title: Assessments of antibacterial and physico-mechanical properties for dental materials with chemically anchored quaternary ammonium moieties: thiol-ene-methacrylate vs. conventional methacrylate system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fabrication of low shrinkage stress and strain dental resins containing highly available immobilized bactericidal moieties has been reported. The goal of this study is producing dental restorative materials with long-last antibacterial activity and reduced secondary caries. It is anticipated that antibacterial properties of quaternary ammonium moieties chemically immobilized in the backbone of dental resins is directly depended on accessibility of these functions. In the present study the antibacterial effect of a series of antibacterial monomers polymerized in a ternary thiol-ene-methacrylate system were compared with corresponding classical methacrylate system against Streptococcus mutans (an oral bacteria Strain). Physical and mechanical properties of dental materials obtained from these two systems were also evaluated and compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  The viscosities of the resin matrixes were measured on a MCR 300 rheometer. Degree of conversion (DC%) of monomers was measured using FTIR spectroscopy. The shrinkage-strain of photocured resins was measured using the bonded-disk technique. A universal testing machine combined with a stress measurement device was utilized to measure the polymerization-induced shrinkage stress. Viscoelastic properties of the samples were also determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Assessment of antibacterial properties was performed through agar diffusion test (AD) to confirm non-release behavior of chemically anchored moieties. Quantitative assay of antibacterial activity was evaluated through direct contact test (DCT) against S. mutans. Direct contact cytotoxicity assay with fibroblast cell line L-929 was also performed to find more insight regarding cytotoxicity of the antibacterial matrixes. The data were analyzed and compared by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (significance level=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neat methacrylate systems had significantly higher viscosity than thiol-ene-methacrylate analogous. The degree of conversion of methacrylate moieties in thiol-ene-methacrylate system was improved in comparison to conventional methacrylate system. Shrinkage stress and strain of thiol-ene-methacrylate system was lower than the neat methacrylate system. The thiol-ene-methacrylate systems show increased homogeneity and decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) and crosslink density (νc) in comparison to the neat methacrylate-based resins. The incorporated monofuctional quaternized monomer reduces degree of conversion, shrinkage stress and crosslink density of matrix. The results showed significant improvement in antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of dental materials obtained from thiol-ene polymerization system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that with proper control of monomers molar ratio, significant improvement in antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility as well as acceptable mechanical properties can be attained for dental resins prepared through the application of thiol-ene polymerization methodology.
authors.affiliation: Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran 1497713115, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beigi Burujeny
authors.affiliation: Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran 1497713115, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atai
authors.affiliation: Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965-115, Tehran 1497713115, Iran. Electronic address: h.yeganeh@ippi.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeganeh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds
keywords: Antibacterial; Dental resins; Quaternary ammonium moieties; Shrinkage strain and stress; Thiol–ene