title: Ex vivo heart perfusion after cardiocirculatory death; a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Donation after cardiocirculatory death (DCD) has lead to an increase in organ availability. However, because of medical, logistic, and ethical issues, the use of hearts from DCD donors for transplantation is not generally considered to be feasible. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of ex vivo resuscitation and assessment of the porcine heart after circulatory death using the organ care system (OCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiocirculatory death was induced in five pigs by cessation of mechanical ventilation. No heparin was administered. The agonal time (AT) was calculated as the time between a reduction of blood pressure <50 mm Hg or a fall in saturation beneath 70% and the cessation of electrical activity. After a further 15 min of warm ischemia, hearts were procured and implanted into the OCS, mimicking the actual clinical scenario for other organs. Thus, procured grafts were assessed ex vivo over a period of 4 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hearts were successfully resuscitated on the system (AT 8, 15, 20, and 34 min) Three grafts had excellent visual contractility and lactate trends and were considered to be transplantable. One graft (AT 34 min) had an increased lactate and abnormal contractility being unsuitable for transplantation. One heart with 48-min AT could not be resuscitated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that hearts from nonheparinized DCD porcine donors can be successfully resuscitated using the OCS in a scenario, which closely simulates clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.garciasaez@rbht.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: García Sáez
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, TransMedics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbetanony
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, TransMedics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lezberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, TransMedics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassanein
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aron-Frederik
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bartlomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zych
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabashnikov
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohite
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andre R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003643:Death; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009926:Organ Preservation; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Cardiocirculatory death; Ex vivo preservation; Heart transplantation