title: Trends in antimicrobial resistance in equine bacterial isolates: 1999-2012.
abstract: This study aimed to identify changing antimicrobial resistance patterns in isolates commonly obtained from equine clinical submissions. Laboratory records from 1999 to 2012 were searched for equine samples from which Escherichia coli or Streptococcus species was isolated. Susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, penicillin G, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMPS) and tetracyclines was noted. Isolates were divided into those identified between 1999 and 2004 (Early) and between 2007 and 2012 (Late). The proportion of isolates resistant to each antimicrobial and multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates (≥3 antimicrobial classes) was compared between time periods. There were 464 isolates identified (242 Early; 222 Late). A significant increase in the percentage of E coli isolates resistant to ceftiofur (7.3-22.7 per cent, P=0.002), gentamicin (28.5-53.9 per cent, P<0.001), tetracyclines (48.4-74.2 per cent, P=0.002) and MDR (26.6-49.4 per cent, P=0.007) was identified. There was a significant increase over time in the percentage of all streptococcal species resistant to enrofloxacin, ranging from 0 per cent (Early) up to 63 per cent (Late) depending on species. For Streptococcus zooepidemicus, resistance over time to tetracyclines and MDR increased. There was also a decrease in the proportion of S zooepidemicus resistant to TMPS over time. An increase in resistance over time of common equine pathogens to a number of commonly used antimicrobials supports the responsible use of antimicrobials.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL97TA, UK.
authors: I C
authors: IC
authors: Johns
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL97TA, UK.
authors: E-L
authors: EL
authors: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018502:Streptococcus equi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013419:Sulfamethizole / Q000494:pharmacology; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000494:pharmacology; D006113:United Kingdom; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D005839:Gentamicins; D010400:Penicillin G; D013419:Sulfamethizole; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014295:Trimethoprim; C029078:trimethoprim sulfamethizole; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C053503:ceftiofur
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Antimicrobials; equine