title: The power of oral and nasal calls to discriminate individual mothers and offspring in red deer, Cervus elaphus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most species, acoustical cues are crucial for mother-offspring recognition. Studies of a few species of ungulates showed that potential for individual recognition may differ between nasal and oral contact calls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vocalizations of 28 hinds and 31 calves of farmed Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) were examined with discriminant function analyses (DFA) to determine whether acoustic structure of their oral and nasal contact calls encodes information about the caller's identity. Contact calls were elicited by brief separation of individually identified animals by a distance over 10 m or by a bar fence. Both oral and nasal calls of both hinds and calves showed high potential to discriminate individuals. In hinds, individuality was significantly higher in the oral than in the nasal calls, whereas in calves, individuality was equally well expressed in both oral and nasal calls. For calves, the maximum fundamental frequency was higher and the duration was longer in oral calls than in nasal calls. For hinds, the maximum fundamental frequency and the duration were indistinguishable between oral and nasal calls. Compared to the pooled sample of oral and nasal calls, separate oral or nasal call samples provided better classifying accuracy to individual in either hinds or calves. Nevertheless, in both hinds and calves, even in the pooled sample of oral and nasal calls, the degree of individual identity was 2-3 times greater than expected by chance. For hinds that provided calls in both years, cross-validation of calls collected in 2012 with discriminant functions created with calls from 2011 showed a strong decrease of classifying accuracy to individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest different potentials of nasal and oral calls to allow the discrimination of individuals among hinds, but not among red deer calves. The high potential of individual recognition even with the pooled sample of oral and nasal calls allows mother and young to remember only one set of acoustic variables for mutual vocal recognition. Poor between-year stability of individual characteristics of hind oral and nasal calls would require updating keys to individual recognition each calving season.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 12/1, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Sibiryakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 12/1, Moscow, 119991 Russia ; Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, B. Gruzinskaya, 1, Moscow, 123242 Russia.
authors.forename: Ilya A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Volodin
authors.affiliation: Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Vavilov str., 32, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
authors.forename: Vera A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Matrosova
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, B. Gruzinskaya, 1, Moscow, 123242 Russia.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Volodina
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Group. IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), IDR, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Group. IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), IDR, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Laureano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Group. IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), IDR, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Landete-Castillejos
keywords: Acoustic communication; Cervus elaphus hispanicus; Iberian red deer; Individuality; Mother-offspring recognition; Separation calls; Ungulate