title: Evaluation of maillard reaction variables and their effect on heterocyclic amine formation in chemical model systems.
abstract: Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), highly mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic by-products, form during Maillard browning reactions, specifically in muscle-rich foods. Chemical model systems allow examination of in vitro formation of HCAs while eliminating complex matrices of meat. Limited research has evaluated the effects of Maillard reaction parameters on HCA formation. Therefore, 4 essential Maillard variables (precursors molar concentrations, water amount, sugar type, and sugar amounts) were evaluated to optimize a model system for the study of 4 HCAs: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Model systems were dissolved in diethylene glycol, heated at 175 °C for 40 min, and separated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. To define the model system, precursor amounts (threonine and creatinine) were adjusted in molar increments (0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.6/0.6, and 0.8/0.8 mmol) and water amounts by percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Sugars (lactose, glucose, galactose, and fructose) were evaluated in several molar amounts proportional to threonine and creatinine (quarter, half, equi, and double). The precursor levels and amounts of sugar were significantly different (P < 0.05) in regards to total HCA formation, with 0.6/0.6/1.2 mmol producing higher levels. Water concentration and sugar type also had a significant effect (P < 0.05), with 5% water and lactose producing higher total HCA amounts. A model system containing threonine (0.6 mmol), creatinine (0.6 mmol), and glucose (1.2 mmol), with 15% water was determined to be the optimal model system with glucose and 15% water being a better representation of meat systems.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Inst, 208 Call Hall, Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS, 66506, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Faris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013912:Threonine / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C432523:2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D011804:Quinolines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D014867:Water; D013912:Threonine; C029216:2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; D003404:Creatinine; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine
keywords: Maillard reaction; heterocyclic amines; mutagens