title: Clinical characteristics and predictive factors of subclinical diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the clinical characteristics and predictive factors of subclinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 298 type 2 diabetes patients were divided into 3 groups based on 24-h urinary microalbumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate: patients with normal albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (NC), patients with normoalbuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration (SDN) and patients with microalbuminuria (EDN). The renal size, tubular injury markers and ambulatory blood pressure were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal size increased in the SDN and EDN groups compared to the NC group (P<0.05), while renal length in the SDN group was greater than the EDN group (P<0.05). Patients in the SDN and EDN groups had higher level of urine retinol binding protein and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and most of them developed proximal tubular dysfunction. The SDN group had higher 24-h mean and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure than the NC group (P<0.05), while the EDN group had higher systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure than the SDN group (P<0.01). More patients developed abnormal blood pressure rhythm in the SDN and EDN groups. The likelihood of a decrease in nocturnal systolic blood pressure was lower as the microalbuminuria increased. Increased renal size, more abnormal tubular injury markers and higher 24-h mean and nocturnal blood pressure were all risk factors of subclinical diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with subclinical diabetic nephropathy had increased renal size, abnormal tubular injury markers, high blood pressure and abnormal circadian rhythm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathy, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, the Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index