title: Construction of a high-density genetic map and QTLs mapping for sugars and acids in grape berries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  QTLs controlling individual sugars and acids (fructose, glucose, malic acid and tartaric acid) in grape berries have not yet been identified. The present study aimed to construct a high-density, high-quality genetic map of a winemaking grape cross with a complex parentage (V. vinifera × V. amurensis) × ((V. labrusca × V. riparia) × V. vinifera), using next-generation restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, and then to identify loci related to phenotypic variability over three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1 826 SNP-based markers were developed. Of these, 621 markers were assembled into 19 linkage groups (LGs) for the maternal map, 696 for the paternal map, and 1 254 for the integrated map. Markers showed good linear agreement on most chromosomes between our genetic maps and the previously published V. vinifera reference sequence. However marker order was different in some chromosome regions, indicating both conservation and variation within the genome. Despite the identification of a range of QTLs controlling the traits of interest, these QTLs explained a relatively small percentage of the observed phenotypic variance. Although they exhibited a large degree of instability from year to year, QTLs were identified for all traits but tartaric acid and titratable acidity in the three years of the study; however only the QTLs for malic acid and β ratio (tartaric acid-to-malic acid ratio) were stable in two years. QTLs related to sugars were located within ten LGs (01, 02, 03, 04, 07, 09, 11, 14, 17, 18), and those related to acids within three LGs (06, 13, 18). Overlapping QTLs in LG14 were observed for fructose, glucose and total sugar. Malic acid, total acid and β ratio each had several QTLs in LG18, and malic acid also had a QTL in LG06. A set of 10 genes underlying these QTLs may be involved in determining the malic acid content of berries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic map constructed in this study is potentially a high-density, high-quality map, which could be used for QTL detection, genome comparison, and sequence assembly. It may also serve to broaden our understanding of the grape genome.
authors: Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China. taiyuanchcenjie@126.com.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China. taiyuanchcenjie@126.com.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. nian.wang1982@gmail.com.
authors: Nian
authors: N
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. fanglincuan@126.com.
authors: Lin-Chuan
authors: LC
authors: Fang
authors: Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China. zl249@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors: Zhen-Chang
authors: ZC
authors: Liang
authors: Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China. shhli@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors: Shao-Hua
authors: SH
authors: Li
authors: Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, P. R. China. bhwu@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors: Ben-Hong
authors: BH
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002681:China; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018745:Genome, Plant; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000143:Acids
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