title: Evolutionary analysis of rubella viruses in mainland China during 2010-2012: endemic circulation of genotype 1E and introductions of genotype 2B.
abstract: Rubella remains a significant burden in mainland China. In this report, 667 viruses collected in 24 of 31 provinces of mainland China during 2010-2012 were sequenced and analyzed, significantly extending previous reports on limited numbers of viruses collected before 2010. Only viruses of genotypes 1E and 2B were found. Genotype 1E viruses were found in all 24 provinces. Genotype 1E viruses were likely introduced into mainland China around 1997 and endemic transmission of primarily one lineage became established. Viruses reported here from 2010-2012 are largely in a single cluster within this lineage. Genotype 2B viruses were rarely detected in China prior to 2010. This report documents a previously undetected 2B lineage, which likely became endemic in eastern provinces of China between 2010 and 2012. Bayesian analyses were performed to estimate the evolutionary rates and dates of appearance of the genotype 1E and 2B viral linages in China. A skyline plot of viral population diversity did not provide evidence of reduction of diversity as a result of vaccination, but should be useful as a baseline for such reductions as vaccination programs for rubella become widespread in mainland China.
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rivailler
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abernathy
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Naiyin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shujie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huanying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jilan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Gansu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chongshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peishan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Hunan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fangcai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Neimeng Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Shanxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Hebei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Ningxia Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Henan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Daxing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Hubei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Icenogle
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C061826:E1 envelope protein, Rubella virus