title: Protective effects of hydroxytyrosol-supplemented refined olive oil in animal models of acute inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Virgin olive oil is the primary source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, and its beneficial health effects have been related with oleic acid and phenolic compounds content. Hydroxytyrosol, a typical virgin olive oil phenolic compound, has beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as previously reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxytyrosol-supplemented refined olive oil at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg in a rodent model of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by intradermic administration, in male Wistar rats, of Freund's adjuvant with collagen type II on days 1 and 21. Hydroxytyrosol-supplemented refined olive oils were administrated by gavage from day 23 until day 35. The treatment at 5-mg/kg dose significantly decreased paw edema (P<.01), histological damage, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and markedly reduced the degree of bone resorption, soft tissue swelling and osteophyte formation, improving articular function in treated animals. Acute inflammation, induced by carrageenan, was also evaluated for hydroxytyrosol-supplemented refined olive oils at 0.5 and 5 mg/kg. Both doses significantly reduced paw edema (P<.001). Our results suggest that the supplementation of refined olive oil with hydroxytyrosol may be advantageous in rheumatoid arthritis with significant impact not only on chronic inflammation but also on acute inflammatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Ibet, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Itqb, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sepodes
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Direito
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brites
authors.affiliation: Requimte, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Requimte, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Ibet, Avenida da República, Quinta-do-Marquês, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Itqb, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bronze
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iMED.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: efigueira@ff.ul.pt.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Figueira
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000069463:Olive Oil; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: Hydroxytyrosol; Inflammation; Olive oil; Phenolic compounds; Rheumatoid arthritis