title: Correlates of experimentation with smoking and current cigarette consumption among adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze social characteristics and stress as correlates of cigarette smoking in adolescence. The main intent was to identify elements that distinguish adolescents who had experimented with smoking and did not progress to regular smoking from those who became current smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students at 10 high schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, completed a questionnaire based on an instrument employed in a similar large-scale study. The students were classified as never-smokers or experimenters. The experimenters were subcategorized as having become current smokers or nonprogressors. Analyses were performed using adjusted logistic models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,014 students (mean age, 16.2 ± 1.1 years; females, 53%) completed the questionnaire. We categorized 1,283 students (63.7%) as never-smokers, 244 (12.1%) as current smokers, and 487 (24.2%) as nonprogressors. We found that experimentation with smoking was associated with being held back a grade in school (OR = 1.80), alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 8.92; high/regular, OR = 2.64), illicit drug use (OR = 9.32), having a sibling or cousin who smokes (OR = 1.39), having a friend who smokes (OR = 2.08), and high levels of stress (in females only, OR = 1.32). Factors associated with an increased risk of transitioning from experimenter to current smoker were alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 3.28; high/regular, OR = 2.16), illicit drug use (OR = 3.61), and having a friend who smokes (OR = 7.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smoking was associated with a profile of socioeconomic correlates different from that associated with experimentation only. Our data (showing that current smoking was associated with having a friend who smokes, alcohol intake, and illicit drug use) suggest the need for comprehensive approaches to discourage substance use during adolescence.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Gimenes
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bonilha
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruffino-Netto
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayara Piani
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sicchieri
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Achcar
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Luiz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Júnior
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baddini-Martinez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Adolescent behavior; Smoking; Stress, psychological; Tobacco use