title: Dietary patterns associated with HbA1c and LDL cholesterol among individuals with type 1 diabetes in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify dietary patterns that influence cardiometabolic risk among individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from a cross-sectional study of T1D in China (n=99). Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. Reduced rank regression was used to identify dietary patterns from a set of 20 food groups that maximized the explained variation in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary pattern 1 was characterized by low intakes of wheat products and high-fat cakes, and high intakes of beans and pickled vegetables. Dietary pattern 2 was characterized by low intakes of high-fat cakes, nuts/seeds, fish/shellfish, and teas/coffee, and high intakes of rice and eggs. Participants in the highest tertile of dietary pattern 1 had significantly (p<0.05) higher HbA1c and LDL cholesterol compared to participants in the lowest tertile: mean difference in HbA1c was 1.0 percentage point (11 mmol/mol) and in LDL cholesterol was 0.36 mmol/L after adjustment for age and household income. Dietary pattern 2 was not associated with HbA1c or LDL cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a dietary pattern that is significantly related to HbA1c and LDL cholesterol. These findings provide support for behavioral strategies to prevent complications in individuals with T1D in China.
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: ljaacks@emory.edu.
authors: Lindsay M
authors: LM
authors: Jaacks
authors: Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: jbigelow@email.unc.edu.
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Crandell
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: mmendez@email.unc.edu.
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Mendez
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: lamichha@email.unc.edu.
authors: Archana P
authors: AP
authors: Lamichhane
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: liuwei850217@163.com.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: jiln@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors: Linong
authors: L
authors: Ji
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: dushufa@email.unc.edu.
authors: Shufa
authors: S
authors: Du
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: wayne_rosamond@unc.edu.
authors: Wayne
authors: W
authors: Rosamond
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: popkin@unc.edu.
authors: Barry M
authors: BM
authors: Popkin
authors: Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: ejmayer_davis@unc.edu.
authors: Elizabeth J
authors: EJ
authors: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: China; Dietary patterns; Glycemic control; Reduced rank regression; Type 1 diabetes
references: J Diabetes Complications. 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):223-8
references: 19577486
references: Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39
references: 15249516
references: Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):861-6
references: 21307382
references: BMJ. 2011;343:d5364
references: 21903695
references: Acta Ophthalmol. 2010 May;88 Thesis1:1-14
references: 20500731
references: Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1473-8
references: 18540046
references: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul;31(7):1360-6
references: 18375412
references: J Diabetes Complications. 2007 Sep-Oct;21(5):280-7
references: 17825751
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1148-56
references: 17413118
references: Diabetologia. 2006 Apr;49(4):660-6
references: 16432708
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22;353(25):2643-53
references: 16371630
references: Clin Nephrol. 2005 Jul;64(1):1-11
references: 16047639
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;65(4 Suppl):1220S-1228S; discussion 1229S-1231S
references: 9094926
references: Diabetologia. 1997 Feb;40(2):212-6
references: 9049483
references: N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86
references: 8366922
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;47(5):333-46
references: 8319669
references: Ann Intern Med. 2004 Sep 21;141(6):421-31
references: 15381515
references: J Pediatr. 2010 Aug;157(2):245-251.e1
references: 20394942
references: Diabetes Care. 2001 May;24(5):823-7
references: 11347737
references: Diabetologia. 2001 Sep;44 Suppl 2:S14-21
references: 11587045
references: Diabet Med. 2015 Mar;32(3):399-406
references: 25407093
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Dec;68(12):1327-33
references: 24865480
references: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014 Sep;30(6):497-504
references: 24687395
references: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014 Aug;68(8):773-9
references: 24729424
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Mar;99(3):800-7
references: 24423327
references: Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan;37 Suppl 1:S14-80
references: 24357209
references: BMJ. 2013;346:e8539
references: 23295181
references: PLoS Med. 2012;9(10):e1001321
references: 23055834
references: Diabetologia. 2012 Aug;55(8):2132-41
references: 22526612
references: High Alt Med Biol. 2012 Mar;13(1):13-21
references: 22429228
references: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Nov;94(2):307-10
references: 22056720
references: Diabetes Care. 2010 Jul;33(7):1640-6
references: 20424222
references: Nutr Rev. 2001 Dec;59(12):379-90
references: 11766908
references: Public Health Nutr. 2002 Dec;5(6A):947-53
references: 12633520
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jun;77(6):1409-16
references: 12791617
references: Diabetes Care. 2003 Oct;26(10):2923-8
references: 14514603
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2004 May 15;159(10):935-44
references: 15128605
references: Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):582-9
references: 20980456