title: Pelvic venous insufficiency: imaging diagnosis, treatment approaches, and therapeutic issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to review the causes of pelvic congestion syndrome and the imaging used to make the diagnosis and to summarize the treatment options. CONCLUSION. Pelvic congestion syndrome is one of many causes of chronic pelvic pain. It is thought to arise from ovarian and pelvic venous incompetence. Findings from various noninvasive imaging studies, such as Doppler ultrasound and MRI, in association with the clinical symptoms are critical in establishing the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: 1 All authors: Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, 1741 W Taylor St, MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612.
authors.forename: M-Gracia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Knuttinen
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Aarti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Tami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mar
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D010388:Pelvis; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: embolization; ovarian vein; pelvic pain; varices; varix; venous insufficiency