title: Genetic Adaptation of Influenza A Viruses in Domestic Animals and Their Potential Role in Interspecies Transmission: A Literature Review.
abstract: In December 2011, the European Food Safety Authority awarded a Grant for the implementation of the FLURISK project. The main objective of FLURISK was the development of an epidemiological and virological evidence-based influenza risk assessment framework (IRAF) to assess influenza A virus strains circulating in the animal population according to their potential to cross the species barrier and cause infections in humans. With the purpose of gathering virological data to include in the IRAF, a literature review was conducted and key findings are presented here. Several adaptive traits have been identified in influenza viruses infecting domestic animals and a significance of these adaptations for the emergence of zoonotic influenza, such as shift in receptor preference and mutations in the replication proteins, has been hypothesized. Nonetheless, and despite several decades of research, a comprehensive understanding of the conditions that facilitate interspecies transmission is still lacking. This has been hampered by the intrinsic difficulties of the subject and the complexity of correlating environmental, viral and host factors. Finding the most suitable and feasible way of investigating these factors in laboratory settings represents another challenge. The majority of the studies identified through this review focus on only a subset of species, subtypes and genes, such as influenza in avian species and avian influenza viruses adapting to humans, especially in the context of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Further research applying a holistic approach and investigating the broader influenza genetic spectrum is urgently needed in the field of genetic adaptation of influenza A viruses.
authors: Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy. munozolgasvetlana@gmail.com.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Munoz
authors: Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.|SAFOSO AG, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: De Nardi
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: van der Meulen
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Kristien
authors: K
authors: van Reeth
authors: Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Koopmans
authors: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK.
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Harris
authors: Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.|Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: von Dobschuetz
authors: Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Gudrun
authors: G
authors: Freidl
authors: Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Meijer
authors: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Breed
authors: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Hill
authors: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK.
authors: Rowena
authors: R
authors: Kosmider
authors: Animal Health and Veterinary Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, UK.
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Banks
authors: Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.
authors: Katharina D C
authors: KD
authors: Stärk
authors: Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Wieland
authors: Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Stevens
authors: Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, National Influenza Center (Northern France), Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: van der Werf
authors: Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA viruses, National Influenza Center (Northern France), Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Enouf
authors: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
authors: Gwenaelle
authors: G
authors: Dauphin
authors: Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Dundon
authors: Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Cattoli
authors: Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Capua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology*
keywords: adaptation; dogs; horses; influenza; poultry; swine
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