title: Premarital screening for hemoglobinopathies: experience of a single center in Kurdistan, Iraq.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A program for the prevention of major hemoglobinopathies was initiated in 2008 in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study reports on the achievements and challenges of the program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 102,554 individuals (51,277 couples) visiting a premarital center between 2008 and 2012 were screened for carrier status of hemoglobinopathies, and at-risk couples were counseled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 223 (4.3/1,000) couples were identified and counseled as high-risk couples. Available data on 198 high-risk couples indicated that 90.4% proceeded with their marriage plans, and 15% of these married couples decided to have prenatal diagnosis (PND) in subsequent pregnancies with the identification of 8 affected fetuses; all were terminated as chosen by the parents. Thirty affected births were recorded among the high-risk couples. The premarital program managed to reduce the affected birth rate of major hemoglobinopathies by 21.1%. Of the 136 affected babies born during the study period, 77.9% were born to couples married prior to the start of the program, while 22.1% were born to couples identified as having a high risk. The main reason for not taking the option of PND was unaffordable costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Financial support would have increased opting for PND by high-risk couples. Further reduction in affected birth rates could be achieved by including parallel antenatal screening programs to cover those married before the initiation of the premarital program and improving the public health education and counseling programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.
authors.forename: Nasir A S
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Allawi
authors.forename: Adnan A S
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Doski
authors.forename: Raji S D
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Markous
authors.forename: Khyria A K
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mohamad Amin
authors.forename: Adil A Z
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Ameer I A
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Badi
authors.forename: Rafal R H
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Asmaro
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamamy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005192:Family Health / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006266:Health Education; D006453:Hemoglobinopathies / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D015397:Program Evaluation