title: The Relationship between Risk of Bias Criteria, Research Outcomes, and Study Sponsorship in a Cohort of Preclinical Thiazolidinedione Animal Studies: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little evidence regarding the influence of conflicts of interest on preclinical research. This study examines whether industry sponsorship is associated with increased risks of bias and/or effect sizes of outcomes in published preclinical thiazolidinedione (TZD) studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified preclinical TZD studies published between January 1, 1965 and November 14, 2012. Coders independently extracted information on study design criteria aimed at reducing bias, results for all relevant outcomes, sponsorship source, and investigator financial ties from the 112 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The average standardized mean difference (SMD) across studies was calculated for plasma glucose (efficacy outcome) and weight gain (harm outcome). In subgroup analyses, TZD outcomes were assessed by sponsorship source and risk of bias criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies were funded by industry alone, 17 studies funded by both industry and non-industry, 49 studies funded by non-industry alone, and 39 studies had no disclosures. None of the studies used sample size calculations, intention-to-treat analyses, blinding of investigators, or concealment of allocation. Most studies reported favorable results (88 of 112) and conclusions (95 of 112) supporting TZD use. Efficacy estimates were significantly larger in 6 studies sponsored by industry alone (-3.41; 95% CI -5.21, -1.53; I2= 93%) versus 42 studies sponsored by non-industry sources (-0.97; 95% CI -1.37, -0.56; I2= 81%) (p value = 0.01). Harms estimates were significantly larger in 4 studies sponsored by industry alone (5.00; 95% CI 1.22, 8.77; I2= 93%) versus 38 studies sponsored by non-industry sources (0.30; 95% CI -0.08, 0.68; I2= 79%) (p value = 0.02). TZD efficacy and harms did not differ by disclosure of financial COIs or risks of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Industry-sponsored TZD animal studies have exaggerated efficacy and harms outcomes compared to studies funded by non-industry sources. There was poor reporting of COIs.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Maher
authors: M
authors: Abdel-Sattar
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Krauth
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Anglemyer
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA ; Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, USA ; Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, New South Wales, AU.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Bero
keywords: bias; conflict of interest; meta-analysis; preclinical
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