title: Medical clowns facilitate nitrous oxide sedation during intra-articular corticosteroid injection for juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-articular corticosteroid injection (IACI), a common procedure in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is usually associated with anxiety and pain. In a previous study, we concluded that nitrous oxide (NO2) provides effective and safe sedation for such procedures. Following the introduction of medical clowns in our hospital, we added them as an integral part of the team performing IACI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the effect of a medical clown on pain perception during intra-articular corticosteroid injection for juvenile idiopathic arthritis using NO2 conscious sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for IACI first met and interacted with the medical clown. During the procedure, the rheumatologist and the medical clown worked in parallel to create distraction. NO2 was administered. The patient, parent, physician, medical clown and nurse completed a visual analog scale (0-10) for pain. Change in heart rate ≥ 15% was recorded to evaluate physiologic response to pain and stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 46 procedures were performed in 32 children: 23 girls, 9 boys, with a mean age of 10.9 ± 3.6 years. The median visual analog scale pain score for the patients, parents, physicians, medical clown and nurses was 2, 2, 1, 1 and 1, respectively. Five patients had increased heart rate and experienced increased pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active participation of a medical clown during IACI with nitrous oxide for juvenile idiopathic arthritis further decreases pain and stress and results in a positive patient experience.
authors: Yael
authors: Y
authors: Weintraub
authors: Noa
authors: N
authors: Rabinowicz
authors: Penny
authors: P
authors: Hanuka
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Rothschild
authors: Shulamit
authors: S
authors: Kotzki
authors: Yosef
authors: Y
authors: Uziel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D010989:Play Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009609:Nitrous Oxide