title: Prevalence of non-syndromic orofacial clefts among Jews and Arabs, by type, site, gender and geography: a multi-center study in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orofacial clefts are the most common craniofacial congenital malformations, with significant anatomic, ethnic, racial and gender differences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence, distribution and characteristic features of various types of non-syndromic clefts among Israeli Jews and Arabs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective multi-center survey in 13 major hospitals in Israel for the period 1993-2005. To obtain the true prevalence and detailed clinical characteristics, data on liveborn infants with non-syndromic clefts were obtained from the Ministry of Health's National Birth Defect Registry and completed by chart reviews in the 13 surveyed hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 976,578 liveborn infants, 684 presented unilateral or bilateral clefts, with a prevalence of 7.00/10,000 live births; 479 were Jews and 205 were Arabs. The prevalence was higher among Arabs compared to Jews (11.12 and 6.22 per 10,000 live births in Arabs and Jews, respectively, P 0.00001). Males had higher cleft rates than females (7.69/10,000 and 6.17/10,000 live births, respectively, P = 0.05). Males had more cleft lips (P < 0.05) and cleft lips with cleft palate (P < 0.001). There was left-side predominance. Newborns of younger mothers (age < 20 years) and of older mothers (age ≥ 45 years) had higher cleft rates than those with mothers in the 20-44 year bracket (P < 0.009). Children born at or above the 5th birth order had a higher cleft rate (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of non-syndromic clefts was 7.00/10,000 live births. The markedly higher rate in Arabs is related to the high rate of consanguinity. Both very young and old maternal age represents a higher risk of clefts in their offspring.
authors: Yehoshua
authors: Y
authors: Shapira
authors: Ziona
authors: Z
authors: Haklai
authors: Itay
authors: I
authors: Blum
authors: Nir
authors: N
authors: Shpack
authors: Yona
authors: Y
authors: Amitai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001722:Birth Order; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D003241:Consanguinity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors