title: Cellular commitment in the developing cerebellum.
abstract: The mammalian cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and is critical for motor coordination and non-motor functions including cognitive and emotional processes. The anatomical structure of cerebellum is distinct with a three-layered cortex. During development, neurogenesis and fate decisions of cerebellar primordium cells are orchestrated through tightly controlled molecular events involving multiple genetic pathways. In this review, we will highlight the anatomical structure of human and mouse cerebellum, the cellular composition of developing cerebellum, and the underlying gene expression programs involved in cell fate commitments in the cerebellum. A critical evaluation of the cell death literature suggests that apoptosis occurs in ~5% of cerebellar cells, most shortly after mitosis. Apoptosis and cellular autophagy likely play significant roles in cerebellar development, we provide a comprehensive discussion of their role in cerebellar development and organization. We also address the possible function of unfolded protein response in regulation of cerebellar neurogenesis. We discuss recent advancements in understanding the epigenetic signature of cerebellar compartments and possible connections between DNA methylation, microRNAs and cerebellar neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss genetic diseases associated with cerebellar dysfunction and their role in the aging cerebellum.
authors: Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Marzban
authors: Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Marc R
authors: MR
authors: Del Bigio
authors: Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Javad
authors: J
authors: Alizadeh
authors: Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Saeid
authors: S
authors: Ghavami
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Robby M
authors: RM
authors: Zachariah
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors: Mojgan
authors: M
authors: Rastegar
keywords: DNA methylation; aging; apoptosis; autophagy; brain development; cerebellum structure; epigenetics
references: J Hirnforsch. 1998;39(2):223-9
references: 10022346
references: Neuron. 1999 Jan;22(1):103-14
references: 10027293
references: J Neurocytol. 1976 Dec;5(6):669-76
references: 1003259
references: Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):770-6
references: 10221902
references: Eur J Morphol. 1999 Apr;37(2-3):122-5
references: 10342442
references: Microsc Res Tech. 1999 Jun 15;45(6):341-52
references: 10402262
references: Development. 1999 Aug;126(16):3585-96
references: 10409504
references: Nat Neurosci. 1999 Jun;2(6):535-40
references: 10448218
references: Mech Dev. 1999 Jun;84(1-2):133-8
references: 10473127
references: Development. 1999 Oct;126(20):4395-404
references: 10498676
references: Nat Genet. 1999 Oct;23(2):185-8
references: 10508514
references: J Neurobiol. 1999 Nov 5;41(2):281-94
references: 10512984
references: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1999 Jul-Aug;29(4):405-9
references: 10582222
references: Neuron. 1999 Dec;24(4):833-46
references: 10624947
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Feb;14(2):285-94
references: 10674400
references: Nature. 2000 Feb 17;403(6771):734-40
references: 10693795
references: Nature. 2000 Feb 17;403(6771):764-9
references: 10693804
references: Mech Dev. 2000 Mar 1;91(1-2):43-52
references: 10704829
references: Endocrinology. 2000 May;141(5):1686-92
references: 10803577
references: Biotech Histochem. 2000 Jul;75(4):197-200
references: 10999571
references: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2000 Jun;164(1-2):1-4
references: 11026552
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Dec;34(3):149-56
references: 11113505
references: Histochem J. 2000 Sep;32(9):521-34
references: 11127973
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Feb;11(1):34-42
references: 11179870
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Feb;11(1):82-8
references: 11179876
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2001 Feb;19(1):53-62
references: 11226755
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2001 May;64(1):1-33
references: 11250060
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Feb;2(2):99-108
references: 11253000
references: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 Jan-Feb;31(1):105-9
references: 11265807
references: Int J Dev Biol. 2001;45(1):367-71
references: 11291867
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Jul;2(7):484-91
references: 11433373
references: Neurology. 2001 Jul 10;57(1):127-30
references: 11445641
references: Am J Med Genet. 2000 Fall;97(3):204-12
references: 11449489
references: Neurosci Lett. 2001 Nov 13;314(1-2):41-4
references: 11698142
references: Mutat Res. 2002 Jan 15;513(1-2):121-33
references: 11719097
references: Development. 2002 Jan;129(2):373-85
references: 11807030
references: J Cell Mol Med. 2001 Apr-Jun;5(2):179-87
references: 12067506
references: Neuroscience. 2002;112(3):509-23
references: 12074894
references: Ital J Anat Embryol. 2002 Apr-Jun;107(2):117-25
references: 12113526
references: Anat Rec. 2002 Aug 1;267(4):261-76
references: 12124904
references: Brain Behav Evol. 2002;59(5-6):312-26
references: 12207086
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;22(21):7398-404
references: 12370287
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):15200-5
references: 12397180
references: Anat Sci Int. 2002 Jun;77(2):94-108
references: 12418089
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2003 Feb;21(1):23-33
references: 12565693
references: Brain Res. 2003 Jun 6;974(1-2):176-83
references: 12742635
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2003 Apr;69(5):287-312
references: 12787572
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 1;23(11):4645-56
references: 12805304
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003 Jun;60(6):1084-98
references: 12861377
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2003 Oct;21(6):309-20
references: 12927579
references: Neuron. 1992 Apr;8(4):787-98
references: 1348950
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Oct 11;20(19):5085-92
references: 1408825
references: Exp Neurol. 1961 Oct;4:277-96
references: 14473282
references: Development. 2003 Nov;130(22):5319-30
references: 14507778
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Dec 10;23(36):11342-51
references: 14672998
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 3;101(5):1211-6
references: 14745007
references: J Comp Neurol. 2004 Mar 8;470(3):221-39
references: 14755513
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Feb 11;24(6):1486-96
references: 14960622
references: Neuron. 2004 Feb 19;41(4):535-47
references: 14980203
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004 Mar;44(2-3):103-16
references: 15003388
references: Nature. 2004 Mar 18;428(6980):337-41
references: 15029199
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Mar 19;32(5):1818-23
references: 15034150
references: Nat Genet. 2004 Apr;36(4):339-41
references: 15034579
references: J Neurocytol. 2004 Jan;33(1):117-30
references: 15173636
references: Dev Biol. 2004 Jun 15;270(2):393-410
references: 15183722
references: EMBO J. 2004 Jul 21;23(14):2892-902
references: 15229646
references: J Comp Neurol. 2004 Aug 16;476(2):154-73
references: 15248196
references: Mech Dev. 2004 Sep;121(9):1081-8
references: 15296973
references: Brain. 2004 Dec;127(Pt 12):2572-83
references: 15329353
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;24(18):8090-103
references: 15340071
references: Cell. 1992 May 15;69(4):581-95
references: 1534034
references: Vet Res Commun. 2004 Aug;28 Suppl 1:197-200
references: 15372956
references: Development. 2004 Nov;131(22):5581-90
references: 15496441
references: Neurogenetics. 2004 Dec;5(4):229-38
references: 15503243
references: J Cell Sci. 2005 Jan 1;118(Pt 1):7-18
references: 15615779
references: Neuron. 2005 Jan 6;45(1):27-40
references: 15629700
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 18;280(11):10119-27
references: 15654074
references: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2005 Jan;35(1):21-36
references: 15739785
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 May 27;331(1):50-5
references: 15845356
references: Neuron. 2005 Jul 21;47(2):201-13
references: 16039563
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Jul;159(1):177-83
references: 1609693
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005 Sep;49(2):134-49
references: 16111544
references: Nat Genet. 2005 Sep;37(9):974-9
references: 16116427
references: Neuron. 2005 Oct 6;48(1):1-4
references: 16202701
references: Neuron. 2005 Oct 6;48(1):17-24
references: 16202705
references: Neuron. 2005 Oct 6;48(1):31-43
references: 16202707
references: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2005 Dec 7;160(2):130-45
references: 16226814
references: Nat Genet. 2005 Dec;37(12):1312-4
references: 16282977
references: Nat Genet. 2005 Dec;37(12):1309-11
references: 16282978
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jan 6;339(1):296-304
references: 16307728
references: Brain. 2006 Jan;129(Pt 1):243-55
references: 16332642
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jan;26(1):117-30
references: 16354684
references: Mol Neurobiol. 2006 Feb;33(1):33-50
references: 16388109
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Jan 18;26(3):742-56
references: 16421294
references: Brain Res. 2007 Apr 6;1140:19-25
references: 16427031
references: Brain. 2006 Feb;129(Pt 2):290-2
references: 16434422
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Feb;23(4):857-68
references: 16519651
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Mar 15;26(11):3066-76
references: 16540585
references: Seikagaku. 2006 Feb;78(2):130-2
references: 16541804
references: Development. 2006 May;133(9):1799-809
references: 16571630
references: J Comp Neurol. 2006 Jun 1;496(4):468-78
references: 16572459
references: Neurosci Res. 2006 Jul;55(3):223-33
references: 16621079
references: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):885-9
references: 16625204
references: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):880-4
references: 16625205
references: J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 8;281(36):25926-39
references: 16757478
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1991 Mar 29;331(1261):307-13
references: 1677476
references: Curr Top Dev Biol. 2006;73:205-35
references: 16782460
references: Development. 2006 Aug;133(15):2793-804
references: 16790481
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Jun 28;26(26):6897-906
references: 16807320
references: Cerebellum. 2006;5(2):97-104
references: 16818384
references: Cerebellum. 2006;5(2):116-26
references: 16818386
references: Apoptosis. 2006 Sep;11(9):1595-602
references: 16820961
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;26(15):5688-97
references: 16847323
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;24(6):365-71
references: 16893622
references: Nature. 2006 Sep 7;443(7107):50-5
references: 16906134
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 6;26(36):9184-95
references: 16957075
references: Cerebellum. 2006;5(3):193-8
references: 16997750
references: Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 15;299(2):582-93
references: 17010333
references: Mamm Genome. 2006 Oct;17(10):1025-32
references: 17019651
references: Behav Brain Res. 2007 Jan 10;176(1):121-32
references: 17055592
references: J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jan;97(1):901-11
references: 17093116
references: J Comp Neurol. 2007 Feb 20;500(6):1076-92
references: 17183552
references: Gene. 2007 Apr 15;391(1-2):39-44
references: 17229533
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 6;104(6):1931-6
references: 17267601
references: J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(5):1185-93
references: 17326764
references: FEBS Lett. 2007 Jul 31;581(19):3641-51
references: 17481612
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2007;23:549-77
references: 17506688
references: Behav Brain Res. 1991 Aug 29;44(2):113-28
references: 1751002
references: J Exp Med. 2007 Jul 9;204(7):1553-8
references: 17606634
references: Eur J Histochem. 2007;51 Suppl 1:59-64
references: 17703595
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 4;104(36):14489-94
references: 17726112
references: Neuroscientist. 2008 Feb;14(1):91-100
references: 17911211
references: Dev Neurosci. 2008;30(1-3):7-23
references: 18075250
references: Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1149-63
references: 18083104
references: RNA. 2008 Mar;14(3):432-44
references: 18230762
references: PLoS One. 2008 Feb 27;3(2):e1653
references: 18301736
references: Brain Behav Evol. 2008;71(4):287-304
references: 18431055
references: Neuroscience. 2008 Jun 2;153(4):1190-201
references: 18455884
references: Dev Dyn. 2008 Jun;237(6):1726-35
references: 18498101
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008 Feb;18(1):12-9
references: 18513948
references: Brain Res. 2008 Jul 30;1222:106-17
references: 18572150
references: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2008 Dec;28(8):1129-38
references: 18683040
references: Psychol Med. 2009 Feb;39(2):337-46
references: 18775096
references: Dev Cell. 2008 Sep;15(3):344-57
references: 18804433
references: Cerebellum. 2008;7(4):523-9
references: 19002744
references: J Cell Physiol. 2009 May;219(2):243-50
references: 19127539
references: J Comp Neurol. 2009 Apr 10;513(5):532-41
references: 19226510
references: Cell. 2009 Feb 20;136(4):642-55
references: 19239886
references: Psychiatry Res. 2009 Apr 30;172(1):61-7
references: 19243924
references: Neuroscience. 2009 Sep 1;162(3):549-59
references: 19272426
references: Neuroscience. 2009 Jun 16;161(1):123-38
references: 19306913
references: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009 Aug;85(8):700-9
references: 19441098
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009 Jun;27(4):377-83
references: 19460632
references: Front Neuroanat. 2009 May 20;3:3
references: 19503747
references: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2009 Oct;35(5):449-61
references: 19555462
references: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 27;4(8):e6810
references: 19710912
references: J Comp Neurol. 2009 Nov 10;517(2):193-209
references: 19731335
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jan 1;19(1):25-35
references: 19801575
references: PLoS One. 2009 Oct 06;4(10):e7225
references: 19806225
references: Int J Dev Biol. 2010;54(1):7-20
references: 19876817
references: Trends Neurosci. 2010 Apr;33(4):163-72
references: 20138673
references: Biochem Soc Trans. 2010 Apr;38(2):498-506
references: 20298210
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1991;14:453-501
references: 2031577
references: Cerebellum. 2010 Sep;9(3):272-83
references: 20387026
references: J Comp Neurol. 2010 Jun 15;518(12):2221-39
references: 20437525
references: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010 Aug;44(4):362-73
references: 20470892
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jun 28;5(6):e11357
references: 20596539
references: Traffic. 2010 Oct;11(10):1280-9
references: 20633243
references: Ann Anat. 2010 Sep 20;192(5):261-74
references: 20739155
references: J Biomed Sci. 2010 Aug 24;17 Suppl 1:S12
references: 20804586
references: Curr Neuropharmacol. 2010 Mar;8(1):41-61
references: 20808545
references: Neural Dev. 2010 Sep 01;5:23
references: 20809939
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Sep;12(9):814-22
references: 20811353
references: Cerebellum. 2011 Sep;10(3):422-34
references: 20838950
references: Brain Res Rev. 2011 Jan 7;66(1-2):220-45
references: 20937306
references: Cerebellum. 2011 Sep;10(3):334-50
references: 20967577
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2011;682:3-13
references: 21057916
references: Cerebellum. 2011 Sep;10(3):504-14
references: 21104177
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 1998 Sep 1;2(9):307-13
references: 21227226
references: Anat Histol Embryol. 2011 Feb;40(1):21-7
references: 21231956
references: Neurochem Res. 2011 Jul;36(7):1241-52
references: 21243430
references: Cerebellum. 2011 Sep;10(3):435-48
references: 21298580
references: Development. 2011 Mar;138(6):1207-16
references: 21307096
references: Dev Neurobiol. 2012 Mar;72(3):282-301
references: 21309081
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2011 Apr;33(8):1376-84
references: 21366730
references: Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Aug;33(6):523-30
references: 21380713
references: Neurogenetics. 2011 Aug;12(3):241-5
references: 21484435
references: Neural Dev. 2011 May 18;6:25
references: 21592321
references: J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 1;31(22):8306-19
references: 21632951
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Aug;31(16):3326-38
references: 21690300
references: Integr Comp Biol. 2002 Aug;42(4):743-56
references: 21708771
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2012 May 1;21(7):1059-68
references: 21732818
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23449
references: 21858122
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2012 Jan;45(1):219-33
references: 21871565
references: J Child Neurol. 2011 Dec;26(12):1483-92
references: 21954430
references: Nat Neurosci. 2011 Oct 30;14(12):1607-16
references: 22037496
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Feb 1;21(3):609-22
references: 22042773
references: Cerebellum. 2012 Jun;11(2):434-5
references: 22090364
references: Early Hum Dev. 1990 Jun;23(1):27-40
references: 2209474
references: Cerebellum. 2012 Jun;11(2):420-1
references: 22278661
references: Cerebellum. 2012 Sep;11(3):777-807
references: 22370873
references: Epigenetics. 2012 Feb;7(2):155-63
references: 22395465
references: Dev Growth Differ. 2012 Apr;54(3):317-26
references: 22404503
references: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2012 Aug;30(5):391-5
references: 22406199
references: Pediatr Neurol. 1990 Sep-Oct;6(5):310-4
references: 2242172
references: Mol Cancer. 2012 Mar 27;11:18
references: 22452792
references: Neural Plast. 2012;2012:415825
references: 22474603
references: J Fish Biol. 2012 Apr;80(5):1968-2023
references: 22497414
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1990;182(4):375-400
references: 2252222
references: Dev Growth Differ. 2012 Apr;54(3):373-89
references: 22524607
references: Arch Med Res. 2012 May;43(4):255-64
references: 22595232
references: Front Genet. 2012 May 18;3:81
references: 22629283
references: Cell Adh Migr. 2012 Jan-Feb;6(1):13-7
references: 22647936
references: Neuroscience. 2012 Sep 6;219:271-9
references: 22677205
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1990;182(3):285-306
references: 2268071
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39977
references: 22792203
references: Cancer Lett. 2013 Sep 10;338(1):23-31
references: 22796365
references: Glia. 2012 Nov;60(11):1734-46
references: 22836445
references: Brain Behav Evol. 2012;80(3):196-209
references: 22907194
references: Clin Neuropathol. 2013 Jan-Feb;32(1):42-50
references: 22943957
references: Brain Behav Evol. 2012;80(2):152-65
references: 22986830
references: Nat Genet. 2012 Nov;44(11):1260-4
references: 23023333
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 16;109(42):16951-6
references: 23027964
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Dec 15;21(26):5500-10
references: 23042784
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Feb 1;22(3):417-32
references: 23087022
references: Exp Neurol. 2014 Oct;260:69-73
references: 23178582
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49763
references: 23185431
references: Neural Netw. 2013 Nov;47:112-9
references: 23200193
references: Mol Brain. 2012 Dec 06;5:42
references: 23216893
references: Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):376-81
references: 23222520
references: Mol Neurobiol. 2013 Apr;47(2):833-44
references: 23329344
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013 Oct;70(20):3791-811
references: 23443491
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun;87(11):4189-92
references: 2349228
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58457
references: 23505510
references: Nat Neurosci. 2013 Nov;16(11):1530-6
references: 23584741
references: Front Neuroanat. 2013 May 09;7:9
references: 23675325
references: Mol Brain. 2013 May 21;6:25
references: 23688253
references: Front Syst Neurosci. 2013 May 10;7:15
references: 23717269
references: Ann Anat. 2013 Oct;195(5):431-40
references: 23756022
references: Cerebellum. 2013 Dec;12(6):870-81
references: 23780826
references: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2013 Jan-Feb;2(1):149-64
references: 23799634
references: Front Neuroanat. 2013 Jun 26;7:18
references: 23805080
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013 Dec;70(24):4667-80
references: 23811844
references: Cell. 2013 Jul 3;154(1):118-33
references: 23827678
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Feb 15;23(4):1095-107
references: 24108107
references: Transl Psychiatry. 2013 Oct 22;3:e316
references: 24150225
references: Mol Autism. 2013 Nov 15;4(1):46
references: 24238559
references: Front Syst Neurosci. 2013 Nov 14;7:83
references: 24294192
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2014 May 1;23(9):2447-58
references: 24352790
references: Brain Res. 2014 Jan 30;1545:54-63
references: 24361977
references: Elife. 2013 Dec 24;2:e01305
references: 24368733
references: Biocell. 2013 Aug;37(2):29-36
references: 24392579
references: PLoS One. 2014 Feb 07;9(2):e86471
references: 24516532
references: Rev Neurosci. 2014;25(2):177-94
references: 24523305
references: Front Mol Neurosci. 2014 Feb 07;7:5
references: 24570654
references: PLoS One. 2014 Mar 03;9(3):e90645
references: 24594659
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014 May;158(2):203-10
references: 24599700
references: Neuromolecular Med. 2014 Jun;16(2):231-64
references: 24615633
references: PLoS One. 2014 Apr 10;9(4):e94327
references: 24722417
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Apr 29;111(17):E1777-86
references: 24733890
references: Cerebellum. 2014 Oct;13(5):541-8
references: 24831768
references: Rare Dis. 2014 Mar 31;2:e28688
references: 25054096
references: Early Hum Dev. 1989 Jun;19(3):199-211
references: 2505998
references: Cerebellum. 2014 Dec;13(6):698-712
references: 25096634
references: Exp Neurol. 2015 Jun;268:46-53
references: 25128264
references: J Neurosci. 2014 Sep 10;34(37):12527-37
references: 25209290
references: Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014 Sep 18;2:141
references: 25231243
references: Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 07;4:e460
references: 25290267
references: Development. 2014 Nov;141(21):4031-41
references: 25336734
references: Cerebellum. 2015 Apr;14(2):106-18
references: 25337886
references: Biology (Basel). 2014 Oct 22;3(4):670-723
references: 25340699
references: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec;11(12):714-22
references: 25348790
references: Neuroscience. 2015 Feb 12;286:122-30
references: 25463523
references: J Neurosci. 1989 May;9(5):1608-20
references: 2723742
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1989;179(6):551-69
references: 2751117
references: Diseases. 2014 Jan 27;2(1):45-70
references: 28191346
references: Brain Res Bull. 1978 Jul-Aug;3(4):369-72
references: 318207
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1988;179(1):55-71
references: 3213956
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1988;177(3):203-24
references: 3354839
references: N Engl J Med. 1988 May 26;318(21):1349-54
references: 3367935
references: Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1977;39(2):65-103
references: 337719
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):8165-8
references: 3479784
references: J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):1-26
references: 3968224
references: J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):27-41
references: 3968227
references: J Comp Neurol. 1985 Jan 1;231(1):42-65
references: 3968228
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1979 Oct 11;287(1020):167-201
references: 41272
references: J Comp Neurol. 1970 Aug;139(4):473-500
references: 4195699
references: Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1979 Feb;17(1):33-52
references: 452954
references: J Comp Neurol. 1972 Nov;146(3):335-54
references: 4628749
references: Acta Neuropathol. 1973;23(1):48-58
references: 4698523
references: Anat Rec. 1972 May;173(1):109-13
references: 5028060
references: Acta Neuropathol. 1979 May 15;46(3):221-5
references: 572615
references: Jpn J Physiol. 1984;34(5):781-92
references: 6099855
references: Brain Res. 1983 Sep 26;275(2):235-49
references: 6194853
references: Brain Res. 1980 May 26;190(2):369-83
references: 6989450
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1978 Sep 27;154(3):285-304
references: 707819
references: Neuroscience. 1982;7(9):2185-96
references: 7145091
references: Trends Neurosci. 1993 Nov;16(11):450-1; discussion 453-4
references: 7507616
references: Neuroscience. 1994 Aug;61(4):935-54
references: 7530818
references: Nat Genet. 1995 Oct;11(2):126-9
references: 7550338
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:385-408
references: 7605067
references: Neuron. 1995 Jul;15(1):63-78
references: 7619531
references: J Neurosci. 1995 Aug;15(8):5851-7
references: 7643225
references: J Comp Neurol. 1993 Jul 22;333(4):597-615
references: 7690372
references: J Comp Neurol. 1993 Aug 15;334(3):356-69
references: 7690783
references: J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 1):3366-74
references: 7751916
references: Mech Dev. 1994 Nov;48(2):129-38
references: 7873403
references: J Neurosci. 1994 Mar;14(3 Pt 2):1395-412
references: 8126546
references: J Comp Neurol. 1976 May 1;167(1):27-47
references: 818132
references: Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):695-700
references: 8235590
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):10989-93
references: 8248201
references: J Comp Neurol. 1994 Jan 8;339(2):159-73
references: 8300903
references: J Comp Neurol. 1994 Jan 8;339(2):174-80
references: 8300904
references: Brain Res. 1977 Jan 28;120(3):521-31
references: 832138
references: Neuron. 1993 Oct;11(4):621-32
references: 8398151
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1993;16:31-46
references: 8460896
references: Cancer Res. 1996 Jan 15;56(2):377-83
references: 8542595
references: Eur J Neurosci. 1995 Nov 1;7(11):2322-33
references: 8563981
references: Development. 1995 Dec;121(12):3935-45
references: 8575294
references: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Nov 17;200(2):109-12
references: 8614556
references: Science. 1996 Apr 26;272(5261):545-7
references: 8614803
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Jun 19;781:553-79
references: 8694444
references: J Neurosci. 1996 Jul 1;16(13):4174-85
references: 8753879
references: Neuron. 1996 Aug;17(2):275-85
references: 8780651
references: J Comp Neurol. 1996 Jul 8;370(4):536-50
references: 8807453
references: J Neurosci Res. 1996 Jan 15;43(2):175-82
references: 8820965
references: Nature. 1996 Sep 26;383(6598):332-4
references: 8848044
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1996 Sep;194(3):223-34
references: 8849669
references: Development. 1996 Dec;122(12):3785-97
references: 9012500
references: J Neurosci. 1997 May 15;17(10):3644-52
references: 9133387
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997 Apr;7(2):269-78
references: 9142760
references: Prog Brain Res. 1997;114:67-96
references: 9193139
references: Prog Brain Res. 1997;114:167-92
references: 9193144
references: Dev Biol. 1997 Jun 15;186(2):202-23
references: 9205140
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1977 Oct 7;151(2):201-18
references: 920968
references: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1997 Jun;23(3):203-11
references: 9223129
references: Development. 1997 Aug;124(15):2923-34
references: 9247335
references: Nature. 1997 Aug 21;388(6644):769-73
references: 9285588
references: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1997 Aug;7(4):551-7
references: 9309189
references: J Neurosci. 1997 Nov 15;17(22):8767-77
references: 9348346
references: Nature. 1997 Nov 13;390(6656):169-72
references: 9367153
references: Int Rev Neurobiol. 1997;41:3-27
references: 9378594
references: Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1997;5(1):17-31
references: 9509515
references: Neurosci Lett. 1998 Feb 13;242(2):85-8
references: 9533400
references: J Comp Neurol. 1998 Jul 13;396(4):442-60
references: 9651004
references: Neuroreport. 1998 Jun 1;9(8):1895-9
references: 9665622
references: J Comp Neurol. 1998 Sep 28;399(3):359-72
references: 9733083
references: Trends Neurosci. 1998 Sep;21(9):375-82
references: 9735945
references: Mech Dev. 1998 Aug;76(1-2):157-9
references: 9767156
references: J Neurol Sci. 1976 Oct;29(2-4):137-48
references: 978206
references: Genes Dev. 1998 Dec 1;12(23):3752-63
references: 9851981
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 22;95(26):15718-23
references: 9861036