title: Protective effects of astaxanthin against ischemia/reperfusion induced renal injury in mice.
abstract: Astaxanthin (ATX) is a powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. Previous studies have shown that ATX has effects of eliminating oxygen free radicals and can protect organs from ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induced injury. The present study was designed to further investigate the protective effects of ATX on oxidative stress induced toxicity in tubular epithelial cells and on IR induced renal injury in mice. ATX, at a concentration of 250 nM, attenuated 100 μM H2O2-inudced viability decrease of tubular epithelial cells. In vivo, ATX preserved renal function 12 h or 24 h post IR. Pretreatment of ATX via oral gavage for 14 consecutive days prior to IR dramatically prevented IR induced histological damage 24 h post IR. Histological results showed that the pathohistological score, number of apoptotic cells, and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin were significantly decreased by pretreatment of ATX. In addition, oxidative stress and inflammation in kidney samples were significantly reduced by ATX 24 h post IR. Taken together, the current study suggests that pretreatment of ATX is effective in preserving renal function and histology via antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. Xuefeng_qiu@163.com.|Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. Xuefeng_qiu@163.com.|State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. Xuefeng_qiu@163.com.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. Kaifu1988@yeah.net.|Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. Kaifu1988@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. dr.zxz@hotmail.com.|Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. dr.zxz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaozhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. zgam90@163.com.
authors.forename: Yanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. yuanym6666@163.com.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. zsw999@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Shiwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. xiaopinggu1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. dr.guohongqian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hongqian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D024341:Xanthophylls; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C005948:astaxanthine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase