title: Increase of Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score is associated with severity of lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) assessed by the Framingham CVD risk score in a cohort of patients without previous episodes of stroke and/or acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2010 to September 2014, 336 consecutive patients with BPH-related LUTS were prospectively enrolled. The general 10-year Framingham CVD risk score, expressed as percentage and assessing the risk of atherosclerotic CVD events, was calculated for each patient. Individuals with low risk had ≤10% CVD risk at 10 years, with intermediate risk 10-20% and with high risk ≥20%. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables for predicting a Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% and moderate-severe LUTS (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] ≥8), adjusted for confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As category of Framingham CVD risk score increased, we observed higher IPSS (18.0 vs 18.50 vs 19.0; P < 0.05), high IPSS-voiding (6.0 vs 9.0 vs 9.5; P < 0.05) and worse sexual function. Prostate volume significantly increased in those with intermediate- vs low-risk scores (54.5 vs 44.1 mL; P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that intermediate- [odds ratio (OR) 8.65; P < 0.01) and high-risk scores (OR 1.79; P < 0.05) were independently associated with moderate-severe LUTS. At age-adjusted logistic regression analysis, moderate-severe LUTS was independently associated with Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% (OR 5.91; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our cross-sectional study in a cohort of patients with LUTS-BPH showed an increase of more than five-fold of having a Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% in men with moderate-severe LUTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Castelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Privitera
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fragalà
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Favilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reale
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urzì
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Paediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Vignera
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Paediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosita A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Condorelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Paediatric Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Aldo E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Calogero
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cimino
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgia
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009929:Organ Size; D010808:Physical Examination; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013739:Testosterone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Framingham score; LUTS; benign prostatic obstruction; cardiovascular disease; metabolic syndrome; prostate