title: Protein phosphatase 2C-alpha knockdown reduces angiotensin II-mediated skeletal muscle wasting via restoration of mitochondrial recycling and function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating angiotensin II (AngII) is elevated in congestive heart failure (CHF), and leads to skeletal muscle wasting, which is strongly associated with poor patient outcomes. We previously found that AngII upregulates protein phosphatase 2C-alpha (PP2Cα) and dephosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a critical regulator of cellular metabolism, in skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the role of PP2Cα in AngII-induced wasting, gastrocnemius (Gas) muscles of FVB mice were injected with scrambled or PP2Cα siRNA and mice were infused with saline or AngII for 4 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knockdown of PP2Cα reduced AngII wasting, blocked AngII upregulation of PP2Cα, increased p-T172-AMPK, and inhibited AngII-mediated reductions in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), in complex IV activity, and in ATP levels. AngII impaired the rate of autophagy as determined by a 2.4-fold increase in p62/SQSTM1 (p62) accumulation. This induction was reduced by PP2Cα knockdown, which also increased beclin-1 expression and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II conversion in AngII-infused Gas. AngII reduced activating S555 phosphorylation of UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), a critical regulator of autophagosome formation, and increased inhibitory S757 ULK1 phosphorylation and these effects were prevented by PP2Cα siRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AngII inhibited AMPK activity and reduced PGC-1α and TFAM expression (thereby inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis) and impaired ULK1 activation and autophagy (thereby also inhibiting clearance of damaged mitochondria), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased ATP, and wasting. Knockdown of PP2Cα normalized AMPK activity, PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM levels and blocked AngII inhibition of ULK1, leading to improved mitochondrial biogenesis/recycling/function, energy production, and inhibition of AngII-induced wasting. These results demonstrate novel effects of AngII on cellular metabolism that are likely critical in mediating the muscle wasting that is a hallmark of CHF.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tabony
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukhanov
authors.affiliation: Tulane University Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA ; Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave. SL-48, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delafontaine
keywords: Angiotensin II; Autophagy; Mitochondria; Muscle atrophy; PP2C