title: Neural mechanisms and potential treatment of epilepsy and its complications.
abstract: The factors underlying epilepsy are multifaceted, but recent research suggests that the brain's neural circuits, which play a key role in controlling the balance between epileptic and antiepileptic factors, may lie at the heart of epilepsy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the neural mechanisms and potential treatment of intractable epilepsy from neural inflammatory responses, melanocortin circuits in brain and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the nature of neural circuits so that we may more effectively apply these new preventive and symptomatic therapies to the patient suffering from medically refractory seizures and its complications.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
authors: Tao-Tao
authors: TT
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
authors: Zhi-Gang
authors: ZG
authors: He
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
authors: Xue-Bi
authors: XB
authors: Tian
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
authors: Hong-Bing
authors: HB
authors: Xiang
keywords: Intractable epilepsy; melanocortin circuits; neural inflammatory responses; pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
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