title: Assessing rumination response style among undergraduate nursing students: A construct validation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rumination is one of the risk factors for mental health problems among nursing students. Rumination refers to repetitive thoughts focusing on negative emotions. There is a need to use an appropriate instrument to detect rumination to prevent the development of emotional problems. The ruminative response scale (RRS) is an instrument widely used to assess rumination levels in adult populations. It is inconclusive if the scale can be used for younger people like nursing students.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale (RRS-10) in undergraduate nursing students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional research design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was undertaken at one of the universities in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 747 undergraduate nursing students was recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, containing the 10-item RRS and Thoughts, Feelings and Experiences Questionnaire, and personal information. Exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses and correlational analyses were performed to test the construct and concurrent validity of the RRS respectively. Cronbach's alphas were used as parameters for the internal consistency reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RRS-10 had two distinct factors: brooding (moody pondering) and reflection (analysing depression-relating situations). Adequate model fit indices were obtained and significant factor loadings were observed, indicating acceptable construct validity. These two factors had significant correlations with emotional distress, depression, anxiety, and hopelessness, supporting concurrent validity of the scale. Cronbach's alphas were 0.71 and 0.73 for the brooding and reflection factors respectively, suggesting good reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RRS-10 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. Therefore, it can be used to assess rumination response style among undergraduate nursing students in Thailand. Future research can test the scale on nursing students or youths in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand. Electronic address: wareerat.tha@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Wareerat
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thanoi
authors.affiliation: Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: nurpk@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Piyanee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klainin-Yobas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Confirmatory factor analyses; Construct validity; Exploratory factor analyses; Nursing students; Ruminative response scale; Thailand