title: The sweet spot: FDG and other 2-carbon glucose analogs for multi-modal metabolic imaging of tumor metabolism.
abstract: Multi-modal imaging approaches of tumor metabolism that provide improved specificity, physiological relevance and spatial resolution would improve diagnosing of tumors and evaluation of tumor progression. Currently, the molecular probe FDG, glucose fluorinated with (18)F at the 2-carbon, is the primary metabolic approach for clinical diagnostics with PET imaging. However, PET lacks the resolution necessary to yield intratumoral distributions of deoxyglucose, on the cellular level. Multi-modal imaging could elucidate this problem, but requires the development of new glucose analogs that are better suited for other imaging modalities. Several such analogs have been created and are reviewed here. Also reviewed are several multi-modal imaging studies that have been performed that attempt to shed light on the cellular distribution of glucose analogs within tumors. Some of these studies are performed in vitro, while others are performed in vivo, in an animal model. The results from these studies introduce a visualization gap between the in vitro and in vivo studies that, if solved, could enable the early detection of tumors, the high resolution monitoring of tumors during treatment, and the greater accuracy in assessment of different imaging agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Madison - Wisconsin 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 ; Medical Engineering Group, Morgridge Institute for Research 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715 ; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Madison - Wisconsin 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 ; Medical Engineering Group, Morgridge Institute for Research 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715 ; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Madison - Wisconsin 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 ; Medical Engineering Group, Morgridge Institute for Research 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715 ; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Eliceiri
keywords: FDG; FDG-PET; Glucose; deoxyglucose; glucose uptake; multi-modal imaging