title: Massage therapy improves the development of HIV-exposed infants living in a low socio-economic, peri-urban community of South Africa.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of massage therapy on the growth and development of infants of HIV-infected mothers in a low socio-economic community in Cape Town. It was a prospective, randomised, controlled intervention trial that included massage therapy and control groups of HIV-infected mothers and their normal birth weight infants who were enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programme. Participants were recruited at the 6-week clinic visit and followed up every 2 weeks until their infants were 9 months of age. Mother-infant pairs in the massage therapy and control groups included 73 and 88 at 6 weeks and 55 and 58 at 9 months, respectively. Mothers in the intervention group were trained to massage their infants for 15 min daily. The socioeconomic status, immunity, relationship with the partner and mental pain of mothers; the infants' dietary intake, anthropometry and development (Griffiths Mental Development Scales); and haematological and iron status of mothers and infants were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Nine infants (5.3%) were HIV-infected on the HIV DNA PCR test at 6 weeks. Despite significantly higher levels of maternal mental pain, infants in the massage therapy compared to control group scored higher in all five of the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development and significantly higher in the mean quotient (p=0.002) and mean percentile (p=0.004) for the hearing and speech scale at 9 months. Based on the mean difference in scores, the massage therapy group showed greater improvement for all five scales compared to the control group. The mean difference in scores was significantly greater for the hearing and speech quotient (21.9 vs. 11.2) (p<0.03) and the general quotient percentile (19.3 vs. 7.7) (p=0.03) in the massage therapy compared to the control group. These scales remained significant when adjusting for the relationship with the partner and maternal mental pain. Both groups had lower scores in the performance scale at 9 months although this was significantly worse in the control compared to the massage therapy group when adjusting for maternal CD4 count, anaemia, relationship with the partner and mental pain. There were no significant differences in the anthropometric measurements between the two groups. In conclusion, based on the Griffiths Scales, massage therapy improved the overall development and had a significant effect on the hearing and speech and general quotient of HIV-exposed infants in this study.
authors: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Perez
authors: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Carrara
authors: Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bourne
authors: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Berg
authors: Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Swanevelder
authors: School of Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: Michael.Hendricks@uct.ac.za.
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Hendricks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003906:Developing Countries; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000523:psychology*; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Development; Griffiths Scales; Growth; HIV-exposure; Infant massage; Peri-urban