title: Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.
abstract: METHODS
  Tangerine tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are rich in tetra-cis-lycopene resulting from natural variation in carotenoid isomerase. Our objective was to compare the bioavailability of lycopene from tangerine to red tomato juice, and elucidate physical deposition forms of these isomers in tomatoes by light and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following a randomized cross-over design, subjects (n = 11, 6 M/5 F) consumed two meals delivering 10 mg lycopene from tangerine (94% cis) or red tomato juice (10% cis). Blood was sampled over 12 h and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions of plasma were isolated and analyzed using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Lycopene was crystalline in red tomato chromoplasts and globular in tangerine tomatoes. With tangerine tomato juice we observed a marked 8.5-fold increase in lycopene bioavailability compared to red tomato juice (p < 0.001). Fractional absorption was 47.70 ± 8.81% from tangerine and 4.98 ± 1.92% from red tomato juices. Large heterogeneity was observed among subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lycopene is markedly more bioavailable from tangerine than from red tomato juice, consistent with a predominance of cis-lycopene isomers and presence in chromoplasts in a lipid dissolved globular state. These results justify using tangerine tomatoes as a lycopene source in studies examining the potential health benefits of lycopene-rich foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cooperstone
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Ken M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Haufe
authors.forename: Ralf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schweiggert
authors.forename: Samantha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Cynthia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lesinski
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D024321:zeta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D008074:Lipoproteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C030087:lipoprotein triglyceride; D024321:zeta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C008604:neurosporene; C003140:phytofluene; C100185:(all-E) phytoene; D002784:Cholesterol; D000077276:Lycopene
keywords: Bioavailability; Carotenoids; Chromoplast; Tangerine tomato; Tetra-cis-lycopene