title: Lipopolysaccharide challenge: immunological effects and safety in humans.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a constituent of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and an important microbial trigger that stimulates innate immunity. It is ubiquitous; it can be inoculated from the environment via inhalation of dust. The resultant inflammatory responses are essential to early host defense but may also contribute to later and/or chronic organ injury. LPS challenge either intravenously or by inhalation has been widely used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory reagents as well as to address basic scientific questions. The acute inhalation of LPS is used as a model of acute bronchitis in human volunteers. LPS inhalation is considered a well-established method that is safe and tolerable and aids in the improved characterization of anti-inflammatory drugs in proof-of-concept studies. This article reviews immunogenicity and safety data pertaining to LPS administration, with a particular focus on LPS inhalation, which may facilitate the optimization of its use in human research.
authors: Children's Hospital, Allergy, Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Zielen
authors: Jordis
authors: J
authors: Trischler
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides
keywords: LPS challenge; LPS inhalation; local reactions; safety; side effects; systemic reactions