title: Effects of jazz on postoperative pain and stress in patients undergoing elective hysterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthesiologists use various medications to provide surgical patients with pain relief in the postoperative period. Other modalities, such as music, could be used in conjunction with opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to decrease pain and lower heart rate and blood pressure. Our hypothesis was that patients listening to jazz in a postanesthesia care unit (PACU) would have lower heart rates and blood pressures and reduced pain and anxiety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to determine if listening to jazz music in the PACU, when compared to wearing noise-canceling headphones with no music playing, would decrease heart rate, blood pressure, pain, or anxiety in patients undergoing a hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research design was a prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the PACU at the Penn State Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, PA, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 56 patients, aged 18-75 y, who were categorized as status 1 or 2 according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System, and who were undergoing elective laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomies, were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned either to listen to jazz music where the beats per min (BPM) was <100 (experimental group, n = 28) or to wear noise-canceling headphones (control group, n = 28) for 30 min while in the PACU after their surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate was the primary outcome, and secondary outcomes included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, an anxiety score, and a pain score. All outcome measures were initially recorded at baseline upon the patient's arrival in the PACU. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded postoperatively every 5 min for the initial 30 min that a patient was in the PACU. Pain was checked every 10 min during the 30-min period; anxiety was checked at 30 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rates of patients in the noise-cancellation group were significantly lower when compared with baseline (P < .05), at all time points. For patients in the jazz group, heart rates were significantly lower at 15, 20, 25, and 30 min when compared with baseline. The pain scores were significantly lower (P < .05) in the noise-cancellation group compared with the jazz group at 10 min into the recovery period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results showed that patients responded not only to music but also to silence in the PACU. Using music and/or noise reduction could decrease opioid administration, promote relaxation, and improve patient satisfaction.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rafer
authors.forename: Flower
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaida
authors.forename: Jansie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prozesky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult