title: Antimicrobial Release From Prefabricated Spacers Is Variable and the Dose Is Low.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-dose antimicrobial-loaded bone cement (ALBC) is recommended to treat orthopaedic infections. Elution characteristics from prefabricated ALBC spacers and how they compare with hand-mixed ALBC are not well described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) How does antimicrobial release from prefabricated spacers compare with release from hand-mixed ALBC over time? (2) Is antimicrobial release uniform across the surface of prefabricated ALBC spacers? (3) Do variations exist between different prefabricated spacer components? (4) Do textured surfaces release more antimicrobial than smooth surfaces?
  
  
  METHODS
  Six prefabricated ALBC spacer components, two hip and four knee, and three hand-mixed ALBC formulations were studied in this comparative laboratory study. Gentamicin was eluted from 41 discrete sites over the surfaces of six spacer components and compared with elution from 15 ALBC specimens, five from each of three hand-mixed formulations. Elution was compared between spacer sites, components, and surface texture. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple-comparison test or t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gentamicin release was highest in the first 24 hours for both prefabricated ALBC spacers and hand-mixed ALBC. Elution decreased over 7 days similarly for both. At Day 7, prefabricated ALBC spacers eluted more than hand-mixed 1 g ALBC (1 g ALBC: 1.49 ± 0.34, prefabricated: 3.59 ± 1.48, mean difference = 2.1 [0.2-4.0], p = 0.04) but eluted less than 5 g ALBC (9.21 ± 1.31, mean difference = -5.6 [-3.5 to -7.7], p < 0.001) and less than 10 g ALBC (35.8 ± 1.69, mean difference = -32.2 [-29.8 to -34.6], p < 0.001). Release varied from 2.7 to 9.9 µg/mm(2) over the surface of the spacers and from 3.5 to 5.5 µg/mm(2) between components with no component different than the others (Tukey). Release from textured surfaces was inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antimicrobial release from prefabricated ALBC spacers is consistent with low-dose ALBC. Variation across the surface and between components is small compared with changes in antimicrobial load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antimicrobial release from prefabricated ALBC spacers is consistent with local antimicrobial delivered from other low-dose ALBC formulations.
authors: Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Banner Orthopaedic Residency, 1320 North 10th Street, Suite A, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA.
authors: Oren
authors: O
authors: Goltzer
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: McLaren
authors: Derek
authors: D
authors: Overstreet
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Galli
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: McLemore
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001843:Bone Cements; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005839:Gentamicins
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