title: Protective effects of grape seed extract on cadmium-induced testicular damage, apoptosis, and endothelial nitric oxide synthases expression in rats.
abstract: This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on cadmium (Cd)-induced testicular apoptosis, endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) expression, and toxicity in rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely, control, Cd (2.5 mg/kg), Cd + GSPE (100 mg/kg/day), and GSPE. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were significantly decreased in the Cd groups. Furthermore, the GSPE-treated animals showed an improved histological appearance in the Cd group. The immunoreactivity of eNOS and the number of apoptotic cells were increased in Cd group. Our data indicate a significant reduction of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end-labeling staining and a decrease in the expression of eNOS in the testes tissue of the Cd group treated with GSPE therapy. Therefore, our results suggest that GSPE acts as a potent protective agent against Cd-induced testicular toxicity in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey drmfatihsonmez@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet Fatih
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sönmez
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Simge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tascioglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D020011:Protective Agents; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat
keywords: Cadmium; apoptosis; eNOS; grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; testis