title: Effect of watching 3-dimensional television on refractive error in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of watching 3-dimensional (3D) television (TV) on refractive error in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy volunteers, aged 6 to 12 years, without any ocular abnormalities other than refractive error were recruited for this study. They watched 3D TV for 50 minutes at a viewing distance of 2.8 meters. The image disparity of the 3D contents was from -1 to 1 degree. Refractive errors were measured both before and immediately after watching TV and were rechecked after a 10-minute rest period. The refractive errors before and after watching TV were compared. The amount of refractive change was also compared between myopes and controls. The refractive error of the participants who showed a myopic shift immediately after watching TV were compared across each time point to assure that the myopic shift persisted after a 10-minute rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 9.23 ± 1.75 years. The baseline manifest refractive error was -1.70 ± 1.79 (-5.50 to +1.25) diopters. The refractive errors immediately after watching and after a 10-minute rest were -1.75 ± 1.85 and -1.69 ± 1.80 diopters, respectively, which were not different from the baseline values. Myopic participants (34 participants), whose spherical equivalent was worse than -0.75 diopters, also did not show any significant refractive change after watching 3D TV. A myopic shift was observed in 31 participants with a mean score of 0.29 ± 0.23 diopters, which resolved after a 10-minute rest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Watching properly made 3D content on a 3D TV for 50 minutes with a 10-minute intermission at more than 2.8 meters of viewing distance did not affect the refractive error of children.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Seung-Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Young-Woo
authors: YW
authors: Suh
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Yong-Min
authors: YM
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Ji-Yoon
authors: JY
authors: Han
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Gi-Tae
authors: GT
authors: Nam
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Eun-Joo
authors: EJ
authors: You
authors: Nune Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Yoonae A
authors: YA
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013690:Television; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Depth perception; Myopia; Refractive errors
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