title: Comparison of two negative pressure systems and syringe irrigation for root canal irrigation: an ex vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare in a laboratory study two negative pressure systems and syringe irrigation, regarding the delivery of a contrast solution (CS) to working length (WL) and into simulated lateral canals and the effective volume of irrigant aspirated during negative pressure irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty single-canaled incisor training models were constructed with six simulated lateral canals each (2, 4 and 6 mm to WL) and a size 40, 0.04 taper apical size canal. Each model underwent all irrigation procedures (EndoVac at WL (EndoVac-0) and WL-2 mm (EndoVac-2), iNP needle with negative pressure (iNPn) and syringe irrigation with the iNP needle (iNPs) and a 30-G side-slot needle placed at WL (SI0) and WL-2 (SI2) mm in a crossover design. CS was delivered at 4 mL min(-1) for 60 s with a peristaltic pump and a recovery device collected the volume (in mL) of irrigant suctioned by the negative pressure groups. The irrigation procedures were digitally recorded, and a still image of the 60-s time-point of irrigation was evaluated for CS distance to WL (in millimetres) after irrigation and penetration into lateral canals (3-point scale). Statistical tests used were Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EndoVac-0, iNPn and iNPs had median distances of CS to WL of 0 mm, followed by SI0 (0.2 mm), SI2 (0.7 mm) and EndoVac-2 (1.7 mm). There were no significant differences between EndoVac-0, iNPn, iNPs and SI0, but these were significantly different to SI2 and EndoVac-2 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the volume of CS delivered by syringe irrigation and that collected by iNPn (4 mL), but these were significantly greater than EndoVac-0 (2.8 mL, P < 0.001) and EndoVac-2 (2.85 mL, P < 0.001), which were not different to each other (P = 1.0). The irrigation procedures were ineffective at penetration into lateral canals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iNPn, EndoVac-0, iNPs and SI0 achieved greater irrigant penetration to WL. iNPn was able to collect a median volume of CS (4 mL) similar to that delivered by syringe irrigation (iNPp, SI0 and SI2). An adequate irrigant penetration into lateral canals could not be achieved by any of the systems.
authors: Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Adorno
authors: Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: V R
authors: VR
authors: Fretes
authors: Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Ortiz
authors: Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Mereles
authors: Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Sosa
authors: Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Yubero
authors: Private Practice, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Escobar
authors: Private Practice, Asunción, Paraguay.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Heilborn
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007180:Incisor; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: lateral canals; negative pressure irrigation; root canal irrigation; volume; working length