title: Systolic heart failure: knowledge gaps, misconceptions, and future directions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systolic heart failure is the final manifestation of several cardiovascular conditions. The 2001 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines depicting the progression of heart failure (HF) from stage A through stage D are aimed at the early treatment of risk factors. However, treatment is often delayed until stage C, and as a result HF continues to impose a major burden on our healthcare industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an extensive literature review of the MEDLINE/PubMed database with the purpose of elucidating knowledge gaps and misconceptions regarding systolic HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term beta adrenergic blocking is the only pharmacologic intervention that reverses left ventricular remodeling. Whether beta adrenergic blocking prevents or delays left ventricular remodeling in patients at risk of HF is presently unknown. A knowledge gap also exists regarding the phenotype of patients that derives a mortality benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Acute decompensated HF is a misnomer because patients with chronic HF are known to be deteriorating in the weeks preceding hospitalization. Functional class and ejection fraction are not closely correlated. Advanced HF therapies such as heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support are available to an extremely small fraction of patients with systolic HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrating efforts on the early stages of the disease process with optimal management of risk factors for HF is critical to having a significant impact on this ongoing pandemic.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors.forename: Thierry H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Le Jemtel
keywords: Adrenergic beta-antagonists; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; defibrillators–implantable; heart failure–systolic