title: Neural correlates of expected risks and returns in risky choice across development.
abstract: Adolescence is often described as a period of increased risk taking relative to both childhood and adulthood. This inflection in risky choice behavior has been attributed to a neurobiological imbalance between earlier developing motivational systems and later developing top-down control regions. Yet few studies have decomposed risky choice to investigate the underlying mechanisms or tracked their differential developmental trajectory. The current study uses a risk-return decomposition to more precisely assess the development of processes underlying risky choice and to link them more directly to specific neural mechanisms. This decomposition specifies the influence of changing risks (outcome variability) and changing returns (expected value) on the choices of children, adolescents, and adults in a dynamic risky choice task, the Columbia Card Task. Behaviorally, risk aversion increased across age groups, with adults uniformly risk averse and adolescents showing substantial individual differences in risk sensitivity, ranging from risk seeking to risk averse. Neurally, we observed an adolescent peak in risk-related activation in the anterior insula and dorsal medial PFC. Return sensitivity, on the other hand, increased monotonically across age groups and was associated with increased activation in the ventral medial PFC and posterior cingulate cortex with age. Our results implicate adolescence as a developmental phase of increased neural risk sensitivity. Importantly, this work shows that using a behaviorally validated decision-making framework allows a precise operationalization of key constructs underlying risky choice that inform the interpretation of results.
authors: University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Leiden University, Department of Psychology; Brain & Development Lab, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands, b.figner@psych.ru.nl a.c.k.van.duijvenvoorde@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors: Anna C K
authors: AC
authors: van Duijvenvoorde
authors: University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Hilde M
authors: HM
authors: Huizenga
authors: Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143.
authors: Leah H
authors: LH
authors: Somerville
authors: Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, Newark, New Jersey 07102.
authors: Mauricio R
authors: MR
authors: Delgado
authors: Weill Cornell Medical College-Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, New York 10021.
authors: Alisa
authors: A
authors: Powers
authors: VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1183 AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Wouter D
authors: WD
authors: Weeda
authors: Weill Cornell Medical College-Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, New York 10021.
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Casey
authors: Columbia University, Center for the Decision Sciences, New York, New York 10027.
authors: Elke U
authors: EU
authors: Weber
authors: Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands b.figner@psych.ru.nl a.c.k.van.duijvenvoorde@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Figner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012309:Risk-Taking; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Columbia Card Task; decision making; expected value; insula; medial prefrontal cortex; variance
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