title: Phytotoxicity of brominated diphenyl ether-47 (BDE-47) and its hydroxylated and methoxylated analogues (6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) to maize (Zea mays L.).
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), and hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) are widely found in various environmental media, which is of concern given their biological toxicity. In this study, the phytotoxicities of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and 6-OH-BDE-47 to maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated by an in vivo exposure experiment. Results showed that BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and 6-OH-BDE-47 inhibited seed germination and seedling development, and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups, and phosphorylated histone H2AX levels in maize roots, suggesting the inducement of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA damage to maize. Exposure to BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, and 6-OH-BDE-47 caused the overproduction of H2O2, O2(•-), and •OH, and elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the roots. In addition, 6-OH-BDE-47 caused more severe damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in maize than did BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47. These results demonstrated the phytotoxicities of BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 6-MeO-BDE-47 to maize, and clarified that overproduction of ROS was the key mechanism leading to toxicity. This study offers useful information for a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental behaviors and toxicities of PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors: Xuehui
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Honglin
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: Bei
authors: B
authors: Wen
authors: Sen
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Shuzhen
authors: S
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000840:Anisoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006900:Hydroxylation; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C496823:2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy)-3,5-dibromoanisole; C580599:6-OH-BDE-47; D000840:Anisoles; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006657:Histones; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010544:Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase