title: Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive material from Chondrus crispus and Codium fragile and its effect on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1).
abstract: Codium fragile and Chondrus crispus are, respectively, green and red seaweeds which are abundant along the North Atlantic coasts. We investigated the chemical composition and antiviral activity of enzymatic extracts of C. fragile (CF) and C. crispus (CC). On a dry weight basis, CF consisted of 11% protein, 31% neutral sugars, 0.8% sulfate, 0.6% uronic acids, and 49% ash, while CC contained 27% protein, 28% neutral sugars, 17% sulfate, 1.8% uronic acids, and 25% ash. Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis improved the extraction efficiency of bioactive materials. Commercial proteases and carbohydrases significantly improved (p ≤ 0.001) biomass yield (40%-70% dry matter) as compared to aqueous extraction (20%-25% dry matter). Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the recovery of protein, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates. The enzymatic hydrolysates exhibited significant activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) with EC50 of 77.6-126.8 μg/mL for CC and 36.5-41.3 μg/mL for CF, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 ID50/cells without cytotoxity (1-200 μg/mL). The extracts obtained from proteases (P1) and carbohydrases (C3) were also effective at higher virus MOI of 0.01 ID50/cells without cytotoxity. Taken together, these results indicate the potential application of enzymatic hydrolysates of C. fragile and C. crispus in functional food and antiviral drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. gr784654@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kulshreshtha
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France. anne-sophie.burlot@univ-ubs.fr.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Burlot
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France. Christel.Marty@univ-ubs.fr.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marty
authors.affiliation: Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. Alan.Critchley@acadian.ca.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.affiliation: Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. jhafting@acadian.ca.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hafting
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France. gilles.bedoux@univubs.fr.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoux
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France. nathalie.bourgougnon@univ-ubs.fr.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bourgougnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. bprithiviraj@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prithiviraj
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D044723:Chondrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts