title: Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins.
abstract: A high level of encephalization is critical to the human adaptive niche and emerged among hominins over the course of the past 2 Myr. Evolving larger brains required important adaptive adjustments, in particular regarding energy allocation and life history. These adaptations included a relatively small brain at birth and a protracted growth of highly dependent offspring within a complex social environment. In turn, the extended period of growth and delayed maturation of the brain structures of humans contribute to their cognitive complexity. The current palaeoanthropological evidence shows that, regarding life history and brain ontogeny, the Pleistocene hominin taxa display different patterns and that one cannot simply contrast an 'ape-model' to a 'human-model'. Large-brained hominins such as Upper Pleistocene Neandertals have evolved along their own evolutionary pathway and can be distinguished from modern humans in terms of growth pattern and brain development. The life-history pattern and brain ontogeny of extant humans emerged only recently in the course of human evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany hublin@eva.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-8114
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hublin
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9113-5063
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae; D006801:Humans; D009929:Organ Size; D010163:Paleontology; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Homo erectus; Neandertal; Pleistocene; brain; hominins; ontogeny