title: Exploration of the telescoping effect among not-in-treatment, intensive heroin-using research volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addiction research literature suggests some demographic groups exhibit a later age of substance use initiation, more rapid escalation to dependence, and worse substance use-related outcomes. This 'telescoping' effect has been observed more often in females but has not yet been examined in not-in-treatment heroin users or racial subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not-in-treatment, intensive heroin-using adults screened for laboratory-based research studies (N=554; range 18-55 yr; mean age: 42.5 yr; 60.5% African American [AA]; 70.2% male) were included in this secondary analysis. A comprehensive drug history questionnaire assessed heroin-use characteristics and lifetime adverse consequences. We examined telescoping effects by racial and gender groups: Caucasian males and females; AA males and females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caucasian males initiated heroin use significantly later than AA males but this difference was not observed for age at intensive heroin use (≥3 times weekly). Caucasian males reported significantly more lifetime heroin use-related consequences, were more likely to inject heroin, and reported more-frequent past-month heroin use, but did not differ from AA males in lifetime heroin quit attempts or prior heroin treatment. Females, compared to males, reported later onset of initial and intensive use, but there was no gender-telescoping effect from initial to intensive heroin-use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this not-in-treatment sample, Caucasian males exhibited more rapid heroin-use progression and adverse consequences than AA males, i.e., within-gender, racial-group telescoping. Despite later-onset heroin use among females, there was no evidence of gender-related telescoping. Given the resurgence of heroin use, differential heroin-use trajectories across demographic groups may be helpful in planning interventions.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Jonathan J K
authors: JJ
authors: Stoltman
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Woodcock
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Jamey J
authors: JJ
authors: Lister
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: mgreen@med.wayne.edu.
authors: Mark K
authors: MK
authors: Greenwald
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors: Leslie H
authors: LH
authors: Lundahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014838:Volunteers; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gender; Heroin; Race; Telescoping effect
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