title: Longer oral exposure with modified sham feeding does not slow down gastric emptying of low- and high-energy-dense gastric loads in healthy young men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A long oral exposure to food and a high-energy density of food have been shown to increase satiety feelings. The effect of energy density is predominantly caused by an inhibition of gastric emptying. It is hypothesized that prolonging oral exposure may have an additional effect on this inhibition of gastric emptying. However, little human data are available to support this hypothesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the effect of the duration of oral exposure to food on gastric emptying rate of gastric loads (GLs) low and high in energy density and on satiety feelings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six healthy men [mean ± SD age: 22 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 23 ± 1] participated in a randomized crossover trial with 4 treatments and a control. Treatments consisted of either 1- or 8-min modified sham feeding (MSF) of cake, and a GL of either 100 or 700 kcal infused in the stomach via a nasogastric tube (500 mL, 62.5 mL/min). The control consisted of no MSF and a GL of 500 mL of water. Gastric emptying rate was assessed with a (13)C breath test. Breath samples and satiety feelings were collected at fixed time points until 90 min after start of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric emptying rate and satiety feelings were not affected by duration of MSF (P ≥ 0.27). However, the 700-kcal GL treatments slowed gastric emptying [41% lower area under the curve (AUC)] and increased satiety feelings (22-31% higher AUC) compared with the 100-kcal GL treatments (P < 0.001). No interaction between MSF duration and energy density of GL was found (P ≥ 0.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher gastric energy density inhibited gastric emptying and increased satiety feelings in healthy young men. However, prolonging oral exposure to food did not have an additional effect. This study provides more insight in satiety regulation. This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NTR3601.
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and.
authors: Anne G M
authors: AG
authors: Wijlens
authors: Nestec Ltd, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Alfrun
authors: A
authors: Erkner
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Mars
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and kees.degraaf@wur.nl.
authors: Cees
authors: C
authors: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005502:Food; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: appetite; energy density; gastric emptying; gastric load; healthy men; intragastric infusion; modified sham feeding; oral exposure; oro-sensory exposure; satiety