title: Hepatorenal syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Acute renal impairment is common in patients with chronic liver disease, occurring in approximately 19% of hospitalised patients with cirrhosis. A variety of types of renal impairment are recognised. The most important of these is the hepatorenal syndrome, a functional renal impairment due to circulatory and neurohormonal abnormalities that underpin cirrhosis. It is one of the most severe complications of cirrhosis with survival often measured in weeks to months. A variety of treatment options exist with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment providing the best hope for cure. This paper provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of hepatorenal syndrome and lays out the topic according to the following sections: pathophysiology, historical developments, diagnostic criteria and limitations, epidemiology, precipitating factors, predictors, clinical and laboratory findings, prognosis, treatment options, prophylaxis, and conclusion.
authors: Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ; University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2B7 ; University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, P.O. Box 218, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Low
authors: Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors: G J M
authors: GJ
authors: Alexander
authors: Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ; University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, P.O. Box 218, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Lomas
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