title: Influence of various fluoride agents on working properties and surface characteristics of uncoated, rhodium coated and nitrified nickel-titanium orthodontic wires.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effect of various fluoride formulations in commercially available agents on working properties of various nickel-titanium orthodontic wires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uncoated (NiTi), rhodium coated (RhNiTi) and nitrified (NNiTi) wires were immersed to dH2O, MiPaste, Elmex and Mirafluor for 1 h. Unloading slope characteristics (average force, bending action of the force and average plateau length) and the percentage of useable constant force during unloading were observed. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured. SEM and EDS were used for observation of the surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NiTi had decreased loading and unloading elastic modulus (E) and yield strength (YS) after immersion to MIPaste and Mirafluor. The unloading YS decreased in the RhNiTi by the MIPaste. The loading and unloading YS of the NNiTi increased in Elmex and increased average plateau force. RhNiTi showed higher average plateau length and the percentage of useful constant force during unloading in Mirafluor and the average plateau force lowered after immersion to MIPaste. The unloading slope characteristics for NiTi were affected by all three prophylactic agents, mostly by Mirafluor, and produced significantly lower forces during both loading and unloading, similarly to the NNiTi wires. The RhNiTi had the lowest forces during both loading and unloading in MIPaste. All results were at significance; p<0.05. Difference in Ra was observed for RhNiTi after immersion to the MI Paste (p<0.001; η2=0.761).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NiTi and NNiTi wires lose less working force when combined with Elmex. The RhNiTi improve their working properties with Mirafluor and deteriorate when combined with MiPaste.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia.
authors: Višnja
authors: V
authors: Katić
authors: Vilko
authors: V
authors: Mandić
authors: Damir
authors: D
authors: Ježek
authors: Gorana
authors: G
authors: Baršić
authors: Stjepan
authors: S
authors: Špalj
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003959:Diamines / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D018583:Pliability; D012238:Rhodium / Q000737:chemistry; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003959:Diamines; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; C495399:Olaflur; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D014025:Titanium; D012238:Rhodium; D009584:Nitrogen; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: chemically induced; corrosion; mechanical; orthodontic appliance; roughness; stress