title: Surgical management of recalcitrant peripheral bronchopleural fistula with empyema: A preliminary experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral bronchopleural fistula (BPF) and empyema from necrotising infections of the lung and pleural is difficult to treat resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to show the effectiveness of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle (LDM) flap and patch closure techniques in the management of recalcitrant peripheral BPFs with the aid of thoracotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with BPF and empyema out of 26 patients who were initially treated for empyema thoracis by single or multiple chest tube insertions and/or ultrasound-guided drainage were prospectively identified and followed up for 2 years, postoperatively. The postoperative hospital stay, dyspnoea score, function of the ipsilateral upper limb and any deformity of chest wall were assessed at follow-up visits by asking relevant questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 46.8 years (23-69 years) (4 males and 1 female). The cause of the BPF in 18 patients was Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 8 was pneumonia. The mean total months of the chest tube insertions was 1.5 months (range 2.5-6 months) prior to the thoracotomy and closure of fistula procedures performed on the 5 patients (with LDM flap in 4 patients and pleural patch in 1 patient). The complications recorded were: subcutaneous emphysema, residual pus and haemothorax in three patients. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 20.8 days (13-28 days);There was improved dyspnoea score to 1 or 2 in the 5 (19.2%) patients. There was no recurrence of BPF or residual pus in all the patients; no loss of function or deformity of the chest wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of LDM Flap was effective in treating peripheral BFP without any adverse long-term outcome.
authors: Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery Division, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors: Kelechi E
authors: KE
authors: Okonta
authors: Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery Division, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors: Emmanuel O
authors: EO
authors: Ocheli
authors: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors: Tombari J
authors: TJ
authors: Gbeneol
keywords: Latissimus dorsi muscle flap; peripheral bronchopleural fistula; recalcitrant
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