title: Unbalanced activation of glutathione metabolic pathways suggests potential involvement in plant defense against the gall midge Mayetiola destructor in wheat.
abstract: Glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, exists abundantly in nearly all organisms. Glutathione participates in various physiological processes involved in redox reactions by serving as an electron donor/acceptor. We found that the abundance of total glutathione increased up to 60% in resistant wheat plants within 72 hours following attack by the gall midge Mayetiola destructor, the Hessian fly. The increase in total glutathione abundance, however, is coupled with an unbalanced activation of glutathione metabolic pathways. The activity and transcript abundance of glutathione peroxidases, which convert reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), increased in infested resistant plants. However, the enzymatic activity and transcript abundance of glutathione reductases, which convert GSSG back to GSH, did not change. This unbalanced regulation of the glutathione oxidation/reduction cycle indicates the existence of an alternative pathway to regenerate GSH from GSSG to maintain a stable GSSG/GSH ratio. Our data suggest the possibility that GSSG is transported from cytosol to apoplast to serve as an oxidant for class III peroxidases to generate reactive oxygen species for plant defense against Hessian fly larvae. Our results provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular processes involved in glutathione-mediated plant resistance to Hessian fly and potentially other pests as well.
authors: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506.
authors: Xuming
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China 712100.
authors: Shize
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506.
authors: R Jeff
authors: RJ
authors: Whitworth
authors: Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Stuart
authors: 1] Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 [2] USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
authors: Ming-Shun
authors: MS
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera; D060467:Disease Resistance; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005981:Glutathione Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060434:Herbivory; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005981:Glutathione Synthase; D005978:Glutathione
references: Pharmacol Rev. 1998 Sep;50(3):335-56
references: 9755286
references: Plant Physiol. 2011 Dec;157(4):2000-12
references: 22007023
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2012 Feb;7(2):210-2
references: 22353869
references: J Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;163(11):1118-25
references: 17032617
references: J Econ Entomol. 2006 Oct;99(5):1842-53
references: 17066821
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006 Sep;19(9):1023-33
references: 16941906
references: Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun;141(2):373-8
references: 16760490
references: Methods. 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8
references: 11846609
references: BMC Genomics. 2013;14:423
references: 23800119
references: J Amino Acids. 2012;2012:736837
references: 22500213
references: J Exp Bot. 2002 May;53(372):1283-304
references: 11997376
references: Plant Cell Environ. 2012 Feb;35(2):454-84
references: 21777251
references: J Exp Bot. 2002 May;53(372):1367-76
references: 11997382
references: Plant Physiol. 1996 Apr;110(4):1367-1379
references: 12226267
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 May;42(5):462-8
references: 11382811
references: Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Jun;47:127-158
references: 15012285
references: Plant Physiol. 1985 Dec;79(4):1044-7
references: 16664526
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Jan;21(1):70-8
references: 18052884
references: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2012;50:339-57
references: 22656645
references: Plant Physiol. 1993 Oct;103(2):621-627
references: 12231968
references: J Chem Ecol. 2002 Jul;28(7):1411-28
references: 12199504
references: Chem Biol Interact. 2002 Apr 20;140(1):49-65
references: 12044560
references: Plant Physiol. 1999 Jan;119(1):73-80
references: 9880348
references: J Chem Ecol. 2007 Dec;33(12):2171-94
references: 18058177
references: Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;48:251-275
references: 15012264
references: Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):101-6
references: 19095900
references: Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb;152(2):985-99
references: 19965963
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2011 Jun;6(6):783-8
references: 21969955
references: Free Radic Res. 1999 Dec;31 Suppl:S137-45
references: 10694052
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jun 4;110(23):9589-94
references: 23696664
references: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 May-Jun;8(5-6):753-62
references: 16771667
references: Plant J. 2007 Jan;49(1):159-72
references: 17144898
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1998 Jun;1(3):258-66
references: 10066594
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2012 Jul;25(7):920-30
references: 22668001
references: Plant Physiol. 1998 Apr;116(4):1379-85
references: 9536055
references: Plant Physiol. 2008 Jul;147(3):1412-26
references: 18467454
references: Plant J. 2008 Sep;55(5):774-86
references: 18466300
references: J Econ Entomol. 2009 Apr;102(2):774-80
references: 19449660
references: Plant Physiol. 1998 Jul;117(3):1103-14
references: 9662553