title: Outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon: a case-control study.
abstract: Outdoor air pollution is increasingly considered as a serious threat for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of this study is to investigate the association between outdoor pollutants and cardiovascular diseases among adults in Lebanon and to examine the possible moderator effect of cigarette smoking status on this association. A multicenter case-control study was conducted between October 2011 and October 2012. Cases were hospitalized patients diagnosed with CVD by a cardiologist while the control group subjects were free of any cardiac diseases. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, self-rated global health, pollution exposure, and other risk factors was collected using a questionnaire. The results of the logistic regression revealed that living near busy highway (OR 5.04, 95% CI (4.44-12.85), P < 0.001) and close to local diesel generator (OR 4.76, 95% CI (2.07-10.91), P < 0.001) was significantly associated with CVD. The association between the CVD and exposure to outside pollutants differed by cigarette smoking status. A clear difference was noted between nonsmokers and current smokers OR 4.6, 95% CI (1.10-19.25) and OR 10.11, 95% CI (7.33-20.23), respectively. Forthcoming studies are needed to clarify the potential link between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon. Public health interventions must be implemented to reduce air pollution and to improve air quality.
authors: Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory (LCER), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon ; School of Public Health, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, CP 596, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Zeina
authors: Z
authors: Nasser
authors: Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory (LCER), Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon.
authors: Pascale
authors: P
authors: Salameh
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors: Habib
authors: H
authors: Dakik
authors: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors: Elias
authors: E
authors: Elias
authors: Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory (LCER), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon ; School of Public Health, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, CP 596, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Abou Abbas
authors: Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, CP 596, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Levêque
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking
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