title: Increased cortical surface area and gyrification following long-term survival from early monocular enucleation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinoblastoma is typically diagnosed before 5 years of age and is often treated by enucleation (surgical removal) of the cancerous eye. Here, we sought to characterize morphological changes of the cortex following long-term survival from early monocular enucleation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine adults with early right-eye enucleation (≤48 months of age) due to retinoblastoma were compared to 18 binocularly intact controls. Surface area, cortical thickness, and gyrification estimates were obtained from T1 weighted images and group differences were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early monocular enucleation was associated with increased surface area and/or gyrification in visual (i.e., V1, inferior temporal), auditory (i.e., supramarginal), and multisensory (i.e., superior temporal, inferior parietal, superior parietal) cortices compared with controls. Visual cortex increases were restricted to the right hemisphere contralateral to the remaining eye, consistent with previous subcortical data showing asymmetrical lateral geniculate nucleus volume following early monocular enucleation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered morphological development of visual, auditory, and multisensory regions occurs subsequent to long-time survival from early eye loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Krista R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: DeSimone
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gallie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer K E
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Steeves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000601:surgery; D017741:Survivors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain plasticity; Early visual deprivation; Hemisphere asymmetry; Monocular enucleation; Morphological development; Visual cortex