title: High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in bovines from Northern Samar, the Philippines.
abstract: The cause of zoonotic schistosomiasis in the Philippines is Schistosoma japonicum, which infects up to 46 mammalian hosts, including humans and bovines. In China, water buffaloes have been identified as major reservoir hosts for schistosomiasis japonica, contributing up to 75% of human transmission. In the Philippines, water buffaloes (carabao; Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) have, historically, been considered unimportant reservoirs. We therefore revisited the possible role of bovines in schistosome transmission in the Philippines, using the recently described formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation (FEA-SD) technique and a qPCR assay to examine fecal samples from 153 bovines (both carabao and cattle) from six barangays in Northern Samar. A high prevalence of S. japonicum was found using qPCR and FEA-SD in both cattle (87.50% and 77.08%, respectively) and carabao (80.00% and 55.24%, respectively). The average daily egg output for each bovine was calculated at 195,000. High prevalence and infection intensity of F. gigantica was also found in the bovines by qPCR and FEA-SD (95.33% and 96.00%, respectively). The identification of bovines as major reservoir hosts for S. japonicum transmission suggests that bovine treatment and/or vaccination, as one becomes available, should be included in any future control program that aims to reduce the disease burden due to schistosomiasis in the Philippines.
authors: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Catherine A
authors: CA
authors: Gordon
authors: Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines.
authors: Luz P
authors: LP
authors: Acosta
authors: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Geoffrey N
authors: GN
authors: Gobert
authors: Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Jiz
authors: Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines.
authors: Remigio M
authors: RM
authors: Olveda
authors: Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Allen G
authors: AG
authors: Ross
authors: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors: Darren J
authors: DJ
authors: Gray
authors: Discipline of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Gail M
authors: GM
authors: Williams
authors: University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Harn
authors: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Yuesheng
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Donald P
authors: DP
authors: McManus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000469:parasitology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005209:Fasciola / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012549:Schistosoma japonicum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012554:Schistosomiasis japonica / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission
references: Trends Parasitol. 2001 Jul;17(7):320-4
references: 11423374
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):272-8
references: 11693868
references: Acta Trop. 2002 May;82(2):253-62
references: 12020899
references: Acta Trop. 2002 May;82(2):295-9
references: 12020904
references: Bull World Health Organ. 1958;18(3):345-455
references: 13536797
references: Bull World Health Organ. 1958;19(2):223-61
references: 13585073
references: Parasitol Int. 2004 Jun;53(2):127-34
references: 15081944
references: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2005 Apr;37(3):215-21
references: 15747858
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Jun;72(6):754-61
references: 15964960
references: Acta Trop. 2005 Nov-Dec;96(2-3):198-204
references: 16188215
references: Int J Parasitol. 2005 Dec;35(14):1517-24
references: 16188261
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Feb;74(2):335-41
references: 16474093
references: BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 09;6:61
references: 16526960
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Jun;84(6):446-52
references: 16799728
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006 Mar;37(2):257-64
references: 17124983
references: J Parasitol. 2006 Oct;92(5):1088-91
references: 17152955
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007 Summer;7(2):147-55
references: 17627431
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Nov;77(5):866-74
references: 17984344
references: Vaccine. 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3617-25
references: 18524429
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2008 Oct;86(10):788-95
references: 18949216
references: PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e4058
references: 19115007
references: PLoS One. 2009 Jun 12;4(6):e5900
references: 19521532
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Apr;82(4):646-52
references: 20348514
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Oct;10(10):733-6
references: 20705513
references: BMC Vet Res. 2012 Mar 13;8:25
references: 22414188
references: Int J Parasitol. 2012 Aug;42(9):801-7
references: 22771861
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(9):e1778
references: 23029571
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47660
references: 23110087
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1885
references: 23166847
references: Microbes Infect. 2013 Nov;15(13):858-65
references: 23973709
references: Adv Parasitol. 2014;84:27-149
references: 24480313
references: J Parasitol. 1987 Aug;73(4):774-7
references: 3114465
references: Vet Parasitol. 1988 Sep;29(2-3):265-80
references: 3144081
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985 Nov;34(6):1127-31
references: 3834796
references: Exp Parasitol. 1979 Oct;48(2):287-95
references: 477818
references: Vet Parasitol. 1984 Jun;14(3-4):263-83
references: 6382782
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983 Mar;32(2):350-8
references: 6404188
references: Exp Parasitol. 1977 Aug;42(2):348-55
references: 885214