title: The role of sentence position, allomorph, and morpheme type on accurate use of s-related morphemes by children who are hard of hearing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Production accuracy of s-related morphemes was examined in 3-year-olds with mild-to-severe hearing loss, focusing on perceptibility, articulation, and input frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphemes with /s/, /z/, and /ɪz/ as allomorphs (plural, possessive, third-person singular -s, and auxiliary and copula "is") were analyzed from language samples gathered from 51 children (ages: 2;10 [years;months] to 3;8) who are hard of hearing (HH), all of whom used amplification. Articulation was assessed via the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-Second Edition, and monomorphemic word final /s/ and /z/ production. Hearing was measured via better ear pure tone average, unaided Speech Intelligibility Index, and aided sensation level of speech at 4 kHz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike results reported for children with normal hearing, the group of children who are HH correctly produced the /ɪz/ allomorph more than /s/ and /z/ allomorphs. Relative accuracy levels for morphemes and sentence positions paralleled those of children with normal hearing. The 4-kHz sensation level scores (but not the better ear pure tone average or Speech Intelligibility Index), the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-Second Edition, and word final s/z use all predicted accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both better hearing and higher articulation scores are associated with improved morpheme production, and better aided audibility in the high frequencies and word final production of s/z are particularly critical for morpheme acquisition in children who are HH.
authors: Keegan
authors: K
authors: Koehlinger
authors: Amanda Owen
authors: AO
authors: Van Horne
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Oleson
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: McCreery
authors: Mary Pat
authors: MP
authors: Moeller
mesh_terms: D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception
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