title: Mice fed fish oil diet and upregulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenic markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fish oil (FO) elicits diverse beneficial effects. Reduction in or prevention of body mass (BM) gain in animal models may be associated with modulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We aimed to evaluate the effects of different high-fat diets with FO on BAT metabolism and thermogenic markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 male mice (3-month-old) were fed different diets during 8 weeks: standard-chow diet (SC 10% fat), high-fat lard diet (HF-L 50% fat), high-fat lard plus FO diet (HF-L+FO 50% fat), and high-fat FO diet (HF-FO 50% fat). We evaluated BM and performed an oral glucose tolerance test. At euthanasia, plasma was collected for leptin, and triacylglycerol measurement and interscapular BAT was dissected and stored for molecular analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HF-L group showed elevated BM; glucose intolerance associated with diminished TC10 and GLUT4 expressions; hypertriglyceridemia associated with increased CD36 and diminished CPT1 expression; elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; and reduced PPAR expression. Furthermore, these animals showed hyperleptinemia with increased expression of thermogenic markers (beta3-AR, PGC1alpha, and UCP1). Conversely, HF-L+FO and HF-FO groups showed reduced BM gain with regularization of glucose tolerance and triglyceridemia, GLUT4, TC10, CD36, CPT1, and cytokines expressions. Both groups exhibited elevated PPAR and thermogenic markers expression in a dose-dependent way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FO improves metabolic profile and upregulates thermogenic markers, suggesting an elevated thermogenesis that leads to reduced BM gain.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thereza Cristina Lonzetti
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bargut
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anna Carolina Alves Gomes
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Silva-e-Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Souza-Mello
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil. mandarim@uerj.br.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mandarim-de-Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomedico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Barbosa
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Aguila
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D022722:Thermogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005395:Fish Oils; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007473:Ion Channels; D020738:Leptin; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; C029310:lard
keywords: Brown adipose tissue; Fish oil; Omega-3 fatty acids; Thermogenesis; Uncoupling protein 1