title: Human Bocavirus 1 Primary Infection and Shedding in Infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is frequently detected in young children. The role of HBoV-1 in respiratory illness is unclear, owing to frequent detection in asymptomatic children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weekly oral fluid samples from a longitudinal cohort of infants were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for HBoV-1 DNA. Symptoms during HBoV-1 primary shedding events were compared to those during 14-day control periods occurring 1 month prior to and following the primary event. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed to assess HBoV-1 variants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six of 87 children (76%), followed for at least 18 months from birth, had a primary HBoV-1 infection. HBoV-1 was consistently detected for >1 month (maximum duration, 402 days) following 42 of 66 primary shedding events. Children were more likely to experience new cough symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-5.5) and to visit a healthcare provider (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.02-7.7) during the 14 days surrounding the time of initial detection of HBoV-1. Recurrent HBoV-1 shedding events were found in 33 children (50%). Twelve of 48 children with HBoV-1 variant data had multiple viral allelic patterns over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBoV-1 primary shedding events are associated with mild respiratory illness with subsequent prolonged detection of HBoV-1 DNA for up to a year. HBoV-1 reinfection contributes to long-term shedding.
authors: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors: Emily T
authors: ET
authors: Martin
authors: University of Washington.
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Kuypers
authors: Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: McRoberts
authors: University of Washington Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington.
authors: Janet A
authors: JA
authors: Englund
authors: University of Washington Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington.
authors: Danielle M
authors: DM
authors: Zerr
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: bocavirus; infant; oral fluid; respiratory tract; single nucleotide polymorphism
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