title: Alcohol and tobacco use in youth with and without chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of alcohol and tobacco use in youth with and without chronic pain and to identify risk factors for use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 186 youth (95 mixed chronic pain; 91 without chronic pain; 12-18 years old) who reported current alcohol and tobacco use, pain intensity, activity limitations, loneliness, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with chronic pain were less likely to use alcohol compared with adolescents without chronic pain (7.4% vs. 22%), and as likely to use tobacco (9% vs. 8%). Across groups, youth with higher depressive symptoms, less loneliness, and fewer activity limitations were more likely to endorse alcohol and tobacco use. Exploratory analyses revealed that risk factors for substance use differed among youth with and without chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pain may not increase risk for tobacco and alcohol use in adolescents. Research is needed to understand use of other substances in this medically vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute emily.law@seattlechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Emily F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Maggie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bromberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Groenewald
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Lexa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Tonya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palermo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: adolescents; alcohol; chronic pain; substance use; tobacco