title: Gene-environment interaction between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental factors on the risk of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the adiponectin gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk and interaction with environmental factors modifies the DR risk, and to investigate the relationship between serum adiponectin levels and DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four adiponectin polymorphisms were evaluated in 372 DR cases and 145 controls. Differences in environmental factors between cases and controls were evaluated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. The model-free multifactor dimensionality reduction method and traditional multiple regression models were applied to explore interactions between the polymorphisms and environmental factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the Bonferroni method, we found no significant associations between four adiponectin polymorphisms and DR susceptibility. Multivariate logistic regression found that physical activity played a protective role in the progress of DR, whereas family history of diabetes (odds ratio 1.75) and insulin therapy (odds ratio 1.78) were associated with an increased risk for DR. The interaction between the C-11377 G (rs266729) polymorphism and insulin therapy might be associated with DR risk. Family history of diabetes combined with insulin therapy also increased the risk of DR. No adiponectin gene polymorphisms influenced the serum adiponectin levels. Serum adiponectin levels did not differ between the DR group and non-DR group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant association was identified between four adiponectin polymorphisms and DR susceptibility after stringent Bonferroni correction. The interaction between C-11377G (rs266729) polymorphism and insulin therapy, as well as the interaction between family history of diabetes and insulin therapy, might be associated with DR susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Qun Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Ming Li
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Yan Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Wenhua Community Clinics Qiqihar, China.
authors.forename: Ruo Hong
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: The First Hospital of Qiqihar Heilongjiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Li Yuan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Han
keywords: Adiponectin; Diabetic retinopathy; Gene–environment interaction