title: The Effect of the Social and Physical Environment on Children's Independent Mobility to Neighborhood Destinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relationships between context-specific measures of the physical and social environment and children's independent mobility to neighborhood destination types were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents in RESIDE's fourth survey reported whether their child (8-15 years; n = 181) was allowed to travel without an adult to school, friend's house, park and local shop. Objective physical environment measures were matched to each of these destinations. Social environment measures included neighborhood perceptions and items specific to local independent mobility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent mobility to local destinations ranged from 30% to 48%. Independent mobility to a local park was less likely as the distance to the closest park (small and large size) increased and less likely with additional school grounds (P < .05). Independent mobility to school was less likely as the distance to the closest large park increased and if the neighborhood was perceived as unsafe (P < .05). Independent mobility to a park or shops decreased if parenting social norms were unsupportive of children's local independent movement (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent mobility appears dependent upon the specific destination being visited and the impact of neighborhood features varies according to the destination examined. Findings highlight the importance of access to different types and sizes of urban green space for children's independent mobility to parks.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Population Health, and Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Hayley E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Charlotte D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Klinker
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Knuiman
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Stephan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zubrick
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Divitini
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Billie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giles-Corti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012574:Schools; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation