title: [Molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in children with respiratory tract infection in Hangzhou].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the molecular epidemiologic features of human metapnenmovirus (hMPV) in children with respiratory tract infection in Hangzhou.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 593 throat swabs were collected from patients with respiratory tract infections who visited the hospitals with sentinel surveillance programs from January 2011 to December 2013, including 1 676 outpatients and 917 inpatients. Total nucleic acid was extracted from the specimens and the fusion (F) protein gene of hMPV was amplified by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with positive samples picked to compare with the sequence of hMPV in GenBank, after the sequence of amplification products were determined. Other two types of common respiratory virus were tested using RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall positive rate in this study was 6.51% (169/2 593), with 6.62% (111/1 676) in outpatients and 6.32% (58/917) in inpatients, but no statistically significant difference was found (χ(2) = 0.086, P = 0.769). The rates was 7.01% in males and 5.72% in females, with no statistically significant difference in different sex (χ(2) = 1.676, P = 0.195). The positive rate was 14.14% (28/198)in the 2-year-olds, 14.01% (22/158)in 3-year olds. The rate in 2-year olds was higher than in other groups, with statistically significant differences between the groups (χ(2) = 38.654, P = 0.000). Of the 169 positive cases, 153 (90.53%) in the younger than 5 years olds. The rates of infection with hMPV in winter and spring were statistically higher than in summer and autumn (χ(2) = 67.032, P = 0.000). The rate of co-infection was 19.52% (33/169). 88 amplified productions were selected for gene sequence analysis, and the F gene homology were 81.6%-100.0% with reference strains in GenBank. Data showed that all the 4 viral subtypes: A2 (52.27% , 46/88), B1 (37.51%, 33/88), B2 (9.09%, 8/88) and A1 (1.13%, 1/88) co-circulated during the study. However, different subtypes appeared predominant in different years:hMPV subtype B1 was in 2011 and 2012, subtype A2 in the end of 2012 and in 2013. Of the 88 specimens, gene sequences were determinate, with A genotype accounted for 67.56% (25/37), B genotype for 32.43% (12/37)in children younger than 1-year olds, and A genotype accounted for 43.13% (22/51), B genotype for 56.86% (29/51)in children above 1-year olds. Significant differences between the two groups (χ(2) = 5.143, P = 0.023) were noticed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was confirmed that hMPV was one of the substantial pathogens causing the respiratory tract infections. Data from our study suggested that the peak time of hMPV infection predominated during winter and spring in Hangzhou. Both hMPV subtype B1 and subtype A2 were found popular in this study, with hMPV genotype A dominating in children younger than 1-year olds.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China. Email: kouyu09@126.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Jincao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xinfen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xuhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yinyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance