title: Biomechanical evaluation of coracoid tunnel size and location for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coracoid tunnel size and location on the biomechanical characteristics of cortical button fixation for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen matched pairs of cadaveric scapulae were used to determine the effects of coracoid tunnel size, and 6 matched pairs were used to determine the effects of coracoid tunnel location. For tunnel size, a 4.5-mm hole was drilled in the base of the coracoid of one scapula and a 6-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral scapula. For tunnel location, 2 holes were drilled: (1) The first group received a hole centered in the coracoid base and a hole 1.5 cm distal from the first, along the axis of the coracoid. (2) The second group received holes that were offset anteromedially from the first set of holes (base eccentric and distal eccentric). A cortical button-suture tape construct was placed through each tunnel, and constructs were then loaded to failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For tunnel size specimens, load at ultimate failure was significantly greater for the 4.5-mm group compared with the 6-mm group (557.6 ± 48.5 N v 466.9 ± 42.2 N, P < .05). For tunnel location, load at ultimate failure was significantly greater for the centered-distal tunnel group compared with the eccentric-distal group (538.1 ± 70.2 N v 381.0 ± 68.6 N, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 4.5-mm tunnel in the coracoid provided greater strength for cortical button fixation than a 6-mm tunnel. In the distal coracoid, centered tunnels provided greater strength than eccentric tunnels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When performing cortical button fixation at the coracoid process for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction, a 4.5-mm tunnel provides greater fixation strength than a 6-mm tunnel. The base of the coracoid is more forgiving than the distal coracoid regarding location.
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
authors: Sean T
authors: ST
authors: Campbell
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
authors: Nathanael D
authors: ND
authors: Heckmann
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
authors: Sang-Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Shin
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
authors: Lawrence C
authors: LC
authors: Wang
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
authors: Mallika
authors: M
authors: Tamboli
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Murachovsky
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Tibone
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, U.S.A; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A. Electronic address: tqlee@med.va.gov.
authors: Thay Q
authors: TQ
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012540:Scapula / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013537:Sutures