title: Radiation meets immunotherapy - a perfect match in the era of combination therapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses on recent advances in the field of combining radiation with immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant diseases, since various combinatorial cancer therapy approaches have lately proven highly successful.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With initial case reports and anecdotes progressively converting into solid clinical data, interest in cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has risen steeply. Especially immune checkpoint blockade therapies have recently celebrated tremendous successes in the treatment of severe malignancies resistant to conventional treatment strategies. Nevertheless, the high variability of patient responses to CIT remains a major hurdle, clearly indicating an urgent need for improvement. It has been suggested that successful cancer therapy most probably involves combinatorial treatment approaches. Radiotherapy (RT) has been proposed as a powerful partner for CIT due to its broad spectrum of immune modulatory characteristics. Several preclinical studies, supported by an increasing number of clinical observations, have demonstrated synergistic interactions between RT and CIT resulting in significantly improved therapy outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous reports have shown that radiation is capable of tipping the scales from tumor immune evasion to elimination in different tumor types. The next puzzle to be solved is the question of logistics - including types, schedule and dosage of combinatorial RT and CIT strategies.
authors: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital - Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA.
authors: Klara
authors: K
authors: Soukup
authors: Xinhui
authors: X
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D019139:Tumor Escape
keywords: Radiation; cancer; combination therapy; immunotherapy; radiotherapy
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