title: Smoking cue reactivity in current smokers, former smokers and never smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking related stimuli are known to increase both subjective craving and heart rate in smokers; however, little is currently known about the effects of such stimuli in former smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjective craving and heart rate were measured in 38 never smokers, 20 former smokers, and 30 current smokers exposed to video clips containing neutral and smoking related cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with neutral cues, smoking cues significantly increased both heart rate and self-reported craving in current smokers, while in former smokers smoking cues were associated with a significant decrease in heart rate as well as with a relatively diminished increase in subjective craving. Neither craving nor heart rate was impacted by the smoking cues in never smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that while smoking related stimuli continue to elicit modest subjective cravings in former smokers, there appears to be a marked change in the typical physiological response associated with such stimuli.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada.
authors: Leonie J T
authors: LJ
authors: Balter
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada.
authors: Kimberley P
authors: KP
authors: Good
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada. Electronic address: sean.barrett@dal.ca.
authors: Sean P
authors: SP
authors: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D066249:Craving; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Craving; Cue reactivity; Former smokers; Heart rate; Smoking