title: Androgen receptor and monoamine oxidase polymorphism in wild bonobos.
abstract: Androgen receptor gene (AR), monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and monoamine oxidase B gene (MAOB) have been found to have associations with behavioral traits, such as aggressiveness, and disorders in humans. However, the extent to which similar genetic effects might influence the behavior of wild apes is unclear. We examined the loci AR glutamine repeat (ARQ), AR glycine repeat (ARG), MAOA intron 2 dinucleotide repeat (MAin2) and MAOB intron 2 dinucleotide repeat (MBin2) in 32 wild bonobos, Pan paniscus, and compared them with those of chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and humans. We found that bonobos were polymorphic on the four loci examined. Both loci MAin2 and MBin2 in bonobos showed a higher diversity than in chimpanzees. Because monoamine oxidase influences aggressiveness, the differences between the polymorphisms of MAin2 and MBin2 in bonobos and chimpanzees may be associated with the differences in aggression between the two species. In order to understand the evolution of these loci and AR, MAOA and MAOB in humans and non-human primates, it would be useful to conduct future studies focusing on the potential association between aggressiveness, and other personality traits, and polymorphisms documented in bonobos.
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Cintia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garai
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuichi
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Heungjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan ; Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Murayama
keywords: AR, androgen receptor gene; ARG, repeat locus coding glycine in androgen receptor gene; ARQ, repeat locus coding glutamine in androgen receptor gene; Androgen receptor; Bonobo; Genetic variation; MAOA, monoamine oxidase A gene; MAOB, monoamine oxidase B gene; MAin2, repeat locus in intron 2 of monoamine oxidase A gene; MBin2, repeat locus in intron 2 of monoamine oxidase B gene; Monoamine oxidase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.