title: Reanimation of the brow and eye in facial paralysis: Review of the literature and personal algorithmic approach.
abstract: Facial palsy patients suffer an array of problems ranging from functional to psychological issues. With regard to the eye, lacrimation, lagophthalmos and the inability to spontaneously blink are the main symptoms and if left untreated can compromise the cornea and vision. There are a multitude of treatment modalities available and the surgeon has the challenging prospect of choosing the correct intervention to yield the best outcome for a patient. The accurate assessment of the eye in facial paralysis is described and by approaching the brow and the eye separately the treatment options and indications are discussed having been broken down into static and dynamic modalities. Based on our unit's experience of more than 35 years and 1000 cases of facial palsy, we have developed a detailed approach to help manage these patients optimally. The aim of this article is to provide the reader with a systematic algorithm that can be used when consulting a patient with eye problems associated with facial palsy.
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK.
authors: J I
authors: JI
authors: Leckenby
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ghali
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK.
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Butler
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK.
authors: A O
authors: AO
authors: Grobbelaar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001767:Blinking; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery / Q000637:transplantation; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Eye; Facial palsy; Facial reanimation; Free functional muscle transfer