title: The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water.
abstract: This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China. Electronic address: shuangxue_777@163.com.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China. Electronic address: ldxslw666@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005615:Freezing; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Chlorine reactivity; Dissolved organic matter; Optical properties; Partition; Water freezing