title: Identifying correlates of self-stigma in adults who stutter: Further establishing the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was set up to further establish the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S) by demonstrating its associations with other established scales and replicating its original factor structure and reliability estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Web surveys were completed by 354 adults who stutter recruited from Board Certified Specialists in Fluency Disorders, and adult chapters of the National Stuttering Association. Participants completed a series of psychometrically validated scales measuring self-stigma, hope, empowerment, quality of life, social support, anxiety, depression, and self-rated speech disruption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher subscale and total stigma scores on the 4S were associated with significantly lower levels of hope, empowerment, quality of life, and social support, and significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, and self-rated speech disruption. The original factor structure of the 4S was replicated, and reliability estimates of the subscales ranged from adequate to excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study support the construct validity of the 4S and its use by clinicians and researchers intending to measure the construct of self-stigma in adults who stutter.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Readers should be able to: (a) distinguish between the various components of self-stigma; (b) describe how the various components of the self-stigma model relate to hope, empowerment, quality of life, and social support, self-rated speech disruption, anxiety, and depression; (c) summarize the psychometric properties of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S) in terms of reliability, factor structure, and construct validity; (d) discuss how the 4S could be used in research and clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Oklahoma State University, United States. Electronic address: michael.boyle@okstate.edu.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D013060:Speech; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Assessment; Construct validity; Stigma; Stuttering