title: Impact of a letter-grade program on restaurant sanitary conditions and diner behavior in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the impact of the New York City restaurant letter-grading program on restaurant hygiene, food safety practices, and public awareness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 43,448 restaurants inspected between 2007 and 2013 to measure changes in inspection score and violation citations since program launch in July 2010. We used binomial regression to assess probability of scoring 0 to 13 points (A-range score). Two population-based random-digit-dial telephone surveys assessed public perceptions of the program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After we controlled for repeated restaurant observations, season of inspection, and chain restaurant status, the probability of scoring 0 to 13 points on an unannounced inspection increased 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]=31%, 40%) 3 years after compared with 3 years before grading. There were notable improvements in compliance with some specific requirements, including having a certified kitchen manager on site and being pest-free. More than 91% (95% CI=88%, 94%) of New Yorkers approved of the program and 88% (95% CI=85%, 92%) considered grades in dining decisions in 2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restaurant letter grading in New York City has resulted in improved sanitary conditions on unannounced inspection, suggesting that the program is an effective regulatory tool.
authors.affiliation: Melissa R. Wong, Wendy McKelvey, Kazuhiko Ito, and J. Bryan Jacobson are with the Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY. Corinne Schiff and Daniel Kass are with the Division of Environmental Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McKelvey
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: J Bryan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011639:Public Opinion; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*