title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep-disordered breathing: a review of comorbidity research.
abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are common disorders, but limited data address their co-morbidity. Emerging research indicates PTSD and SDB may co-occur more frequently than expected and may impact clinical outcomes. This review describes historical developments that first raised suspicions for a co-morbid relationship between PTSD and SDB, including barriers to the recognition and diagnosis of this co-morbidity. Objective diagnostic data from polysomnography studies in PTSD patients reveal widely varying prevalence rates for co-morbidity (0-90%). Use of standard, recommended technology (nasal cannula pressure transducer) versus older, less reliable technology (thermistor/thermocouple) appears to have influenced objective data acquisition and therefore SDB rates in sleep studies on PTSD patients. Studies using higher quality respiratory sensors demonstrated the highest prevalence of SDB in PTSD patients. Clinical relevance, theoretical models and research recommendations are discussed. The lack of widely acknowledged, tested, or proven explanatory models and pathophysiological mechanisms to understand the relationship between these two disorders may prove formidable barriers to further investigations on prevalence and clinical relevance, albeit both conditions are associated with waking or sleeping hyperarousal activity, which may inform future studies.
authors: Sleep & Human Health Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Maimonides Sleep Arts & Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Los Alamos Medical Center, Los Alamos, NM, USA. Electronic address: bkrakow@sleeptreatment.com.
authors: Barry J
authors: BJ
authors: Krakow
authors: Sleep & Human Health Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Maimonides Sleep Arts & Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors: Victor A
authors: VA
authors: Ulibarri
authors: Behavioral Readiness Division, Warrior Resiliency Program, Southern Regional Medical Command, San Antonio, TX, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors: Bret A
authors: BA
authors: Moore
authors: Sleep & Human Health Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Maimonides Sleep Arts & Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors: Natalia D
authors: ND
authors: McIver
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Central sleep apnea; Comorbidity; Complex insomnia; Obstructive sleep apnea; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Sleep-disordered breathing; Upper airway resistance syndrome