title: Creating an African HIV clinical research and prevention trials network: HIV prevalence, incidence and transmission.
abstract: HIV epidemiology informs prevention trial design and program planning. Nine clinical research centers (CRC) in sub-Saharan Africa conducted HIV observational epidemiology studies in populations at risk for HIV infection as part of an HIV prevention and vaccine trial network. Annual HIV incidence ranged from below 2% to above 10% and varied by CRC and risk group, with rates above 5% observed in Zambian men in an HIV-discordant relationship, Ugandan men from Lake Victoria fishing communities, men who have sex with men, and several cohorts of women. HIV incidence tended to fall after the first three months in the study and over calendar time. Among suspected transmission pairs, 28% of HIV infections were not from the reported partner. Volunteers with high incidence were successfully identified and enrolled into large scale cohort studies. Over a quarter of new cases in couples acquired infection from persons other than the suspected transmitting partner.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Anatoli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia.
authors.forename: Shabir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakhi
authors.affiliation: Project San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karita
authors.affiliation: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia.
authors.forename: Mubiana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inambao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast/KEMRI, Kilifi, Kenya; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eduard J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Kenya AIDS Vaccine Institute-Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Omu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anzala
authors.affiliation: Aurum Institute, Rustenburg and Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Latka
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Linda-Gail
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Pontiano
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaleebu
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Gershim
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asiki
authors.affiliation: IAVI-UVRI HIV Vaccine Program, Entebbe and Masaka, Uganda.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ssetaala
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruzagira
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Kenya AIDS Vaccine Institute-Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Gaudensia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mutua
authors.affiliation: Aurum Institute, Rustenburg and Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Heeran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makkan
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tichacek
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ilene K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.affiliation: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fast
authors.affiliation: IAVI, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gwynn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: IAVI, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Paramesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chetty
authors.affiliation: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pauli N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Amornkul
authors.affiliation: IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilmour
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019058:Community Networks / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors