title: Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge.
abstract: Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans and Xanthomonas gardneri.
  Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, aerobic, motile, single polar flagellum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Causes bacterial spot disease on plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, primarily tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and chilli peppers (Capsicum frutescens).
  
  
  METHODS
  Necrotic lesions on all above-ground plant parts.
  Worldwide distribution of X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria on tomato and pepper; X. perforans and X. gardneri increasingly being isolated from the USA, Canada, South America, Africa and Europe. A wide diversity within the bacterial spot disease complex, with an ability to cause disease at different temperatures, makes this pathogen group a worldwide threat to tomato and pepper production. Recent advances in genome analyses have revealed the evolution of the pathogen with a plethora of novel virulence factors. Current management strategies rely on the use of various chemical control strategies and sanitary measures to minimize pathogen spread through contaminated seed. Chemical control strategies have been a challenge because of resistance by the pathogen. Breeding programmes have been successful in developing commercial lines with hypersensitive and quantitative resistance. However, durability of resistance has been elusive. Recently, a transgenic approach has resulted in the development of tomato genotypes with significant levels of resistance and improved yield that hold promise. In this article, we discuss the current taxonomic status, distribution of the four species, knowledge of virulence factors, detection methods and strategies for disease control with possible directions for future research.
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors: Neha
authors: N
authors: Potnis
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors: Sujan
authors: S
authors: Timilsina
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Strayer
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors: Deepak
authors: D
authors: Shantharaj
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
authors: Jeri D
authors: JD
authors: Barak
authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA.
authors: Mathews L
authors: ML
authors: Paret
authors: North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, 32351-5677, USA.
authors: Gary E
authors: GE
authors: Vallad
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Jones
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000382:microbiology*; D038622:Internationality; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D037521:Virulence Factors; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Xanthomonas; bacterial spot; pepper; tomato
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):14153-8
references: 10570214
references: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000 Mar;50 Pt 2:665-77
references: 10758874
references: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000 May;50 Pt 3:1211-9
references: 10843065
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Sep;13(9):911-21
references: 10975648
references: J Bacteriol. 2000 Dec;182(24):7053-9
references: 11092868
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Dec;13(12):1346-55
references: 11106027
references: Mol Microbiol. 2000 Nov;38(4):828-38
references: 11115117
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 May;14(5):629-38
references: 11332727
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Aug;67(8):3379-84
references: 11472907
references: J Bacteriol. 2002 Mar;184(5):1340-8
references: 11844763
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2002 Jul;15(7):637-46
references: 12118879
references: J Bacteriol. 1963 Nov;86:1070-4
references: 14080773
references: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1998;36:41-58
references: 15012492
references: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2004 Nov;27(6):755-62
references: 15612634
references: Plant J. 2005 Mar;41(6):801-14
references: 15743446
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jul;71(7):3581-8
references: 16000765
references: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:337-59
references: 16078888
references: J Bacteriol. 2005 Nov;187(21):7254-66
references: 16237009
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Nov;50(5):1229-32
references: 16346928
references: J Bacteriol. 2006 Nov;188(21):7652-60
references: 16936021
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Mar;73(6):1704-11
references: 17259361
references: Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):648-51
references: 17962565
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1991 Nov-Dec;4(6):628-32
references: 1804405
references: BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Dec 06;7:243
references: 18053269
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Feb;21(2):151-61
references: 18184059
references: J Bacteriol. 2008 Mar;190(6):2183-97
references: 18203830
references: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Aug;32(5):842-57
references: 18557946
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Aug;21(8):1128-38
references: 18616409
references: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2008 Oct;31(5):366-77
references: 18783906
references: Phytopathology. 2005 May;95(5):519-27
references: 18943317
references: Phytopathology. 2002 Mar;92(3):273-7
references: 18943998
references: Phytopathology. 1999 Apr;89(4):328-35
references: 18944779
references: Phytopathology. 1998 Jan;88(1):33-8
references: 18944996
references: PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3828
references: 19043590
references: New Phytol. 2008 Jul;179(2):546-56
references: 19086184
references: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Mar;71(6):1464-76
references: 19220743
references: Plant Cell. 2009 Apr;21(4):1305-23
references: 19366901
references: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2009;47:265-84
references: 19400644
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2009 Jun;22(6):655-64
references: 19445590
references: Plant Physiol. 2009 Aug;150(4):1697-712
references: 19448036
references: Phytopathology. 2010 Mar;100(3):208-15
references: 20128693
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Apr;28(4):365-9
references: 20231819
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2010 Nov;121(7):1275-87
references: 20563547
references: New Phytol. 2010 Sep;187(4):1058-74
references: 20609114
references: BMC Genomics. 2011 Mar 11;12:146
references: 21396108
references: Phytopathology. 2011 Oct;101(10):1217-23
references: 21916626
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Mar;40(5):2020-31
references: 22080557
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2012 Mar;25(3):307-20
references: 22112215
references: Mol Plant Pathol. 2012 Aug;13(6):556-67
references: 22176521
references: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2012 May;35(3):183-90
references: 22336775
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42036
references: 22870280
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2012 Dec;113(6):1479-90
references: 22900936
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2013 Mar;126(3):601-9
references: 23117718
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Nov 20;109(47):19480-5
references: 23132937
references: Phytopathology. 2013 Mar;103(3):228-36
references: 23190116
references: PLoS Pathog. 2013 Jan;9(1):e1003121
references: 23359647
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Feb 13;13(2):143-54
references: 23414755
references: Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):385-6
references: 2374611
references: Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):746-51
references: 23950531
references: ACS Nano. 2013 Oct 22;7(10):8972-80
references: 24016217
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 May;80(10):3173-80
references: 24632252
references: Int J Microbiol. 2014;2014:495476
references: 25197281
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Feb;81(4):1520-9
references: 25527544
references: Plant Dis. 2014 Oct;98(10):1426
references: 30704013
references: Plant Dis. 2012 Nov;96(11):1638-1644
references: 30727459
references: Plant Dis. 2012 May;96(5):760
references: 30727557
references: Plant Dis. 2012 Feb;96(2):221-227
references: 30731800
references: Plant Dis. 2011 Dec;95(12):1584
references: 30732002
references: Plant Dis. 2010 Aug;94(8):993-999
references: 30743480
references: Plant Dis. 2010 May;94(5):638
references: 30754438
references: Plant Dis. 2006 Apr;90(4):451-458
references: 30786593
references: Plant Dis. 2005 Jul;89(7):712-716
references: 30791240
references: Plant Dis. 2004 Feb;88(2):157-161
references: 30812422
references: Plant Dis. 2004 Jul;88(7):736-740
references: 30812485
references: Plant Dis. 2003 Aug;87(8):949-954
references: 30812801
references: Plant Dis. 2001 May;85(5):481-488
references: 30823123
references: Plant Dis. 2001 Feb;85(2):189-194
references: 30831941
references: Plant Dis. 1998 Jul;82(7):794-799
references: 30856953
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Apr;60(4):1068-77
references: 8017904
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1993 Sep-Oct;6(5):616-27
references: 8274773
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(1-2):261-9
references: 8479432
references: Mol Microbiol. 1996 May;20(3):681-3
references: 8736546
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Nov;63(11):4462-70
references: 9361433