title: Long-term complications of JJ stent and its management: A 5 years review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long term complications of JJ stent, the management of complications and the role of endoscopic approach to manage these complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with indwelling JJ stent for a duration of more than 6 months were included in this study. Patients were assessed with X-ray KUB, USG KUB, blood urea, creatinine and DTPA renogram. Data were analyzed by Microsoft excel 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 19 patients 12 (63.16%) were male and 7 (36.84%) were female. The mean age was 39.78 ± 13.69 years., Mean duration for which the stent was in situ was 29.56 months. The most common complication was broken stent, in 11 cases (57.89%). Other complications were migration in 5 (26.32%), encrustation in 2 (10.52%) and 1 case of (5.26%) stone formation. Eighteen cases were managed by endoscopic approaches. A total of 22 procedures were performed to treat the complications. Eleven cases were managed by a single procedure and 8 patients required multiple procedures. All were managed successfully with no death reported. Post-operative complications were seen in eight cases (42.11%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JJ stent related long-term complications are not uncommon and are usually seen after 6 months of indwelling time. Endourological procedure should be the initial approach with a high success rate. Coordinated use multimodality and technology helps in management of difficult cases. Open surgery is rarely required. Prevention of the complication by judicious use and early removal is the cornerstone.
authors: Department of Urology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors: Rajendra Prasad
authors: RP
authors: Ray
authors: Department of Urology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors: Rajkumar Singha
authors: RS
authors: Mahapatra
authors: Department of Urology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors: Partha Pratim
authors: PP
authors: Mondal
authors: Department of Urology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors: Dilip Kumar
authors: DK
authors: Pal
keywords: Complication; JJ stent; management; prevention
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