title: Functioning of peripheral Ia pathways in leg muscles of newly walking toddlers.
abstract: Monosynaptic and polysynaptic spinal level reflexes in the leg muscles of infants show significant dispersion across muscles, high variability, and no change in response patterns over the first 10 months. Here we tested the hypothesized relation between early walking experience and the tuning of these responses in three primary gait muscles of participants in four subgroups: cruisers (n=7) and toddlers with one (n=5), two (n=5), or three (n=5) months of walking experience. Reflex responses in multiple Ia pathways - tendon reflex (T-reflex), vibration-induced inhibition of the T-reflex (VIM-T-reflex), and tonic vibration-induced reflex (VIR), were elicited by mechanical stimuli applied to the distal tendons of the quadriceps, gastrocnemius-soleus, and tibialis anterior of both legs. Walking skill was assessed via a GAITRite mat. Generally, walking experience seemed to be related to slowly emerging improvements and, depending on muscle tested and pathway, progress was quite varied. Amplitude and latency of reflex responses were more clearly impacted by age or leg length while the ratio or distribution pattern of reflex response among antagonist pairs of muscles was impacted by walking experience and skill. As walking experience increased, the ratio of reflex responses tended to increase for the stimulated and decrease for the antagonist reflex loops with distribution of the pattern shifting gradually toward a single type of reflex response in all tested muscles. The very slow tuning of these reflexes may underlie the many missteps and falls reported to occur during early walking and suggest that subsequent studies should continue to follow the developmental trajectory through the first year of walking experience.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neuromotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: dkl2@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: Do Kyeong
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neuromotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Beverly D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ulrich
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Development; Proprioception; T-reflex; Toddlers; Tonic vibration reflex