title: Functional roles of the hexamer organization of plant glutamate decarboxylase.
abstract: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the α-decarboxylation of glutamate to γ-aminobutyrate. A unique feature of plant GAD is the presence of a calmodulin (CaM)-binding domain at its C-terminus. In plants, transient elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺ in response to different types of stress is responsible for GAD activation via CaM. The crystal structure of GAD isoform 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGAD1) shows that the enzyme is a hexamer composed of a trimer of dimers. Herein, we show that in solution AtGAD1 is in a dimer-hexamer equilibrium and estimate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hexamer under different conditions. The association of dimers into hexamers is promoted by several conditions, including high protein concentrations and low pH. Notably, binding of Ca²⁺/CaM1 abolishes the dissociation of the AtGAD1 oligomer. The AtGAD1 N-terminal domain is critical for maintaining the oligomeric state as removal of the first 24 N-terminal residues dramatically affects oligomerization by producing a dimeric enzyme. The deleted mutant retains decarboxylase activity, highlighting the dimeric nature of the basic structural unit of AtGAD1. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Arg24 in the N-terminal domain as a key residue since its mutation to Ala prevents hexamer formation in solution. Both dimeric mutant enzymes form a stable hexamer in the presence of Ca²⁺/CaM1. Our data clearly reveal that the oligomeric state of AtGAD1 is highly responsive to a number of experimental parameters and may have functional relevance in vivo in the light of the biphasic regulation of AtGAD1 activity by pH and Ca²⁺/CaM1 in plant cells. This article is part of a special issue titled "Cofactor-Dependent Proteins: Evolution, Chemical Diversity and Bio-applications."
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona (VR), Italy. Electronic address: alessandra.astegno@univr.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astegno
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capitani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona (VR), Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dominici
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D055503:Protein Multimerization
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002147:Calmodulin; C572690:AT5G37780 protein, Arabidopsis; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calmodulin; Dimer–hexamer equilibrium; Glutamate decarboxylase; N-terminal domain