title: Global analysis of the role of autophagy in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings under carbon starvation.
abstract: Germination and early seedling establishment are developmental stages in which plants face limited nutrient supply as their photosynthesis mechanism is not yet active. For this reason, the plant must mobilize the nutrient reserves provided by the mother plant in order to facilitate growth. Autophagy is a catabolic process enabling the bulk degradation of cellular constituents in the vacuole. The autophagy mechanism is conserved among eukaryotes, and homologs of many autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA insertion mutants (atg mutants) of these genes display higher sensitivity to various stresses, particularly nutrient starvation. However, the direct impact of autophagy on cellular metabolism has not been well studied. In this work, we used etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings as a model system for carbon starvation. atg mutant seedlings display delayed growth in response to carbon starvation compared with wild-type seedlings. High-throughput metabolomic, lipidomic, and proteomic analyses were performed, as well as extensive flux analyses, in order to decipher the underlying causes of the phenotype. Significant differences between atg mutants and wild-type plants have been demonstrated, suggesting global effects of autophagy on central metabolism during carbon starvation as well as severe energy deprivation, resulting in a morphological phenotype.
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany avin@mpimp-golm.mpg.de.
authors: Tamar
authors: T
authors: Avin-Wittenberg
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Bajdzienko
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Gal
authors: G
authors: Wittenberg
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Saleh
authors: S
authors: Alseekh
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Tohge
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Bock
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Giavalisco
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Alisdair R
authors: AR
authors: Fernie
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D002244:Carbon / Q000172:deficiency*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D003624:Darkness; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D064527:Etiolation / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000254:growth & development; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D008055:Lipids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D020156:Salicylic Acid
references: Bioinformatics. 2008 Mar 1;24(5):732-7
references: 18204057
references: Genetics. 2008 Mar;178(3):1339-53
references: 18245858
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2012 Sep;17(9):526-37
references: 22694835
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 9;280(36):31582-6
references: 16027116
references: Plant Cell. 2013 Dec;25(12):4956-66
references: 24368791
references: Plant Physiol. 2005 Feb;137(2):611-22
references: 15665243
references: Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5
references: 5432063
references: Plant J. 2006 Mar;45(6):930-41
references: 16507084
references: Plant Cell. 2004 Nov;16(11):2967-83
references: 15494556
references: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008;59:115-42
references: 18444898
references: Plant Cell. 2012 Jan;24(1):288-303
references: 22253227
references: Plant J. 2002 Sep;31(5):639-47
references: 12207653
references: J Exp Bot. 2005 Nov;56(421):2839-49
references: 16157655
references: Cell. 2005 May 20;121(4):567-77
references: 15907470
references: Front Plant Sci. 2011 Oct 12;2:54
references: 22629264
references: Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;142(3):839-54
references: 16963520
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e19406
references: 21556325
references: Autophagy. 2009 Oct;5(7):954-63
references: 19587533
references: Phytochemistry. 2009 May;70(8):1017-29
references: 19497599
references: Plant Cell. 2002 Nov;14(11):2863-82
references: 12417707
references: Plant Physiol. 2012 Nov;160(3):1175-86
references: 22942388
references: Plant Cell. 2012 Jun;24(6):2279-303
references: 22669882
references: Genetics. 2013 Jun;194(2):341-61
references: 23733851
references: Phytochemistry. 2008 Dec;69(17):2920-7
references: 18992903
references: J Cell Sci. 2014 Mar 15;127(Pt 6):1161-8
references: 24463818
references: Nat Methods. 2012 Jul;9(7):671-5
references: 22930834
references: Protoplasma. 2012 Apr;249(2):285-99
references: 21660427
references: C R Biol. 2008 Oct;331(10):755-62
references: 18926489
references: Plant Physiol. 2003 Sep;133(1):84-99
references: 12970477
references: Plant Cell. 2003 Sep;15(9):2140-51
references: 12953116
references: Plant Cell. 2013 Apr;25(4):1383-99
references: 23564204
references: Plant J. 2010 Jun 1;62(6):989-1003
references: 20345607
references: Plant Cell. 2013 Oct;25(10):4085-100
references: 24179123
references: Planta. 2001 Jan;212(2):250-63
references: 11216846
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2011 Sep;16(9):489-98
references: 21684795
references: Front Plant Sci. 2014 Apr 08;5:134
references: 24782875
references: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:215-37
references: 22242963
references: Plant J. 2004 Aug;39(4):668-79
references: 15272882
references: Plant Physiol. 2005 Aug;138(4):2097-110
references: 16040659
references: Biochem J. 2007 Jun 1;404(2):247-56
references: 17313365
references: Plant Physiol. 2006 Dec;142(4):1380-96
references: 17071647
references: Protoplasma. 2010 Dec;247(3-4):233-56
references: 20734094
references: Plant Physiol. 2012 Dec;160(4):2227-38
references: 23064409
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 30;277(35):31994-2002
references: 12077151
references: Plant Physiol. 1960 Nov;35(6):830-8
references: 16655430
references: Mol Cells. 2013 Jul;36(1):7-16
references: 23708729
references: Plant J. 2005 May;42(4):535-46
references: 15860012
references: New Phytol. 2013 Aug;199(3):683-94
references: 23647084
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:107-32
references: 21801009
references: Plant Physiol. 2013 Jul;162(3):1290-310
references: 23696093
references: Proteomics. 2011 May;11(9):1606-18
references: 21433284
references: Plant Cell. 2014 May 7;26(5):1857-1877
references: 24808053
references: Plant Cell. 2010 May;22(5):1549-63
references: 20501910
references: Plant Physiol. 2007 Jan;143(1):291-9
references: 17098847
references: Plant J. 2011 Oct;68(2):364-76
references: 21699588
references: Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):339-48
references: 18227644
references: Autophagy. 2011 Jul;7(7):727-36
references: 21471734
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 6;277(36):33105-14
references: 12070171
references: Bioinformatics. 2005 Apr 15;21(8):1635-8
references: 15613389
references: Plant Cell. 2009 Sep;21(9):2914-27
references: 19773385
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Apr;1837(4):512-21
references: 24269172
references: Biol Chem. 2000 Aug;381(8):723-40
references: 11030430
references: Cell Metab. 2011 May 4;13(5):495-504
references: 21531332
references: Plant Physiol. 2002 Jul;129(3):1181-93
references: 12114572
references: Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):387-96
references: 17406261
references: Cell. 2009 May 15;137(4):773-83
references: 19450522
references: Mol Plant. 2014 Aug;7(8):1257-60
references: 24705457
references: Plant Physiol. 2013 Apr;161(4):1682-93
references: 23457226
references: New Phytol. 2012 May;194(3):732-40
references: 22404536
references: Plant Physiol. 2007 Nov;145(3):626-39
references: 17885090
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Sep;1793(9):1397-403
references: 19272302
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 23;103(21):8287-92
references: 16698923
references: Plant Cell. 2011 Jul;23(7):2477-82
references: 21771932