title: Inflammation in cold complex regional pain syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the temperature of the affected side often differs from that of the contralateral side. In the acute phase, the affected side is usually warmer than the contralateral side, the so-called 'warm' CRPS. This thermal asymmetry can develop into a colder affected side, the so-called 'cold' CRPS. In contrast to cold CRPS, in warm CRPS, inflammation is generally assumed to be present. However, there are reports of cold CRPS patients, successfully treated with vasodilatation therapy, who subsequently displayed warm CRPS. It seems that inflammation could be 'hidden' behind vasomotor disturbance. This study was designed to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was made of patients in our CRPS database. We defined three types of CRPS: cold CRPS, neither cold nor warm (intermediate) CRPS, and warm CRPS. Of these patients, the difference between the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (Δ IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Δ TNF-α) in the affected extremity and that in the contralateral extremity was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bilateral difference of the level of these cytokines did not differ among patients with cold CRPS, intermediate CRPS, or those with warm CRPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation may be involved in cold CRPS.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dirckx
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stronks
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A M
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van Bodegraven-Hof
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wesseldijk
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Groeneweg
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J P M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Huygen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha