title: MicroRNAs as potential signatures of environmental exposure or effect: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exposome encompasses all life-course environmental exposures from the prenatal period onward that influence health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are interesting entities within this concept as markers and causation of disease. MicroRNAs are short oligonucleotide sequences that can interact with several mRNA targets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the current state of the field on the potential of using miRNAs as biomarkers for environmental exposure. We investigated miRNA signatures in response to all types of environmental exposure to which a human can be exposed, including cigarette smoke, air pollution, nanoparticles, and diverse chemicals; and we examined the health conditions for which the identified miRNAs have been reported (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases to identify relevant studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all exposures incorporated in this review, 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed in at least two independent studies. miRNAs that had expression alterations associated with smoking observed in multiple studies are miR-21, miR-34b, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-223, and miR-340; and those miRNAs that were observed in multiple air pollution studies are miR-9, miR-10b, miR-21, miR-128, miR-143, miR-155, miR-222, miR-223, and miR-338. We found little overlap among in vitro, in vivo, and human studies between miRNAs and exposure. Here, we report on disease associations for those miRNAs identified in multiple studies on exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  miRNA changes may be sensitive indicators of the effects of acute and chronic environmental exposure. Therefore, miRNAs are valuable novel biomarkers for exposure. Further studies should elucidate the role of the mediation effect of miRNA between exposures and effect through all stages of life to provide a more accurate assessment of the consequences of miRNA changes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vrijens
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bollati
authors.forename: Tim S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nawrot
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000032:analysis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger