title: Sonographically guided sternoclavicular joint injection: description of technique and validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this investigation was to describe and validate a sonographically guided technique for injecting the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) using a cadaveric model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single experienced operator (J.S.) completed 13 sonographically guided SCJ injections on 7 unembalmed cadaveric specimens (4 male and 3 female) using an out-of-plane, caudad-to-cephalad technique to place 1 mL of diluted blue latex into the joint. Within 72 hours, study coinvestigators dissected each specimen to determine the injectate location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 13 injections accurately placed latex into the SCJ with a predilection for the clavicular side (accuracy, 100%; 95% confidence interval, 73%-100%). Three injections (23%) placed all latex on the clavicular side of the SCJ in the presence of a complete intra-articular disk. Dissection revealed incomplete degenerated disks in the remaining 10 joints. Seven of these injections (54%) clearly placed more than 80% of the latex on the clavicular side, whereas the remaining 3 injections (23%) showed nearly equal latex distribution between the clavicular and sternal sides. No injection resulted in neurovascular injury or extracapsular flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonographically guided SCJ injections can be considered in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with medial shoulder pain syndromes and, using the technique described herein, have a predilection to target the clavicular portion of the joint. In younger patients with possible complete intra-articular disks or in patients with sternal-side conditions, practitioners should consider confirming sternal-side flow after injection or attempt to specifically target the sternal side of the joint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pourcho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA.
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sellon
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA. smith.jay@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial / Q000379:methods*; D007840:Latex / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013247:Sternoclavicular Joint / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007840:Latex
keywords: injections; musculoskeletal ultrasound; shoulder; sonography; sternoclavicular joint