title: Delimitation of cryptic species inside Claviceps purpurea.
abstract: Claviceps purpurea is an ovarian parasite infecting grasses (Poaceae) including cereals and forage plants. This fungus produces toxic alkaloids and consumption of contaminated grains can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals. Recent molecular genetics studies have indicated that it included three cryptic species (G1, G2, G3). In this study, reproductive isolation amongst these groups and among material from Phragmites and Molinia was tested using gene flow statistics for five polymorphic loci, and to support these data, phylogenetic affiliations based on gene trees and a multigene phylogeny were used. The four recognized species are characterized based on morphology and host spectrum and formal taxonomic names are proposed. Claviceps purpurea sensu stricto (G1 group) represents a typical rye ergot, but infects various other grasses. Typical hosts of Claviceps humidiphila (new name for G2 species), like Phalaris arundinacea, belong to grasses preferring humid locations. Claviceps spartinae (G3) is specific to chloridoid grasses from salt barches. The material from Phragmites and Molinia can be authenticated with the species Claviceps microcephala for which the new name Claviceps arundinis is proposed here. The divergence time between species was estimated and the tools for species identification are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pažoutová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pešicová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chudíčková
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Šrůtka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic. Electronic address: mkolarik@biomed.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolařík
mesh_terms: D002967:Claviceps / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D058507:Host Specificity; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D006109:Poaceae / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: C. arundinis; C. humidiphila; C. microcephala; Clavicipitaceae; Ergot; Molecular clocks; Taxonomy