title: Detection of melamine in milk using molecularly imprinted polymers-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: A novel biosensor combining molecularly imprinted polymers and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (MIPs-SERS) determines melamine in whole milk. MIPs were synthesized by bulk polymerization of melamine (template), methacrylic acid (functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent) and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator). Static and kinetic adsorption tests validated the use of MIPs to efficiently separate and enrich melamine from whole milk. Silver dendrite nanostructure served as SERS-active substrate for signal collection. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis segregated Raman signatures of whole milk samples with different melamine concentrations. Regression models showed a good linear relationship (R(2)=0.93) between the height of melamine SERS band (at 703cm(-1)) and melamine concentration in the range from 0.005mmolL(-1) to 0.05mmolL(-1). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.012mmolL(-1) and 0.039mmolL(-1), confirming the high sensitivity of this biosensor to accurately determine melamine in whole milk. Simple sample pretreatment reduced full analysis time to determine melamine in whole milk to less than 20min.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Yaxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaolong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Eunice C Y
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Li-Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. Electronic address: xiaonan.lu@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D054802:Molecular Imprinting / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine
keywords: Chemometrics; Food adulteration; Melamine; Melamine (PubChem CID: 7955); Molecularly imprinted polymers; Raman spectroscopy; SERS