title: Reactive nitrogen in turfgrass systems: relations to soil physical, chemical, and biological properties.
abstract: Turfgrass systems contribute to the loading of reactive N to water and air via runoff, leaching, and gas emission. Yet, a comprehensive approach has never been developed to assess N loss potential from turfgrass systems. We used pools and production of reactive N (inorganic N, extractable organic N, and NO) to estimate N loss potential and hypothesized that this potential could be predicated by basic soil properties. A total of 68 soil samples were taken from 17 bermudagrass sites in North Carolina. Basic soil properties were analyzed, including soil C and N, C:N ratio, microbial biomass, moisture, pH, and percent silt/clay/sand. Soil samples varied most widely in texture, followed by soil C and N, microbial biomass, moisture, pH, and C:N ratio. The pools of extractable organic N and inorganic N were comparable, indicating that soluble organic N should be considered as a pathway of N loss from turfgrass. Turfgrass with large pools and production of reactive N was characterized by high soil C and N, microbial biomass, and moisture. Because soil C and N accumulate over time after turfgrass establishment, turfgrass age could be a suitable practical indicator of N loss potential and thus could be used to implement changes in management. Pools and production of reactive N in liquid and gas phases were well correlated, suggesting that if a turfgrass system has a high potential of N loss via leaching and runoff, it may also be of a high potential for NO emissions.
authors.forename: Caiyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rufty
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi