title: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for real-time monitoring of integrated-constructed wetlands.
abstract: Monitoring large-scale treatment wetlands is costly and time-consuming, but required by regulators. Some analytical results are available only after 5 days or even longer. Thus, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models were developed to predict the effluent concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and NH4-N from a full-scale integrated constructed wetland (ICW) treating domestic wastewater. The ANFIS models were developed and validated with a 4-year data set from the ICW system. Cost-effective, quicker and easier to measure variables were selected as the possible predictors based on their goodness of correlation with the outputs. A self-organizing neural network was applied to extract the most relevant input variables from all the possible input variables. Fuzzy subtractive clustering was used to identify the architecture of the ANFIS models and to optimize fuzzy rules, overall, improving the network performance. According to the findings, ANFIS could predict the effluent quality variation quite strongly. Effluent BOD5 and NH4-N concentrations were predicted relatively accurately by other effluent water quality parameters, which can be measured within a few hours. The simulated effluent BOD5 and NH4-N concentrations well fitted the measured concentrations, which was also supported by relatively low mean squared error. Thus, ANFIS can be useful for real-time monitoring and control of ICW systems.
authors.affiliation: Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, North Building, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mawuli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dzakpasu
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, Newton Building, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK E-mail: m.scholz@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Miklas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, North Building, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, North Building, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland.
authors.forename: Siobhán
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, Newton Building, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK E-mail: m.scholz@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sani
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D008954:Models, Biological; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D060753:Water Quality; D053833:Wetlands