title: Brain alterations within the first 100 days of HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain involvement is a serious complication of HIV infection. The earliest changes in the brain, which represents an anatomic site for viral persistence, are largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation used quantitative Magnetic Resonance methodologies, including high resolution and diffusion tensor (DTI) imaging, to evaluate the brain in 15 HIV and 20 seronegative subjects. All HIV subjects were antibody nonreactive with assay-estimated infection duration of less than 100 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain volumetric analysis revealed reduced parenchyma with enlargement of the third ventricle and brainstem. DTI quantified loss of white matter integrity in the corpus callosum and diffusion alterations in caudate. Cognitive differences were indicated in psychomotor speed and visual recall. There were no differences between antiretroviral-initiated and naïve HIV subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, quantified within 100 days of infection, shed light on the earliest brain changes in HIV infection. Onset of neural injury may date to initial viral invasion and the transient early period of unchecked viremia and marked immunosuppression of the seroconversion period.
authors: Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Ann B
authors: AB
authors: Ragin
authors: Center for Advanced Imaging, NorthShore University Hospital Evanston, Illinois.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Statistics, Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Gao
authors: Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco, California.
authors: Sheila
authors: S
authors: Keating
authors: Clinical & Research Informatics, NorthShore University Hospital Evanston, Illinois.
authors: Hongyan
authors: H
authors: Du
authors: Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois ; Department of Medical Imaging, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Sammet
authors: Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Casey S
authors: CS
authors: Kettering
authors: Department of Neurology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago, Illinois ; Department of Pediatrics & Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Leon G
authors: LG
authors: Epstein
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