title: Three-dimensionally bonded spongy graphene material with super compressive elasticity and near-zero Poisson's ratio.
abstract: It is a challenge to fabricate graphene bulk materials with properties arising from the nature of individual graphene sheets, and which assemble into monolithic three-dimensional structures. Here we report the scalable self-assembly of randomly oriented graphene sheets into additive-free, essentially homogenous graphene sponge materials that provide a combination of both cork-like and rubber-like properties. These graphene sponges, with densities similar to air, display Poisson's ratios in all directions that are near-zero and largely strain-independent during reversible compression to giant strains. And at the same time, they function as enthalpic rubbers, which can recover up to 98% compression in air and 90% in liquids, and operate between -196 and 900 °C. Furthermore, these sponges provide reversible liquid absorption for hundreds of cycles and then discharge it within seconds, while still providing an effective near-zero Poisson's ratio.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yingpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Ningbo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Tengfei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Huicong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: 1] Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA [2] Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
authors.forename: Alin C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chipara
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terrones
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Peishuang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Guankui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lepró
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Márcio Dias
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Nestor Perea
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Lakshmy P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rajukumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
authors.forename: Pulickel M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ajayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terrones
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliev
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Ray H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Functional Polymer Materials and The Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen