title: Severe maternal undernutrition and post-weaning behavior of rabbits.
abstract: The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the implications of severe maternal undernutrition on the post-weaning behavior of rabbits. Thirty two does were randomly assigned to four groups: the control group (C) that was fed 100% of the recommended energy maintenance requirements throughout pregnancy and lactation and the U1, U2 and U3 groups that were fed 50% of the recommended energy maintenance requirements between the 6th and the 19th day of pregnancy, between the 20th and the 27th day of pregnancy and between the 3rd and the 10th day of lactation, respectively. At the age of 50 and 65 days, behavior of rabbits in cages was recorded and rabbits were further subjected to an open-field test; a paradigm used as an indicator of fear and emotional distress. Significant differences were found between the U2 and the other experimental groups for the duration of eating and drinking, and duration of locomotory and investigatory behaviors (P<0.05). At the age of 65 days, duration of comfort behaviors was also lower in the U2 compared to the other groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, duration of resting appeared to be the highest in the group of rabbits born from undernourished does between the 20th and the 27th day of pregnancy (P<0.05). Duration of resting was significantly increased, although frequency and duration of eating and drinking were significantly decreased at the age of 65 days (P<0.05). Male rabbits had greater values for locomotory and investigatory behaviors, and duration of eating and drinking compared to the females (P<0.01). A decreased activity of rabbits during the light period was observed (as expected), whereas an increase in duration of locomotory and investigatory behaviors was observed during the first four and the last 4h of the light and dark periods, respectively (P<0.05). Rabbits born from the U1 and U2 group of does displayed increased rates of latency to leave the start position compared to the other groups during the implementation of the open-field test (P<0.05). No other significant differences in the exhibition of the examined behaviors were found between the treatment groups, with the exception of 'moving forelegs' activity that had the lowest value in the U3 group of rabbits. It is concluded that severe maternal undernutrition (50% of the recommended maintenance requirements) especially between the 20th and the 27th day of pregnancy has significant effects on the exhibition of rabbits' post-weaning behavior, since the offspring from the U2 undernourished does were significantly less active compared to the other experimental groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Simitzis
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. Electronic address: symeon@aua.gr.
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Symeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kominakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Iosif A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bizelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stella E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chadio
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
authors.forename: Zafeiris
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abas
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stelios G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Deligeorgis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D014886:Weaning
keywords: Behavioral pattern; Open-field test; Rabbits; Severe maternal undernutrition