title: Effect of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanism(s) of the effects of smoking on CVD are not clearly understood; however, a number of atherogenic characteristics, such as insulin resistance have been reported. We aim to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and to determine the correlation between this parameter with smoking status characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 138 non-smokers and 162 smokers aged respectively 35.6±16.0 and 38.5±21.9 years. All subjects are not diabetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting glucose was determined by enzymatic methods and insulin by chemiluminescence method. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment equation: HOMA-IR=[fasting insulin (mU/L)×fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. IR was defined as the upper quartile of HOMA-IR. Values above 2.5 were taken as abnormal and reflect insulin resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-smokers, smokers had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors (age, gender, BMI and alcohol consumption). A statistically significant association was noted between the smoking status parameters, including both the number of cigarettes smoked/day and the duration of smoking, and fasting insulin levels as well for HOMA-IR index. Among smokers, we noted a positive correlation between HOMA-IR index and both plasma thiocyanates and urinary cotinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that smokers have a high risk to developing an insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, compared with a matched group of non-smokers, and may help to explain the high risk of cardiovascular diseases in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia. Electronic address: hajdhouha@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haj Mouhamed
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ezzaher
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neffati
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Douki
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaha
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Najjar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D013861:Thiocyanates; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Cigarette smoking; Glucose; Glycémie; HOMA-IR; Insulin; Insulin resistance risk; Insulinémie; Risque d’insulino-résistance; Tabagisme