title: Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.
abstract: Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of 145±3.6 kg) with a 5×5 latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.
authors: Erika B
authors: EB
authors: Laconi
authors: Anuraga
authors: A
authors: Jayanegara
keywords: Cocoa Pod; Digestibility; Rumen; Steer; Treatment
references: J Dairy Sci. 1992 Aug;75(8):2304-23
references: 1401380
references: Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012 Nov;25(11):1575-81
references: 25049519
references: Appl Microbiol. 1973 Apr;25(4):504-13
references: 4699214
references: Microbiol Rev. 1993 Sep;57(3):605-22
references: 8246842
references: Int J Biol Sci. 2009 Sep 04;5(6):578-95
references: 19774110
references: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Dec;81(3):399-417
references: 18810426
references: Biochem J. 1933;27(2):419-29
references: 16745115
references: J Dairy Sci. 1991 Oct;74(10):3583-97
references: 1660498
references: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2002 Jul;34(4):339-48
references: 12166335
references: J Dairy Sci. 2005 May;88 Suppl 1:E9-21
references: 15876575