title: Mortality related to extreme temperature for 15 cities in northeast Asia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multisite time-series studies for temperature-related mortality have been conducted mainly in the United States and Europe, but are lacking in Asia. This multisite time-series study examined mortality related to extreme temperatures (both cold and hot) in Northeast Asia, focusing on 15 cities of 3 high-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes 3 cities in Taiwan for 1994-2007, 6 cities in Korea for 1992-2010, and 6 cities in Japan for 1972-2009. We used 2-stage Bayesian hierarchical Poisson semiparametric regression to model the nonlinear relationship between temperature and mortality, providing city-specific and country-wide estimates for cold and heat effects. Various exposure time frames, age groups, and causes of death were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold effects had longer time lags (5-11 days) than heat effects, which were immediate (1-3 days). Cold effects were larger for cities in Taiwan, whereas heat effects were larger for cities in Korea and Japan. Patterns of increasing effects with age were observed in both cold and heat effects. Both cold and heat effects were larger for cardiorespiratory mortality than for other causes of death. Several city characteristics related to weather or air pollution were associated with both cold and heat effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality increased with either cold or hot temperature in urban populations of high-income countries in Northeast Asia, with spatial variations of effects among cities and countries. Findings suggest that climate factors are major contributors to the spatial heterogeneity of effects in this region, although further research is merited to identify other factors as determinants of variability.
authors: From the aDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea; bInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center & Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; cFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; dEnvironmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; eDepartment of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; fSchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT.; and gDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Yeonseung
authors: Y
authors: Chung
authors: Youn-Hee
authors: YH
authors: Lim
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Honda
authors: Yue-Liang Leon
authors: YL
authors: Guo
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Hashizume
authors: Michelle L
authors: ML
authors: Bell
authors: Bing-Yu
authors: BY
authors: Chen
authors: Ho
authors: H
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult