title: Binge-like consumption of ethanol and other salient reinforcers is blocked by orexin-1 receptor inhibition and leads to a reduction of hypothalamic orexin immunoreactivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orexin (OX) neurons originating in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) are ideally positioned to modulate reward processing as they form connections with several key brain regions known to be involved in the reward pathway. Consistent with these findings, a growing number of studies have implicated the OX system in modulating the rewarding properties of several drugs of abuse, including ethanol (EtOH). However, the role of the OX system in excessive binge-like EtOH intake remains relatively unexplored. Here, we assessed changes in OX immunoreactivity (IR) in the hypothalamus following repeated cycles of binge-like EtOH drinking and assessed the participation of the OX-1 receptor (OX1R) in binge-like EtOH consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  The drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm was used to model binge-like EtOH drinking in male C57BL/6J mice. In the first experiment, mice experienced 1 or 3 cycles of binge-like EtOH or sucrose drinking with DID procedures to assess changes in OX IR in distinct subregions of the hypothalamus. Subsequent experiments examined binge-like EtOH and saccharin drinking following peripheral injections of 0.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg SB-334867 (SB), a selective OX1R antagonist. Finally, mice were given peripheral injections of SB and open-field locomotor activity was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to water drinking controls, binge-like consumption of EtOH and sucrose resulted in a marked reduction in OX IR in the LH. Inhibition of the OX1R via SB blunted EtOH and saccharin drinking, but did not alter open-field locomotor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observed reduction in OX IR in the LH indicates that the OX system in engaged during binge-like consumption of EtOH and sucrose. The observation that inhibition of the OX1R signaling blunted binge-like EtOH, and saccharin drinking suggests that reward-related OX circuits originating in the LH participate in the consumption of salient reinforcers regardless of calories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Todd E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Thiele
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001583:Benzoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009287:Naphthyridines; D064446:Orexin Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068797:Orexins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012439:Saccharin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C420062:1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea; D001583:Benzoxazoles; C497459:Hcrtr1 protein, mouse; D009287:Naphthyridines; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D013395:Sucrose; D014508:Urea; D012439:Saccharin
keywords: Binge-Like Ethanol Consumption; Drinking in the Dark; Hypocretin; Orexin; Orexin-1 Receptor