title: Ultrasmooth organic-inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells.
abstract: To date, there have been a plethora of reports on different means to fabricate organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite thin films; however, the inorganic starting materials have been limited to halide-based anions. Here we study the role of the anions in the perovskite solution and their influence upon perovskite crystal growth, film formation and device performance. We find that by using a non-halide lead source (lead acetate) instead of lead chloride or iodide, the perovskite crystal growth is much faster, which allows us to obtain ultrasmooth and almost pinhole-free perovskite films by a simple one-step solution coating with only a few minutes annealing. This synthesis leads to improved device performance in planar heterojunction architectures and answers a critical question as to the role of the anion and excess organic component during crystallization. Our work paves the way to tune the crystal growth kinetics by simple chemistry.
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Saliba
authors: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors: David T
authors: DT
authors: Moore
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Sandeep K
authors: SK
authors: Pathak
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Maximilian T
authors: MT
authors: Hörantner
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Stergiopoulos
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Samuel D
authors: SD
authors: Stranks
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Giles E
authors: GE
authors: Eperon
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Jack A
authors: JA
authors: Alexander-Webber
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Abate
authors: Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
authors: Aditya
authors: A
authors: Sadhanala
authors: National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors: Shuhua
authors: S
authors: Yao
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Yulin
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
authors: Richard H
authors: RH
authors: Friend
authors: 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA [2] Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors: Lara A
authors: LA
authors: Estroff
authors: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Wiesner
authors: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors: Henry J
authors: HJ
authors: Snaith
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D007700:Kinetics; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C059910:perovskite; D014025:Titanium