title: Does Listening to Music During Office-Based Flexible Cystoscopy Decrease Anxiety in Patients: A Prospective Randomized Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the effect of listening to music on perceived anxiety and pain during office-based flexible cystoscopy using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), in a well-matched North American veteran patient population in a prospective, randomized fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 137 veteran patients receiving routine urologic care in a North American Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system were recruited over a 2-year period (June 2011 to June 2013). All patients were prospectively randomized to undergo office-based flexible cystoscopy with or without music. The music group consisted of 73 patients who listened to the same excerpt of classical music at the time of flexible cystoscopy; the nonmusic group consisted of 64 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median postprocedural STAI anxiety scores between the music and nonmusic groups were statistically significantly different: 30 (range 23-39) and 35 (range 28-49), respectively (P=0.0017). The median postprocedural pain VAS score between the music and nonmusic groups reached statistical significance: 0 (range 0-1) and 2 (range 1-2), respectively (P<0.0001). The median delta STAI anxiety score was statistically significantly different between the music and nonmusic groups: 0 (range -3-0) and 2 (range 0-4), respectively (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that listening to music decreases anxiety and pain associated with flexible cystoscopy in a North American VA patient population. We recommend incorporating music as an effective adjunct to other maneuvers used at the time of flexible cystoscopy to reduce anxiety and pain.
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors: Omer A
authors: OA
authors: Raheem
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors: Hossein S
authors: HS
authors: Mirheydar
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors: Hak J
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors: Nishant D
authors: ND
authors: Patel
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors: Elana
authors: E
authors: Godebu
authors: 1 Department of Urology, University of California (UC) San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.|2 Urology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, California.
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014728:Veterans