title: The freestyle pedicle perforator flap: a new favorite for the reconstruction of moderate-sized defects of the torso and extremities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforating vessels are a consistent anatomical finding and well described in the current literature. Any skin flap can be raised on a subcutaneous pedicle as long as it contains at least one supplying perforator. Perforator flaps have been interlinked with microsurgery and generally not widely performed by the general plastic surgeons. The aim of this paper is to present the simplicity of pedicled perforator flap reconstruction of moderate-sized defects of the extremities and torso.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 34 patients reconstructed using 34 freestyle pedicled perforator flaps for moderate-sized defects of the truncus and extremities. We registered indications, flap size and localization, success rate, and complications. Most importantly, we describe a simple approach to the design of freestyle pedicled perforator flaps and elaborate on technical aspects in the context of current literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reconstructive goals were achieved in all cases without any total flap loss or major complications. Minor complications occurred in 7/34 (21 %) cases consisting of venous congestion leading to distal tip necrosis or epidermolysis; partial flap loss was significant in 4 cases, however never more than 10 % of the total flap size. Reconstruction was performed on the lower limb in 13 cases, upper limb in 12, and 9 cases were on the truncus. The angle of rotation was 90° in 21 cases and 180° in 13 cases. The most common indication was reconstruction of oncological skin defects; melanoma 19, BCC 6, SCC 2, other 7. The flap size varied from 1.5×3 cm to 12×22 cm. The perforator identification was done by intraoperative exploration in 17 cases and by color Doppler ultrasonography in 17 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate-sized defects of the torso and extremities can be successfully reconstructed by pedicled perforator flaps. The flap dissection is simple, and the complication rates comparable to other reconstructive options. Level of evidence IV, therapeutic study.
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway.
authors: Gudjon Leifur
authors: GL
authors: Gunnarsson
authors: Ian Jackson Craniofacial & Cleft Palate Clinic, Beaumont Children's Hospital, Royal Oak, MI USA.
authors: Ian T
authors: IT
authors: Jackson
authors: Beaumont Health System Neuroscience Center, Royal Oak, MI USA.
authors: Tormod S
authors: TS
authors: Westvik
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors: Jorn Bo
authors: JB
authors: Thomsen
keywords: Extremities; Flap; Freestyle; Pedicle; Perforator; Propeller flaps; Torso
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