title: Transmission of muscle force to fascia during exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the muscle contracts, fibers get thicker, forcing the fascial tubular layers surrounding the muscle (endomysium, perimysium and epimysium) to expand in diameter and hence to shorten in length. We develop a mathematical model to determine the fraction of force generated by extremity muscles during contraction that is transmitted to the surrounding tubes of fascia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theory of elasticity is used to determine the modulus of elasticity, radial strain and the radial stress transmitted to the fascia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Starting with published data on dimensions of muscle and muscle force, we find radial stress is 50% of longitudinal stress in the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and elbow flexor and extensor muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial stress is transmitted to fascia during muscular exercise, which has implications for exercise therapies if they are designed for fascial as well as muscular stress. This adds additional perspective to myofascial force transmission research.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University and V.A. Medical Center, East Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA. Electronic address: Chaudhry@njit.edu.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhar
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005205:Fascia / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Ankle muscles; Elbow muscles; Exercise; Fascia; Force transmission