title: A nutritionally-enhanced oil from transgenic Camelina sativa effectively replaces fish oil as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid for fish.
abstract: For humans a daily intake of up to 500 mg omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is recommended, amounting to an annual requirement of 1.25 million metric tonnes (mt) for a population of 7 billion people. The annual global supply of n-3 LC-PUFA cannot meet this level of requirement and so there is a large gap between supply and demand. The dietary source of n-3 LC-PUFA, fish and seafood, is increasingly provided by aquaculture but using fish oil in feeds to supply n-3 LC-PUFA is unsustainable. Therefore, new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA are required to supply the demand from aquaculture and direct human consumption. One approach is metabolically engineering oilseed crops to synthesize n-3 LC-PUFA in seeds. Transgenic Camelina sativa expressing algal genes was used to produce an oil containing n-3 LC-PUFA to replace fish oil in salmon feeds. The oil had no detrimental effects on fish performance, metabolic responses or the nutritional quality of the fillets of the farmed fish.
authors: Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Betancor
authors: Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sprague
authors: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Usher
authors: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Sayanova
authors: Biomar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth FK3 8UL, United Kingdom.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Campbell
authors: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Napier
authors: Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Tocher
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002432:Cecum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D004247:DNA; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
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