title: Assault-related maxillofacial injuries: the results from the European Maxillofacial Trauma (EURMAT) multicenter and prospective collaboration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to present and discuss the demographic characteristics and patterns of assault-related maxillofacial fractures as reported by a European multicenter prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and injury data were recorded for each patient who was a victim of an assault.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assaults represented the most frequent etiology of maxillofacial trauma with an overall rate of 39% and the values ranging between 60.8% (Kiev, Ukraine) and 15.4% (Bergen, Norway). The most frequent mechanisms of assault-related maxillofacial fractures were fists in 730 cases, followed by kicks and fists. The most frequently observed fracture involved the mandible (814 fractures), followed by orbito-zygomatic-maxillary complex fractures and orbital fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirmed the strong possibility that patients with maxillofacial fractures may be victims of physical aggression. The crucial role of alcohol in assault-related fractures was also confirmed by our study.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Paolo.boffano@gmail.com.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffano
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Roccia
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Zavattero
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Emil
authors: E
authors: Dediol
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Vedran
authors: V
authors: Uglešić
authors: Maxilofacial department, UKC Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: Žiga
authors: Ž
authors: Kovačič
authors: Maxilofacial department, UKC Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: Aleš
authors: A
authors: Vesnaver
authors: Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Vitomir S
authors: VS
authors: Konstantinović
authors: Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Milan
authors: M
authors: Petrović
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS, London, UK.
authors: Jonny
authors: J
authors: Stephens
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS, London, UK.
authors: Amar
authors: A
authors: Kanzaria
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS, London, UK.
authors: Nabeel
authors: N
authors: Bhatti
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS, London, UK.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Holmes
authors: Department of maxillo-facial surgery, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors: Petia F
authors: PF
authors: Pechalova
authors: Department of maxillo-facial surgery, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors: Angel G
authors: AG
authors: Bakardjiev
authors: Department for Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors: Vladislav A
authors: VA
authors: Malanchuk
authors: Department for Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors: Andrey V
authors: AV
authors: Kopchak
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Pål
authors: P
authors: Galteland
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Even
authors: E
authors: Mjøen
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Skjelbred
authors: Service de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Chu de Nantes, France.
authors: Helios
authors: H
authors: Bertin
authors: Service de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Chu de Nantes, France.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Marion
authors: Service de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Chu de Nantes, France.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Guiol
authors: Service de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Chu de Nantes, France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Corre
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Sigbjørn
authors: S
authors: Løes
authors: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Njål
authors: N
authors: Lekven
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NHS Tayside, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Laverick
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NHS Tayside, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Gordon
authors: Department of Maxillofacial surgery, Stomatology Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
authors: Tiia
authors: T
authors: Tamme
authors: Department of Maxillofacial surgery, Stomatology Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Akermann
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: K Hakki
authors: KH
authors: Karagozoglu
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Sofie C
authors: SC
authors: Kommers
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Tymour
authors: T
authors: Forouzanfar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003710:Demography; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies