title: Metabolomics of four biofluids from dairy cows: potential biomarkers for milk production and quality.
abstract: The fundamental understanding of the mechanisms regulating milk protein synthesis is limited. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of milk production affected by forage quality through studying metabolites from four biofluids (rumen fluid, milk, serum, and urine) collected from 16 lactating cows fed alfalfa hay (AH, high-quality, n = 8) and corn stover (CS, low-quality, n = 8) using gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry. The cows fed AH exhibited higher milk yield (P < 0.01), milk protein yield (P = 0.04), and milk efficiency (P < 0.01) than those fed CS. A total of 165, 195, 218, and 156 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, milk, serum, and urine, respectively, while 29 metabolites were found in all four biofluids. In addition 55, 8, 28, and 31 metabolites in each biofluid were significantly different (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05) between the AH- and CS-fed animals. These metabolites were involved in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; tyrosine metabolism; and phenylalanine metabolism. Further integrated key metabolic pathway analysis showed that the AH-fed cows may have more comprehensive amino acid metabolisms, suggesting that these metabolite-associated pathways may serve as biomarkers for higher milk yield and better milk protein quality.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hui-Zeng
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Di-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia-Kun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Le Luo
authors.initials: le L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Jian-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: biofluid; dairy cow; forage; gas chromatography-time flight/mass spectrometry; metabolic pathway; metabolomics