title: Geographic wormhole detection in wireless sensor networks.
abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are ubiquitous and pervasive, and therefore; highly susceptible to a number of security attacks. Denial of Service (DoS) attack is considered the most dominant and a major threat to WSNs. Moreover, the wormhole attack represents one of the potential forms of the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Besides, crafting the wormhole attack is comparatively simple; though, its detection is nontrivial. On the contrary, the extant wormhole defense methods need both specialized hardware and strong assumptions to defend against static and dynamic wormhole attack. The ensuing paper introduces a novel scheme to detect wormhole attacks in a geographic routing protocol (DWGRP). The main contribution of this paper is to detect malicious nodes and select the best and the most reliable neighbors based on pairwise key pre-distribution technique and the beacon packet. Moreover, this novel technique is not subject to any specific assumption, requirement, or specialized hardware, such as a precise synchronized clock. The proposed detection method is validated by comparisons with several related techniques in the literature, such as Received Signal Strength (RSS), Authentication of Nodes Scheme (ANS), Wormhole Detection uses Hound Packet (WHOP), and Wormhole Detection with Neighborhood Information (WDI) using the NS-2 simulator. The analysis of the simulations shows promising results with low False Detection Rate (FDR) in the geographic routing protocols.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mobile Cloud Computing (C4MCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sookhak
authors.affiliation: Center for Mobile Cloud Computing (C4MCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhundzada
authors.affiliation: Fiber Optics Communication Networks Project Manager, Fars Regional Electric Co., Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sookhak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computing and Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eslaminejad
authors.affiliation: Center for Mobile Cloud Computing (C4MCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gani
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khurram Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan 411201, Xiangtan, China.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D016494:Computer Security; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D059015:Wireless Technology