title: Aerobic bacterial flora of biotic and abiotic compartments of a hyperendemic Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) focus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of the microflora of the sand fly gut and the environmental distribution of these bacteria are important components for paratransgenic control of Leishmania transmission by sand flies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biotic and abiotic bacterial communities of four compartments of a hyper-endemic focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) were investigated using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. These compartments include Phlebotomus papatasi's gut, skin and intestinal tract of great gerbil Rhombomys opimus, the gerbil nest supplies, and plant food sources of the vectors and reservoirs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence homology analysis using nine available 16S rDNA data bases revealed 40, 24, 15 and 14 aerobic bacterial species from the vector guts, the gerbil bodies, the gerbil nests, and the plants, respectively. The isolated bacteria belong to wide ranges including aerobic to facultative anaerobic, pathogen to commensals, sand fly oviposition inducers, land to air and ocean habitats, animal and human probiotics, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Matching data analysis suggested that the adult P. papatasi gut bacteria could be acquired from three routes, adult sugar feeding on the plant saps, adult blood feeding on the animal host, and larval feeding from nest supplies. However, our laboratory experiment showed that none of the bacteria of the reservoir skin was transmitted to female sand fly guts via blood feeding. The microflora of sand fly guts were associated with the sand fly environment in which the predominant bacteria were Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus in human dwellings, cattle farms, and rodent colonies, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterium in sand fly guts. Presence of some sand fly ovipoisition inducers such Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus saprophyticus support association between gut flora and oviposition induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study showed that Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae particularly subsp. dissolvens are circulated among the sand fly guts, the plants, and the sand fly larval breeding places and hence are possible candidates for a paratransgenic approach to reduce Leishmania transmission.
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. naseh_maleki@yahoo.com.|Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. naseh_maleki@yahoo.com.
authors: Naseh
authors: N
authors: Maleki-Ravasan
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. moshaghi@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Oshaghi
authors: Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. davoodafshar@yahoo.com.
authors: Davoud
authors: D
authors: Afshar
authors: Isfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR-IHRS), Esfahan, Iran. Arandian39@yahoo.com.
authors: Mohammad Hossein
authors: MH
authors: Arandian
authors: Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Sara.sina555@gmail.com.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Hajikhani
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. aaakhavan@tums.ac.ir.
authors: Amir Ahmad
authors: AA
authors: Akhavan
authors: Department Industrial and of Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran. bahar@nigeb.ac.ir.
authors: Bagher
authors: B
authors: Yakhchali
authors: Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. mhshirazi@tums.ac.ir.
authors: Mohammad Hasan
authors: MH
authors: Shirazi
authors: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. rassiy@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors: Yavar
authors: Y
authors: Rassi
authors: Isfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR-IHRS), Esfahan, Iran. Jafari_1348@yahoo.com.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Jafari
authors: Isfahan Province Health Center No1, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Koorosaminian@gmail.com.
authors: Koorosh
authors: K
authors: Aminian
authors: Varzaneh Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. ReAlFaVa@yahoo.com.
authors: Reza Ali
authors: RA
authors: Fazeli-Varzaneh
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. tuanravi@gmail.com.
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Durvasula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002417:Cattle; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D005849:Gerbillinae / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007891:Leishmania / Q000502:physiology; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology
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