title: Do antipsychotics prevent postoperative delirium? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the effect of antipsychotics for preventing postoperative delirium.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and clinicaltrials.gov. We included randomized controlled trials of adults undergoing surgery who were given antipsychotics to prevent postoperative delirium. Quality was assessed via the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted. Q-statistics and I(2) were used for assessment of heterogeneity. The main outcome was delirium incidence using validated definitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1710 subjects were included, with a mean age ranging from 60.7 to 86.4 years. Antipsychotics reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium with the global effect-size estimate (weighted odds ratio) using the random effects model of 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.70; N = 6; Q-value: 16, p-value 0.0005; I(2) = 69%). Significant heterogeneity existed with the pooled global effect of delirium incidence; however, meta-regression allowed us to test both treatment-level and patient-level explanations for significant between-study variance. Baseline risk for delirium was found to be a significant contributor to study heterogeneity, and meta-regression suggested that antipsychotic type and dosage were two of the several treatment-level factors that also may have led to heterogeneity. Our analysis implied the presence of a breakeven baseline level of delirium risk below which preventive treatment with antipsychotics might prove ineffective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of few randomized controlled trials, antipsychotics appeared to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in several surgical settings, predominantly orthopedic and for those at higher risk for delirium.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Mark C
authors: MC
authors: Fok
authors: Amir A
authors: AA
authors: Sepehry
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Frisch
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Sztramko
authors: Boudewijn L S
authors: BL
authors: Borger van der Burg
authors: Anne J H
authors: AJ
authors: Vochteloo
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Chan
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003693:Delirium / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: antipsychotics; delirium; meta-analysis; prevention; surgery