title: The advanced glycation end product methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 and early signs of atherosclerosis in childhood diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced protein glycation is an important mechanism for the development of late diabetic complications including atherosclerosis. Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 is the most abundant advanced glycation end product in human plasma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 and early signs of atherosclerosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 314 diabetes patients aged 8-18 years were compared with 120 healthy controls. Serum methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 was measured by immunoassay. Atherosclerosis was evaluated by assessing carotid intima-media thickness by ultrasound, arterial stiffness by Young's modulus and inflammation by C-reactive protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 was significantly increased in the diabetes group compared with controls, 155.3 (standard deviation (SD) = 41.0) versus 143.0 (SD = 35.1) U/mL, p = 0.003, as was C-reactive protein, median 0.51 (0.27, 1.83) versus 0.31 (0.19, 0.67) mg/L, p < 0.001. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding carotid intima-media thickness or Young's modulus. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant positive association between methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 and C-reactive protein in the diabetes group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 in diabetes patients are increased and associated with low-grade inflammation, but not yet arterial stiffness or wall thickness. This indicates that methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 may be important in the early phase of the accelerated atherosclerotic process in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway martin.heier@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Hanna Dis
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Margeirsdottir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Peter Abusdal
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Torjesen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Center for Clinical Heart Research and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingebjørg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seljeflot
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut Haakon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Stensæth
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaarder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunborg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristian Folkvord
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000097:blood*; D007118:Immunoassay; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007093:Imidazoles; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C117197:imidazolone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; Diabetes mellitus type 1; advanced glycation end products; atherosclerosis