title: Which type of conditioning method protects the spinal cord from the ischemia-reperfusion injury in 24 hours?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to test the effects of different types of preconditioning and postconditioning methods on spinal cord protection following aortic clamping.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals (rabbits) were divided into sham-operated, ischemic preconditioning, remote ischemic preconditioning, simultaneous aortic and ischemic remote preconditioning, and ischemic postconditioning groups. After neurological evaluations, ultrastructural analysis and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 were evaluated after 24 h following ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurological outcomes of the remote ischemic preconditioning (4.2 ± 0.4) and ischemic postconditioning (4.6 ± 0.8) groups were significantly improved when compared with the ischemia group (2.2 ± 04). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the lowest percentage of apoptosis was in-group ischemic preconditioning at 12.5 ± 30.6%. In the comparison of intracellular edema in an ultrastructural analysis, the ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning groups had significantly lower values than the ischemia group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conditioning methods attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury for spinal cord injury. Ischemic and remote preconditioning and also postconditioning methods are simple to perform and inexpensive.
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Sapmaz
authors: Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey uluss@yahoo.com.
authors: A Tulga
authors: AT
authors: Ulus
authors: Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Nilüfer N
authors: NN
authors: Turan
authors: Histology Department, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: F Figen
authors: FF
authors: Kaymaz
authors: Anesthesiology and Reanimation Clinic, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Hija
authors: H
authors: Yazıcıoğlu
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Siyar
authors: S
authors: Ersöz
authors: Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Erdal
authors: E
authors: Simsek
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Cüneyt
authors: C
authors: Köksoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D009043:Motor Activity; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Preconditioning; aortic aneurysm; ischemia–reperfusion injury; postconditioning