title: Effects of increased wholegrain consumption on immune and inflammatory markers in healthy low habitual wholegrain consumers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wholegrain (WG) consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, but clinical data on inflammation and immune function is either conflicting or limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of increasing WG consumption to at least 80 g/day on markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism and on phenotypic and functional aspects of the immune system, in healthy, middle-aged adults with low habitual WG intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects consumed a diet high in WG (>80 g/day) or low in WG (<16 g/day, refined grain diet) in a crossover study, with 6-week intervention periods, separated by a 4-week washout. Adherence to the dietary regimes was achieved by dietary advice and provision of a range of food products, with compliance verified by analysis of plasma alkylresorcinols (ARs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the WG intervention, WG consumption reached 168 g/day (P < 0.001), accompanied by an increase in plasma ARs (P < 0.001) and fibre intake (P < 0.001), without affecting other aspects of dietary intake. On the WG arm, there were trends for lower ex vivo activation of CD4(+) T cells and circulating concentrations of IL-10, C-reactive protein, C-peptide, insulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The percentage of CD4(+) central memory T cells and circulating levels of adipsin tended to increase during the WG intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the dramatic increase in WG consumption, there were no effects on phenotypic or functional immune parameters, markers of inflammation or metabolic markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ampatzoglou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Kiranjit K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Atwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maidens
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alastair B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.|Cereal Partners Worldwide, Ch du Viaduc 1, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thielecke
authors.affiliation: General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Golden Valley, MN, 55427, USA.
authors.forename: Satya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jonnalagadda
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Orla B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK. p.yaqoob@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000067348:Whole Grains
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002096:C-Peptide; D004043:Dietary Fiber; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Alkylresorcinols; Fibre; Immune; Inflammation; Wholegrain