title: Effects of whole cigarette smoke on human beta defensins expression and secretion by oral mucosal epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoke a recognized risk factor for many systemic diseases and also oral diseases. Human beta defensins (HBDs), a group of important antimicrobial peptides expressed by the epithelium, are crucial for local defense and tissue homeostasis of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of whole cigarette smoke (WCS) exposure on the expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were exposed to WCS for various time periods. HBD-1, -2 and -3 expression and subcellular localization were detected by real time qPCR, immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy. According to the relative fluorescent intensity, the expression levels of HBD-1, -2 and -3 were evaluated by digital image analysis system. The alteration of HBD-1, -2 and -3 secretion levels was measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WCS exposure remarkably attenuated HBD-1 expression and secretion while clearly enhanced HBD-2, -3 expression levels and HBD-2 secretion by Leuk-l cells. It appeared that there was no significant effect of WCS exposure on HBD-3 secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WCS exposure could modulate expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells, establishing a link between cigarette smoke and abnormal levels of antimicrobial peptides. The present results may give a new perspective to investigate smoking-related local defense suppression and oral disease occurrence.
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.
authors: Wen-Mei
authors: WM
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Ye
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.
authors: Ya-Jie
authors: YJ
authors: Qian
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.
authors: Ya-Fan
authors: YF
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.
authors: Jing-Jing
authors: JJ
authors: Li
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 21008 China.|Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China.
authors: Fang-Fang
authors: FF
authors: Sun
authors: Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China.
authors: Wei-Yun
authors: WY
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.|Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China.
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: Wang
keywords: Human β defensin; Oral mucosa; Whole cigarette smoke
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