title: Weather variability influences color and phenolic content of pigmented baby leaf lettuces throughout the season.
abstract: The lack of consistency in homogeneous color throughout the season of pigmented baby leaf lettuce is a problem for growers because of the rejection of the product and consequently the economic loss. Changes in color as well as individual and total phenolic composition and content as a response to the climatic variables were studied following the analysis of three pigmented baby leaf lettuces over 16 consecutive weeks from February to May, which corresponded to the most important production season in winter in Europe. Color and phenolic content were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) affected by cultivar, harvest week, and climatic variables that occurred in the last week before harvest. Radiation and temperature showed positive correlations with the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids that increased in all three cultivars as the season progressed. Cyanidin-3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-glucoside content showed positive correlations with temperature and radiation but only in Batavia cultivars whereas in red oak leaf the correlation was with cold temperatures. Regarding hue angle, a positive correlation was shown with the number of hours at temperatures lower than 7 °C. A relationship between hue angle and the content of anthocyanins was not possible to establish. These results suggest that the colorimetric measurement of color cannot be used as a good indicator of anthocyanin accumulation because other pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids may contribute as well to the leaf color of pigmented lettuce. This study provides information about the impact of genotype and environment interactions on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds to explain the variability in the leaf color and product appearance.
authors: Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Food Science and Technology Department and ‡Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management Department, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia E-30100, Spain.
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Marin
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Ferreres
authors: Gonzalo G
authors: GG
authors: Barberá
authors: María I
authors: MI
authors: Gil
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D003116:Color; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010860:Pigments, Biological
keywords: Lactuca sativa; anthocyanins; environmental conditions; flavonoids; genotypes; phenolic acids