and attenuation of photons by the organs lead to errors in radiopharmaceutical estimation as well as degradation of images. The choice of suitable energy window and the radionuclide have a key role in nuclear medicine which appearing the lowest scatter fraction as well as having a nearly constant linear attenuation coefficient as a function of phantom thickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The energy windows of symmetrical window (SW), asymmetric window (ASW), high window (WH) and low window (WL) using Tc-99m and Sm-153 radionuclide with solid water slab phantom (RW3) and Teflon bone phantoms have been compared, and Matlab software and Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP4C) code were modified to simulate these methods and obtaining the amounts of FWHM and full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) using line spread functions (LSFs). The experimental data were obtained from the Orbiter Scintron gamma camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the results of the simulation as well as experimental work, the performance of WH and ASW display of the results, lowest scatter fraction as well as constant linear attenuation coefficient as a function of phantom thickness. WH and ASW were optimal windows in nuclear medicine imaging for Tc-99m in RW3 phantom and Sm-153 in Teflon bone phantom. Attenuation correction was done for WH and ASW optimal windows and for these radionuclides using filtered back projection algorithm. Results of simulation and experimental show that very good agreement between the set of experimental with simulation as well as theoretical values with simulation data were obtained which was nominally less than 7.07 % for Tc-99m and less than 8.00 % for Sm-153. Corrected counts were not affected by the thickness of scattering material. The Simulated results of Line Spread Function (LSF) for Sm-153 and Tc-99m in phantom based on four windows and TEW method were indicated that the FWHM and FWTM values were approximately the same in TEW method and WH and ASW, but the sensitivity at the optimal window was more than that of the other one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suitable determination of energy window width on the energy spectra can be useful in optimal design to improve efficiency and contrast. It is found that the WH is preferred to the ASW and the ASW is preferred to the SW.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 113653486, Tehran, Iran, afroz.asgari@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Afrouz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asgari
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashoor
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohrabpour
authors.forename: Parvaneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shokrani
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaei
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012493:Samarium; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012984:Software; D013667:Technetium
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D012493:Samarium; D013667:Technetium; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene