title: Antibody Blockade of Semaphorin 4D Promotes Immune Infiltration into Tumor and Enhances Response to Other Immunomodulatory Therapies.
abstract: Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D, CD100) and its receptor plexin-B1 (PLXNB1) are broadly expressed in murine and human tumors, and their expression has been shown to correlate with invasive disease in several human tumors. SEMA4D normally functions to regulate the motility and differentiation of multiple cell types, including those of the immune, vascular, and nervous systems. In the setting of cancer, SEMA4D-PLXNB1 interactions have been reported to affect vascular stabilization and transactivation of ERBB2, but effects on immune-cell trafficking in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been investigated. We describe a novel immunomodulatory function of SEMA4D, whereby strong expression of SEMA4D at the invasive margins of actively growing tumors influences the infiltration and distribution of leukocytes in the TME. Antibody neutralization of SEMA4D disrupts this gradient of expression, enhances recruitment of activated monocytes and lymphocytes into the tumor, and shifts the balance of cells and cytokines toward a proinflammatory and antitumor milieu within the TME. This orchestrated change in the tumor architecture was associated with durable tumor rejection in murine Colon26 and ERBB2(+) mammary carcinoma models. The immunomodulatory activity of anti-SEMA4D antibody can be enhanced by combination with other immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibition and chemotherapy. Strikingly, the combination of anti-SEMA4D antibody with antibody to CTLA-4 acts synergistically to promote complete tumor rejection and survival. Inhibition of SEMA4D represents a novel mechanism and therapeutic strategy to promote functional immune infiltration into the TME and inhibit tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jonason
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Holm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bussler
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Sebold
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torno
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Janaki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veeraraghavan
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seils
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallow
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giralico
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scrivens
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klimatcheva
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Terrence L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Ernest S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Vaccinex, Inc., Rochester, New York. mzauderer@vaccinex.com.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zauderer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D039961:Semaphorins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D016207:Cytokines; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D039961:Semaphorins; C093224:CD100 antigen