title: Cellulose nanofibrils for one-step stabilization of multiple emulsions (W/O/W) based on soybean oil.
abstract: Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were incorporated in water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions and emulsions, as well as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions using soybean oil. The addition of CNF to the aqueous phase expanded the composition range to obtain W/O/W emulsions. CNF also increased the viscosity of the continuous phase and reduced the drop size both of which increased the stability and effective viscosity of the emulsions. The effects of oil type and polarity on the properties of the W/O/W emulsions were tested with limonene and octane, which compared to soybean oil produced a smaller emulsion drop size, and thus a higher emulsion viscosity. Overall, CNF are a feasible alternative to conventional polysaccharides as stability enhancers for normal and multiple emulsions that exhibit strong shear thinning behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. Electronic address: cacarril@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States. Electronic address: tiina.nypeloe@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Tiina E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Nypelö
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Bio-based Colloids and Materials (BiCMat) group, Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Orlando J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Rojas
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D044367:Phase Transition; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Cellulose nanofibrils; Emulsion stability; Emulsions; Soybean oil; Surfactants