title: Nationwide survey of the development of drug resistance in the pediatric field in 2007, 2010, and 2012: drug sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b strain in Japan.
abstract: Based on the results of surveillance in the pediatric field conducted in 2007, 2010, and 2012, we examined the frequency of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) strains, the susceptibility for Hib strains to various types of antimicrobial agent, and the relations to patients' background factors. Among all of Haemophilus influenzae, the frequency of Hib strains was 3.6% (14/386 strains) in 2007, 4.8% (23/484 strains) in 2010, 1.2% (5/411 strains) in 2012, and decreasing in 2012. Hib strains were isolated in patients with the following infections: nine patients with respiratory tract infections (upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, and pneumonia), three patients with sepsis, one patient with meningitis, and one patient with purulent inflammation of a tendon sheath in 2007; 11 patients with respiratory tract infections (upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, and pneumonia), four patients with sepsis, and eight patients with meningitis in 2010, demonstrating a relatively high frequency in patients with invasive infections. However, in 2012, Hib strains were isolated in only four patients with respiratory tract infections (upper respiratory tract infection) and one patient with bronchial asthma. Evaluation of background factors with pediatric patients in whom Hib strains were isolated showed that approximately 70% were male; majority was children under three years of age; and higher detection rates were also related to the background of patients who were attendant to daycare center, had siblings, had received no antimicrobial agents within the previous one month before collecting specimens. Throughout the surveillance between 2007 and 2012, antimicrobial agents with all phases' MICs ≤ 1 μg/mL were cefditoren, cefcapene, and cefteram in the oral β-lactams; tazobactam/piperacillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and meropenem in the injectable β-lactams; azithromycin in the macrolide; and levofloxacin in the quinolone. After 2010, MIC ranges were evaluated for tebipenem in the oral β-lactam (≤ 0.063-0.25 μg/mL), doripenem in the injectable β-lactam (≤ 0.063-0.5 μg/mL), and tosufloxacin in the quinolone (≤ 0.063 μg/mL). Throughout the surveillance, Hib strains were highly susceptible to the above mentioned antimicrobial agents, and there was no significant change in the susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Fuji Heavy Industries Health Insurance Society, Ota Memorial Hospital, Ota, Gunma, Japan; The Drug-Resistant Pathogen Surveillance Group in Pediatric Infectious Disease, Japan. Electronic address: h.baba@ota-hosp.or.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Fuji Heavy Industries Health Insurance Society, Ota Memorial Hospital, Ota, Gunma, Japan; The Drug-Resistant Pathogen Surveillance Group in Pediatric Infectious Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital, Sayama, Saitama, Japan; The Drug-Resistant Pathogen Surveillance Group in Pediatric Infectious Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyonaga
authors.affiliation: The Kitasato Institute, Kitasato University Research Center for Anti-infectious Drugs, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanaki
authors.affiliation: The Kitasato Institute, Kitasato University Research Organization for Infection Control Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; The Drug-Resistant Pathogen Surveillance Group in Pediatric Infectious Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunakawa
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019818:Clavulanic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D062486:Public Health Surveillance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019818:Clavulanic Acid; D000667:Ampicillin; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Child; Drug-resistance; Haemophilus influenzae serotype b; Infectious disease; Surveillance