title: Does psychophysiological predictive anticipatory activity predict real or future probable events?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The possibility of predicting random future events before any sensory clues by using human physiology as a dependent variable has been supported by the meta-analysis of Moss-bridge et al. (2012)(1) and recent findings by Tressoldi et al. (2011 and 2013)(2,3) and Mossbridge et al. (2014)(4) defined this phenomenon predictive anticipatory activity (PAA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  From a theoretical point of view, one interesting question is whether PAA is related to the effective, real future presentation of these stimuli or whether it is related only to the probability of their presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hypothesis was tested with four experiments, two using heart rate and two using pupil dilation as dependent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all four experiments, both a neutral stimulus and a potentially threatening stimulus were predicted 7-10% above chance, independently from whether the predicted threatening stimulus was presented or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are discussed with reference to the "grandfather paradox," and some candidate explanations for this phenomena are presented.
authors: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, via Venezia 8, Padova 35131, Italy. Electronic address: patrizio.tressoldi@unipd.it.
authors: Patrizio E
authors: PE
authors: Tressoldi
authors: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, via Venezia 8, Padova 35131, Italy.
authors: Massimiliano
authors: M
authors: Martinelli
authors: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, via Venezia 8, Padova 35131, Italy.
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Semenzato
authors: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, via Venezia 8, Padova 35131, Italy.
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Gonella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010268:Parapsychology; D011603:Psychophysiology; D011680:Pupil; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Random events; anticipation; heart rate; prediction; pupil dilation