title: Attention that covers letters is necessary for the left-lateralization of an early print-tuned ERP in Japanese hiragana.
abstract: Extensive experience with reading develops expertise in acquiring information from print, and this is reflected in specific enhancement of the left-lateralized N170 component in event-related potentials. The N170 is generally considered to reflect visual/orthographic processing; while modulations of its left-lateralization related to phonological processes have also been indicated. However, in our previous study, N170-like response to Hiragana strings lacked left-lateralization when the stimuli were completely task-irrelevant in rapid-presentation sequences [Okumura et al. (2014). Early print-tuned ERP response with minimal involvement of linguistic processing in Japanese Hiragana strings. Neuroreport 25, 410-414]. This suggests that, despite the highly transparent character-to-syllable correspondence, the phonological mapping of Hiragana strings requires some kind of attention toward print. To verify this notion, the present study examined ERPs under the same experimental condition as in the previous study, except that the task required attention to a stimulus attribute (i.e., color). As a result, Hiragana words and nonwords elicited left-lateralized negative deflection in the occipito-temporal region during 130-170ms post-stimulus in comparison to symbol strings, but only when the print had a narrow intercharacter spacing. Moreover, we observed the enhancement of very early occipital ERP in response to words during 70-100ms. The present results suggest that visual attention plays a role in early print processing, which may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie expert as well as impaired reading.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 11 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan; Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan. Electronic address: yasukotch@edu.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 11 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita 11 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murohashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Event-related potentials; Left-lateralization; N170; Print processing; Visual attention