title: Effectiveness of tobacco education for pharmacy students in Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking remains the major preventable cause of death worldwide, especially cancer-related death. Evidence clearly indicates that tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is reduced by smoking cessation. Pharmacists are well-positioned to provide tobacco cessation services an involvement of pharmacists in smoking cessation is encouraged by several organizations. While Indonesia's prevalence of smoking is in the first rank in Asian countries, none of the pharmacy schools in Indonesia are currently offering tobacco-related courses in their existing curricula at present. Our study aimed to develop and to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco education (TE) for pharmacy students in Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-hour TE was developed and evaluated using pre-test/post-test with control group design. A total of 137 fifth-year pharmacy students at Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Yogyakarta, were chosen as an intervention group while a total of 105 fifth-year students of Islamic University of Indonesia, (UII) served as the control group. Knowledge, perceived-role, self-efficacy, and ability to perform counseling using the 5A's framework were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement (P < 0.001) in knowledge, perceived-role, and self-efficacy was found in the intervention group but not in the control group. In addition, we revealed that 89.7% of the intervention group were able to perform counseling using 5A's.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed TE significantly improved student knowledge, perceived-rolse, self-efficacy, and created an ability to perform cessation counseling. Integration of TE education in curricula of Indonesian pharmacy schools nation-wide should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail : susikristina@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Susi Ari
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kristina
authors.forename: Montarat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thavorncharoensap
authors.forename: Petcharat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongcharoensuk
authors.forename: Preecha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montakantikul
authors.forename: Thanarat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suansanae
authors.forename: Yayi Suryo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Prabandari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*