title: Levels and source apportionment of children's lead exposure: could urinary lead be used to identify the levels and sources of children's lead pollution?
abstract: As a highly toxic heavy metal, the pollution and exposure risks of lead are of widespread concern for human health. However, the collection of blood samples for use as an indicator of lead pollution is not always feasible in most cohort or longitudinal studies, especially those involving children health. To evaluate the potential use of urinary lead as an indicator of exposure levels and source apportionment, accompanying with environmental media samples, lead concentrations and isotopic measurements (expressed as (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (208)Pb/(206)Pb and (204)Pb/(206)Pb) were investigated and compared between blood and urine from children living in the vicinities of a typical coking plant and lead-acid battery factory. The results showed urinary lead might not be a preferable proxy for estimating blood lead levels. Fortunately, urinary lead isotopic measurements could be used as an alternative for identifying the sources of children's lead exposure, which coincided well with the blood lead isotope ratio analysis.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Suzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: duan_jasmine@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiuge
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Delong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Chengye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: wfs851317@163.com.
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Guibin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003077:Coke; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D003077:Coke; D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead
keywords: Blood lead; Exposure; Isotopic ratios; Pollution source; Urinary lead