title: A systematic review and comparison of questionnaires in the management of spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and the neurogenic bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Validated questionnaires are increasingly the preferred method used to obtain historical information. Specialized questionnaires exist validated for patients with neurogenic disease including neurogenic bladder. Those currently available are systematically reviewed and their potential for clinical and research use are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search via Medline and PubMed using the key terms questionnaire(s) crossed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) for the years 1946 to January 22, 2014 inclusive. Additional articles were selected from review of references in the publications identified. Only peer reviewed articles published in English were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 questionnaires exist validated for patients with neurogenic bladder; 14 related to MS, 3 for SCI, and 1 for neurogenic bladder in general; with 4 cross-validated in both MS and SCI. All 18 are validated for both male and female patients; 59% are available only in English. The domains of psychological impact and physical function are represented in 71% and 76% of questionnaires, respectively. None for the female population included elements to measure symptoms of prolapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The last decade has seen an expansion of validated questionnaires to document bladder symptoms in neurogenic disease. Disease specific instruments are available for incorporation into the clinical setting for MS and SCI patients with neurogenic bladder. The availability of caregiver and interview options enhances suitability in clinical practice as they can be adapted to various extents of disability. Future developments should include expanded language validation to the top 10 global languages reported by the World Health Organization.
authors.affiliation: St. Andrews University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stothers
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macnab
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lazare
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nigro
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D014563:Urodynamics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: domains; urinary incontinence; voiding dysfunction