title: RhoGTPases as key players in mammalian cell adaptation to microgravity.
abstract: A growing number of studies are revealing that cells reorganize their cytoskeleton when exposed to conditions of microgravity. Most, if not all, of the structural changes observed on flown cells can be explained by modulation of RhoGTPases, which are mechanosensitive switches responsible for cytoskeletal dynamics control. This review identifies general principles defining cell sensitivity to gravitational stresses. We discuss what is known about changes in cell shape, nucleus, and focal adhesions and try to establish the relationship with specific RhoGTPase activities. We conclude by considering the potential relevance of live imaging of RhoGTPase activity or cytoskeletal structures in order to enhance our understanding of cell adaptation to microgravity-related conditions.
authors: INSERM U1059, Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France.
authors: Fiona
authors: 0000-0002-2453-2314
authors: F
authors: Louis
authors: Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Conjonctifs, GIGA, Université de Liège, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Deroanne
authors: Laboratoire de Biologie des Tissus Conjonctifs, GIGA, Université de Liège, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium.
authors: Betty
authors: B
authors: Nusgens
authors: INSERM U1059, Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France.
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Vico
authors: INSERM U1059, Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Osseux, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex, France.
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Guignandon
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D014893:Weightlessness; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins
references: Cell. 1992 Aug 7;70(3):389-99
references: 1643657
references: J Cell Sci. 2004 Jun 1;117(Pt 13):2853-64
references: 15169841
references: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6:275-302
references: 15255771
references: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 28;273(35):22554-62
references: 9712882
references: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012 Dec;18(6):436-44
references: 22741572
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e76963
references: 24324574
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;20(3):1008-20
references: 10629058
references: Cell. 2004 Jan 23;116(2):167-79
references: 14744429
references: J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 3;274(36):25245-9
references: 10464245
references: Physiol Genomics. 2006 Aug 16;26(3):163-71
references: 16705019
references: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):1677-80
references: 11058583
references: Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):531-3
references: 8036496
references: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jul;19(7):4855-65
references: 10373535
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Apr;26(4):730-8
references: 20939067
references: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Sep;212(3):817-26
references: 17458904
references: Nature. 2002 Dec 12;420(6916):629-35
references: 12478284
references: J Biochem. 1999 Oct;126(4):676-82
references: 10502674
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;3(11):E250-1
references: 11715034
references: Cell. 1983 Dec;35(3 Pt 2):657-66
references: 6686086
references: Development. 2006 Aug;133(16):3231-44
references: 16854976
references: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014 Feb;8(2):85-96
references: 22610905
references: Science. 1998 Jun 26;280(5372):2074-5
references: 9669963
references: Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2011 Feb;68(2):125-37
references: 21246756
references: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Mar 1;12(5):603-10
references: 19747063
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jul 18;97(15):8364-8
references: 10880562
references: FASEB J. 1999;13 Suppl:S121-7
references: 10352153
references: Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 2):R93-9
references: 9249537
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003 Oct;15(5):590-7
references: 14519394
references: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Jan;62(1):37-40
references: 1899994
references: Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Mar;17(3):1324-35
references: 9032259
references: Nat Commun. 2013;4:2180
references: 23864022
references: Protoplasma. 2006 Dec;229(2-4):215-20
references: 17180504
references: Mol Cell Biomech. 2007 Dec;4(4):177-88
references: 18437915
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2006 Dec;15(6):921-9
references: 17253953
references: Adv Space Res. 1999;24(6):801-5
references: 11542625
references: Biophys Chem. 2007 May;127(3):172-80
references: 17321031
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;5(3):236-41
references: 12598902
references: J Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov 1;93(4):697-707
references: 15660414
references: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2014;33(2):249-72
references: 24525559
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Mar;15(3):1065-76
references: 14699063
references: Dev Cell. 2001 Aug;1(2):160-1
references: 11702775
references: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1997 Jun;33(6):459-66
references: 9201514
references: Bone. 1997 Feb;20(2):109-16
references: 9028534
references: J Cell Sci. 2001 Mar;114(Pt 6):1155-67
references: 11228159
references: J Cell Biochem. 2009 May 15;107(2):240-52
references: 19288527
references: Dev Cell. 2004 Apr;6(4):483-95
references: 15068789
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 May;3(5):466-72
references: 11331874
references: J Cell Sci. 1998 Feb;111 ( Pt 3):347-57
references: 9427683
references: Naturwissenschaften. 2013 Feb;100(2):125-33
references: 23229853
references: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;28(2):185-98
references: 21865726
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Jun;298(6):C1489-500
references: 20457834
references: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2008 Feb;65(2):116-29
references: 17987657
references: J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 4;275(5):3577-82
references: 10652353
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Jun 1;50(11):1689-98
references: 21439370
references: Immunol Rev. 2005 Dec;208:267-80
references: 16313354
references: Biomaterials. 2013 Jan;34(4):930-9
references: 23140997
references: Int J Radiat Biol. 1996 Oct;70(4):403-11
references: 8862451
references: FASEB J. 1998 Aug;12(11):1007-18
references: 9707173
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Oct;31(30):7666-77
references: 20659766
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001;17:351-86
references: 11687493
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Oct;20(10):1858-66
references: 16160744
references: Cell Cycle. 2013 Sep 15;12(18):3001-12
references: 23974110
references: Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1992;604:61-8
references: 1324563
references: Small GTPases. 2014;5:e27958
references: 24607953
references: Bone. 2011 Nov;49(5):965-74
references: 21839189
references: Acta Naturae. 2010 Apr;2(1):28-36
references: 22649626
references: Nature. 2005 Jul 7;436(7047):123-7
references: 16001073
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Apr 19;433(4):502-7
references: 23524265
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jun;65(6):1561-8
references: 23460186
references: Eur J Histochem. 2002;46(3):209-14
references: 12472115
references: FASEB J. 2013 Nov;27(11):4466-75
references: 23913861
references: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998 May;18(5):602-10
references: 9569230
references: J Gravit Physiol. 2004 Jul;11(2):P195-6
references: 16237835
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Dec;22(12):1913-23
references: 17696762
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Feb;15(2):198-208
references: 10703921
references: PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5388
references: 19401766
references: Mol Cells. 2003 Dec 31;16(3):271-7
references: 14744014
references: Mol Biol Cell. 1998 Nov;9(11):3179-93
references: 9802905
references: FASEB J. 2001 Sep;15(11):2036-8
references: 11511518
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;5(8):601-13
references: 15366704
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Feb;19(2):247-58
references: 19656070
references: Exp Cell Res. 1996 Apr 10;224(1):103-9
references: 8612673
references: Exp Hematol. 2004 Aug;32(8):773-81
references: 15308329
references: Biophys J. 2008 Dec;95(11):5462-75
references: 18790843
references: Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2008 Mar;6(1):29-41
references: 18558383
references: FASEB J. 2012 Feb;26(2):639-55
references: 22024737
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;2(12):887-97
references: 11733768
references: Nat Cell Biol. 1999 Sep;1(5):E131-8
references: 10559956
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;12(1):52-6
references: 10679354
references: Cell Metab. 2005 Sep;2(3):165-77
references: 16154099
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 24;283(43):29196-205
references: 18723514
references: Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):509-14
references: 9438836
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Oct 21;1642(3):173-9
references: 14572900
references: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2006 Feb;16(1):51-9
references: 16377174
references: Mol Cell. 2004 Apr 23;14(2):148-50
references: 15099513
references: Mol Cell. 2001 Jul;8(1):115-27
references: 11511365
references: J Bone Miner Metab. 2013 Sep;31(5):520-32
references: 23529802
references: Connect Tissue Res. 2012;53(5):398-406
references: 22420753
references: Cell Commun Signal. 2008 Oct 28;6:9
references: 18957108
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Sep;27(17):6195-208
references: 17591699
references: FASEB J. 2014 Sep;28(9):4077-87
references: 24903274
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):619-25
references: 9467583
references: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Jan;62(1):32-6
references: 1996929
references: Stem Cells. 2010 Mar 31;28(3):564-72
references: 20082286
references: Rep Prog Phys. 2014 Apr;77(4):046603
references: 24695087
references: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2002 Feb;38(2):118-22
references: 11928994
references: FASEB J. 2006 May;20(7):858-64
references: 16675843
references: J Theor Biol. 1965 Jan;8(1):113-23
references: 5875248
references: Blood. 2012 Jan 19;119(3):736-44
references: 22123845
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Feb;92(2):691-700
references: 11796683
references: Cell. 2003 Apr 18;113(2):147-58
references: 12705864
references: Genes Dev. 1991 Sep;5(9):1538-52
references: 1840554
references: Expert Rev Proteomics. 2011 Feb;8(1):13-27
references: 21329425
references: J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 2;284(40):27438-48
references: 19657144
references: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):677-89
references: 16923388
references: BMC Biochem. 2006;7:19
references: 16803636
references: Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2011 Feb;43(2):133-42
references: 21266543
references: Nutrition. 2002 Oct;18(10):867-71
references: 12361781
references: FASEB J. 1999;13 Suppl:S3-15
references: 10352140
references: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4(5):107
references: 24004875
references: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 May;294(5):R1577-85
references: 18353882
references: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4(2):35
references: 23548163
references: Cell. 2004 Apr 30;117(3):361-72
references: 15109496
references: Eur J Oral Sci. 2011 Dec;119 Suppl 1:41-9
references: 22243225
references: Science. 1995 Sep 1;269(5228):1270-2
references: 7652575
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Jan;63(1):82-91
references: 16378244
references: Oncogene. 1993 Jun;8(6):1449-55
references: 8502473
references: Biol Sci Space. 2004 Nov;18(3):126-7
references: 15858353
references: Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;15(7):371-7
references: 15935670
references: Biol Open. 2012 Nov 15;1(11):1058-68
references: 23213385
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2010;661:137-50
references: 20811981
references: Curr Opin Hematol. 2002 Jan;9(1):11-7
references: 11753072
references: Blood. 2012 Mar 15;119(11):2510-22
references: 22174158
references: Sci STKE. 2002 Feb 12;2002(119):pe6
references: 11842240
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005;21:247-69
references: 16212495
references: J Cell Biol. 2008 May 5;181(3):485-96
references: 18443222
references: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Dec;5(12):956-64
references: 16294216
references: Dev Biol. 2004 Jan 1;265(1):23-32
references: 14697350
references: Cell Prolif. 2007 Oct;40(5):671-84
references: 17877609
references: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2002 Oct;38(9):493-504
references: 12703976
references: J Nutr. 2005 Jul;135(7):1824S-1828S
references: 15987873
references: Cytotherapy. 2010 Nov;12(7):924-32
references: 20429785
references: EMBO J. 2012 Jun 13;31(12):2670-84
references: 22617420
references: Cell Signal. 2009 Nov;21(11):1559-68
references: 19482078
references: Microsc Res Tech. 2000 Apr 15;49(2):173-82
references: 10816257
references: J Cell Biol. 2014 Apr 28;205(2):251-63
references: 24751539
references: Adv Space Res. 2003;32(8):1585-93
references: 15002415
references: J Biomed Opt. 2010 Mar-Apr;15(2):026021
references: 20459266
references: Mol Med. 2001 Feb;7(2):135-45
references: 11471548
references: Nat Med. 1999 Apr;5(4):359
references: 10202906