title: Validation of Armadillo officinalis Dumèril, 1816 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) as a bioindicator: in vivo study of air benzene exposure.
abstract: This study tests the potential for using Armadillo officinalis as a bioindicator of exposure to and activation of benzene metabolic pathways using an in vivo model. A. officinalis specimens collected in a natural reserve were divided into a control and three test groups exposed to 2.00, 5.32 or 9.09 µg/m(3) benzene for 24h. Three independent tests were performed to assess model reproducibility. Animals were dissected to obtain three pooled tissue samples per group: hepatopancreas (HEP), other organs and tissues (OOT), and exoskeleton (EXO). Muconic acid (MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), two human metabolites of benzene, and changes in mtDNA copy number, a human biomarker of benzene exposure, were determined in each sample; benzene was determined only in EXO. MA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, S-PMA by triple quadrupole mass spectrometer liquid chromatography with electro spray ionization (LC-MS-ESI-TQD), mtDNA by real-time quantitative PCR and end-point PCR, and benzene by quadrupole mass spectrometer head-space gas chromatography (HSGC-MS). MA and S-PMA levels rose both in HEP and OOT; EXO exhibited increasing benzene concentrations; and mtDNA copy number rose in HEP but not in OOT samples. Overall, our findings demonstrate that A. officinalis is a sensitive bioindicator of air benzene exposure and show for the first time its ability to reproduce human metabolic dynamics.
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: agodia@unict.it.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Agodi
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: olivericonti@unict.it.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Oliveri Conti
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: martina.barchitta@unict.it.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Barchitta
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: annalisaquattrocchi@hotmail.com.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Quattrocchi
authors: Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: bm.lombardo@unict.it.
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Lombardo
authors: Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: gipo.montesanto@gmail.com.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Montesanto
authors: Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: mess@unict.it.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Messina
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: mfiore@unict.it.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fiore
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy. Electronic address: marfer@unict.it.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ferrante
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001554:Benzene / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D033321:Isopoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; C005939:muconic acid; C053003:S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; D001554:Benzene; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D013011:Sorbic Acid
keywords: Benzene; Bioindicator; Isopods; MA; S-PMA; mtDNA