title: The association between cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms in at-risk mental state: a comparison with first-episode psychosis.
abstract: Cognitive deficits and a high prevalence of depressive symptoms have been reported in at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, but the relationships between these variables remain unclear. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was administered to 50 individuals with ARMS, 50 with first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 30 healthy controls (HC). Clinical symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Beck Depression Inventory-2nd edition (BDI-II). Composite z-scores in BACS were compared between the three groups. Pearson correlations between composite z-scores on the BACS and indices of clinical symptoms were compared in the ARMS and FEP groups. The mean composite z-scores on the BACS for the ARMS (-2.82) and FEP (-2.85) groups were significantly lower than the HC group (P<0.001); no differences between the ARMS and FEP groups emerged (P=0.995). Cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms were significantly correlated in the ARMS group (PANSS depression: r=-0.36, P=0.010; BDI-II: r=-0.34, P=0.02), while the correlation between cognitive deficits and negative symptoms was significant in the FEP group (r=-0.46, P=0.001) and approached significance in the ARMS group (r=-0.25, P=0.08). The correlation between cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms significantly differed between the ARMS and FEP groups (PANSS depression: Z=2.50, P=0.012; BDI-II: Z=1.96, P=0.0499). Thus, a relationship between cognitive deficits and depression appears to be specific to ARMS compared to FEP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: ohmuro24@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohmuro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Preventive Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: kaz-mat@umin.net.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: katsura-thk@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: poaro-obara@carol.ocn.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: a1mb1032-thk@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: hama-ie72@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: asakuma-thk@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: idee@diana.dti.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: itof-psy@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Electronic address: mtok-thk@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: At-risk mental state; Cognitive function; Depressive symptoms; First-episode psychosis; Psychopathology; Ultra-high risk