title: Association of skeletal muscle relaxers and antihistamines on mortality, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits in elderly patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-risk medication exposure in the elderly is common and associated with increased mortality, hospitalizations, and emergency department (ED) visits. Skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines are high-risk medications commonly prescribed in elderly patients. The objective of this study was to determine the association between skeletal muscle relaxants or antihistamines and mortality, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a new-user, retrospective cohort design using national Veteran Affairs (VA) data from 128 hospitals. Veterans ≥65 years of age on October 1, 2005 who received VA inpatient/outpatient care at least once in each of fiscal year (FY) 2005 and FY 2006 were included. Exposure to skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines was defined by the National Committee for Quality Assurance Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set measures for high-risk medications in the elderly. Primary outcomes identified within one year of exposure were death, ED visit, or hospitalization; ED visits or hospitalizations due to falls and fracture were also assessed. Propensity score matching (1 to 1 match) was used to balance covariates between exposed patients and non-exposed patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort of 1,807,404 patients 55,566 patients were included in the propensity-matched cohort for skeletal muscle relaxants and 60,058 patients were included in the propensity-matched cohort for anti-histamines. Mortality was lower in skeletal muscle relaxants-exposed patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.94), but risk of emergency care (AOR 2.25, 95% CI 2.16-2.33) and hospitalization (AOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.48-1.65) was higher for patients prescribed skeletal muscle relaxants. Similar findings were observed for emergency and hospital care for falls or fractures. Mortality (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.82-2.04), ED visits (AOR 2.35, 95% CI 2.27-2.43), and hospitalizations (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 2.11-2.32) were higher in the antihistamine-exposed group, with similar findings for falls and fractures outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines are associated with an increased risk of ED visits and hospitalizations in elderly patients. Antihistamines were also associated with an increased risk of death, further validating the classification of these drug classes as "high risk".
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Practice Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Forest Park Rd, Dallas, TX, USA. carlos.alvarez@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Una E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: Dan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Berlowitz
authors.forename: Laurel A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Chester B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Amuan
authors.forename: Mary Jo V
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pugh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents