title: The usefulness of carvedilol and nebivolol in preventing contrast nephropathy in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress and vasoconstriction appear to be important components of contrast nephropathy (CN) pathogenesis, and both carvedilol and nebivolol are known to have vasodilatory and antioxidant effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate whether carvedilol and nebivolol play preventive roles against developing CN and to compare the effects of each.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar albino rats were divided into control (C, n = 6), contrast material (CM, n = 6), carvedilol (CV, n = 7), carvedilol + contrast material (CV + CM, n = 7), nebivolol (N, n = 7), and nebivolol + contrast (N + CM, n = 7) groups. Following 3 days of dehydration, 6 mL/kg diatrizoate was administered to each rat. Carvedilol was given at a dose of 2 mg/kg and nebivolol at a dose of 1 mg/kg by way of oral gavage. After scarification, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in renal tissue. Histopathological findings were graded as mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the histopathological findings and MDA levels were significantly higher in the CM group than that in the C, CVCM, and NVCM groups, whereas there was no significant difference between the C, CVCM and NVCM groups. TAC level in the CM group was significantly lower than in all other groups. There was no difference in SOD among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carvedilol and nebivolol both prevent development of nephropathy related to CMs by decreasing oxidative stress. Neither is superior to the other.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes Üniversity , Aydin , Turkey .
authors.forename: Çağdaş
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Akgüllü
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hekim
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eryılmaz
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyacıoğlu
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.forename: İbrahim
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Meteoğlu
authors.forename: Aslıhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karul
authors.forename: Osman Alper
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Onbaşılı
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D000068577:Nebivolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002227:Carbazoles; D003287:Contrast Media; D011412:Propanolamines; D020011:Protective Agents; D000068577:Nebivolol; D000077261:Carvedilol; D003973:Diatrizoate; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Contrast nephropathy; carvedilol; nebivolol; oxidative stress; prophylaxis