title: Scanning electron microscopy analysis of hair index on Karachi's population for social and professional appearance enhancement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hair texture, appearance and pigment play an important role in social and professional communication and maintaining an overall appearance. This study was especially designed for morphological assessment of hair damage caused to Karachi's population due to natural factors and cosmetic treatments using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hair samples under the study of synthetic factor's effect were given several cosmetic treatments (hot straightened, bleached, synthetic dyed and henna dyed) whereas samples under natural factor's effect (variation in gender, age and pigmentation) were left untreated. Morphological assessment was performed using SEM technique. Results obtained were statistically analysed using minitab 16 and spss 18 softwares.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy images revealed less number of cuticular scales in males than females of same age although size of cuticular scales was found to be larger in males than in females. Mean hair index of white hair was greater than black hair of the same head as it is comparatively newly originated. Tukey's method revealed that among cosmetic treatments, bleaching and synthetic henna caused most of the damage to the hair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistical evaluation of results obtained from SEM analysis revealed that human scalp hair index show morphological variation with respect to age, gender, hair pigmentation, chemical and physical treatments. Individuals opting for cosmetic treatments could clearly visualize the extent of hair damage these may cause in long run.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ali
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Zohra
authors: S A U
authors: SA
authors: Qader
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mumtaz
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006203:Hair Preparations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010154:Pakistan
chemical_list: D006203:Hair Preparations
keywords: colour cosmetics; cosmetic treatment; effect of natural factors; hair treatment; scanning electron microscopy; statistics