title: Three-dimensional printing of drug-eluting implants: preparation of an antimicrobial polylactide feedstock material.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of three-dimensional (3D) printing as a manufacturing method for products intended for personalized treatments by exploring the production of novel polylactide-based feedstock materials for 3D printing purposes. Nitrofurantoin (NF) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were successfully mixed and extruded with up to 30% drug load with and without addition of 5% HA in polylactide strands, which were subsequently 3D-printed into model disc geometries (10 × 2 mm). X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that NF maintained its anhydrate solid form during the processing. Release of NF from the disks was dependent on the drug loading in a concentration-dependent manner as a higher level of released drug was observed from disks with higher drug loads. Disks with 30% drug loading were able to prevent surface-associated and planktonic growth of Staphylococcus aureus over a period of 7 days. At 10% drug loading, the disks did not inhibit planktonic growth, but still inhibited surface-associated growth. Elemental analysis indicated the presence of microdomains of solid drug supporting the observed slow and partial drug release. This work demonstrates the potential of custom-made, drug-loaded feedstock materials for 3D printing of pharmaceutical products for controlled release.
authors: Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
authors: Jorrit Jeroen
authors: JJ
authors: Water
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Bohr
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Boetker
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Aho
authors: Niklas
authors: N
authors: Sandler
authors: Hanne Mørck
authors: HM
authors: Nielsen
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Rantanen
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D012995:Solubility; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); D017886:Durapatite; D009582:Nitrofurantoin
keywords: anti-infectives; biomaterials; controlled release; drug delivery systems; extrusion; microscopy; poly(lactic/glycolic) acid (PLGA or PLA); polymeric drug delivery systems; polymers; spectroscopy