title: A method for eliminating bacterial contamination from in vitro moss cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial contamination is a major problem in plant tissue culture, resulting in loss of experimental strains or preventing use of field-collected isolates. Here we evaluated an agar embedding method for eliminating bacteria from experimental cultures of the mosses Ceratodon purpureus and Physcomitrella patens. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  We blended moss protonema that had been inoculated with bacteria and embedded the cell fragments in antibiotic-containing, low-concentration agar. The plants were placed in a growth chamber and allowed to grow until the moss grew out of the media. The plants were then transferred to new plates and observed for contamination. The embedding method consistently outperformed standard procedures. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The embedding method places moss in direct contact with antibiotics, arresting bacterial replication and allowing moss to outgrow contamination. We anticipate this method will prove valuable for other plants capable of clonal propagation by blending.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA.
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA.
authors.forename: Stuart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: McDaniel
keywords: Ceratodon; Physcomitrella; antibiotics; contamination; protonema; sterile tissue culture