title: Uranium monitoring tool for rapid analysis of environmental samples based on automated liquid-liquid microextraction.
abstract: A fully automated in-syringe (IS) magnetic stirring assisted (MSA) liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) method for uranium(VI) determination was developed, exploiting a long path-length liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) with spectrophotometric detection. On-line extraction of uranium was performed within a glass syringe containing a magnetic stirrer for homogenization of the sample and the successive reagents: cyanex-272 in dodecane as extractant, EDTA as interference eliminator, hydrochloric acid to make the back-extraction of U(VI) and arsenazo-III as chromogenic reagent to accomplish the spectrophotometric detection at 655 nm. Magnetic stirring assistance was performed by a specially designed driving device placed around the syringe body creating a rotating magnetic field in the syringe, and forcing the rotation of the stirring bar located inside the syringe. The detection limit (LOD) of the developed method is 3.2 µg L(-1). Its good interday precision (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD 3.3%), and its high extraction frequency (up to 6 h(-1)) makes of this method an inexpensive and fast screening tool for monitoring uranium(VI) in environmental samples. It was successfully applied to different environmental matrices: channel sediment certified reference material (BCR-320R), soil and phosphogypsum reference materials, and natural water samples, with recoveries close to 100%.
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environmental Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV) S.C., Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory-LaboRA, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain.
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory-LaboRA, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain; Sciware Systems, S.L., Spin-off from the University of the Balearic Islands, Bunyola E-07193, Spain.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avivar
authors.affiliation: Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory-LaboRA, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain. Electronic address: laura.ferrer@uib.es.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environmental Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV) S.C., Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luz O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerdà
keywords: Cyanex-272; Environmental samples; Flow techniques; In-syringe liquid-liquid microextraction; Magnetic stirring assistance; Uranium(VI) monitor