title: Epidydimo-orchitis and anorectal malformations: when and in whom?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epididymo-orchitis (EO) is infrequently reported in anorectal malformation (ARM) cases. Therefore, it is difficult to assess its risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 110 male patients who were operated on for ARM at the same Institution over a period of 13 years were contacted. Association was assessed between EO and the following: spinal dysraphism (SD), symptomatic VUR (VUR), and bowel management (BM) requiring enemas. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 89 patients were contacted. Ten cases of EO were found, and all occurred in patients with recto-urethral (RU) fistula after reconstruction. The patients' age at first episode ranged between 4 and 11 years. RU fistula patients experiencing EO (Group A, 10 patients) were compared with those without EO (Group B, 33 patients). VUR occurred in 9/10 cases in Group A and in 13/33 cases in group B (Chi-square 7.8658, p = 0.005038). SD was present in 4/10 cases in group A and in 13/33 cases in Group B (Chi-square 0.0434, p = 0.83491). A total of 8/10 cases in Group A and 12/33 cases in Group B were on BM (Chi-square 5.87, p = 0.0015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EO occurs in approximately in 20 % of male cases with ARM, and recto-urinary communication and should be considered the primary diagnosis in the presence of testicular pain. This could avoid unnecessary surgical exploration, and the family should be counseled about this subject.
authors: Department of Urology and Nephrology, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, zaccara@opbg.net.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Zaccara
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ragozzino
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Iacobelli
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Rivosecchi
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Capitanucci
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mosiello
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Silveri
authors: M
authors: M
authors: De Gennaro
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bagolan
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery*; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009920:Orchitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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