title: A simultaneous extraction method for organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid insecticides in aqueous samples.
abstract: A method was developed for the extraction and analysis of 2 organophosphate, 8 pyrethroid, and 5 neonicotinoid insecticides from the same water sample. A salted liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was optimized with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step that separated the organophosphates (OPs) and pyrethroids from the neonicotinoids. Factors that were optimized included volume of solvent and amount of salt used in the LLE, homogenization time for the LLE, and type and volume of eluting solvent used for the SPE. The OPs and pyrethroids were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the neonicotinoids were quantified using liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Results showed that the optimized method was accurate, precise, reproducible, and robust; recoveries in river water spiked with 100 ng L(-1) of each of the insecticides were all between 86 and 114 % with RSDs between 2 and 8 %. The method was also sensitive with method detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 27.2 ng L(-1) depending on compounds and matrices. The optimized method was thus appropriate for the simultaneous extraction of 15 widely applied insecticides from three different classes and was shown to provide valuable information on their environmental fate from field-collected aqueous samples.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Sciences II, Room 173, Mailcode 6511, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Perre
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lydy
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical