title: Air nicotine levels in public places in ahmedabad, India: before and after implementation of the smoking ban.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare air nicotine levels in public places in Ahmedabad, India, before (June 2008) and after (January, 2010) the implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban which was introduced in October 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air nicotine concentrations were measured by sampling of vapor-phase nicotine using passive monitors. In 2008 (baseline), monitors were placed for 5-7 working days in 5 hospitals, 10 restaurants, 5 schools, 5 government buildings, and 10 entertainment venues, of which 6 were hookah bars. In 2010 (follow-up), monitors were placed in 35 similar venues for the same duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of the overall median nicotine concentration at baseline (2008) (0.06 μg/m(3) Interquartile range (IQR): 0.02-0.22) to that of follow-up (2010) (0.03 μg/m(3) IQR: 0.00-0.13), reflects a significant decline (% decline = 39.7, P = 0.012) in exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). The percent change in exposure varied by venue-type. The most significant decrease occurred in hospitals, from 0.04 μg/m(3) at baseline to concentrations under the limit of detection at follow-up (%decline = 100, P < 0.001). In entertainment venues, government offices, and restaurants, decreases in SHS exposure also appeared evident. However, in hookah bars, air nicotine levels appeared to increase (P = 0.160).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, SHS exposure was significantly reduced in public places after the smoke-free legislation came into force. However, nicotine concentrations were still detected in most of the venues indicating imperfect compliance with the comprehensive ban.
authors: Institute for Gobal Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Jingyan
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India ; Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Gujarat, India.
authors: Bhavesh V
authors: BV
authors: Modi
authors: Institute for Gobal Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Tamplin
authors: Independent Consultant, Behavioural Science Health and Development, New Delhi, India.
authors: Mira B
authors: MB
authors: Aghi
authors: Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Gujarat, India.
authors: Paresh V
authors: PV
authors: Dave
authors: Institute for Gobal Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Joanna E
authors: JE
authors: Cohen
keywords: Air nicotine monitoring; second-hand smoke; smoke-free law; smoking ban
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