title: Trichomonas vaginalis infection induces vaginal CD4+ T-cell infiltration in a mouse model: a vaccine strategy to reduce vaginal infection and HIV transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complications related to the diagnosis and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, as well as the association between T. vaginalis infection and increased transmission of and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus, highlight the need for alternative interventions. We tested a human-safe, aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c mice, using a prime-boost vaccination schedule. CD4(+) T-cell infiltration in the murine vaginal tissue and local and systemic levels of immunoglobulins were measured at time points up to 4 weeks following infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccination reduced the incidence and increased the clearance of T. vaginalis infection and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4(+) T cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal infection with T. vaginalis but were not seen in uninfected mice. The presence of CD4(+) T cells following T. vaginalis infection can potentially increase susceptibility to and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal infection than seen in unvaccinated mice (P < .005). These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also influence the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Garber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines
keywords: CD4; HIV transmission; Trichomonas vaginalis; vaccine