title: Reducing surgical site infection in spinal surgery with betadine irrigation and intrawound vancomycin powder.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a surgical site infection (SSI) prevention protocol instituted in the Orthopaedic Spine Department at our institution.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  SSI is an undesired complication of orthopedic spine surgical procedures. It poses a significant risk to the patient, as well as a financial toll on the health care system. A wide range of prophylactic measures have been used to attempt to reduce SSI rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A protocol consisting of a combination of 0.3% Betadine wound irrigation and 1 g of intrawound Vancomycin powder application was developed at our institution. Multiple data sources were consolidated for thorough evaluation of changes in SSI rates, patient risk factors, and changes in bacteriology. Identification of risk factors that predispose patients to SSI was performed using mixed-effects logistic regression in a univariate fashion. Risk factors with P values of 0.05 or less in univariate analysis were included together in a multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSI rates were reduced by 50% after the intervention; χ analysis comparing the SSI rates between the pre- and postintervention periods yielded a P value of 0.042. Rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus dropped from 30% to 7% and the rates of multibacterial infections dropped from 37% to 27%. The risk factors that were statistically significant in multivariate analysis were the following: age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93), anemia (OR = 30.73), prior operation (OR = 27.45), and vertebral fracture (OR = 22.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of Betadine wound irrigation and intrawound vancomycin powder application led to both a clinically and statistically significant decrease in SSI rates by 50%. Bacteriology analysis and risk factor assessment proved to be valuable tools in assessing the efficacy of a new prophylactic measure and in the planning of future protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: From the University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomov
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitsunaga
authors.forename: Blythe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durbin-Johnson
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nallur
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011208:Powders; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D014640:Vancomycin; D011206:Povidone-Iodine