title: The full metallic double-pigtail ureteral stent: Review of the clinical outcome and current status.
abstract: The full metallic double-J ureteral stent (MS) was introduced as a method for providing long-term drainage in malignant ureteral obstruction. Experimental evaluation of the MS revealed that its mechanical features allow efficient drainage in difficult cases, which could not be managed by the insertion of a standard polymeric double-J stent. Clinical experience with the MS showed controversial results. Careful patient selection results in efficient long-term management of malignant ureteral obstruction. The use of the MS should also be considered in selected benign cases. Major complications are uncommon and the minor complications should not hinder its use. Experience in pediatric patients is limited and warrants additional study. The cost-effectiveness of the MS seems to be appropriate for long-term treatment. Further investigation with comparative clinical trials would document the outcome more extensively and establish the indications as well as the selection criteria for the MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kallidonis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Georgiopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Iason D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Kyriazis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kontogiannis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Aown
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
keywords: Double-J metal stent; double-pigtail metal stent; full metal ureteral stent; metal stent; resonance stent; ureteral stent