title: Evaluation of chronic kidney disease in chronic heart failure: From biomarkers to arterial renal resistances.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease and its worsening are recurring conditions in chronic heart failure (CHF) which are independently associated with poor patient outcome. The heart and kidney share many pathophysiological mechanisms which can determine dysfunction in each organ. Cardiorenal syndrome is the condition in which these two organs negatively affect each other, therefore an accurate evaluation of renal function in the clinical setting of CHF is essential. This review aims to revise the parameters currently used to evaluate renal dysfunction in CHF with particular reference to the usefulness and the limitations of biomarkers in evaluating glomerular dysfunction and tubular damage. Moreover, it is reported the possible utility of renal arterial resistance index (a parameter associated with abnormalities in renal vascular bed) for a better assesment of kidney disfunction.
authors.affiliation: Massimo Iacoviello, Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital Policlinico Consorziale of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacoviello
authors.affiliation: Massimo Iacoviello, Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital Policlinico Consorziale of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Massimo Iacoviello, Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital Policlinico Consorziale of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Antoncecchi
authors.affiliation: Massimo Iacoviello, Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, University Hospital Policlinico Consorziale of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco Matteo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ciccone
keywords: Biomarkers; Chronic kidney disease; Doppler; Heart failure; Renal resistance index