title: Response of soil microbial activity and biodiversity in soils polluted with different concentrations of cypermethrin insecticide.
abstract: We performed a laboratory study into the effect of cypermethrin insecticide applied to different concentrations on biological properties in two soils [Typic Xerofluvent (soil A) and Xerollic Calciorthid (soil B)]. Two kg of each soil were polluted with cypermethrin at a rate of 60, 300, 600, and 1,200 g ha(-1) (C1, C2, C3, and C4 treatments). A nonpolluted soil was used as a control (C0 treatment). For all treatments and each experimental soil, soil dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase, phosphatase, and arylsulphatase activities and soil microbial community were analysed by phospholipid fatty acids, which were measured at six incubation times (3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days). The behavior of the enzymatic activities and microbial population were dependent on the dose of insecticide applied to the soil. Compared with the C0 treatment, in soil A, the maximum inhibition of the enzymatic activities was at 15, 30, 45, and 90 days for the C1, C2, C3, and C4 treatments, respectively. However, in soil B, the maximum inhibition occurred at 7, 15, 30, and 45 days for the C1, C2, C3, and C4 treatments, respectively. These results suggest that the cypermethrin insecticide caused a negative effect on soil enzymatic activities and microbial diversity. This negative impact was greater when a greater dose of insecticide was used; this impact was also greater in soil with lower organic matter content. For both soils, and from these respective days onward, the enzymatic activities and microbial populations progressively increased by the end of the experimental period. This is possibly due to the fact that the insecticide or its breakdown products and killed microbial cells, subsequently killed by the insecticide, are being used as a source of energy or as a carbon source for the surviving microorganisms for cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación Edafología Ambiental, Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Crta de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain, mtmoral@us.es.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tejada
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Isidoro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gómez
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014510:Urease / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C017160:cypermethrin; D002244:Carbon; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D014510:Urease