title: Effects of caffeine and maltodextrin mouth rinsing on P300, brain imaging, and cognitive performance.
abstract: Caffeine (CAF) and maltodextrin (MALT) mouth rinses (MR) improve exercise performance. The current experiment aims to determine the effect of CAF and MALT MR on cognitive performance and brain activity. Ten healthy male subjects (age 27 ± 3 yr) completed three experimental trials. Each trial included four Stroop tasks: two familiarization tasks, and one task before and one task after an MR period. The reaction time (in milliseconds) and accuracy (percent) of simple, congruent, and incongruent stimuli were assessed. Electroencephalography was applied throughout the experiment to record brain activity. The amplitudes and latencies of the P300 were determined during the Stroop tasks before and after the MR period. Subjects received MR with CAF (0.3 g/25 ml), MALT (1.6 g/25 ml), or placebo (PLAC) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. During MR, the brain imaging technique standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography was applied. Magnitude-based inferences showed that CAF MR is likely trivial (63.5%) and likely beneficial (36.4%) compared with PLAC MR, and compared with MALT MR likely beneficial to reaction time on incongruent stimuli (61.6%). Additionally, both the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were activated only during CAF MR, potentially explaining the likely beneficial effect on reaction times. MALT MR increased brain activity only within the orbitofrontal cortex. However, this brain activation did not alter the reaction time. Furthermore, no significant differences in the accuracy of stimuli responses were observed between conditions. In conclusion, only CAF MR exerted a likely beneficial effect on reaction time due to the subsequent activation of both the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium;
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roelands
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knaepen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical IT (iMinds), Ghent, Belgium; and.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polfliet
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stiens
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia rmeeusen@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meeusen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D002110:Caffeine; C008315:maltodextrin; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein; C494360:EP300 protein, human
keywords: attention; nutrition; prefrontal cortex; reward; sLORETA