title: Avoiding toxic levels of essential minerals: a forgotten factor in deer diet preferences.
abstract: Ungulates select diets with high energy, protein, and sodium contents. However, it is scarcely known the influence of essential minerals other than Na in diet preferences. Moreover, almost no information is available about the possible influence of toxic levels of essential minerals on avoidance of certain plant species. The aim of this research was to test the relative importance of mineral content of plants in diet selection by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in an annual basis. We determined mineral, protein and ash content in 35 common Mediterranean plant species (the most common ones in the study area). These plant species were previously classified as preferred and non-preferred. We found that deer preferred plants with low contents of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Cu, Sr and Zn. The model obtained was greatly accurate identifying the preferred plant species (91.3% of correct assignments). After a detailed analysis of these minerals (considering deficiencies and toxicity levels both in preferred and non-preferred plants) we suggest that the avoidance of excessive sulphur in diet (i.e., selection for plants with low sulphur content) seems to override the maximization for other nutrients. Low sulphur content seems to be a forgotten factor with certain relevance for explaining diet selection in deer. Recent studies in livestock support this conclusion, which is highlighted here for the first time in diet selection by a wild large herbivore. Our results suggest that future studies should also take into account the toxicity levels of minerals as potential drivers of preferences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceacero
authors.affiliation: Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Albacete, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Landete-Castillejos
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olguín
authors.affiliation: Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Albacete, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cassinello
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Valentín
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Laureano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallego
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003670:Deer / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals