title: Face-referenced measurement of perioral stiffness and speech kinematics in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perioral biomechanics, labial kinematics, and associated electromyographic signals were sampled and characterized in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) as a function of medication state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Passive perioral stiffness was sampled using the OroSTIFF system in 10 individuals with PD in a medication ON and a medication OFF state and compared to 10 matched controls. Perioral stiffness, derived as the quotient of resultant force and interoral angle span, was modeled with regression techniques. Labial movement amplitudes and integrated electromyograms from select lip muscles were evaluated during syllable production using a 4-D computerized motion capture system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multilevel regression modeling showed greater perioral stiffness in patients with PD, consistent with the clinical correlate of rigidity. In the medication-OFF state, individuals with PD manifested greater integrated electromyogram levels for the orbicularis oris inferior compared to controls, which increased further after consumption of levodopa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates the application of biomechanical, electrophysiological, and kinematic methods to better understand the pathophysiology of speech motor control in PD.
authors: Shin Ying
authors: SY
authors: Chu
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Barlow
authors: Jaehoon
authors: J
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007742:Labial Frenum / Q000503:physiopathology; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009127:Muscle Rigidity; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa
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