title: Priming healthy eating. You can't prime all the people all of the time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the context of a food purchasing environment filled with advertising and promotions, and an increased desire from policy makers to guide individuals toward choosing healthier foods, this study tests whether priming methods that use healthy food adverts to increase preference for healthier food generalize to a representative population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two studies (Study 1 n = 143; Study 2 n = 764), participants were randomly allocated to a prime condition, where they viewed fruit and vegetable advertisements, or a control condition, with no advertisements. A subsequent forced choice task assessed preference between fruits and other sweet snacks. Additional measures included current hunger and thirst, dietary restraint, age, gender, education and self-reported weight and height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, hunger reduced preferences for fruits (OR (95% CI) = 0.38 (0.26-0.56), p <0.0001), an effect countered by the prime (OR (95% CI) = 2.29 (1.33-3.96), p = 0.003). In Study 2, the effect of the prime did not generalize to a representative population. More educated participants, as used in Study 1, chose more fruit when hungry and primed (OR (95% CI) = 1.42 (1.13-1.79), p = 0.003), while less educated participants' fruit choice was unaffected by hunger or the prime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides preliminary evidence that the effects of adverts on healthy eating choices depend on key individual traits (education level) and states (hunger), do not generalize to a broader population and have the potential to increase health inequalities arising from food choice.
authors: Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Sef26@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Suzanna E
authors: SE
authors: Forwood
authors: Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Ahern
authors: Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Gareth J
authors: GJ
authors: Hollands
authors: Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Yin-Lam
authors: YL
authors: Ng
authors: Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Theresa M
authors: TM
authors: Marteau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003463:Cues; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D062410:Snacks; D040241:Social Marketing
keywords: Advertisements; Food choice; Healthy eating; Priming
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