title: Dynamic collimator angle adjustments during volumetric modulated arc therapy to account for prostate rotations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rotations of the prostate gland induce considerable geometric uncertainties in prostate cancer radiation therapy. Collimator and gantry angle adjustments can correct these rotations in intensity modulated radiation therapy. Modern volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments, however, include a wide range of beam orientations that differ in modulation, and corrections require dynamic collimator rotations. The aim of this study was to implement a rotation correction strategy for VMAT dose delivery and validate it for left-right prostate rotations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical VMAT treatment plans of 5 prostate cancer patients were used. Simulated left-right prostate rotations between +15° and -15° were corrected by collimator rotations. We compared corrected and uncorrected plans by dose volume histograms, minimum dose (Dmin) to the prostate, bladder surface receiving ≥78 Gy (S78) and rectum equivalent uniform dose (EUD; n=0.13). Each corrected plan was delivered to a phantom, and its deliverability was evaluated by γ-evaluation between planned and delivered dose, which was reconstructed from portal images acquired during delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, clinical target volume minimum dose (Dmin) decreased up to 10% without corrections. Negative left-right rotations were corrected almost perfectly, whereas Dmin remained within 4% for positive rotations. Bladder S78 and rectum EUD of the corrected plans matched those of the original plans. The average pass rate for the corrected plans delivered to the phantom was 98.9% at 3% per 3 mm gamma criteria. The measured dose in the planning target volume approximated the original dose, rotated around the simulated left-right angle, well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to dynamically adjust the collimator angle during VMAT treatment delivery to correct for prostate rotations. This technique can safely correct for left-right prostate rotations up to 15°.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne Lisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yenny Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Szeto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Herk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.sonke@nki.nl.
authors.forename: Jan-Jakob
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sonke
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012007:Rectum; D012399:Rotation; D001743:Urinary Bladder