title: Comorbidity and health-related quality of life in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attending Swedish secondary care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our understanding of how comorbid diseases influence health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited and in need of improvement. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between comorbidities and HRQL as measured by the instruments EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) and the COPD Assessment Test (CAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on patient characteristics, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, renal impairment, musculoskeletal symptoms, osteoporosis, depression, and EQ-5D and CAT questionnaire results was collected from 373 patients with Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) <50% of predicted value from 27 secondary care respiratory units in Sweden. Correlation analyses and multiple linear regression models were performed using EQ-5D index, EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS), and CAT scores as response variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having more comorbid conditions was associated with a worse HRQL as assessed by all instruments. Chronic bronchitis was significantly associated with a worse HRQL as assessed by EQ-5D index (adjusted regression coefficient [95% confidence interval] -0.07 [-0.13 to -0.02]), EQ-5D VAS (-5.17 [-9.42 to -0.92]), and CAT (3.78 [2.35 to 5.20]). Musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly associated with worse EQ-5D index (-0.08 [-0.14 to -0.02]), osteoporosis with worse EQ-5D VAS (-4.65 [-9.27 to -0.03]), and depression with worse EQ-5D index (-0.10 [-0.17 to -0.04]). In stratification analyses, the associations of musculoskeletal symptoms, osteoporosis, and depression with HRQL were limited to female patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instruments EQ-5D and CAT complement each other and emerge as useful for assessing HRQL in patients with COPD. Chronic bronchitis, musculoskeletal symptoms, osteoporosis, and depression were associated with worse HRQL. We conclude that comorbid conditions, in particular chronic bronchitis, depression, osteoporosis, and musculoskeletal symptoms, should be taken into account in the clinical management of patients with severe COPD.
authors: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors: Josefin
authors: J
authors: Sundh
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Johansson
authors: Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Kjell
authors: K
authors: Larsson
authors: Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Lindén
authors: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors: Claes-Göran
authors: CG
authors: Löfdahl
authors: Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Christer
authors: C
authors: Janson
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Sandström
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D063728:Secondary Care Centers; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: CAT; EQ-5D; chronic bronchitis; depression; musculoskeletal symptoms; osteoporosis
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