title: Decompression sickness in breath-hold diving, and its probable connection to the growth and dissolution of small arterial gas emboli.
abstract: We solved the Laplace equation for the radius of an arterial gas embolism (AGE), during and after breath-hold diving. We used a simple three-region diffusion model for the AGE, and applied our results to two types of breath-hold dives: single, very deep competitive-level dives and repetitive shallower breath-hold dives similar to those carried out by indigenous commercial pearl divers in the South Pacific. Because of the effect of surface tension, AGEs tend to dissolve in arterial blood when arteries remote from supersaturated tissue. However if, before fully dissolving, they reach the capillary beds that perfuse the brain and the inner ear, they may become inflated with inert gas that is transferred into them from these contiguous temporarily supersaturated tissues. By using simple kinetic models of cerebral and inner ear tissue, the nitrogen tissue partial pressures during and after the dive(s) were determined. These were used to theoretically calculate AGE growth and dissolution curves for AGEs lodged in capillaries of the brain and inner ear. From these curves it was found that both cerebral and inner ear decompression sickness are expected to occur occasionally in single competitive-level dives. It was also determined from these curves that for the commercial repetitive dives considered, the duration of the surface interval (the time interval separating individual repetitive dives from one another) was a key determinant, as to whether inner ear and/or cerebral decompression sickness arose. Our predictions both for single competitive-level and repetitive commercial breath-hold diving were consistent with what is known about the incidence of cerebral and inner ear decompression sickness in these forms of diving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, the Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and the Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: sgoldman@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, the Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and the Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: jmsolanoalt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Solano-Altamirano
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D062485:Breath Holding; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D008954:Models, Biological
keywords: Breath-hold diving; Cerebral decompression sickness; Diffusion equation; Growth/dissolution of arterial gas emboli; Inner ear decompression sickness