title: Cause of death and factors associated with early in-hospital mortality after hip fracture.
abstract: The aims of this study were to identify the early in-hospital mortality rate after hip fracture, identify factors associated with this mortality, and identify the cause of death in these patients. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 4426 patients admitted to our institution between the 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2013 with a hip fracture (1128 male (26%), mean age 82.0 years (60 to 105)). Admissions increased annually, but despite this 30-day mortality decreased from 12.1% to 6.5%; 77% of these were in-hospital deaths. Male gender (odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 3.0), increasing age (age ≥ 91; OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 12.2) and comorbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3 to 5; OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 8.7) were independently and significantly associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality. From 220 post-mortem reports, the most common causes of death were respiratory infections (35%), ischaemic heart disease (21%), and cardiac failure (13%). A sub-group of hip fracture patients at highest risk of early death can be identified with these risk factors, and the knowledge of the causes of death can be used to inform service improvements and the development of a more didactic care pathway, so that multidisciplinary intervention can be focused for this sub-group in order to improve their outcome.
authors: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Chatterton
authors: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Moores
authors: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
authors: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cattell
authors: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6QG, UK.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Hip fracture; mortality; cause of death