title: Electrical and thermal effects of esophageal temperature probes on radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: results from a computational modeling study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring is commonly employed during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) to detect high esophageal temperatures during radiofrequency (RF) delivery along the posterior wall of the left atrium. However, it has been recently suggested that in some cases the esophageal probe itself may serve as an RF "antenna" and promote esophageal thermal injury. The aim of this study was to assess the electrical and thermal interferences induced by different types of commercially available esophageal temperature probes (ETPs) on RF ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we developed a computational model to assess the electrical and thermal effects of 3 different types of ETPs: a standard single-sensor and 2 multisensor probes (1 with and 1 without metallic surfaces). LET monitoring invariably underestimated the maximum temperature reached in the esophageal wall. RF energy cessation guided by LET monitoring using an ETP yielded lower esophageal wall temperatures. Also, the phenomenon of thermal latency was observed, particularly in the setting of LET monitoring. Most importantly, while only the ETP with a metallic surface produced minimal electrical alterations, the magnitude of this interference did not appear to be clinically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperature rises in both the esophageal wall and the ETP seem to be primarily produced by thermal conduction, and not caused by electrical and/or thermal interactions between the ablation catheter and the ETP, itself. As such, the proposed notion of the "antenna effect" producing satellite esophageal lesions during AF ablation was not evident in this study.
authors: Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Juan J
authors: JJ
authors: Pérez
authors: Instituto de Pesquisa em Arritmia Cardiaca, Hospital Cardiologico, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: D'Avila
authors: Regional Cardiology Associates and Dignity Health Heart and Vascular Institute, Sacramento, California, USA.
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Aryana
authors: Biomedical Synergy, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Berjano
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001831:Body Temperature; D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010969:Plastics; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D062125:Thermometry / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010969:Plastics
keywords: atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; computer modeling; esophageal injury; irrigated electrode; luminal esophageal temperature monitoring