title: Ethnopharmacological approach to the herbal medicines of the "Antidotes" in Nikolaos Myrepsos׳ Dynameron.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper focuses on the plants quoted in the recipes of the first chapter entitled "About the Antidotes" belonging to the first and largest section "Element Alpha" of Nikolaos Myrepsos׳ Dynameron, a medieval medical manuscript. Nikolaos Myrepsos was a Byzantine physician at the court of John III Doukas Vatatzes at Nicaea (13th century). He wrote in Greek a rich collection of 2667 recipes, the richest number known in late Byzantine era, conventionally known as Dynameron and divided into 24 sections, the "Elements". The only existing translation of this work is in Latin, released in 1549 in Basel by Leonhart Fuchs. Since no other translation has ever been made in any language, this work still remains poorly known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our primary source material was the codex written in 1339 and kept in the National Library of France (in Paris) under the number grec. 2243. For comparison, all the other codices, which contain the entire manuscript, have also been studied, namely the codices EBE 1478 (National Library of Greece, Athens), grec. 2237 and grec. 2238 (both in Paris), Lavra Ε 192 (Mont Athos, Monastery of Megisti Lavra), Barocci 171 (Oxford) and Revilla 83 (Escorial).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exhaustive study of the "About the Antidotes" led us to the interpretation of 293 plant names among which we recognized 39 medicinal plants listed by the European Medicines Agency, (Herbal Medicines, www.ema.eu); the therapeutic indications of some of them provided by Myrepsos were similar or related to their current ones, as given in their monographs. The plants belong to various families of which the most frequent are: Apiaceae 10.6%; Lamiaceae 9.2%; Asteraceae 8.9%; Fabaceae 6.8% and Rosaceae 5.1%. The most frequently mentioned plants even under several different names are the following: Apium graveolens L., Crocus sativus L., Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Rosa centifolia L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Papaver somniferum L., Costus sp., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Daucus carota L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research led us to the conclusion that the content of "About the Antidotes" is a valuable source for the study of recipes based mainly on medicinal plants, most of them inherited from classic ancient Greek and Hellenistic periods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valiakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Panepistimiopolis, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marselos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakellaridis
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15703 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Constantinidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: skaltsa@pharm.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skaltsa
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000266:history; D006115:Greece; D029001:Herbal Medicine / Q000266:history*; D049691:History, Medieval; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000266:history*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes
keywords: About the Antidotes; Byzantine medicine; Dynameron; Herbal medicines; Historical texts; Nikolaos Myrepsos