title: Examination of postmortem retinal folds: A non-invasive study.
abstract: The postmortem retinal fold has been previously documented, but its mechanism of formation is not known. All previous studies of the fold involved invasive techniques and the postmortem ocular fundus has yet to be non-invasively examined. Our study used the non-invasive techniques of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and ocular echography to examine 79 postmortem eyes of 42 bodies. We examined whether the postmortem retinal fold was associated with postmortem time, position, and/or age. Age was significantly associated with postmortem retinal fold formation (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.013), which led us to examine the effect of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) on retinal folds. The absence of a PVD was statistically associated with the presence of a retinal fold (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). Interestingly, the presence of a PVD was also significantly correlated with retinal fold height (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.0001). Therefore, we hypothesized that retinal folds result from postmortem vitreoretinal traction caused by eyeball flaccidity. We also believe that the loss of retinochoroidal hydrostatic pressure plays a role. It is important that forensic pathologists not confuse a postmortem retinal fold with traumatic retinal detachment or perimacular retinal folds caused by child abuse. When child abuse is suspected, forensic pathologists should perform enucleation and a subsequent histological examination for confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan. Electronic address: tooshima@med.akita-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Sohtaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mimasaka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Child abuse; Non-invasive; Ophthalmology; Postmortem; Retinal fold; Ultrasound imaging