title: Genome-wide association study reveals a set of genes associated with resistance to the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides L.) in a maize diversity panel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corn borers are the primary maize pest; their feeding on the pith results in stem damage and yield losses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify SNPs associated with resistance to Mediterranean corn borer in a maize diversity panel using a set of more than 240,000 SNPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty five SNPs were significantly associated with three resistance traits: 10 were significantly associated with tunnel length, 4 with stem damage, and 11 with kernel resistance. Allelic variation at each significant SNP was associated with from 6 to 9% of the phenotypic variance. A set of genes containing or physically close to these SNPs are proposed as candidate genes for borer resistance, supported by their involvement in plant defense-related mechanisms in previously published evidence. The linkage disequilibrium decayed (r(2) < 0.10) rapidly within short distance, suggesting high resolution of GWAS associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the candidate genes found in this study are part of signaling pathways, others act as regulator of expression under biotic stress condition, and a few genes are encoding enzymes with antibiotic effect against insects such as the cystatin1 gene and the defensin proteins. These findings contribute to the understanding the complex relationship between plant-insect interactions.
authors: Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain. fsamayoa@mbg.csic.es.
authors: Luis Fernando
authors: LF
authors: Samayoa
authors: Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain. rmalvar@mbg.csic.es.
authors: Rosa Ana
authors: RA
authors: Malvar
authors: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA. baolukol@ncsu.edu.
authors: Bode A
authors: BA
authors: Olukolu
authors: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA. james_holland@ncsu.edu.|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA. james_holland@ncsu.edu.
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Holland
authors: Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain. abutron@mbg.csic.es.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Butrón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017343:Genes, Plant; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology
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