title: Mechanisms of gene duplication and amplification.
abstract: Changes in gene copy number are among the most frequent mutational events in all genomes and were among the mutations for which a physical basis was first known. Yet mechanisms of gene duplication remain uncertain because formation rates are difficult to measure and mechanisms may vary with position in a genome. Duplications are compared here to deletions, which seem formally similar but can arise at very different rates by distinct mechanisms. Methods of assessing duplication rates and dependencies are described with several proposed formation mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on duplications formed in extensively studied experimental situations. Duplications studied in microbes are compared with those observed in metazoan cells, specifically those in genomes of cancer cells. Duplications, and especially their derived amplifications, are suggested to form by multistep processes often under positive selection for increased copy number.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California 95819-6077.
authors: Andrew B
authors: AB
authors: Reams
authors: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Roth
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D005784:Gene Amplification; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D008957:Models, Genetic; D059645:Mutation Rate; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004247:DNA
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