title: Effects of prior cocaine versus morphine or heroin self-administration on extinction learning driven by overexpectation versus omission of reward.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addiction is characterized by an inability to stop using drugs, despite adverse consequences. One contributing factor to this compulsive drug taking could be the impact of drug use on the ability to extinguish drug seeking after changes in expected outcomes. Here, we compared effects of cocaine, morphine, and heroin self-administration on two forms of extinction learning: standard extinction driven by reward omission and extinction driven by reward overexpectation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, we trained rats to self-administer cocaine, morphine, or sucrose for 3 hours per day (limited access). In experiment 2, we trained rats to self-administer heroin or sucrose for 12 hours per day (extended access). Three weeks later, we trained the rats to associate several cues with palatable food reward, after which we assessed extinction of the learned Pavlovian response, first by pairing two cues together in the overexpectation procedure and later by omitting the food reward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats trained under limited access conditions to self-administer sucrose or morphine demonstrated normal extinction in response to both overexpectation and reward omission, whereas cocaine-experienced rats or rats trained to self-administer heroin under extended access conditions exhibited normal extinction in response to reward omission but failed to show extinction in response to overexpectation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we show that cocaine and heroin can induce long-lasting deficits in the ability to extinguish reward seeking. These deficits were not observed in a standard extinction procedure but instead only affected extinction learning driven by a more complex phenomenon of overexpectation.
authors: National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (FL, SK, YS, GS); Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Lucantonio
authors: National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (FL, SK, YS, GS).
authors: Sarita
authors: S
authors: Kambhampati
authors: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Richard Z
authors: RZ
authors: Haney
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Deniz
authors: D
authors: Atalayer
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors: Neil E
authors: NE
authors: Rowland
authors: National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (FL, SK, YS, GS).
authors: Yavin
authors: Y
authors: Shaham
authors: National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (FL, SK, YS, GS); Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: geoffrey.schoenbaum@nih.gov.
authors: Geoffrey
authors: G
authors: Schoenbaum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Addiction; Cocaine; Extinction; Heroin; Morphine; Orbitofrontal; Rat; Self-administration
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