title: Thymoquinone improves the kidney and liver changes induced by chronic cyclosporine A treatment and acute renal ischaemia/reperfusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment and acute renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) on the kidney and liver in thymoquinone (TQ)-treated rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the CsA study, adult male rats were divided into control, CsA (25 mg/kg per day), TQ (10 mg/kg per day) and CsA + TQ groups, and rat treatment was for 28 days. In the I/R study, adult male rats were divided into sham-operated, I/R (renal ischaemia for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion) and TQ + I/R (TQ 10 mg/kg, 24 h and 1 h before ischaemia) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CsA treatment and renal I/R caused kidney and liver dysfunction as evaluated by histopathological changes and biochemical parameters. TQ treatment reduced elevated serum indices back to control levels and ameliorated CsA-induced kidney and liver histopathological changes. In renal and hepatic tissues, CsA and renal I/R induced significant increases in malondialdehyde levels with significant decreases in reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities. Such changes in oxidative stress markers were counteracted by TQ treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney and liver injury due to CsA or renal I/R can be significantly reduced by TQ, which resets the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the affected organs through scavenging free radicals and antilipoperoxidative effects.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors: Mahmoud M
authors: MM
authors: Farag
authors: Ghada O
authors: GO
authors: Ahmed
authors: Rowaida R
authors: RR
authors: Shehata
authors: Amani H
authors: AH
authors: Kazem
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D016572:Cyclosporine; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D005978:Glutathione; C003466:thymoquinone
keywords: cyclosporine A; hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity; renal ischaemia/reperfusion; thymoquinone