title: Sleep Quality and Its Correlates in HIV Positive Patients Who Are Candidates for Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, it has been reported that most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients suffer from various degrees of sleep problems. Sleep disorders can affect quality of life, physical and social functioning and can also cause chronic fatigue. Some psychological and physiological factors are related to sleep quality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate sleep quality and its related psychological and physiological factors in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients who were candidates for initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross- sectional study of 59 HIV positive out-patients in stages 2 or 3 of HIV disease who were candidates for initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and Somatization Subscale of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were used to assess the patients' sleep quality, depression, anxiety and physiological factors, respectively. SPSS software version 12 was used for data analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to analyze the correlation between PSQI and other quantitative variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the sleep quality assessment, 47.5 % of the patients had PSQI > 5 that was defined as sleep disturbances. A significant correlation was found between sleep quality and HDRS (r = 0.531, p = 0.0001), HARS (r = 0.627, p = 0.0001) and somatization subscale of SCL-90 (r = 0.36, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals suffer from sleep disorders at least as same as the general population, and that psychological variables including depression and anxiety and physiological variables including physical morbidities in different systems of the body lead to sleep disturbance in this population.
authors: Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Fatemeh
authors: F
authors: Dabaghzadeh
authors: Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman university of Medicai Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Khalili
authors: Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Padideh
authors: P
authors: Ghaeli
authors: Psychiatry and psychology Research center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Alimadadi
keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus; Sleep quality
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