title: Lung cancer risk among cooks when accounting for tobacco smoking: a pooled analysis of case-control studies from Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the risk of lung cancer among cooks, while controlling for smoking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the SYNERGY project including pooled information on lifetime work histories and smoking habits from 16 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before adjustment for smoking, we observed an increased risk of lung cancer in male cooks, but not in female cooks. After adjusting, there was no increased risk and no significant exposure-response relationship. Nevertheless, subgroup analyses highlighted some possible excess risks of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma in female cooks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence that lung cancer risks among cooks may be confounded by smoking. After adjustment, cooks did not experience an increased risk of lung cancer overall. The subgroup analyses showing some excess risks among female cooks require cautious interpretation.
authors: From the Institute of Environmental Medicine (Drs Bigert and Gustavsson), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer (Drs Straif, Schüz, and Olsson), Lyon, France; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) (Drs Pesch and Brüning, Mr Kendzia), Germany; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP) (Drs Stücker and Guida), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud (Drs Stücker and Guida), UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Institut für Epidemiologie I (Drs Brüske and Wichmann), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Dr Pesatori), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute (Drs Landi and Caporaso), Bethesda, MD; Division of Occupational and Environmental Health (Drs Tse and Yu), School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre (Drs Siemiatycki and Pintos), University of Montréal, Canada; Cancer Epidemiology Unit (Drs Merletti and Mirabelli), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health (Dr Simonato), University of Padua, Italy; Institute for Medical Informatics (Dr Jöckel), Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (Drs Ahrens and Pohlabeln), Bremen, Germany; CIBERESP (Dr Tardón), University of Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre (Dr Zaridze), Moscow, Russia; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre (Dr Field), University of Liverpool, UK; Centre for Public Health Research (Drs Mannetje and Pearce), Massey University, Wellingt
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Bigert
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Gustavsson
authors: Kurt
authors: K
authors: Straif
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Pesch
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Brüning
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Kendzia
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Schüz
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Stücker
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Guida
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Brüske
authors: Heinz-Erich
authors: HE
authors: Wichmann
authors: Angela C
authors: AC
authors: Pesatori
authors: Maria Teresa
authors: MT
authors: Landi
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Caporaso
authors: Lap Ah
authors: LA
authors: Tse
authors: Ignatius Tak-sun
authors: IT
authors: Yu
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Siemiatycki
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Pintos
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Merletti
authors: Dario
authors: D
authors: Mirabelli
authors: Lorenzo
authors: L
authors: Simonato
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Jöckel
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Ahrens
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Pohlabeln
authors: Adonina
authors: A
authors: Tardón
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Zaridze
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Field
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: 't Mannetje
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Pearce
authors: John
authors: J
authors: McLaughlin
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Demers
authors: Neonila
authors: N
authors: Szeszenia-Dabrowska
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Lissowska
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Rudnai
authors: Eleonora
authors: E
authors: Fabianova
authors: Rodica Stanescu
authors: RS
authors: Dumitru
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Bencko
authors: Lenka
authors: L
authors: Foretova
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Janout
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffetta
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Forastiere
authors: Bas
authors: B
authors: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Peters
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Vermeulen
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Kromhout
authors: Ann C
authors: AC
authors: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr 1;183(7):941-8
references: 21037020
references: Int J Occup Environ Health. 1998 Oct-Dec;4(4):236-40
references: 9876632
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2012 Jan;23(1):121-31
references: 22037909
references: Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1960 Oct;50:1475-87
references: 13725049
references: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013 Mar 1;39(2):204-11
references: 23124319
references: Epidemiology. 1999 Sep;10(5):488-94
references: 10468420
references: J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Sep;53(9):1068-77
references: 21866050
references: Br J Ind Med. 1986 May;43(5):332-8
references: 3707871
references: Epidemiol Prev. 2001 Jul-Oct;25(4-5):215-21
references: 11789462
references: Occup Environ Med. 2010 Apr;67(4):228-32
references: 20164502
references: Ann Occup Hyg. 2008 Nov;52(8):739-45
references: 18977847
references: Ann Occup Hyg. 2009 Oct;53(7):723-9
references: 19759173
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Jun;15(5):445-52
references: 15286464
references: J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(10):658-75
references: 19308851
references: Carcinogenesis. 2012 May;33(5):1059-64
references: 22382497
references: BMC Cancer. 2012 Sep 03;12:385
references: 22943444
references: Acta Oncol. 2009;48(5):646-790
references: 19925375
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Oct 1;176(7):573-85
references: 22986146
references: Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(1):30-7
references: 12925301
references: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993 Apr;19(2):85-8
references: 8316783
references: Am J Ind Med. 2011 Feb;54(2):89-101
references: 20957667
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Feb 15;151(4):384-95
references: 10695597
references: Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Aug;27(4):549-60
references: 9758106
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Feb 1;171(3):323-33
references: 20047975
references: Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26 Suppl 1:S6-14
references: 9126529
references: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;95:1-430
references: 20701241
references: Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Sep;4(5):419-26
references: 8218873
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Apr;15(3):285-94
references: 15090723
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Mar 15;165(6):634-42
references: 17189590
references: Int J Cancer. 1987 Nov 15;40(5):604-9
references: 2824385
references: Int J Epidemiol. 1993 Apr;22(2):185-91
references: 8505172
references: Lung Cancer. 2002 Feb;35(2):111-7
references: 11804682
references: Cancer Res. 2006 May 1;66(9):4961-7
references: 16651454
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Jul 1;152(1):32-40
references: 10901327
references: BMC Cancer. 2007 Aug 16;7:162
references: 17705814
references: J Environ Monit. 2007 Dec;9(12):1402-9
references: 18049780
references: Carcinogenesis. 2002 Sep;23(9):1475-81
references: 12189190
references: Occup Environ Med. 1995 Mar;52(3):157-9
references: 7735386
references: Occup Environ Med. 2001 Aug;58(8):511-6
references: 11452045