title: Remodeling of stellate ganglion neurons after spatially targeted myocardial infarction: Neuropeptide and morphologic changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial infarction (MI) induces remodeling in stellate ganglion neurons (SGNs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether infarct site has any impact on the laterality of morphologic changes or neuropeptide expression in stellate ganglia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yorkshire pigs underwent left circumflex coronary artery (LCX; n = 6) or right coronary artery (RCA; n = 6) occlusion to create left- and right-sided MI, respectively (control: n = 10). At 5 ± 1 weeks after MI, left and right stellate ganglia (LSG and RSG, respectively) were collected to determine neuronal size, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control, LCX and RCA MIs increased mean neuronal size in the LSG (451 ± 25 vs 650 ± 34 vs 577 ± 55 μm(2), respectively; P = .0012) and RSG (433 ± 22 vs 646 ± 42 vs 530 ± 41 μm(2), respectively; P = .002). TH immunoreactivity was present in the majority of SGNs. Both LCX and RCA MIs were associated with significant decreases in the percentage of TH-negative SGNs, from 2.58% ± 0.2% in controls to 1.26% ± 0.3% and 0.7% ± 0.3% in animals with LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for LSG (P = .001) and from 3.02% ± 0.4% in controls to 1.36% ± 0.3% and 0.68% ± 0.2% in LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for RSG (P = .002). Both TH-negative and TH-positive neurons increased in size after LCX and RCA MI. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was also increased significantly by LCX and RCA MI in both ganglia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left- and right-sided MIs equally induced morphologic and neurochemical changes in LSG and RSG neurons, independent of infarct site. These data indicate that afferent signals transduced after MI result in bilateral changes and provide a rationale for bilateral interventions targeting the sympathetic chain for arrhythmia modulation.
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Olujimi A
authors: OA
authors: Ajijola
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Daigo
authors: D
authors: Yagishita
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Naveen K
authors: NK
authors: Reddy
authors: Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Yamakawa
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Marmar
authors: M
authors: Vaseghi
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors: Anthony M
authors: AM
authors: Downs
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors: Donald B
authors: DB
authors: Hoover
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Ardell
authors: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: kshivkumar@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Kalyanam
authors: K
authors: Shivkumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism*; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Myocardial infarction; Neuronal remodeling; Neuropeptide remodeling; Sympathetic ganglia
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