title: The ankle-brachial index is related to left ventricular ejection fraction in bonnet macaques.
abstract: Low ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a marker of peripheral arterial disease associated with higher cardiovascular risk. ABI has been found to be influenced by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but this relation is confounded by atherosclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since nonhuman primates have a low incidence of atherosclerosis, we sought to evaluate the effect of LVEF on ABI in 24 healthy female bonnet macaques (age 83 ± 21 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  LVEF was determined by echocardiography during anesthesia with ketamine. ABI was determined using automatic blood pressure cuff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean LVEF was 73 ± 6%. Mean ABI was 1.03 (range 0.78-1.17) with similar right and left lower limb values (p = 0.78). On univariate analysis, mean ABI was significantly correlated with LVEF (r = 0.58, p = 0.003) but not with age, crown-rump length or weight. Mean LVEF increased in a stepwise manner from lowest to highest ABI tertile (68 ± 6 vs. 73 ± 4 vs. 77 ± 5%, p = 0.008). On ordinal regression and forced multivariate linear analyses, ABI status was independently related to LVEF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABI is influenced by left ventricular systolic function but not age, height, weight or mass index in bonnet macaques. Left ventricular systolic function should be accounted for when considering ABI measurements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Manasi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bapat
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salciccioli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozenboym
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coplan
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D008255:Macaca radiata; D023421:Models, Animal; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*