title: Evidence of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) relevant substances in polymeric food-contact articles sold on the European market.
abstract: In order to confirm the possibility that recycled fractions from the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) stream were illegally entering the European market in black polymeric food-contact articles (FCAs), bromine quantification, brominated flame retardant (BFR) identification combined with WEEE-relevant elemental analysis and polymer impurity analysis were performed. From the 10 selected FCAs, seven samples contained a bromine level ranging from 57 to 5975 mg kg(-)(1), which is lower than expected to achieve flame retardancy. The BFRs that were present were tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), decabromodiphenylether (decaBDE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Typical elements used in electronic equipment and present in WEEE were detected either at trace level or at elevated concentrations. In all cases when bromine was detected at higher concentrations, concurrently antimony was also detected, which confirms the synergetic use of antimony in combination with BFRs. This study describes also the measurement of rare earth elements where combinations of cerium, dysprosium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and yttrium were detected in four of the seven BFR-positive samples. Additionally, polymer purity was investigated where in all cases foreign polymer fractions were detected. Despite the fact that this study was carried out on a very small amount of samples, there is a significant likelihood that WEEE has been used for the production of FCAs.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc ., Zlin , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Franky
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Puype
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samsonek
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knoop
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egelkraut-Holtus
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortlieb
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony / Q000032:analysis; D001966:Bromine / Q000032:analysis; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D059029:Electronic Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D005060:Europe; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011108:Polymers; D059027:Recycling
chemical_list: D001969:Bromobenzenes; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D011108:Polymers; C081014:1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane; D000965:Antimony; C020806:tetrabromobisphenol A; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether; D001966:Bromine
keywords: X-ray fluorescence; attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy; brominated flame retardants; food-contact materials; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; plasma spectroscopy; polymer recycling; pyrolysis mass spectrometry; rare earth elements; thermal desorption; waste electric and electronic equipment; waste management