title: Stage selection and restricted oviposition period improves cryopreservation of dipteran embryos.
abstract: Embryos of two dipteran species (Musca domestica and Lucilia sericata) were assessed for an effective sampling time that would result in the highest post-cryopreservation hatch rate, with a primary goal to define species-specific egg collection periods and the effects of manual stage selection on post cryopreservation yield. The effects of the time taken to collect eggs on, (a) the proportion of embryos reaching a specific developmental stage between 17 and 20 h of development, and (b) the post-cryopreservation hatch rate were assessed. Permeabilization treatment applied at any stage of embryonic development did not significantly reduce embryo viability. Eggs collected over longer durations significantly reduced the number of embryos available in a specific developmental stage amenable to cryopreservation. Hatch percentage after cryopreservation of the embryos of M. domestica collected over a 60 min period was 10.7 ± 8.7% compared to 31 ± 5% for the eggs collected for just 15 min. Similarly, percent hatch in L. sericata resulted in 17.0 ± 3.9 and <2% for 15 and 60 min samples, respectively. Significantly higher hatching rates were obtained for cryopreservation after manual selection of specific embryonic developmental stages from the dechorionated samples. Post-cryopreservation hatching rate for stage-selected M. domestica embryos was 86.5 ± 5.5% compared to 33.3 ± 4.5% for embryos staged only by an overall visual confirmation. In the case of L. sericata, the hatching percentage was 79.0 ± 11.1 for stage-selected embryos compared to 17.0 ± 3.9% without individual selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, School of Natural Resources and Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States. Electronic address: arun.rajamohan@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajamohan
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS), Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rinehart
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS), Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Leopold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D006793:Houseflies / Q000196:embryology*; D010058:Oviposition; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Cryobanking; Cryopreservation; Diptera; Embryo; Lucilia; Musca; Stage selection; Vitrification