title: Characteristics of interventions targeting multiple lifestyle risk behaviours in adult populations: a systematic scoping review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modifiable lifestyle risk behaviours such as smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and alcohol misuse are the leading causes of major, non-communicable diseases worldwide. It is increasingly being recognised that interventions which target more than one risk behaviour may be an effective and efficient way of improving people's lifestyles. To date, there has been no attempt to summarise the global evidence base for interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and map the characteristics of studies evaluating multiple risk behaviour change interventions targeted at adult populations in any country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven bibliographic databases were searched between January, 1990, and January/ May, 2013. Authors of protocols, conference abstracts, and other relevant articles were contacted. Study characteristics were extracted and inputted into Eppi-Reviewer 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 220 studies were included in the scoping review. Most were randomised controlled trials (62%) conducted in the United States (49%), and targeted diet and physical activity (56%) in people from general populations (14%) or subgroups of general populations (45%). Very few studies had been conducted in the Middle East (2%), Africa (0.5%), or South America (0.5%). There was also a scarcity of studies conducted among young adults (1%), or racial and minority ethnic populations (4%) worldwide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research is required to investigate the interrelationships of lifestyle risk behaviours in varying cultural contexts around the world. Cross-cultural development and evaluation of multiple risk behaviour change interventions is also needed, particularly in populations of young adults and racial and minority ethnic populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meader
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Population, Policy and Practice, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petticrew
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit and the Centre for Diet & Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sowden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005843:Geography; D006296:Health Services; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D012309:Risk-Taking