title: Schizophrenia and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological factors and psychiatric disorders play a role in a variety of gastrointestinal illnesses, including esophageal diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight patients with schizophrenia and one hundred control individuals were enrolled in the study, which was undertaken at the Manisa State Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders and Celal Bayar University Gastroenterology Department. Case and control subjects alike underwent 30-45 min oral interviews conducted by a designated study coordinator (E.K.). The coordinator gathered information about demographic characteristics, social habits, and a large variety of symptoms suggestive of reflux disease or other gastrointestinal conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of reflux symptoms, cough was the only significant association in schizophrenic patients than controls. Heartburn and regurgitation were more frequent in schizophrenic patients who smoked than in controls who were smokers. However, the prevalence of reflux symptoms in cigarette smokers versus nonsmoker patients with schizophrenia was similar. Heartburn and/or regurgitation occurred more frequently in patients with schizophrenic than controls with alcohol use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatric disorders might indirectly affect esophageal physiology through increased consumption of alcohol and nicotine.
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Elmas
authors: E
authors: Kasap
authors: Manisa State Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Ayer
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Hümeyra
authors: H
authors: Bozoğlan
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Cigdem
authors: C
authors: Ozen
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Ilhan
authors: I
authors: Eslek
authors: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Yüceyar
keywords: Cough; heartburn; regurgitation; schizophrenia
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