title: Therapeutic choices in convulsive status epilepticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most frequent and severe neurological emergencies in both adults and children. A timely administration of appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can stop seizures early and markedly improve outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main treatment strategies for SE are reviewed with an emphasis on initial treatments. The established first-line treatment consists of benzodiazepines, most frequently intravenous lorazepam. Benzodiazepines that do not require intravenous administration like intranasal midazolam or intramuscular midazolam are becoming more popular because of easier administration in the field. Other benzodiazepines may also be effective. After treatment with benzodiazepines, treatment with fosphenytoin and phenobarbital is usually recommended. Other intravenously available AEDs, such as valproate and levetiracetam, may be as effective and safe as fosphenytoin and phenobarbital, have a faster infusion time and better pharmacokinetic profile. The rationale behind the need for an early treatment of SE is discussed. The real-time delays of AED administration in clinical practice are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited evidence to support what the best initial benzodiazepine or the best non-benzodiazepine AED is. Recent and developing multicenter trials are evaluating the best treatment options and will likely modify the recommended treatment choices in SE in the near future. Additionally, more research is needed to understand how different treatment options modify prognosis in SE. Timely implementation of care protocols to minimize treatment delays is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Fegan 9 , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 , USA.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez Fernández
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loddenkemper
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: benzodiazepines; epilepsy; lorazepam; midazolam; seizures; status epilepticus