title: Brainbow: new resources and emerging biological applications for multicolor genetic labeling and analysis.
abstract: Brainbow is a genetic cell-labeling technique where hundreds of different hues can be generated by stochastic and combinatorial expression of a few spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins. Unique color profiles can be used as cellular identification tags for multiple applications such as tracing axons through the nervous system, following individual cells during development, or analyzing cell lineage. In recent years, Brainbow and other combinatorial expression strategies have expanded from the mouse nervous system to other model organisms and a wide variety of tissues. Particularly exciting is the application of Brainbow in lineage tracing, where this technique has been instrumental in parsing out complex cellular relationships during organogenesis. Here we review recent findings, new technical improvements, and exciting potential genetic and genomic applications for harnessing this colorful technique in anatomical, developmental, and genetic studies.
authors: Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219 weissman@Lclark.edu ypan@gru.edu.
authors: Tamily A
authors: TA
authors: Weissman
authors: Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 weissman@Lclark.edu ypan@gru.edu.
authors: Y Albert
authors: YA
authors: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins
keywords: clonal analysis; fluorescence microscopy; in vivo imaging; lineage tracing; neural circuitry
references: Nat Neurosci. 2011 Aug 30;14(11):1481-8
references: 21878933
references: J Neurosci. 2014 Feb 5;34(6):2305-13
references: 24501369
references: Nat Methods. 2005 Dec;2(12):905-9
references: 16299475
references: Cell. 2010 Oct 1;143(1):134-44
references: 20887898
references: Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):175-81
references: 23925240
references: Development. 2013 Apr;140(7):1605-13
references: 23482495
references: Cell Rep. 2012 Sep 27;2(3):540-52
references: 22999937
references: Neuron. 2014 Feb 5;81(3):505-20
references: 24507188
references: J Cell Sci. 2007 Dec 15;120(Pt 24):4247-60
references: 18057027
references: Development. 2014 Apr;141(7):1589-98
references: 24644261
references: EMBO J. 2013 Jan 23;32(2):219-30
references: 23188081
references: Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):168-74
references: 23925239
references: Nature. 2012 Apr 25;484(7395):479-84
references: 22538609
references: Neuron. 1988 Oct;1(8):635-47
references: 3272182
references: Nature. 2007 Nov 1;450(7166):56-62
references: 17972876
references: J Neurosci. 2013 Mar 13;33(11):5027-39
references: 23486973
references: Stem Cells. 2014 Dec;32(12):3046-54
references: 25113584
references: Methods Cell Biol. 2004;77:201-22
references: 15602913
references: J Cell Comp Physiol. 1962 Jun;59:223-39
references: 13911999
references: Nature. 2001 Feb 8;409(6821):714-20
references: 11217860
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;22(1):101-10
references: 22030345
references: Dev Cell. 2014 Jul 28;30(2):123-36
references: 25017692
references: Nat Methods. 2014 Sep;11(9):951-8
references: 25042785
references: Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):177-82
references: 21390124
references: Nat Methods. 2013 May 5;10(6):540-7
references: 23817127
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21141
references: 21698154
references: Nature. 2013 May 16;497(7449):332-7
references: 23575631
references: Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):362-365
references: 24531760
references: Nat Methods. 2007 Apr;4(4):331-6
references: 17384643
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12580-5
references: 22778414
references: Brain Res Rev. 2007 Oct;55(2):220-7
references: 17408568
references: Stem Cells. 2015 Jan;33(1):230-9
references: 25187087
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59179
references: 23555628
references: Trends Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):42-7
references: 15629857
references: Nat Methods. 2007 Jul;4(7):555-7
references: 17572680
references: Annu Rev Genet. 2004;38:819-45
references: 15568995
references: Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1065-9
references: 18845710
references: Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2011 Jul 01;2011(7):763-9
references: 21724826
references: Development. 2013 Aug;140(15):3275-84
references: 23785055
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 Mar 25;14(5):526-34
references: 22446736
references: EMBO Rep. 2014 Jan;15(1):62-9
references: 24355609
references: Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 22;4:6175
references: 25146451
references: Nat Methods. 2014 Oct;11(10):1037-40
references: 25128976
references: Stem Cells. 2015 Jan;33(1):157-69
references: 24966117
references: Nat Methods. 2012 Jul 08;9(8):815-8
references: 22772730
references: Plant Cell. 2011 Jul;23(7):2581-91
references: 21742994
references: Science. 1988 Sep 9;241(4871):1342-5
references: 3137660
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Aug;14(8):489-502
references: 23860235
references: J Neurosci. 2013 Dec 11;33(50):19480-91
references: 24336714
references: Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2011 Jan 01;2011(1):pdb.prot5546
references: 21205846
references: J Exp Med. 2013 Aug 26;210(9):1657-64
references: 23940255
references: Science. 2012 Aug 10;337(6095):730-5
references: 22855427
references: Nat Methods. 2014 Jun;11(6):625-8
references: 24727653
references: Nat Protoc. 2012 Apr 05;7(5):839-49
references: 22481527
references: Development. 2013 Jul;140(13):2835-46
references: 23757414
references: Science. 1994 Feb 11;263(5148):802-5
references: 8303295
references: Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):549-53
references: 20336138
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2009;546:69-84
references: 19378098
references: Trends Neurosci. 2001 May;24(5):251-4
references: 11311363
references: Nat Methods. 2014 Jun;11(6):600-1
references: 24874570
references: Nat Methods. 2009 Feb;6(2):127-30
references: 19122667
references: Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:509-44
references: 9759496
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Dec;22(12):1567-72
references: 15558047
references: Dev Growth Differ. 2012 Apr;54(3):287-305
references: 22524602
references: Front Neural Circuits. 2013 Apr 01;7:53
references: 23554587
references: Biochemistry. 2007 May 22;46(20):5904-10
references: 17444659
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Feb 22;108(8):3377-82
references: 21292985
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Apr;42(7):e56
references: 24476916
references: Nature. 2014 Apr 10;508(7495):207-14
references: 24695228
references: Nature. 2014 May 15;509(7500):331-336
references: 24805243
references: Cell. 2005 May 6;121(3):479-92
references: 15882628
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2013 May;15(5):511-8
references: 23563490
references: Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):618-23
references: 22053041
references: Nat Med. 2011 Apr;17(4):504-9
references: 21441917
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):7877-82
references: 12060735
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(1):458-62
references: 2104984
references: Blood. 2012 Dec 20;120(26):e105-16
references: 22995900
references: Nat Methods. 2011 Mar;8(3):253-9
references: 21297621
references: Nat Methods. 2011 Mar;8(3):260-6
references: 21297619
references: Sci Rep. 2014 Dec 22;4:7520
references: 25531807
references: Nat Commun. 2012 Mar 20;3:751
references: 22434194
references: Nature. 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):409-13
references: 21866153
references: Nat Methods. 2013 Jun;10(6):515-23
references: 23722211
references: Nat Biotechnol. 1999 Oct;17(10):969-73
references: 10504696
references: Nat Commun. 2013;4:2125
references: 23839311
references: Nat Commun. 2010;1:146
references: 21266996
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jun;9(6):417-22
references: 18446160
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1082:57-69
references: 24048926
references: Curr Biol. 2013 Jan 7;23(1):21-31
references: 23177476