title: Infectiousness of the human population to Anopheles arabiensis by direct skin feeding in an area hypoendemic for malaria in Senegal.
abstract: Direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. We determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in Senegal. Gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). Of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected ≥ 1 Anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. Of all individuals who were gametocyte negative by microscopy, 4.3% (7 of 162) infected ≥ 1 mosquito and 0.4% (12 of 3240) of mosquitoes became infected. The 18.2% (12 of 66) of all mosquito infections was a result of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and two individuals without asexual parasites or gametocytes by microscopy were infectious to mosquitoes. When infectivity and local demography was taken into account, children 5-14 years of age contributed 50.8% of the human infectious reservoir for malaria. Adults and submicroscopic gametocyte carriers may contribute considerably to onward malaria transmission in our setting.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia layegaye@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaye
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bousema
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Gadiaga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Libasse
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Mamadou O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ndiath
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Lassana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konaté
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jawara
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD - IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar - Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology