title: Application of freeze-drying technology in manufacturing orally disintegrating films.
abstract: Freeze drying technology has not been maximized and reported in manufacturing orally disintegrating films. The aim of this study was to explore the freeze drying technology in the formulation of sildenafil orally disintegrating films and compare the physical properties with heat-dried orally disintegrating film. Central composite design was used to investigate the effects of three factors, namely concentration of carbopol, wheat starch and polyethylene glycol 400 on the tensile strength and disintegration time of the film. Heat-dried films had higher tensile strength than films prepared using freeze-dried method. For folding endurance, freeze-dried films showed improved endurance than heat-dried films. Moreover, films prepared using freeze-dried methods were thicker and had faster disintegration time. Formulations with higher amount of carbopol and starch showed higher tensile strength and thickness whereas formulations with higher PEG 400 content showed better flexibility. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the freeze-dried films had more porous structure compared to the heat-dried film as a result of the release of water molecule from the frozen structure when it was subjected to freeze drying process. The sildenafil film was palatable. The dissolution profiles of freeze-dried and heat-dried films were similar to Viagra® with f2 of 51.04 and 65.98, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia and.
authors.forename: Kai Bin
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Michael Ayodele
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Odeniyi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia and.
authors.forename: Kok-Khiang
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Peh
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D012995:Solubility; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013213:Starch; C000595213:polyethylene glycol 400
keywords: Freeze-drying; oral disintegrating films; sildenafil citrate