title: Dietary protein and amino acids intake and its relationship with blood pressure in adolescents: the HELENA STUDY.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the association between dietary protein and amino acids intake and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in European adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were from the cross-sectional study performed in Europe, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA study; n = 1605; 12.5-17.5 years; 833 girls) selected by complex sampling. The associations between dietary protein and amino acids intake and SBP/DBP were examined by multilevel linear regression models (context variable by school); the analysis being stratified by sex. Cities, seasonality, age, socioeconomic level, parental education level, body mass index, waist circumference, Tanner stage and physical activity were used as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In boys, we found an inverse association between protein (animal and vegetable) intake and DBP; and a positive association between histidine and SBP. In girls, we observed a positive association among tryptophan, histidine with SBP and methionine with DBP. On the other hand, we observed an inverse association between tyrosine and both SBP and DBP levels in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between amino acids and BP levels is controversial and depends on the type of amino acids, and protein intake can help control the DBP in boys.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 3 School of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 4 YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil augustocesar.demoraes@usp.br moraes82@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Augusto César Ferreira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: 2 GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 3 School of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bel-Serrat
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: 7 Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Unit, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: 8 Galeno Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain 9 Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.affiliation: 10 Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 11 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: 12 Agricultural Research Council, Food and Nutrition Research Centre (CRA-NUT), Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sette
authors.affiliation: 13 Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: 14 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.affiliation: 2 GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 8 Galeno Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Pavón
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heráclito Barbosa
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: 2 GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 3 School of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 15 Visiting Professor at Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004044:Dietary Proteins