title: Effects of different pretreatments on the performance of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane during the treatment of oil sands tailings pond recycle water: a pilot-scale study.
abstract: Membrane filtration is an effective treatment method for oil sands tailings pond recycle water (RCW); however, membrane fouling and rapid decrease in permeate flux caused by colloids, organic matter, and bitumen residues present in the RCW hinder its successful application. This pilot-scale study investigated the impact of different pretreatment steps on the performance of a ceramic ultrafiltration (CUF) membrane used for the treatment of RCW. Two treatment trains were examined: treatment train 1 consisted of coagulant followed by a CUF system, while treatment train 2 included softening (Multiflo™ system) and coagulant addition, followed by a CUF system. The results indicated that minimum pretreatment (train 1) was required for almost complete solids removal. The addition of a softening step (train 2) provided an additional barrier to membrane fouling by reducing hardness-causing ions to negligible levels. More than 99% removal of turbidity and less than 20% removal of total organic carbon were achieved regardless of the treatment train used. Permeate fluxes normalized at 20 °C of 127-130 L/m(2) h and 111-118 L/m(2) h, with permeate recoveries of 90-93% and 90-94% were observed for the treatment trains 1 and 2, respectively. It was also found that materials deposited onto the membrane surface had an impact on trans-membrane pressure and influenced the required frequencies of chemically enhanced backwashes (CEBs) and clean-in-place (CIP) procedures. The CIP performed was successful in removing fouling and scaling materials such that the CUF performance was restored to baseline levels. The results also demonstrated that due to their low turbidity and silt density index values, permeates produced in this pilot study were suitable for further treatment by high pressure membrane processes.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta T9H 3H5, Canada. Electronic address: Kavithaa.Loganathan@cnrl.com.
authors.forename: Kavithaa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chelme-Ayala
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada. Electronic address: mgamalel-din@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Mohamed Gamal
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: El-Din
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007477:Ions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D010865:Pilot Projects; D061005:Ponds; D059027:Recycling; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014867:Water
keywords: Ceramic membrane; Oil sands; Pretreatment; Recycle water; Ultrafiltration