title: Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici reveals its lifestyle and high potential for synthesis of natural products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, the genus Pestalotiopsis is receiving increasing attention, not only because of its economic impact as a plant pathogen but also as a commonly isolated endophyte which is an important source of bioactive natural products. Pestalotiopsis fici Steyaert W106-1/CGMCC3.15140 as an endophyte of tea produces numerous novel secondary metabolites, including chloropupukeananin, a derivative of chlorinated pupukeanane that is first discovered in fungi. Some of them might be important as the drug leads for future pharmaceutics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the genome sequence of the endophytic fungus of tea Pestalotiopsis fici W106-1/CGMCC3.15140. The abundant carbohydrate-active enzymes especially significantly expanding pectinases allow the fungus to utilize the limited intercellular nutrients within the host plants, suggesting adaptation of the fungus to endophytic lifestyle. The P. fici genome encodes a rich set of secondary metabolite synthesis genes, including 27 polyketide synthases (PKSs), 12 non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), five dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases, four putative PKS-like enzymes, 15 putative NRPS-like enzymes, 15 terpenoid synthases, seven terpenoid cyclases, seven fatty-acid synthases, and five hybrids of PKS-NRPS. The majority of these core enzymes distributed into 74 secondary metabolite clusters. The putative Diels-Alderase genes have undergone expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant expansion of pectinase encoding genes provides essential insight in the life strategy of endophytes, and richness of gene clusters for secondary metabolites reveals high potential of natural products of endophytic fungi.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. wangxn@cau.edu.cn.|Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. wangxn@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiuna
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. xlzhang510@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. liul@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. xiangmc@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Meichun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. wangwz@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wenzhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. sunx@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing, China. cheys@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. guold@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Liangdong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. liug@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. ppguo@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Insect Development and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. cswang@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chengshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. yinwb@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wen-Bing
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. marc.stadler@helmholtz-hzi.de.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. zhangxy@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. liuxz@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xingzhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000378:metabolism; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D023281:Genomics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics; D013098:Xylariales / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C529542:chloropupukeananin; D048630:Polyketide Synthases; D010453:Peptide Synthases; C104385:non-ribosomal peptide synthase