title: Greater risk of hospitalization in children with Down syndrome and OSA at higher elevation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for OSA. Increasing elevation is known to exacerbate underlying respiratory disorders and worsen sleep quality in people without DS, but whether altitude modulates the severity of OSA in DS is uncertain. In this study, we evaluate the impact of elevation (≤ 1,500 m vs > 1,500 m) on the proportion of hospitalizations involving OSA in children with and without DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Merging the 2009 Kids' Inpatient Database with zip-code linked elevation data, we analyzed differences in the proportion of pediatric hospitalizations (ages 2-20 years) involving OSA, pneumonia, and congenital heart disease (CHD), with and without DS. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association of elevation with hospitalizations involving OSA and DS, adjusting for key comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proportionately more DS encounters involved OSA, CHD, and pneumonia within each elevation category than non-DS encounters. However, the risk difference for hospitalizations involving OSA and DS increased disproportionately at higher elevations (DS: 16.2% [95% CI, 9.2%-23.2%]; non-DS: 0.1% [95% CI, -0.4% to 0.7%]). Multivariable estimates of relative risk indicate increased risk for hospitalization involving OSA at higher elevations for people with DS and in children aged 2 to 4 years or with two or more chronic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At elevations > 1,500 m, children with DS and OSA have a disproportionately higher risk for hospitalization than children with OSA without DS. This finding has not been described previously. With further validation, this finding suggests the need for greater awareness and earlier screening for OSA and its complications in patients with DS living at higher elevations.
authors: Children's Outcomes Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO. Electronic address: kristin.jensen@ucdenver.edu.
authors: Kristin M
authors: KM
authors: Jensen
authors: Children's Outcomes Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Carter J
authors: CJ
authors: Sevick
authors: Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Laura A S
authors: LAS
authors: Seewald
authors: Breathing Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Ann C
authors: AC
authors: Halbower
authors: Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors: Matthew M
authors: MM
authors: Davis
authors: Department of Medical Affairs, Office of Medicine and Health Promotion, March of Dimes Foundation, White Plains, NY.
authors: Edward R B
authors: ERB
authors: McCabe
authors: Children's Outcomes Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Kempe
authors: Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Steven H
authors: SH
authors: Abman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000531:Altitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult