title: Multidrug efflux pumps from Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens.
abstract: Foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial microorganisms are common worldwide and constitute a serious public health concern. In particular, microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families of Gram-negative bacteria, and to the Staphylococcus genus of Gram-positive bacteria are important causative agents of food poisoning and infection in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Recently, variants of these bacteria have developed resistance to medically important chemotherapeutic agents. Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus are becoming increasingly recalcitrant to clinical treatment in human patients. Of the various bacterial resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps comprise a major cause of multiple drug resistance. These multidrug efflux pump systems reside in the biological membrane of the bacteria and actively extrude antimicrobial agents from bacterial cells. This review article summarizes the evolution of these bacterial drug efflux pump systems from a molecular biological standpoint and provides a framework for future work aimed at reducing the conditions that foster dissemination of these multidrug resistant causative agents through human populations.
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. jodyandersen@rocketmail.com.
authors: Jody L
authors: JL
authors: Andersen
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. Guixin_He@uml.edu.
authors: Gui-Xin
authors: GX
authors: He
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. prathusha.kakarla@enmu.edu.
authors: Prathusha
authors: P
authors: Kakarla
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. najranaa@gmail.com.
authors: Ranjana
authors: R
authors: K C
authors: QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India. sanathkm@yahoo.com.
authors: Sanath
authors: S
authors: Kumar
authors: QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India. wslakra@cife.edu.in.
authors: Wazir Singh
authors: WS
authors: Lakra
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. munmun.mukherjee@enmu.edu.
authors: Mun Mun
authors: MM
authors: Mukherjee
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. indrika.ranaweera@enmu.edu.
authors: Indrika
authors: I
authors: Ranaweera
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. ugina.shrestha@enmu.edu.
authors: Ugina
authors: U
authors: Shrestha
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. ThuyTrang_Tran@student.uml.edu.
authors: Thuy
authors: T
authors: Tran
authors: Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA. manuel.varela@enmu.edu.
authors: Manuel F
authors: MF
authors: Varela
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins
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