title: Field assessment of dried Plasmodium falciparum samples for malaria rapid diagnostic test quality control and proficiency testing in Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are now widely used for laboratory confirmation of suspected malaria cases to comply with the World Health Organization recommendation for universal testing before treatment. However, many malaria programmes lack quality control (QC) processes to assess RDT use under field conditions. Prior research showed the feasibility of using the dried tube specimen (DTS) method for preserving Plasmodium falciparum parasites for use as QC samples for RDTs. This study focused on the use of DTS for RDT QC and proficiency testing under field conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  DTS were prepared using cultured P. falciparum at densities of 500 and 1,000 parasites/μL; 50 μL aliquots of these along with parasite negative human blood controls (0 parasites/μL) were air-dried in specimen tubes and reactivity verified after rehydration. The DTS were used in a field study in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Replicate DTS samples containing 0, 500 and 1,000 parasites/μL were stored at 4°C at a reference laboratory and at ambient temperatures at two nearby health facilities. At weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24, the DTS were rehydrated and tested on RDTs stored under manufacturer-recommended temperatures at the RL and on RDTs stored under site-specific conditions at the two health facilities. Reactivity of DTS stored at 4°C at the reference laboratory on RDTs stored at the reference laboratory was considered the gold standard for assessing DTS stability. A proficiency-testing panel consisting of one negative and three positive samples, monitored with a checklist was administered at weeks 12 and 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all the seven time points, DTS stored at both the reference laboratory and health facility were reactive on RDTs stored under the recommended temperature and under field conditions, and the DTS without malaria parasites were negative. At the reference laboratory and one health facility, a 500 parasites/μL DTS from the proficiency panel was falsely reported as negative at week 24 due to errors in interpreting faint test lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DTS method can be used under field conditions to supplement other RDT QC methods and health worker proficiency in Ethiopia and possibly other malaria-endemic countries.
authors.affiliation: Nekemte Regional Public Health Laboratory, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia. afeworktam@yahoo.com.|Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Programme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. afeworktam@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Afework
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamiru
authors.affiliation: Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Programme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. lboulanger@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.affiliation: President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. mchang2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. jmalone@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. maidoo@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aidoo
mesh_terms: D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing / Q000379:methods*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors