title: Synthesis and characterization of bicontinuous cubic poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) gyroid (PEDOT GYR) gels.
abstract: We describe the synthesis and characterization of bicontinuous cubic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer gels prepared within lyotropic cubic poly(oxyethylene)10 nonylphenol ether (NP-10) templates with Ia3[combining macron]d (gyroid, GYR) symmetry. The chemical polymerization of EDOT monomer in the hydrophobic channels of the NP-10 GYR phase was initiated by AgNO3, a mild oxidant that is activated when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The morphology and physical properties of the resulting PEDOT gels were examined as a function of temperature and frequency using optical and electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microscopy and SAXS results showed that the PEDOT gels remained ordered and stable after the UV-initiated chemical polymerization, confirming the successful templated-synthesis of PEDOT in bicontinuous GYR nanostructures. In comparison to unpolymerized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) gel phases, the PEDOT structures had a higher storage modulus, presumably due to the formation of semi-rigid PEDOT-rich nanochannels. Additionally, the storage modulus (G') for PEDOT gels decreased only modestly with increasing temperature, from ∼1.2 × 10(5) Pa (10 °C) to ∼7 × 10(4) Pa (40 °C), whereas G' for the NP-10 and EDOT gels decreased dramatically, from ∼5.0 × 10(4) Pa (10 °C) to ∼1.5 × 10(2) Pa (40 °C). EIS revealed that the impedance of the PEDOT gels was smaller than the impedance of EDOT gels at both high frequencies (PEDOT ∼10(2) Ω and EDOT 2-3 × 10(4) Ω at 10(5) Hz) and low frequencies (PEDOT 10(3)-10(5) Ω and EDOT ∼5 × 10(5) Ω at 10(-1) Hz). These results indicated that PEDOT gels were highly ordered, mechanically stable and electrically conductive, and thus should be of interest for applications for which such properties are important, including low impedance and compliant coatings for biomedical electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA. milty@udel.edu.
authors.forename: Whirang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jinghang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bong Sup
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Wei-Fan
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mastroianni
authors.forename: Wen-Shiue
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Chin-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Epps
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D005782:Gels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; C121383:poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene); C404762:polyoxyethylene(10)nonylphenyl ether; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols