title: Effects of formaldehyde inhalation on humoral immunity and protective effect of Nigella sativa oil: An experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to determine the effects of formaldehyde (FA) inhalation on the humoral immunity of rats and the protective effect of Nigella sativa (NS) oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats (n = 33) were divided into five groups, with five animals in the control group (FA-free air) and seven in the other four groups. Group FA1 was exposed to FA (5 ppm), group FA + NS1 was treated with NS and exposed to FA (5 ppm), group FA2 was exposed to FA (10 ppm), and group FA + NS2 was treated with NS and exposed to FA (10 ppm). At the end of a 4-week study period, blood samples were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of serum total immunoglobulin A (IgA), total immunoglobulin M (IgM), total immunoglobulin G (IgG), and complement 3 (C3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FA inhalation significantly increased serum IgA, IgM, and C3 levels and decreased serum IgG levels compared with the control group. NS administration decreased serum IgA, IgM, and C3 levels, which were induced by FA inhalation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FA inhalation significantly increased acute antibody responses and C3 levels in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. FA inhalation decreased the secondary immune response compared with the control group. Levels of acute antibody responses and complement following exposure to FA inhalation returned to normal following treatment with NS (immunoregulatory effect). However, NS did not affect the secondary immune response.
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
authors: Hilal Irmak
authors: HI
authors: Sapmaz
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sifa University, Izmir, Turkey msarsilmaz@hotmail.com.
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Sarsılmaz
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Gödekmerdan
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Ögetürk
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
authors: Ufuk
authors: U
authors: Taş
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
authors: Evren
authors: E
authors: Köse
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D029974:Carum
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D003176:Complement C3; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D010938:Plant Oils; D020011:Protective Agents; D005557:Formaldehyde; C104525:caraway oil
keywords: ELISA; Formaldehyde; Nigella sativa oil; humoral immunity; total immunoglobulin