title: Determination of the human spine curve based on laser triangulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main objective of the present method was to automatically obtain a spatial curve of the thoracic and lumbar spine based on a 3D shape measurement of a human torso with developed scoliosis. Manual determination of the spine curve, which was based on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spinous processes, was found to be an appropriate way to validate the method. Therefore a new, noninvasive, optical 3D method for human torso evaluation in medical practice is introduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with confirmed clinical diagnosis of scoliosis were scanned using a specially developed 3D laser profilometer. The measuring principle of the system is based on laser triangulation with one-laser-plane illumination. The measurement took approximately 10 seconds at 700 mm of the longitudinal translation along the back. The single point measurement accuracy was 0.1 mm. Computer analysis of the measured surface returned two 3D curves. The first curve was determined by manual marking (manual curve), and the second was determined by detecting surface curvature extremes (automatic curve). The manual and automatic curve comparison was given as the root mean square deviation (RMSD) for each patient. The intra-operator study involved assessing 20 successive measurements of the same person, and the inter-operator study involved assessing measurements from 8 operators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained for the 24 patients showed that the typical RMSD between the manual and automatic curve was 5.0 mm in the frontal plane and 1.0 mm in the sagittal plane, which is a good result compared with palpatory accuracy (9.8 mm). The intra-operator repeatability of the presented method in the frontal and sagittal planes was 0.45 mm and 0.06 mm, respectively. The inter-operator repeatability assessment shows that that the presented method is invariant to the operator of the computer program with the presented method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main novelty of the presented paper is the development of a new, non-contact method that provides a quick, precise and non-invasive way to determine the spatial spine curve for patients with developed scoliosis and the validation of the presented method using the palpation of the spinous processes, where no harmful ionizing radiation is present.
authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. primoz.poredos@fs.uni-lj.si.
authors: Primož
authors: P
authors: Poredoš
authors: University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia. dusan.celan@ukc-mb.si.
authors: Dušan
authors: D
authors: Čelan
authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. janez.mozina@fs.uni-lj.si.
authors: Janez
authors: J
authors: Možina
authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. matija.jezersek@fs.uni-lj.si.
authors: Matija
authors: M
authors: Jezeršek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
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