title: Leptin Reference Values and Cutoffs for Identifying Cardiometabolic Abnormalities in the Spanish Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimate leptin reference values and calculate leptinemia cutoff values for identifying cardiometabolic abnormalities in Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study carried out between 2008 and 2010 in 11 540 individuals representing the Spanish population aged ≥ 18 years. Data were obtained by standardized physical examination and analyses were performed at a central laboratory. Leptinemia was measured using ELISA. Cardiometabolic abnormality was defined as the presence of at least two of the following: high blood pressure, high triglycerides, reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol, high insulin resistance values, and elevated C-reactive protein and glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin values were higher in women than men (geometric mean, 21.9 and 6.6 ng/mL; P<.001). The median [interquartile range] was 24.5 [14.1-37.0] ng/mL in women, and 7.2 [3.3-14.3] ng/mL in men. In the multivariate analysis, leptin was significantly associated with anthropometric measures, insulin, and C-reactive protein, and inversely associated with age, smoking, and physical activity in women (r(2)=0.53; P<.001) and in men (r(2)=0.61; P<.001). The leptin values that identified cardiometabolic abnormality were 23.75 ng/mL in women (area under the curve, 0.722; sensitivity, 72.3%; specificity, 58.7%) and 6.45 ng/mL in men (area under the curve, 0.716; sensitivity, 71.4%; specificity, 60.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results facilitate the interpretation of leptin values in clinical and population studies. Leptin has moderate sensitivity and specificity for identifying cardiometabolic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud Universitario Cerro del Aire, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idi Paz, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: gijonmt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gijón-Conde
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idi Paz, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Auxiliadora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graciani
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idi Paz, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guallar-Castillón
authors.affiliation: Departamento Médico, Sanofi-Aventis, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idi Paz, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Artalejo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Idi Paz, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Banegas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin
keywords: Anormalidad cardiometabólica; Cardiometabolic abnormality; Cardiovascular risk factors; Factores de riesgo cardiovascular; Leptin; Leptina; Obesidad; Obesity