title: Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria Species Isolated from Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica in Varanasi, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cockroaches are among the medically important pests found within the human habitations that cause serious public health problems. They may harbor a number of pathogenic bacteria on the external surface with antibiotic resistance. Hence, they are regarded as major microbial vectors. This study investigates the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria species isolated from Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica in Varanasi, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Totally, 203 adult cockroaches were collected form 44 households and 52 food-handling establishments by trapping. Bacteriological examination of external surfaces of Pe. americana and Bl. germanica were carried out using standard method and antibiotics susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the places, we found that 54% had cockroache infestation in households and 77% in food- handling establishments. There was no significant different between the overall bacteria load of the external surface in Pe. americana (64.04%) and Bl. germanica (35.96%). However the predominant bacteria on cockroaches were Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, Kl. pneumoniae and Ps. aeruginosa were the most prevalent, drug-resistant strains were isolated from the cockroaches with 100% resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and ampicillin. For individual strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli was found to have multi-resistance to four antibiotic tested, Citrobacter freundii four, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis to three.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cockroaches are uniformly distributed in domestic environment, which can be a possible vector for transmission of drug-resistant bacteria and food-borne diseases.
authors: Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors: D Leshan
authors: DL
authors: Wannigama
authors: Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors: Rishabh
authors: R
authors: Dwivedi
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and PhD Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Zahraei-Ramazani
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteria; Blattela germanica; Garm-Negative; Periplaneta americana
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Jan-Feb;83(1):133-5
references: 2603192
references: J Hosp Infect. 2000 Jan;44(1):13-7
references: 10633048
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1987;41:617-43
references: 3318681
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76(4):566-7
references: 6926780
references: J Commun Dis. 1992 Dec;24(4):206-10
references: 1344954
references: J Bacteriol. 2010 May;192(9):2305-14
references: 20207755
references: Acta Trop. 1992 Apr;50(4):339-43
references: 1356305
references: Acta Trop. 2003 Aug;87(3):355-9
references: 12875929
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jan;18(1):128-32
references: 15653822
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997 Mar;28(1):218-22
references: 9322309
references: Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009 Jan;55(1):14-20
references: 19174585
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Aug;35(8):2061-7
references: 9230382
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981;75(2):332-3
references: 7029807
references: Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2002 May;20(5):225-34
references: 12006263
references: Epidemiol Infect. 1992 Aug;109(1):143-7
references: 1499668
references: Microbes Infect. 2001 Mar;3(3):231-5
references: 11358717
references: Przegl Epidemiol. 2003;57(4):655-62
references: 15029841
references: Epidemiol Infect. 1989 Jun;102(3):485-92
references: 2737255
references: J Hosp Infect. 1991 Jun;18(2):155-9
references: 1678762
references: J Hyg (Lond). 1949 Jun;47(2):166-81
references: 15392616
references: Epidemiol Infect. 1992 Dec;109(3):483-90
references: 1468532
references: Acta Trop. 2005 Mar;93(3):259-65
references: 15716054
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004 Sep;35(3):681-4
references: 15689087
references: Biocontrol Sci. 2009 Dec;14(4):155-9
references: 20055220
references: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004 Jan;10(1):12-26
references: 14706082
references: J Med Entomol. 1969 May;6(2):185-9
references: 5807859
references: Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2002 Feb;11(2):93-8
references: 11939120
references: Braz J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb;10(1):26-32
references: 16767312
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Oct;14(4):933-51, table of contents
references: 11585791
references: Epidemiol Infect. 1993 Apr;110(2):317-25
references: 8472775
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3554-60
references: 14576117
references: J Food Prot. 1994 Feb;57(2):125-135
references: 31113148
references: BMC Microbiol. 2011 Jan 26;11(1):23
references: 21269466