title: Feasibility of male hormonal contraception: lessons from clinical trials and animal experiments.
abstract: The general interest in the availability of male contraceptives is on the increase across different cultures and ethnic backgrounds, due in part to the fact that men are now willing more than ever, to share the responsibility of family planning. Despite the expression of interest and tremendous advances in research however, a modern male hormonal contraceptive method has remained an elusive goal. Testosterone (T) alone, or in combination with a progestin currently provides the most promising lead to male hormonal contraception. The principle relies on enhanced negative feedback of exogenous T to suppress gonadotropins, thereby blocking the endocrine stimulus for the process of spermatogenesis. A serious drawback is the inconsistent suppression among men of different ethnic backgrounds. This has increased the quest for development to include other nonhormonal methods. In reality many obstacles still have to be overcome before an acceptable method is available. In this review, we highlight recent developments in male hormonal contraceptives methods. Based on our recent findings from animal experiment, we shed light on why the method is not achieving the intended results, and suggest possible ways forward.
authors.forename: Olayiwola O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Oduwole
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK. ilpo.huhtaniemi@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ilpo T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Huhtaniemi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015195:Drug Design; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D011372:Progestins; D013739:Testosterone