title: Prenatal ultrasound charts of orbital total axial length measurement (TAL): a valuable data for correct fetal eye malformation assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct prenatal age-specific reference intervals using ultrasound measurement of total axial length (TAL) in normal fetuses for assessing microphthalmia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study of fetuses assessed at a prenatal ultrasound unit between 2011 and 2014. The study cohort comprised 309 pregnant women attending for routine fetal biometry, viability, or anomaly scan between 14 and 41 weeks of gestation. Only singleton viable fetus with normal anatomy, adequate amniotic fluid, accurate gestational age, and no maternal medical complications of pregnancy were enrolled. Biometric measurements were obtained in the axial plane in all the fetuses. Those measurements and the relevant gestational age were registered in a computerized database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A linear growth function was observed between gestational age and bi-orbital diameter (r(2)  = 0.95; p < 0.001), ln (TAL) (r2  = 0.89; p < 0.001), OD (r(2)  = 0.86; p < 0.001), and IOD (r2  = 0.79; p < 0.001). Tables showing the 5th, 50th, and 95th centiles of orbital parameters were created based on the reference interval charts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound measurement of the fetal TAL ocular distance is feasible. This may assist the multidisciplinary team in the evaluation of fetal eye abnormalities that might be expressed by deviation in TAL.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Noa
authors: N
authors: Feldman
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Yaakov
authors: Y
authors: Melcer
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Orna
authors: O
authors: Levinsohn-Tavor
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Adi
authors: A
authors: Orenstein
authors: Institute of Medical Genetics, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.|Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors: Ran
authors: R
authors: Svirsky
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Arie
authors: A
authors: Herman
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
authors: Ron
authors: R
authors: Maymon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult