title: Simple and effective methods of freezing capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) semen.
abstract: A continuous decline in the number and range of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) in many European countries can be observed, mostly due to habitat destruction by human activity, unecological forestry management, and increased density of natural predators. Ex situ in vitro gene banks provide a unique opportunity to preserve the genetic material for future generations. Simple and effective cryopreservation methods for capercaillie semen are discussed. Semen was collected from seven males kept in the Capercaillie Breeding Centre at Forestry Wisła in Poland. Within five minutes after collection, ejaculates were diluted with EK diluent, then divided into two parts, and subjected to two freezing procedures: in pellets and in straws. In fresh semen, ejaculate clearness, viscosity, color and volume, as well as sperm concentration, motility and morphology, were evaluated, while in frozen-thawed semen only motility and morphology of sperm were determined. Fertilizing ability of thawed semen was examined for samples frozen in straws. Significant (P<0.05) differences between individual males were found in relation to the majority of fresh semen traits: ejaculate volume averaged 102.1 µL (varying from 49.0 to 205.0); average sperm concentration was 632.5 x 10⁶ mL⁻¹ (178.8-1257.1); percentage of live normal cells varied from 39.2 to 70.3% (58.7% on an average); percentage of motile cells ranged from 76.0 to 85.7%) and motility parameters were male dependent, as well. Both cryopreservation methods had a negative effect on morphology and motility of frozen-thawed semen; however, the straw method yielded 60.7% and the pellet method 42.5% of live cells in total in thawed semen (P<0.05), while the number of live normal (intact) cells was similar (22.4 and 22.2%, respectively). Egg fertility varied between 77.8 and 91.7% (average 84.4%). Both freezing procedures seem to be effective in obtaining acceptable viability and high fertilizing potency of thawed sperm and can be used to create a gene bank of capercaillie semen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.affiliation: Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Łukaszewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary*; D056727:Endangered Species; D005298:Fertility; D046094:Galliformes / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D013081:Sperm Motility