title: Curing profile of bulk-fill resin-based composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the curing profile of bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBC) using micro-Raman spectroscopy (μRaman).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four bulk-fill RBCs were compared to a conventional RBC. RBC blocks were light-cured using a polywave LED light-curing unit. The 24-h degree of conversion (DC) was mapped along a longitudinal cross-section using μRaman. Curing profiles were constructed and 'effective' (>90% of maximum DC) curing parameters were calculated. A statistical linear mixed effects model was constructed to analyze the relative effect of the different curing parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Curing efficiency differed widely with the flowable bulk-fill RBCs presenting a significantly larger 'effective' curing area than the fibre-reinforced RBC, which on its turn revealed a significantly larger 'effective' curing area than the full-depth bulk-fill and conventional (control) RBC. A decrease in 'effective' curing depth within the light beam was found in the same order. Only the flowable bulk-fill RBCs were able to cure 'effectively' at a 4-mm depth for the whole specimen width (up to 4mm outside the light beam). All curing parameters were found to statistically influence the statistical model and thus the curing profile, except for the beam inhomogeneity (regarding the position of the 410-nm versus that of 470-nm LEDs) that did not significantly affect the model for all RBCs tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the bulk-fill RBCs could be cured up to at least a 4-mm depth, thereby validating the respective manufacturer's recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the curing profiles, the orientation and position of the light guide is less critical for the bulk-fill RBCs than for the conventional RBC.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven-BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A - Box 7001, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven-BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A - Box 7001, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongprueksa
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven-BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A - Box 7001, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven-BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven) & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A - Box 7001, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: jan.demunck@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C090257:Foundation composite resin; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
keywords: Bulk-fill composites; Curing profile; Degree of conversion; Micro-Raman