title: An evaluation of multimodal spinal cord monitoring in scoliosis surgery: a single centre experience of 354 operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in the early detection of impending spinal cord injury during surgery for spinal deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of prospectively collected data in 354 consecutive spinal deformity operations from June 2003 to October 2013. Patients were sub-grouped according to demographics, diagnosis and operative features. Post-operative neurological deficit was defined as either spinal cord, nerve root or transient deficit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined monitoring with SSEPs and MEPs was possible in 315 cases. The overall incidence of significant alerts was 7.1 % and overall permanent neurological deficit was 1.6 %. When results were collated, the overall combined sensitivity of multimodal monitoring was 100 % with a specificity of 99.3 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multimodal monitoring allows early detection of impending neurological deficit that is superior to a single monitoring modality. To achieve optimal use of monitoring, continuous communication between surgical, anaesthetic and neurophysiology teams are required. As a result of our experience we have incorporated in our consent procedure the discussion of monitoring and the possibility of needing to abandon the procedure, and completing in a staged fashion at a later date. We believe multimodal monitoring is the current gold standard for complex spinal deformity surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, IP4 5PD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durst
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lutchman
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult