title: If at first you don't succeed: characterization of smokers with late smoking abstinence onset.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most cigarette smoking cessation research has aimed to clarify characteristics associated with initial and sustained abstinence, with less attention paid to predictors of gaining abstinence following an initial failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current investigation explored pre-treatment demographic, smoking, and psychiatric characteristics related to gaining abstinence among smokers who failed to attain initial abstinence. Participants were 809 individuals enrolled in extended, 52-week, smoking cessation interventions. Of these, 287 (62.4%) failed to achieve initial abstinence. Gaining abstinence following initial abstinence failure was defined as achieving seven-day point prevalent abstinence at any post-initial abstinence assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who gained abstinence (Gainers) were more likely to have a live-in partner (χ(2)(1, N=283)=3.8, p=.05, Cramér's V=.12), identify as Hispanic (χ(2)(1, N=281)=7.8, p<.01, Cramér's V=.17), evidence lower baseline expired breath carbon monoxide (F(1, 284)=5.7, p=.02, η(2)=.02), report less cigarette dependence (F(1, 278)=7.1, p<.01, η(2)=.03), and report past week cannabis use (χ(2)(1, N=284)=5.6, p=.02, Cramér's V=.14). A logistic regression model suggested that having a live-in partner (OR=5.14, 95% CI=1.09-3.02, p=.02) and identifying as Hispanic (OR=4.93, 95% CI=1.20-18.77, p=.03) increased the odds of gaining abstinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having a live-in partner, Hispanic status, greater cigarette dependence, and recent cannabis use were associated with gaining abstinence. These findings provide insight into an understudied area, contributing an initial framework toward understanding gaining abstinence following initial failure.
authors: Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 53 Avenue E., Piscataway, NJ 07030, USA. Electronic address: teresa.leyro@rutgers.edu.
authors: Teresa M
authors: TM
authors: Leyro
authors: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Electronic address: phendricks@uab.edu.
authors: Peter S
authors: PS
authors: Hendricks
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: sharon.hall@ucsf.edu.
authors: Sharon M
authors: SM
authors: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D016642:Bupropion
keywords: Abstinence; Cessation; Recycling; Smoking; Tobacco
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