title: Age-related eye disease and cognitive function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether people with age-related eye disease have lower cognitive scores than people with healthy vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed in which 420 people aged 65 and older from the ophthalmology clinics at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (Montreal, Canada) were recruited who had age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Fuch's corneal dystrophy, or glaucoma. Patients with AMD and Fuchs had to have visual acuity in the better eye of worse than 20/40 while patients with glaucoma had to have visual field in their worse eye of at least -4 dB. Controls, recruited from the same clinics, did not have significant vision loss. Cognitive status was measured using the Mini-Mental State Exam Blind Version (range, 0-22) which excludes eight items that rely on vision. Linear regression with bootstrapped standard errors was used to adjust for demographic and medical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with AMD, Fuch's corneal dystrophy, and glaucoma had lower cognitive scores, on average, than controls (P < 0.05). These relationships remained statistically significant after adjusting for factors such as age, sex, race, education, living alone, systemic comorbidities, and lens opacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with vision loss due to three different age-related eye diseases had lower cognitive scores. Reasons for this should be explored using longitudinal studies and a full battery of cognitive tests that do not rely on vision.
authors: Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Hanen
authors: H
authors: Harrabi
authors: Centre de Recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Marie-Jeanne
authors: MJ
authors: Kergoat
authors: Centre de Recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Rousseau
authors: Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Boisjoly
authors: Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Schmaltz
authors: Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Solmaz
authors: S
authors: Moghadaszadeh
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors: Marie-Hélène
authors: MH
authors: Roy-Gagnon
authors: Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Ellen E
authors: EE
authors: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005642:Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: AMD; cognition; epidemiology; glaucoma