title: Oral immunostimulation of the oyster Ostrea edulis: Impacts on the parasite Bonamia ostreae.
abstract: Bioactive compounds were orally administered to the native European oyster Ostrea edulis to evaluate the immune response and the progression of infection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae. The immunostimulants lipopolysaccharide and zymosan directly administrated to the water column induced an increase in lysozyme activity and the percentage of granulocytes in naïve oysters over a period of 7 days. In another set of experiments, zymosan and curdlan were microencapsulated in alginate and also administered to the water column to naïve and B. ostreae infected O. edulis. Oyster mortality, prevalence and intensity of infection and several immune parameters were evaluated up to 28 days post-administration. Lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production and the expression of galectin, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase increased after 24 h in both infected and uninfected oysters. Zymosan immunostimulated oysters displayed a decrease in the prevalence of B. ostreae infection not attributed to mortalities but which could be associated to the enhanced ability of immunostimulants to evoke an enhanced immune response in the oysters and reduce infection.
authors: Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: m.pradoalvarez@ucc.ie.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Prado-Alvarez
authors: Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Lynch
authors: Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kane
authors: Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Darmody
authors: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors: B G
authors: BG
authors: Pardo
authors: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Martínez
authors: The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cotterill
authors: The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Wontner-Smith
authors: Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Culloty
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D041602:Haplosporida / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D049895:Ostrea / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D015054:Zymosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000464:Alginates; D047071:beta-Glucans; C038459:curdlan; D015054:Zymosan
keywords: Alginate microcapsules; Bonamia ostreae; Immune response; Immunostimulation; Ostrea edulis