title: Loss of GD1-positive Lactobacillus correlates with inflammation in human lungs with COPD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study assesses the relationship between contents of GD1 (glycerol dehydratase)-positive Lactobacillus, presence of Lactobacillus and the inflammatory response measured in host lung tissue in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesise that there will be a loss of GD1 producing Lactobacillus with increasing severity of COPD and that GD1 has anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary care, 1 participating centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  74 individuals who donated non-cancerous portions of their lungs or lobes removed as treatment for lung cancer (normal lung function controls (n=28), persons with mild (GOLD 1) (n=21) and moderate (GOLD 2) COPD (n=25)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measure was GD1 positivity within each group and whether or not this impacted quantitative histological measures of lung inflammation. Secondary outcome measures included Lactobacillus presence and quantification, and quantitative histological measurements of inflammation and remodelling in early COPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total bacterial count (p>0.05) and prevalence of Lactobacillus (p>0.05) did not differ between groups. However, the GD1 gene was detected more frequently in the controls (14%) than in either mild (5%) or moderate (0%) COPD (p<0.05) samples. Macrophage and neutrophil volume fractions (0.012±0.005 (mean±SD) vs 0.026±0.017 and 0.005±0.002 vs 0.015±0.014, respectively) in peripheral lung tissue were reduced in samples positive for the GD1 gene (p<0.0035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction in GD1 positivity is associated with an increased tissue immune inflammatory response in early stage COPD. There is potential for Lactobacillus to be used as a possible therapeutic, however, validation of these results need to be completed before an anti-inflammatory role of Lactobacillus in COPD can be confirmed.
authors: Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart-Lung Institute at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Marc A
authors: MA
authors: Sze
authors: Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart-Lung Institute at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Soraya
authors: S
authors: Utokaparch
authors: Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart-Lung Institute at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: W Mark
authors: WM
authors: Elliott
authors: Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart-Lung Institute at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Hogg
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Richard G
authors: RG
authors: Hegele
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001955:British Columbia; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000235:genetics*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C020671:glycerol dehydratase
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Jun 15;181(12):1329-35
references: 20075389
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20338
references: 21633507
references: Annu Rev Pathol. 2012;7:99-122
references: 21910623
references: Microbiology. 2010 Jun;156(Pt 6):1589-99
references: 20150236
references: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2013 Jan;58(1):33-8
references: 22688897
references: Pulm Med. 2011;2011:826160
references: 21660246
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Jan 31;137(1):28-31
references: 19897270
references: Microbiome. 2013 Jul 01;1(1):19
references: 24450871
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Apr;56(4):1195-7
references: 16348166
references: N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 27;365(17):1567-75
references: 22029978
references: COPD. 2014 Apr;11(2):125-32
references: 22433011
references: N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 15;347(7):465-71
references: 12181400
references: PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8578
references: 20052417
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16384
references: 21364979
references: PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442
references: 17132052
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47305
references: 23071781
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar 15;175(6):561-9
references: 17204726
references: Lancet. 2004 Aug 21-27;364(9435):709-21
references: 15325838
references: Eur Respir J. 2012 Aug;40(2):330-7
references: 22183488
references: OMICS. 2010 Feb;14(1):9-59
references: 20141328
references: N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2645-53
references: 15215480
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Feb 1;179(3):186-93
references: 19029003
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 May 15;185(10):1073-80
references: 22427533