title: Proton resonance frequency chemical shift thermometry: experimental design and validation toward high-resolution noninvasive temperature monitoring and in vivo experience in a nonhuman primate model of acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression R(2) = 0.994; P < .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: R(2) = 0.996; P < .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: R(2) = 0.998; P < .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia seena.dehkharghani@emory.edu.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dehkharghani
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Mao
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center (L.H., X.Z.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Howell
authors: Yerkes National Primate Research Center (L.H., X.Z.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: K S
authors: KS
authors: Pate
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering (P.R.M.), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Magrath
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Tong
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering (L.W., C.F.), Emory University-Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wei
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Qiu
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering (L.W., C.F.), Emory University-Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fleischer
authors: From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: J N
authors: JN
authors: Oshinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011522:Protons; D062125:Thermometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011522:Protons
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