title: Macroscopic optical imaging technique for wide-field estimation of fluorescence depth in optically turbid media for application in brain tumor surgical guidance.
abstract: A diffuse imaging method is presented that enables wide-field estimation of the depth of fluorescent molecular markers in turbid media by quantifying the deformation of the detected fluorescence spectra due to the wavelength-dependent light attenuation by overlying tissue. This is achieved by measuring the ratio of the fluorescence at two wavelengths in combination with normalization techniques based on diffuse reflectance measurements to evaluate tissue attenuation variations for different depths. It is demonstrated that fluorescence topography can be achieved up to a 5 mm depth using a near-infrared dye with millimeter depth accuracy in turbid media having optical properties representative of normal brain tissue. Wide-field depth estimates are made using optical technology integrated onto a commercial surgical microscope, making this approach feasible for real-world applications.
authors: Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
authors: Kolbein K
authors: KK
authors: Kolste
authors: Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
authors: Stephen C
authors: SC
authors: Kanick
authors: Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United StatesbDartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, 1 Rope Ferry Road, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
authors: Pablo A
authors: PA
authors: Valdés
authors: Polytechnique Montreal, Engineering Physics Department, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Jermyn
authors: University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
authors: Brian C
authors: BC
authors: Wilson
authors: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Neurosurgery, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States.
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Roberts
authors: Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, 14 Engineering Drive, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
authors: Keith D
authors: KD
authors: Paulsen
authors: Polytechnique Montreal, Engineering Physics Department, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
authors: Frederic
authors: F
authors: Leblond
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008954:Models, Biological; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
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