title: Antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative damage in the saliva of patients with Down's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems and levels of biomarker levels of oxidative damage in the saliva of patients with Down's syndrome (DS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva samples were collected from 30 patients with DS and control group (age: 14-24 years). Subsequently, the concentrations of superoxide dismutase, concentration of malondialdehyde, carbonylated proteins, uric acid, vitamin C and total protein, peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with DS presented significantly higher concentrations of superoxide dismutase, higher levels of malondialdehyde and salivary total protein content than controls (p<0.05). Conversely, no difference in carbonylated proteins or antioxidants (uric acid, vitamin C, peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity) was observed between DS patients and controls (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with DS are more vulnerable to oxidative stress in saliva as indicated by the significant increase in malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase concentrations found in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mikafosjc@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Michelle Cardoso
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fael_briza@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael Brizola
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: danni.sa@bol.com.br.
authors.forename: Danielle Sá
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: claudiotalge@fosjc.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Claudio Antonio Talge
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: samira@fosjc.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Samira Esteves Afonso
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Nadir Gasparoto
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, Cep 12245-000 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: luciane@fosjc.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Luciane Dias
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014527:Uric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Antioxidants; Down's syndrome; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative stress; Saliva