title: Chondroprotective Effect of Kartogenin on CD44-Mediated Functions in Articular Cartilage and Chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent report identified the small molecule kartogenin as a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent. Since changes in hyaluronan metabolism occur during cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, we began studies to determine whether there was a connection between extracellular hyaluronan, CD44-hyaluronan interactions and the effects of kartogenin on articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocytes cultured in monolayers, bioengineered neocartilages, or cartilage explants were treated with kartogenin with or without stimulation by IL-1β. Accumulation of matrix was visualized by a particle exclusion assay or by safranin O staining and release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was determined. Production of aggrecanases and aggrecan G1-ITEGE neoepitope, fragmentation of CD44 and the SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway were evaluated by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kartogenin treatment enhanced chondrocyte pericellular matrix assembly and retention in the presence of IL-1β. The chondroprotective effects of kartogenin on IL-1β-induced release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans from articular cartilage explants, reduction in safranin O staining of neocartilage discs as well as a reduction in aggrecan G1-ITEGE neoepitope in chondrocyte and explant cartilage cultures were observed. Kartogenin partially blocked the IL-1β-induced increased expression of ADAMTS-5. Additionally, kartogenin-treated articular chondrocytes exhibited a decrease in CD44 proteolytic fragmentation. However, kartogenin treatment did not enhance proteoglycan in control, non-IL-1β-treated cultures. Similarly, kartogenin enhanced the SMAD1 phosphorylation but only following pretreatment with IL-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies provide novel information on the chondroprotective function of kartogenin in adult articular cartilage. The effects of kartogenin are significant after activation of chondrocytic chondrolysis, which may occur following disruption of homeostasis maintained by hyaluronan-CD44 interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knudson
keywords: CD44; chondrocyte; hyaluronan; kartogenin; osteoarthritis