title: Microchip ELISA coupled with cell phone to detect ovarian cancer HE4 biomarker in urine.
abstract: Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death from gynecologic cancers in the USA, and early diagnosis can potentially increase 5-year survival rate. Detection of biomarkers derived from hyperplasia of epithelial tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) proves to be a practical way of early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. However, ELISA is commonly performed in a laboratory setting, and it cannot be used in a clinical setting for on-site consultation. We have shown a microchip ELISA that detects HE4, an ovarian cancer biomarker, from urine using a cell phone integrated with a mobile application for imaging and data analysis. In microchip ELISA, HE4 from urine was first absorbed on the surface; the primary and secondary antibodies were subsequently anchored on the surface via immuno-reaction; and addition of substrate led to color development because of enzymatic labeling. The microchip after color development was imaged using a cell phone, and the color intensity was analyzed by an integrated mobile application. By comparing with an ELISA standard curve, the concentration of HE4 was reported on the cell phone screen. The presented microchip ELISA coupled with a cell phone is portable as opposed to traditional ELISA, and this method can facilitate the detection of ovarian cancer at the point-of-care (POC).
authors.affiliation: Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Early Cancer Detection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
authors.forename: ShuQi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ragip
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akbas
authors.forename: Utkan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demirci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D040421:Cell Phone; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D055767:Immobilized Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits; D017216:Telemedicine; D000081102:WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D055767:Immobilized Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000081102:WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2; C569698:WFDC2 protein, human; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase