title: Glycemic control, complications, and associated autoimmune diseases in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between metabolic control, acute and long-term complications, the coexistence of autoimmune diseases, and to assess the different factors that can affect the glycemic control level among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study that included 228 T1DM children and adolescents visiting the pediatric diabetes clinic at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from January 2013 to January 2014. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were recorded. Metabolic control, complications, and associated autoimmune diseases were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 10.99 years, and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 8.8%. Acute complications included ketoacidosis in 65.4% of patients, and hypoglycemic attacks in 68.9%. Long-term complications were detected in patients including retinopathy (4.4%), microalbuminuria (16.2%), and dyslipidemia (8.3%). Autoimmune thyroiditis was noted in 14%, and celiac disease was found in 19.7% of patients. A significant difference was found in pubertal and pre-pubertal age groups in terms of glycemic control (p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of HbA1c was found to be higher among the pubertal age group. A relationship between autoimmune diseases and gender was determined.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, PO Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Fax. +966 (12) 6403841. E-mail. aagha@kau.edu.sa.
authors: Abdulmoein E
authors: AE
authors: Al-Agha
authors: Maram M
authors: MM
authors: Alafif
authors: Ihab A
authors: IA
authors: Abd-Elhameed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
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