title: The effect of physician-nurse substitution in primary care in chronic diseases: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronically ill and ageing populations demand increasing human resources who can provide on-going and frequent follow-up care. We performed a systematic review to assess the effect of physician-nurse substitution on process care outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched OVID Medline, Embase, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library for all available dates up to August 2012 and updated in February 2014. We selected and critically appraised published randomised controlled trials (RCT) and followed the PRISMA guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 RCTs comprising 10,743 participants met the inclusion criteria. Studies were generally small and suffered from attrition of ≥20% and selection biases. There were 53 process measurements investigated in the 14 RCTs, many of which were unique to specific conditions. Accounts of nurses' roles, responsibilities, tasks, qualifications and training content/components were not described in sufficient detail. Most study estimates showed no significant differences between nurse-led care and physician-led care while less than a half (~40%) favoured nurse-led care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the methodological limitations and the varying nurses' roles and competencies across studies, specially trained nurses can provide care that is at least as equivalent to care provided by physicians for the management of chronic diseases, in terms of process of care. Future, larger studies with better quality methods are needed and should report and assess whether the differences in effects vary due to diversity in roles, qualifications, training competencies and characteristics of clinicians delivering substitution of care.
authors: Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Nahara Anani
authors: NA
authors: Martínez-González
authors: Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Rosemann
authors: Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: Tandjung
authors: Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Sima
authors: S
authors: Djalali
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009726:Nurses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011315:Preventive Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic