title: The autophagic machinery ensures nonlytic transmission of mycobacteria.
abstract: In contrast to mechanisms mediating uptake of intracellular bacterial pathogens, bacterial egress and cell-to-cell transmission are poorly understood. Previously, we showed that the transmission of pathogenic mycobacteria between phagocytic cells also depends on nonlytic ejection through an F-actin based structure, called the ejectosome. How the host cell maintains integrity of its plasma membrane during the ejection process was unknown. Here, we reveal an unexpected function for the autophagic machinery in nonlytic spreading of bacteria. We show that ejecting mycobacteria are escorted by a distinct polar autophagocytic vacuole. If autophagy is impaired, cell-to-cell transmission is inhibited, the host plasma membrane becomes compromised and the host cells die. These findings highlight a previously unidentified, highly ordered interaction between bacteria and the autophagic pathway and might represent the ancient way to ensure nonlytic egress of bacteria.
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Lilli
authors: L
authors: Gerstenmaier
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Pilla
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Herrmann
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Hendrik
authors: H
authors: Herrmann
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Prado
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Geno J
authors: GJ
authors: Villafano
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Margot
authors: M
authors: Kolonko
authors: Electronmicroscopy, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
authors: Rudolph
authors: R
authors: Reimer
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211-Geneva, Switzerland; and.
authors: Thierry
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-7931
authors: T
authors: Soldati
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
authors: Jason S
authors: JS
authors: King
authors: Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; hagedorn@bnitm.de.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Hagedorn
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000382:microbiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum; Mycobacterium marinum; autophagy; ejection
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