title: The association of the use of opioid and psychotropic medications with workers' compensation claim costs and lost work time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the relationship between the use of psychotropic and opioid medications with workers' compensation disability and costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included lost time claimants injured between 1999 and 2002 followed to closing in December 31, 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for age, sex, marital status, attorney involvement, and spinal surgeries, multivariate logistic regression revealed that odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of claim costs ≥$100,000 compared with claimants who were never prescribed opioids were 4.3 for short-acting opioids only; 8.6 for any use of long-acting opioids; 2.8 for any use of hypnotics; 2.6 for any use of antipsychotics; 1.6 for any use of anti-anxiety agents; and 2.9 for any use of antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of psychotropic and opioid medications was associated with high workers' compensation costs and prolonged disability.
authors: From the Department of Medicine (Drs Tao and Bernacki), Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (Dr Lavin), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Strategic Risk and Strategy Management (Mr Yuspeh), Louisiana Workers' Compensation Corporation; and Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Medicine (Dr Weaver), Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md.
authors: Xuguang Grant
authors: XG
authors: Tao
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Lavin
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Yuspeh
authors: Virginia M
authors: VM
authors: Weaver
authors: Edward J
authors: EJ
authors: Bernacki
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059846:Analgesics, Short-Acting / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000191:economics*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D059846:Analgesics, Short-Acting; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs