title: Vaccines versus immunotherapy: overview of approaches in deciding between options.
abstract: This review compares the optimal use of vaccines vs. other forms of immunotherapy, which includes cytokines, such as IL-2, monoclonal antibodies, such as the 'checkpoint inhibitors', against CTLA-4 and PD-1. The review includes both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines using a variety of technologies. It is already established that vaccines can be enhanced by other immunotherapies, such as cytokines (IL-2) and there is scope for combining both of these with the 'checkpoint' antibodies. Moreover, both can be enhanced with other modalities, such as radiotherapy, ablative therapy and both high and low dose chemotherapies.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Infection and Immunity ; St George's University of London ; Tooting , London, UK.
authors.forename: Angus G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Dalgleish
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: BCG, Bacillus Colmette Guerin; CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine; GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HBV, Human hepatitis virus; HPV, Human papilloma virus; IL-2, Interleukin-2; PFS, progression free survival; PSA, Prostate-specific antigen; TGFβ, Tumour growth factor beta; TLR, Toll-like receptor; antibodies; checkpoint inhibitors; cytokines; immune modulators; immunotherapy; therapeutic vaccines