title: The human gut microbiota with reference to autism spectrum disorder: considering the whole as more than a sum of its parts.
abstract: The human gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem that contributes an important component towards the health of its host. This highly complex ecosystem has been underestimated in its importance until recently, when a realization of the enormous scope of gut microbiota function has been (and continues to be) revealed. One of the more striking of these discoveries is the finding that the gut microbiota and the brain are connected, and thus there is potential for the microbiota in the gut to influence behavior and mental health. In this short review, we outline the link between brain and gut microbiota and urge the reader to consider the gut microbiota as an ecosystem 'organ' rather than just as a collection of microbes filling a niche, using the hypothesized role of the gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder to illustrate the concept.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Toh
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada; eav@uoguelph.ca.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Allen-Vercoe
keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; gastrointestinal tract; human; microbiota
references: Microbiome. 2014 Jul 21;2:25
references: 25061514
references: Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Dec;106(51-52):837-42
references: 20062581
references: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2014;15:195-213
references: 25184530
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11971-5
references: 20566857
references: Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):511-21
references: 16882802
references: J Microbiol Methods. 2013 Nov;95(2):167-74
references: 23994646
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e36466
references: 22719832
references: Gut Microbes. 2014 Jul 1;5(4):446-57
references: 25013912
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct;77(19):6788-93
references: 21821739
references: Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1694-7
references: 19892944
references: Front Microbiol. 2014 Jun 19;5:298
references: 24995004
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Nov;70(11):6459-65
references: 15528506
references: Anaerobe. 2010 Aug;16(4):444-53
references: 20603222
references: Nature. 2011 May 12;473(7346):174-80
references: 21508958
references: J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 Jun;70(12):1046-51
references: 17497416
references: Clin Perinatol. 2011 Jun;38(2):321-31
references: 21645799
references: Front Microbiol. 2014 Sep 22;5:494
references: 25295033
references: Cell. 2012 Aug 3;150(3):470-80
references: 22863002
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2013 Oct 07;7:70
references: 24109440
references: Protein Cell. 2010 Aug;1(8):718-25
references: 21203913
references: APMIS. 2011 Jan;119(1):17-35
references: 21143523
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 7;106(14):5859-64
references: 19321416
references: J Proteome Res. 2015 Jan 2;14(1):491-502
references: 25300177
references: Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):207-14
references: 22699609
references: Genome Biol. 2014;15(7):R89
references: 25146375
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Dec;7(12 ):887-94
references: 19898491
references: J Nutr. 2004 Feb;134(2):459-64
references: 14747689
references: Mol Autism. 2013 Nov 04;4(1):42
references: 24188502
references: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jun;28(3):261-89
references: 15449604
references: Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):747-9
references: 25124424
references: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Mar;38(3):293-7
references: 15076629
references: J Med Microbiol. 2003 Jul;52(Pt 7):541-5
references: 12808073
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4578-85
references: 20668239
references: J Autism Dev Disord. 1987 Dec;17(4):585-94
references: 3680158
references: Gut Microbes. 2013 Jan-Feb;4(1):4-16
references: 23022738
references: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014 Mar 28;63(2):1-21
references: 24670961
references: Cell Metab. 2014 Nov 4;20(5):779-86
references: 25156449
references: Microb Biotechnol. 2013 Jul;6(4):335-40
references: 23594389
references: BMC Biol. 2005 Mar 07;3:6
references: 15752428
references: Protein Sci. 2012 Oct;21(10):1403-17
references: 22825856
references: Front Microbiol. 2011 Jan 17;1:151
references: 21687765
references: Sci Transl Med. 2014 May 21;6(237):237ra65
references: 24848255
references: Gut Microbes. 2011 Mar-Apr;2(2):105-8
references: 21637027
references: Dig Dis. 2013;31(3-4):278-85
references: 24246975
references: Environ Microbiol. 2013 Jan;15(1):211-26
references: 22891823
references: Pediatrics. 2014 May;133(5):872-83
references: 24777214
references: Nature. 2010 Jul 15;466(7304):334-8
references: 20631792
references: Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):220-30
references: 22972295
references: JAMA. 2010 Feb 17;303(7):602
references: 20159865
references: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006 Apr;27(2 Suppl):S120-7
references: 16685178
references: Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1255-62
references: 22674335
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e23035
references: 21829582
references: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 16;8(7):e69621
references: 23874976
references: Front Public Health. 2013 Dec 19;1:69
references: 24392444
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Jun;110(3):193-209
references: 16845157
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):1035S-1045S
references: 10232646
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Aug 8;93(2):249-63
references: 23849776
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013 Jun;16(3):246-54
references: 23880135
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Mar;23(3):255-64, e119
references: 21054680
references: Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(6):1500-12
references: 24583088
references: Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(6):1547-53
references: 24503131
references: Gastroenterology. 2011 Aug;141(2):599-609, 609.e1-3
references: 21683077
references: J AOAC Int. 2012 Jan-Feb;95(1):50-60
references: 22468341
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Feb 15;108(7):3047-52
references: 21282636