title: Comparative evaluation of salivary soluble CD44 levels in periodontal health and disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation, immunoactivation, and malignant diseases are associated with increased plasma levels of soluble CD44 (sCD44). Serum sCD44 has been recognized as a diagnostic marker in smoking-induced diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To assess the levels of salivary sCD44 in periodontal health and disease. (2) To compare the levels of salivary sCD44 in smokers and nonsmokers. (3) To assess if salivary sCD44 levels could be used as a diagnostic marker for periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 patients were divided into three groups viz. Group A - healthy, Group B - aggressive periodontitis and Group C - chronic periodontitis (Subdivided into C1 - chronic periodontitis smokers and C2 - chronic periodontitis nonsmokers).
  
  
  METHODS
  The plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth and clinical attachment level; along with the radiographs were recorded. The saliva sample collected at baseline was stored at -80°C. The sCD44 levels were analyzed using ELISA.
  
  
  METHODS
  ANOVA test and Mann-Whitney's test was used to compare readings between all the groups and Pearson correlation was calculated for CD44 and all the clinical parameters in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highest mean sCD44 was recorded in Group C2 followed by Group C1. The GI was positively correlated with CD44 levels in chronic periodontitis group. Contrary to previous reports nonsmokers subjects had higher CD44 levels as compared to smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soluble CD44 levels were positively correlated with periodontal disease. Thus, salivary sCD44 could be considered as a one of the biomarker for periodontitis that is, aggressive and chronic periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sumeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Savitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayanswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Alampalli Viswanathamurthy
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ramesh
keywords: Aggressive periodontitis; diagnostic marker; nonsmokers; soluble CD44