title: Antioxidant Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima on Chronic Inflammation Induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant in Rats.
abstract: One of the major mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation is the excessive production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and therefore, oxidative stress. Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima has marked antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro, as well as anti-inflammatory activity in certain experimental models, the latter activity being mediated probably by the antioxidant activity of this cyanobacterium. In the present study, chronic inflammation was induced through injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) in rats treated daily with Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima for 2 weeks beginning on day 14. Joint diameter, body temperature, and motor capacity were assessed each week. On days 0 and 28, total and differential leukocyte counts and serum oxidative damage were determined, the latter by assessing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. At the end of the study, oxidative damage to joints was likewise evaluated. Results show that S. maxima favors increased mobility, as well as body temperature regulation, and a number of circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes in specimens with CFA-induced chronic inflammation and also protects against oxidative damage in joint tissue as well as serum. In conclusion, the protection afforded by S. maxima against development of chronic inflammation is due to its antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriel Alfonso
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Rebolledo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: 2 Unity of Support Services for Analytical Resolution (SARA), University of Veracruz , Xalapa, Mexico .
authors.forename: Rosa Virginia
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: García-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Germán A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chamorro-Cevallos
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Gabriela
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hernández-Reyes
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elizdath
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Galero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000633:toxicity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant
keywords: Freund's complete adjuvant; Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima; antioxidant effect; chronic inflammation; oxidative damage