title: Normal table of embryonic development in the four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum.
abstract: We present a complete staging table of normal development for the lungless salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Terrestrial egg clutches from naturally ovipositing females were collected and maintained at 15 °C in the laboratory. Observations, photographs, and time-lapse movies of embryos were taken throughout the 45-day embryonic period. The complete normal table of development for H. scutatum is divided into 28 stages and extends previous analyses of H. scutatum embryonic development (Bishop, 1920; Humphrey, 1928). Early embryonic stage classifications through neurulation reflect criteria described for Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma maculatum and other salamanders. Later embryonic stage assignments are based on unique features of H. scutatum embryos. Additionally, we provide morphological analysis of gastrulation and neurulation, as well as details on external aspects of eye, gill, limb, pigmentation, and tail development to support future research related to phylogeny, comparative embryology, and molecular mechanisms of development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807. Electronic address: hurneyca@jmu.edu.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hurney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Babcock
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, P.O. Box 400328, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shook
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maturo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cogbill
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054262:Gastrulation / Q000502:physiology; D054261:Neurulation / Q000502:physiology; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D014562:Caudata / Q000196:embryology*
keywords: Amphibian; Embryonic development; Normal table; Plethodontid