title: Rare sugar D-psicose prevents progression and development of diabetes in T2DM model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fundamental cause of overweight and obesity is consumption of calorie-dense foods. We have introduced a zero-calorie sweet sugar, d-psicose (d-allulose), a rare sugar that has been proven to have strong antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, and could be used as a replacement of natural sugar for the obese and diabetic subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Above mentioned efficacy of d-psicose (d-allulose) has been confirmed in our previous studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with short-term treatment. In this study we investigated the long-term effect of d-psicose in preventing the commencement and progression of T2DM with the mechanism of preservation of pancreatic β-cells in OLETF rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treated OLETF rats were fed 5% d-psicose dissolved in water and control rats only water. Nondiabetic control rats, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), were taken as healthy control and fed water. To follow the progression of diabetes, periodic measurements of blood glucose, plasma insulin, and body weight changes were continued till sacrifice at 60 weeks. Periodic in vivo body fat mass was measured. On sacrifice, pancreas, liver, and abdominal adipose tissues were collected for various staining tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  d-Psicose prevented the commencement and progression of T2DM till 60 weeks through the maintenance of blood glucose levels, decrease in body weight gain, and the control of postprandial hyperglycemia, with decreased levels of HbA1c in comparison to nontreated control rats. This improvement in glycemic control was accompanied by the maintenance of plasma insulin levels and the preservation of pancreatic β-cells with the significant reduction in inflammatory markers. Body fat accumulation was significantly lower in the treatment group, with decreased infiltration of macrophages in the abdominal adipose tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the rare sugar d-psicose could be beneficial for the prevention and control of obesity and hyperglycemia with the preservation of β-cells in the progression of T2DM.
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan ; Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kitaitami, Itami-Shi, Hyogo, Japan.
authors: Akram
authors: A
authors: Hossain
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Fuminori
authors: F
authors: Yamaguchi
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Kayoko
authors: K
authors: Hirose
authors: Division of Hospital Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Matsunaga
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Sui
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Hirata
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Chisato
authors: C
authors: Noguchi
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Katagi
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Kazuyo
authors: K
authors: Kamitori
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Youyi
authors: Y
authors: Dong
authors: Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Ikuko
authors: I
authors: Tsukamoto
authors: Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Tokuda
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020334:Rats, Inbred OLETF; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005632:Fructose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C003243:psicose
keywords: OLETF rats; adiposity; insulin resistance; rare sugar d-psicose; type 2 diabetes mellitus; β-islet preservation
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