title: Temporal and dose-dependent differences in simultaneously-induced cocaine hypervigilance and conditioned-place-preference in marmoset monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although repeated exposure to cocaine can induce hypervigilance and conditioned-place-preference (CPP) in nonhuman primates (NHPs), more detailed analyses are warranted since the outcome can be influenced by different factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix penicillata): (1) the onset time-course and dose-dependent (3 or 7mg/kg; i.p.) profile of their hypervigilance and CPP response to repeated cocaine exposure; (2) whether these behavioral measures are still detectable after a 15-day no-drug period; (3) the relationship between their hypervigilance and CPP responses; and (4) if these behavioral changes correlate with pre- and post-drug behaviors (i.e., vigilance, locomotion, exploration), and/or first response to cocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypervigilance had a slow-onset, was only effective with the 7mg/kg dose of cocaine, lacked long-term conditioned effects and was not related to the initial cocaine response or pre-drug behaviors, regardless of the dose tested. CPP was promptly induced with the 3 and 7mg/kg doses, and had a dose-dependent long-term effect and negative correlation with pre-drug locomotion and exploration. Hypervigilance and CPP were not significantly correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hypervigilance and CPP were induced, they had distinct temporal and dose-dependent profiles, and were not equally co-expressed in the same marmoset. Also, in NHPs, pre-drug locomotion and exploration were predictive of the low-dose CPP response.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, CEP 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Aline C
authors: AC
authors: Borges
authors: Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Renata B M
authors: RB
authors: Duarte
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, CEP 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
authors: Luma
authors: L
authors: Nogueira
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, CEP 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Electronic address: mbarros@unb.br.
authors: Marilia
authors: M
authors: Barros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D002144:Callithrix; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000882:Haplorhini; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; Hypervigilance; Individual differences; Long-term effect; Marmoset; Place-conditioning