title: [Influence of Selected Reproductive Factors and Smoking on Age at Menopause].
abstract: Introduction:Early menopause may be associated with serious health risks resulting from, for example, decreased oestrogen levels. This may occur despite hormone replacement therapy.Aim:The aim of this study was the determination of the effect of selected reproductive factors and smoking on age at the onset of menopause in women from Szczecin and surrounding areas.Material and Methods:305 women after natural menopause were asked to complete a questionnaire, and blood samples were collected from them to test for the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol (E2).Results:Smoking women experienced menopause on average more than a year earlier than non-smokers, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant effect of age at menarche or first birth on age at the last menstrual period.Conclusions:Age at menarche and first birth were not related to age at menopause. In smoking women, menopause occurred earlier but the difference was not statistically significant.
authors.affiliation: 4. Department of Histology and Development Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rumianowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction and Urogynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brodowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Gerontobiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Medical Computer Science & Quality of Education Researches Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
authors.affiliation: 4. Department of Histology and Development Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laszczyńska
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood; D008594:Menopause, Premature / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D060728:Reproductive Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone