title: Psychometric properties of EURO-D, a geriatric depression scale: a cross-cultural validation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many of the assessment tools used to study depression among older people are adaptations of instruments developed in other cultural setting. There is a need to validate those instruments in low and middle income countries (LMIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A one-phase cross-sectional survey of people aged [greater than or equal to] 65 years from LMIC. EURO-D was checked for psychometric properties. Calibration with clinical diagnosis was made using ICD-10. Optimal cutpoint was determined. Concurrent validity was assessed measuring correlations with WHODAS 2.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17,852 interviews were completed in 13 sites from nine countries. EURO-D constituted a hierarchical scale in most sites. The most commonly endorsed symptom in Latin American sites was depression; in China was sleep disturbance and tearfulness; in India, irritability and fatigue and in Nigeria loss of enjoyment. Two factor structure (affective and motivation) were demonstrated. Measurement invariance was demonstrated among Latin American and Indian sites being less evident in China and Nigeria. At the 4/5 cutpoint, sensitivity for ICD-10 depressive episode was 86% or higher in all sites and specificity exceeded 84% in all Latin America and Chinese sites. Concurrent validity was supported, at least for Latin American and Indian sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence for the cross-cultural validity of the EURO-D scale at Latin American and Indian settings and its potential applicability in comparative epidemiological studies.
authors: Institute of Memory, Depression and Disease Risk, Avda Constructores 1230, Lima, 12, Peru. mariella.guerra.1066@gmail.com.|Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. mariella.guerra.1066@gmail.com.|Peruvian University, Cayetano, Heredia, Lima, Peru. mariella.guerra.1066@gmail.com.
authors: Mariella
authors: M
authors: Guerra
authors: Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. cleusa.ferri@unifesp.br.|Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brasil. cleusa.ferri@unifesp.br.
authors: Cleusa
authors: C
authors: Ferri
authors: Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. mguerra@infomed.sld.cu.|Medical University of Havana, Havana, Cuba. mguerra@infomed.sld.cu.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Llibre
authors: Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. matthew.prina@kcl.ac.uk.
authors: A Matthew
authors: AM
authors: Prina
authors: Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. mprinceiop@gmail.com.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Prince
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D011594:Psychometrics
references: J Affect Disord. 1995 Dec 24;36(1-2):65-75
references: 8988267
references: Gerontologist. 2001 Dec;41(6):768-77
references: 11723345
references: Psychol Med. 1986 Feb;16(1):89-99
references: 3515380
references: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;17(8):729-32
references: 12211122
references: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2008;17(1):12-29
references: 18286461
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 Aug;47(8):1235-42
references: 21901401
references: J Affect Disord. 2008 Jan;105(1-3):167-75
references: 17568685
references: Psychol Med. 1988 Feb;18(1):219-23
references: 3283808
references: Psychol Aging. 1989 Jun;4(2):150-65
references: 2675927
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;174:339-45
references: 10533553
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60 Suppl 20:9-15
references: 10513852
references: Soc Sci Med. 2009 Jan;68(2):235-42
references: 19036488
references: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;19(9):783-91
references: 21873834
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;191:393-401
references: 17978318
references: Aging Ment Health. 2009 Nov;13(6):899-904
references: 19888710
references: J Clin Nurs. 1999 Jul;8(4):380-8
references: 10624254
references: Psychol Med. 1976 Aug;6(3):439-49
references: 996204
references: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010 Mar;19(1):1-17
references: 20104493
references: World Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;3(1):45-9
references: 16633454
references: Psychol Med. 1999 Mar;29(2):341-50
references: 10218925
references: Cult Med Psychiatry. 1999 Sep;23(3):349-80; discussion 381-99
references: 10572739
references: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007 Jul;62(4):S226-36
references: 17673536
references: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 May;13(5):409-16
references: 15879590
references: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 May;45(5):570-8
references: 9158577
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;174:330-8
references: 10533552
references: BMJ. 1993 Mar 27;306(6881):821-4
references: 8490373
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Mar;58(3):249-65
references: 12634292
references: Qual Life Res. 2008 Mar;17(2):275-90
references: 18246447
references: Lancet. 2003 Mar 15;361(9361):909-17
references: 12648969
references: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;21(12):1199-205
references: 17006871
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 Dec;64(12):1325-32
references: 19776217
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965 Jan;12:63-70
references: 14221692
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;187:35-42
references: 15994569
references: Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2009 May;12(2):135-43
references: 19582315
references: BMC Public Health. 2007;7:165
references: 17659078
references: J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983;17(1):37-49
references: 7183759
references: Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Jan;25(1):71-81
references: 22929164
references: Psychol Med. 1990 Nov;20(4):881-91
references: 2284396