title: Consensus guidelines on plasma cell myeloma minimal residual disease analysis and reporting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major heterogeneity between laboratories in flow cytometry (FC) minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in multiple myeloma (MM) must be overcome. Cytometry societies such as the International Clinical Cytometry Society and the European Society for Clinical Cell Analysis recognize a strong need to establish minimally acceptable requirements and recommendations to perform such complex testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 11 flow cytometrists currently performing FC testing in MM using different instrumentation, panel designs (≥ 6-color) and analysis software compared the procedures between their respective laboratories and reviewed the literature to propose a consensus guideline on flow-MRD analysis and reporting in MM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consensus guidelines support i) the use of minimum of five initial gating parameters (CD38, CD138, CD45, forward, and sideward light scatter) within the same aliquot for accurate identification of the total plasma cell compartment; ii) the analysis of potentially aberrant phenotypic markers and to report the antigen expression pattern on neoplastic plasma cells as being reduced, normal or increased, when compared to a normal reference plasma cell immunophenotype (obtained using the same instrument and parameters); and iii) the percentage of total bone marrow plasma cells plus the percentages of both normal and neoplastic plasma cells within the total bone marrow plasma cell compartment, and over total bone marrow cells. Consensus guidelines on minimal current and future MRD analyses should target a lower limit of detection of 0.001%, and ideally a limit of quantification of 0.001%, which requires at least 3 × 10(6) and 5 × 10(6) bone marrow cells to be measured, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Cytometry Laboratory, CHLO, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arroz
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Came
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Weina
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagoo
authors.affiliation: Interpflow Corporation, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mariela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monreal
authors.affiliation: HMDS, Department of Haematology, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Tute
authors.affiliation: University Of Michigan Medical Center Hematology Oncology Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Jo-Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vergilio
authors.affiliation: HMDS, Department of Haematology, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rawstron
authors.affiliation: Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paiva
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000592:standards*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: flow cytometry; minimal residual disease; plasma cell myeloma