title: Perceived neighborhood safety and sleep quality: a global analysis of six countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Building on previous North American and European studies of neighborhood context and sleep quality, we tested whether several self-reported sleep outcomes (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, sleepiness, lethargy, and overall sleep quality) vary according to the level of perceived neighborhood safety in six countries: Mexico, Ghana, South Africa, India, China, and Russia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data (n = 39,590) from Wave I of the World Health Organization's Longitudinal Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (2007-2010), we estimated a series of multinomial and binary logistic regression equations to model each sleep outcome within each country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Taken together, our results show that respondents who feel safe from crime and violence in their neighborhoods tend to exhibit more favorable sleep outcomes than respondents who feel less safe. This general pattern is especially pronounced in China and Russia, moderately evident in Mexico, Ghana, and South Africa, and sporadic in India. Perceptions of neighborhood safety are strongly associated with insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality (past 30 days), moderately associated with sleepiness, lethargy, and poor sleep quality (past 2 days), and inconsistently associated with sleep duration (past two days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that perceived neighborhood safety is associated with more favorable self-reported sleep outcomes in six understudied countries. Additional research is needed to replicate our findings using longitudinal data, more reliable neighborhood measures, and more direct measures of sleep quality in these and other regions of the world.
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210027, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027, USA.
authors.forename: Terrence D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0250, USA; Department of Sociology, Vietnam National University, 336 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Ha Ngoc
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0250, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Program in Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Level 3, Room 071, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8338, USA. Electronic address: lauren.hale@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012449:Safety; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Africa; Asia; Mexico; Neighborhood; Sleep