title: Rutin attenuates gentamicin-induced renal damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in rats.
abstract: Gentamicin is commonly used against gram-negative microorganisms. Its therapeutic use is mainly limited by nephrotoxicity. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of rutin on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The rats were treated with saline intraperitoneally (group I), 150 mg/kg of rutin orally (group II), 80 mg/kg of gentamicin intraperitoneally for 8 d (group III), or 150 mg/kg of rutin plus 80 mg/kg of gentamicin (group IV). The serum urea, creatinine, kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and protein concentration were measured, and renal histopathology analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Rutin pretreatment attenuated nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin by reducing the urea, creatinine, and MDA levels and increasing the SOD, CAT, and GPx activity, and the GSH levels. The rutin also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cleaved caspase-3 and light chain 3B (LC3B), as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining. The present study demonstrates that rutin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic effects and that it attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University , Yakutiye, Erzurum , Turkey .
authors.forename: Fatih Mehmet
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kandemir
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkaraca
authors.forename: Betul Apaydin
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Yildirim
authors.forename: Basak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanedan
authors.forename: Akin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirbas
authors.forename: Kubra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.forename: Fulya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005839:Gentamicins; D020011:Protective Agents; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D012431:Rutin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Gentamicin; apoptosis; autophagy; nephrotoxicity; oxidative stress; rutin