title: Observer agreement and accuracy in the evaluation of bone scans in newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess the agreement in the interpretation of bone scintigraphy (BS) in a newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 635 consecutive patients had their planar whole-body BS independently reviewed by three nuclear medicine physicians and classified by two grading systems: (a) a four-category scale (1: benign; 2: equivocal; 3: most likely malignant; and 4: multiple metastases) and (b) a dichotomous scale (bone metastasis present or absent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agreement in the same category, or with one or two categories of differences, was found in 66, 34, and 1.3% of the readings, respectively. Average κ-values were 0.59, 0.72, and 0.83 for unweighted, linear, and quadratic weighted variants, respectively. Very high agreement was observed (96% of the readings) with the dichotomous scale (average κ=0.87); a comparison with a final imaging diagnosis with additional CT or MRI showed a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 98%. BS categories 1, 3, and 4 were consistent with the final imaging diagnosis in 96-99% of cases. The prevalence of metastasis was 10% in category 2. To optimize the diagnostic characteristics, category 2 should be regarded as a separate option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close agreement was found among trained observers for the evaluation of BS in prostate cancer. The high level of agreement with a dichotomous scale was hampered by diagnostic misclassification. A scale with equivocal findings on planar BS is considered important to allow for additional imaging and correct staging at the bone level of BS in a population with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
authors: aDepartement of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital bDepartment of Health Science and Technology cDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg dDepartment of Clinical Physiology, Viborg Hospital, Viborg eDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Jutland fDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Randers Hospital, Randers, Denmark.
authors: Helle D
authors: HD
authors: Zacho
authors: José A B
authors: JA
authors: Manresa
authors: Jesper C
authors: JC
authors: Mortensen
authors: Henrik
authors: H
authors: Bertelsen
authors: Lars J
authors: LJ
authors: Petersen
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity