title: Interaction of tobacco smoking and chewing with Angiotensin converting enzyme (insertion/deletion) gene polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer in a high risk area from northeast India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility remains uncertain and varies with ethnicity. Northeast India represents a geographically, culturally, and ethnically isolated population. The area reports an especially high rate of tobacco usage in a variety of ways of consumption, compared with the rest of the Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population based case control study in two major high risk region for lung cancer from Northeast India. A total of 151 consecutive lung cancer cases diagnosed histopathologically and equal numbers of controls were recruited with record of relevant sociodemographic information. Blood samples were collected and processed to identify ACE gene polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher (40.4 % vs 29.1%, OR=1.97, CI=1.04-3.72; p=0.037) prevalence of the ACE II genotype was observed among lung cancer cases. Smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of lung cancer (OR=1.70, CI=1.02-2.81; p=0.041). An enhanced risk was also observed for interaction of ACE II genotype with tobacco smoking (OR=4.09, CI=1.51-11.05; p=0.005) and chewing (OR=3.68, CI=1.22-11.13; p=0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates significant association s of the ACE II genotype with lung cancer in high risk Northeast India.
authors.affiliation: Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India E-mail : e-phukanrk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rup Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Phukan
authors.forename: Prasanta Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Borah
authors.forename: Bhaskar Jyoti
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Saikia
authors.forename: Mandakini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Gaganpreet Singh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sekhon
authors.forename: Jagadish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahanta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A