title: Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer.
abstract: Primary and metastatic liver tumors are an increasing global health problem, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) now being the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Systemic treatment options for HCC remain limited, with Sorafenib as the only prospectively validated agent shown to increase overall survival. Surgical resection and/or transplantation, locally ablative therapies and regional or locoregional therapies have filled the gap in liver tumor treatments, providing improved survival outcomes for both primary and metastatic tumors. Minimally invasive local therapies have an increasing role in the treatment of both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For patients with low volume disease, these therapies have now been established into consensus practice guidelines. This review highlights technical aspects and outcomes of commonly utilized, minimally invasive local therapies including laparoscopic liver resection (LLR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), irreversible electroporation (IRE), and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). In addition, the role of combination treatment strategies utilizing these minimally invasive techniques is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 2 Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA ; 3 Flushing Radiation Oncology Services, Flushing, New York, NY 11354, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 2 Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA ; 3 Flushing Radiation Oncology Services, Flushing, New York, NY 11354, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 2 Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA ; 3 Flushing Radiation Oncology Services, Flushing, New York, NY 11354, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Golas
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 2 Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA ; 3 Flushing Radiation Oncology Services, Flushing, New York, NY 11354, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 2 Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA ; 3 Flushing Radiation Oncology Services, Flushing, New York, NY 11354, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Madoff
keywords: Liver; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); metastasis