title: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in subjects with successful and failing dental implants. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of the bacterial genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines and metronidazole respectively, in subjects with successful and failing dental implants and to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and the mecA gene encoding for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the same samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subject sample included 20 participants with clinically healthy osseointegrated implants and 20 participants with implants exhibiting peri-implantitis. Clinical parameters were assessed with an automated probe, samples were collected from the peri-implant sulcus or pocket and analyzed with Polymerase Chain Reaction for bla TEM , tetM, tetQ and nim genes, S. aureus and MRSA using primers and conditions previously described in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings have shown high frequencies of detection for both groups for the tetracycline resistance genes tetM (>30%), tetQ (>65%) with no statistical differences between them (z-test with Bonferroni corrections, p<0.05). The bla TEM gene, which encodes resistance to beta-lactams, was detected in <15% of the samples. The nim gene, which encodes resistance to metronidazole, S.aureus and the mecA gene encoding for MRSA were not detected in any of the analyzed samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy peri-implant sulci and peri-implantitis cases often harbor bacterial genes encoding for resistance to the tetracyclines and less often for beta-lactams. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of the tetracyclines and to a lower extent to beta-lactams, might be compromised for treatment of peri-implantitis. Since no metronidazole resistance genes were detected in the present study, its clinical use is supported by the current findings. S.aureus may not participate in peri-implant pathology.
authors: 251 General Air Force Hospital, Department of Periodontology, Athens, Greece.
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Koukos
authors: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thes-saloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Papadopoulos
authors: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thes-saloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Lazaros
authors: L
authors: Tsalikis
authors: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thes-saloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Dimitra
authors: D
authors: Sakellari
authors: Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Minas
authors: M
authors: Arsenakis
authors: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thes-saloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Antonios
authors: A
authors: Konstantinidis
keywords: Dental implants; antibiotics; bacterial resistance genes; peri-implantitis.
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