title: The surgical management of scoliosis: a scoping review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scoping reviews are innovative studies that can map a range of evidence to convey the breadth and depth of a large field. An evidence-based approach to the wide spectrum of surgical interventions for scoliosis is paramount to enhance clinical outcomes. The objectives of this scoping review were to identify critical knowledge gaps and direct future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was completed according to the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley. Two reviewers performed duplicate systematic screening of eligibility. Studies were classified according to patient age, scoliosis etiology, outcomes reported, study design, and overall research theme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1763 eligible studies published between 1966 and 2013. The literature focused on adolescents (83% of studies) with idiopathic scoliosis (72%). There was a dominance of observational designs (88%), and a paucity of randomized trials (4%) or systematic reviews (1%). Fifty six percent of studies were conducted in North America, followed by 23% in Europe and 18% in Asia. Few high-level studies investigated surgical indications, surgical approaches, surgical techniques, or implant selection. Patient important outcomes including function, health-related quality of life, pain, and rates or re-operation were infrequently reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current research priorities are to (1) undertake high-quality knowledge synthesis and knowledge translation activities; (2) conduct a series of planning meetings to engage clinicians, patients, and methodologists; and (3) clarify outcome reporting and strategies for methodological improvement. Higher-quality studies are specifically needed to inform surgical indications, surgical approaches, surgical techniques, and implant selection. Engaging global partners may increase generalizability.
authors: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St N, Suite 110, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7 Canada.
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: Evaniew
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
authors: Tahira
authors: T
authors: Devji
authors: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St N, Suite 110, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7 Canada.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Drew
authors: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St N, Suite 110, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7 Canada.
authors: Devin
authors: D
authors: Peterson
authors: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St N, Suite 110, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7 Canada.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Ghert
authors: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St N, Suite 110, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7 Canada ; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
authors: Mohit
authors: M
authors: Bhandari
keywords: Clinical epidemiology; Scoliosis; Scoping review; Spinal deformity; Systematic review
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