title: Effect of topical Nanoliposomes of Paromomycin on Rats Liver and Kidney.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatotoxicity due to drugs is the most common cause of deaths. Nephrotoxicity of the drugs is usually associated with the drugs accumulation in renal tissue. Paromomycin sulfate (PMS) is an anti-leishmania drug. Although the topical approach for the treatment of leishmania is attractive, its use might cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate probable nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of topically administered PMS liposomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine groups of male rats were used in this study; each group consisted of 6 rats that were evaluated in 3 time periods of 10, 20, and 30 days. Three groups were placed in each time period; a control group did not receive any medicine; a negative control group received liposome without paromomycin sulfate; and a positive control group received nanoliposomal formulations containing paromomycin sulfate. Pharmaceutical formulation (topical form) was used 2 times a day in a 12-hour interval. At the end of the period, hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALK), BUN levels, and serum creatinine were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that no significant change was occurred in the amount of the above factors compared with the control group with the negative control group in 3 time periods (P > 0.05). The histopathological results of the liver and kidney showed that there was no difference in the between the negative control and positive control groups and the control group in the 10- and 20-day periods, and they had a normal structure. However, after the 30-day time period a reversible cellular inflammation in the liver and mild kidney necrosis was seen in the positive control group versus the control and negative control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, it can be said that the application of nanoliposomal paromomycin sulfate formulations for topical treatment of the cutaneous leishmaniasis does not create serious side effects in the short term, but its long-term use leads to mild renal and liver side effects that requires more attention.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran ; Center Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Heibatullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran ; Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Asghar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hemmati
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bavarsad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid chamran university of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Annahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
keywords: Kidney; Liposome; Liver; Paromomycin Sulfate; Toxicity