title: Using behavior change communication to lead a comprehensive family planning program: the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI), a 6-year comprehensive family planning program (2009-2015) in 4 cities, intentionally applies communication theories to all program elements, not just the demand generation ones, relying mainly on a theory called ideation-the concept that contraceptive use is influenced by people's beliefs, ideas, and feelings and that changing these ideational factors can change people's behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  The project used multiple communication channels to foster dialogue about family planning, increase social approval for it, and improve accurate knowledge about contraceptives. Mobile service delivery was started in the third year to improve access to clinical methods in slums.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from representative baseline (2010-11) and midterm (2012) surveys of women of reproductive age in the project cities were analyzed. We also used propensity score matching to create a statistically equivalent control group of women not exposed to project activities, and we examined service delivery data from NURHI-supported clinics (January 2011-May 2013) to determine the contribution of mobile services to total family planning services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three years into the initiative, analysis of longitudinal data shows that use of modern contraceptives has increased in each city, varying from 2.3 to 15.5 percentage points, and that the observed increases were predicted by exposure to NURHI activities. Of note is that modern method use increased substantially among the poorest wealth quintiles in project cities, on average, by 8.4 percentage points. The more project activities women were exposed to, the greater their contraceptive use. For example, among women not using a modern method at baseline, contraceptive prevalence among those with no exposure by midterm was 19.1% vs. 43.4% among those with high exposure. Project exposure had a positive dose-response relationship with ideation, as did ideation and contraceptive use. By the end of the observation period, mobile services were contributing nearly 50% of total family planning services provided through NURHI-supported clinics. Propensity score matching found that the increase in contraceptive use in the 4 cities attributable to project exposure was 9.9 percentage points. Intention to use family planning in the next 12 months also increased by 7.5 to 10.2 percentage points across the 4 cities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demand-led family planning programs, in which demand generation is the driving force behind the design rather than the conventional, service delivery-oriented approach, may be more suitable in places where expressed demand for contraceptives is low.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krenn
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA lcobb@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babalola
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mojisola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odeku
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Bola
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kusemiju
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D008952:Mobile Health Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D009549:Nigeria; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D060728:Reproductive Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult