title: Social equity in perinatal survival: a case-control study at hospitals in Kigali, Rwanda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rwanda has invested heavily in improving maternal and child health, but knowledge is limited regarding social equity in perinatal survival. We analysed whether perinatal mortality risks differed between social groups in hospitals in the country's capital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was carried out on singleton births aged at least 22 weeks of gestation and born in district or tertiary referral hospitals in Kigali from July 2013 to May 2014. Perinatal deaths were recorded as they occurred, with the next two surviving neonates born in the same hospital selected as controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine social determinants of perinatal death after adjustments for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed 234 perinatal deaths and 468 controls. Rural residence was linked to an increased risk of perinatal death (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.43-7.61), but maternal education or household asset score levels were not. Having no health insurance (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 0.91-4.89) was associated with an increased risk of perinatal death, compared to having community health insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living in a rural area and having no health insurance were associated with an increased risk of perinatal mortality rates in the Rwandan capital, but maternal education and household assets were not.
authors: Pediatric and Child Health Department, University of Rwanda, Huye Campus, Rwanda.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Aimable
authors: A
authors: Musafili
authors: Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Birgitta
authors: B
authors: Essén
authors: Maternal and Child Health, Pediatric HIV-AIDS, PMTCT-Rwanda Program of the Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Kigali, Rwanda.
authors: Cyprien
authors: C
authors: Baribwira
authors: Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Katarina Ekholm
authors: KE
authors: Selling
authors: Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Lars-Åke
authors: LÅ
authors: Persson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D000069576:Health Equity; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Perinatal mortality; Rwanda; Social differentials; Urban hospital
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