title: Zero TE MR bone imaging in the head.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate proton density (PD)-weighted zero TE (ZT) imaging for morphological depiction and segmentation of cranial bone structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rotating ultra-fast imaging sequence (RUFIS) type ZT pulse sequence was developed and optimized for 1) efficient capture of short T2 bone signals and 2) flat PD response for soft-tissues. An inverse logarithmic image scaling (i.e., -log(image)) was used to highlight bone and differentiate it from surrounding soft-tissue and air. Furthermore, a histogram-based bias-correction method was developed for subsequent threshold-based air, soft-tissue, and bone segmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD-weighted ZT imaging in combination with an inverse logarithmic scaling was found to provide excellent depiction of cranial bone structures. In combination with bias correction, also excellent segmentation results were achieved. A two-dimensional histogram analysis demonstrates a strong, approximately linear correlation between inverse log-scaled ZT and low-dose CT for Hounsfield units (HU) between -300 HU and 1,500 HU (corresponding to soft-tissue and bone).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD-weighted ZT imaging provides robust and efficient depiction of bone structures in the head, with an excellent contrast between air, soft-tissue, and bone. Besides structural bone imaging, the presented method is expected to be of relevance for attenuation correction in positron emission tomography (PET)/MR and MR-based radiation therapy planning.
authors: GE Global Research, Munich, Germany.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Wiesinger
authors: GE Global Research, Munich, Germany.
authors: Laura I
authors: LI
authors: Sacolick
authors: GE Global Research, Munich, Germany.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Menini
authors: GE Global Research, Bangalore, India.
authors: Sandeep S
authors: SS
authors: Kaushik
authors: GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA.
authors: Sangtae
authors: S
authors: Ahn
authors: University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Veit-Haibach
authors: University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.|GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA.
authors: Gaspar
authors: G
authors: Delso
authors: GE Global Research, Bangalore, India.
authors: Dattesh D
authors: DD
authors: Shanbhag
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: PET/MR; RUFIS; UTE; ZTE; attenuation correction; bone; segmentation; zero TE