title: Post-cataract endophthalmitis caused by multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: clinical features and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To report clinical features and risk factors of post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis (PE) due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case review from December 10, 2010 to April 7, 2011 was performed at the Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University. Data were collected for surgical details, disease characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen, and treatment response. Visual outcomes were examined with a minimum follow-up of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen cases of S. maltophilia endophthalmitis were identified. The onset of infection occurred from 1-56 days postoperatively (median, 13.5 days). Obvious cellular reactions were found in all patients in the anterior chamber, along with the absence of pupil synechia. Retinal periphlebitis was an early sign of PE. S. maltophilia was positive in eight patients (57.1%). The fluids from aspiration tubes revealed the same bacteria, which were resistant to multiple drugs (e.g., amino glycosides, most of the β-lactams, aztreonam, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin), except levofloxacin. Compared with the culture-negative group, the infection was more rapid, more severe, and more difficult to control in the culture-positive group. Among 14 patients, 11 patients (78.6%) underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intravitreal injection. Three patients had PPV twice, and three patients had intraocular lens and capsular bag removal. A final visual acuity of ≥20/100 was achieved by 13/14 patients (92.9%). Complications included retinal detachment in three cases (21.4%) and recurrence of infection in two cases (14.8%). Statistical analysis showed that age over 90 years and posterior capsule rupture were risk factors of infection (P=0.034 and P=0.034, respectively). The phacoemulsifier allowed potential contamination between the aspiration and irrigation tubes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. maltophilia should be considered a pathogenic organism of PE. The infection often occurs in older patients with posterior capsule rupture. Intravitreal or systemic administration of effective antibiotics and earlier initial PPV may contribute to better clinical outcomes. Tubes with connections between aspiration and irrigation should be avoided during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Yinghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Yongxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. luyieent@126.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000187:drug effects; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents