title: Conceptualizing the impacts of dual practice on the retention of public sector specialists - evidence from South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Dual practice', or multiple job holding, generally involves public sector-based health workers taking additional work in the private sector. This form of the practice is purported to help retain public health care workers in low and middle-income countries' public sectors through additional wage incentives. There has been little conceptual or empirical development of the relationship between dual practice and retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article helps begin to fill this gap, drawing on empirical evidence from a qualitative study focusing on South African specialists. Fifty-one repeat, in-depth interviews were carried out with 28 doctors (predominantly specialists) with more than one job, in one public and one private urban hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings suggest dual practice can impact both positively and negatively on specialists' intention to stay in the public sector. This is through multiple conceptual channels including those previously identified in the literature such as dual practice acting as a 'stepping stone' to private practice by reducing migration costs. Dual practice can also lead specialists to re-evaluate how they compare public and private jobs, and to overworking which can expedite decisions on whether to stay in the public sector or leave. Numerous respondents undertook dual practice without official permission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The idea that dual practice helps retain public specialists in South Africa may be overstated. Yet banning the practice may be ineffective, given many undertake it without permission in any case. Regulation should be better enforced to ensure dual practice is not abused. The conceptual framework developed in this article could form a basis for further qualitative and quantitative inquiry.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. jdashmore@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ashmore
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011331:Private Practice; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D013019:South Africa; D013038:Specialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work