title: An enriched, cereal-based bread affects appetite ratings and glycemic, insulinemic, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in healthy adults in a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bread can contribute to the regulation of appetite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the appetite ratings and postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone responses related to hunger and satiety after the intake of a cereal-based bread.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled crossover trial was conducted in 30 healthy adults (17 men and 13 women) aged 19-32 y with body mass index of 19.2-28.5. Each volunteer consumed the cereal-based bread and the control bread 2 times, with a 1-wk wash-out period, over a total of 4 sessions. The cereal-based bread contained a variety of cereal flours (wheat, oat, and spelt) and consisted of 22% dried fruits (figs, apricots, raisins, and prunes). It was also enriched with both fiber (7% from wheat cross-linked maltodextrins and pea) and protein (10-11% from wheat gluten and hydrolyzed wheat proteins). The control bread consisted of white bread with margarine and jam to control for energy density, fat, and sugar content. We measured appetite ratings using standardized visual analogue scales and glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone responses over a postprandial time of 4 h after the ingestion of each bread. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare the areas under the curve (AUCs) for different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consuming the cereal-based bread decreased prospective consumption more than consumption of the control bread (-5.3 ± 0.6 m · min and -4.4 ± 0.6 m · min, respectively; P = 0.02) and increased satiety more (6.2 ± 0.7 m · min and 5.2 ± 0.6 m · min, respectively; P = 0.04), although subsequent ad libitum energy intake 4 h later did not differ. Postprandial blood glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide AUCs were lower after the ingestion of the cereal-based bread, whereas the pancreatic polypeptide AUC was higher than with the control bread (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of the cereal-based bread contributed to appetite control by reducing hunger and enhancing satiety. In addition, consumption of this bread improved glycemic, insulinemic, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02090049.
authors: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Gonzalez-Anton
authors: Physiology, and.
authors: Belen
authors: B
authors: Lopez-Millan
authors: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II.
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Rico
authors: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II.
authors: Estefania
authors: E
authors: Sanchez-Rodriguez
authors: Nutrition and Food Sciences, Jose Mataix Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Ruiz-Lopez
authors: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II agil@ugr.es.
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Gil
authors: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II.
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Mesa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D038321:Glycemic Index; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012527:Satiation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: appetite; bread; dietary fiber; gastrointestinal hormones; glycemia; insulinemia; satiety