title: Pulmonary vein triggers play an important role in the initiation of atrial flutter: Initial results from the prospective randomized Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Atrial Flutter (Triple A) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after ablation of a cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter (AFL) is high.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that AFL and AF may be initiated by pulmonary vein triggers. This prospective randomized trial tested the efficacy of a standalone pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with AFL but without AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with AFL but without documented AF were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD), (2) CTI ablation, or (3) circumferential PVI. The primary end-point was defined as any recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia and the secondary end-point as recurrence of AFL. In case of tachyarrhythmia recurrence in the PVI group, a second PVI was performed to close gaps in the ablation lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 60 patients, 17 were randomized to AAD, 23 to CTI ablation, and 20 to PVI. During follow-up of 1.42 ± 0.83 years, 14 of 17 patients (82.4%) in the AAD group, 14 of 23 patients (60.9%) in the CTI group, and 2 of 20 patients (10%) in the PVI group reached the primary end-point (P <.001) after a mean of 1.4 PVI procedures per patient. AFL reoccurred in 9 patients (52.9.%) in the AAD group, in 2 patients (8.7%) in the CTI group, and after a single PVI in 3 patients (15%) in the PVI group (P = .003). After closure of gaps, 1 patient (5%) in the PVI group presented with recurrent AFL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary vein triggers play an important role in AFL. PVI can prevent the recurrence of AFL, even without CTI ablation.
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Schneider
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Lauschke
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Tina
authors: T
authors: Tischer
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Cindy
authors: C
authors: Schneider
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Voss
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany.
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Moehlenkamp
authors: Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine, University Rostock, Germany.
authors: Aenne
authors: A
authors: Glass
authors: Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine, University Rostock, Germany.
authors: Doreen
authors: D
authors: Diedrich
authors: Heart Centre, University Hospital of Rostock, Germany. Electronic address: dietmar.baensch@med.uni-rostock.de.
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Bänsch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Atrial flutter; Radiofrequency ablation; Three-dimensional electroanatomic reconstruction