title: Clinical risk factors of prediabetes in Taiwanese women without substance uses (tobacco, alcohol, or areca nut).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with prediabetes (100-125 mg/dL) and diabetes mellitus (DM) increase the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Since personal substance use such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and areca nut chewing may confound the true effect of clinical biochemistries on the risk of prediabetes, this study aims to examine the relationship between clinical biochemical parameters and the risk of prediabetes among Taiwanese without the habits of consuming tobacco, alcohol drinking, or areca nut.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged between 40 years and 64 years who came to one community teaching hospital between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2008 for general health screening for the first time were studied. The general health screening is provided every 3 years gratis. The package of this health screening includes personal history, physical examination, and biochemical tests in serum and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 8580 nonsmoking, nondrinking, and nonareca nut chewing women who did not have a history of DM were eligible for this study. Of these, 1861 (21.7%) out of 8580 women were prediabetic. Compared to women with normal fasting glucose (NFG), we found a dose-response relationship of the risk of prediabetes with age and body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and uric acid in serum. Women with hypertension or proteinuria (≥30 mg/dL) had also an increased risk to have prediabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides age, the factors of BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, GPT, hyperuricemia, and proteinuria are the main risk factors for prediabetes in Taiwanese women without substance uses. A follow-up study is necessary to clarify the causality of these important biochemical parameters and prediabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Research Education and Training, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Chen
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Research Education and Training, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Hsun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Information, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuei-Fen
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Hepatology, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Tsuan
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: 960021@ms.kmuh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Tsang
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001114:Areca; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: prediabetes; risk factors; women