title: Kinematic measurements of the vocal-fold displacement waveform in typical children and adult populations: quantification of high-speed endoscopic videos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article presents a quantitative method for assessing instantaneous and average lateral vocal-fold motion from high-speed digital imaging, with a focus on developmental changes in vocal-fold kinematics during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vocal-fold vibrations were analyzed for 28 children (aged 5-11 years) and 28 adults (aged 21-45 years) without voice disorders. The following kinematic features were analyzed from the vocal-fold displacement waveforms: relative velocity-based features (normalized average and peak opening and closing velocities), relative acceleration-based features (normalized peak opening and closing accelerations), speed quotient, and normalized peak displacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children exhibited significantly larger normalized peak displacements, normalized average and peak opening velocities, normalized average and peak closing velocities, peak opening and closing accelerations, and speed quotient compared to adult women. Values of normalized average closing velocity and speed quotient were higher in children compared to adult men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared to adult men, developing children typically have higher estimates of kinematic features related to normalized displacement and its derivatives. In most cases, the kinematic features of children are closer to those of adult men than adult women. Even though boys experience greater changes in glottal length and pitch as they mature, results indicate that girls experience greater changes in kinematic features compared to boys.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Patel
authors: Kevin D
authors: KD
authors: Donohue
authors: Harikrishnan
authors: H
authors: Unnikrishnan
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Kryscio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
references: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2014 Apr 1;57(2):S674-86
references: 24686982
references: Laryngoscope. 2013 Jul;123(7):1686-93
references: 23649746
references: J Voice. 2015 Mar;29(2):260.e1-19
references: 25017976
references: J Voice. 2013 Jul;27(4):463-72
references: 23809569
references: J Biomech Eng. 2013 Nov;135(11):111008
references: 24008392
references: Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2013 Dec;38(4):182-92
references: 23173880
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000 May;109(5):441-6
references: 10823471
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001 May;110(5 Pt 1):417-24
references: 11372924
references: Folia Phoniatr (Basel). 1974;26(2):89-94
references: 4845615
references: Am J Anat. 1978 Jan;151(1):11-9
references: 623031
references: J Speech Hear Res. 1982 Sep;25(3):446-55
references: 7176619
references: J Acoust Soc Am. 1988 Apr;83(4):1536-52
references: 3372869
references: J Acoust Soc Am. 1988 Aug;84(2):511-29
references: 3170944
references: J Voice. 1994 Jun;8(2):99-105
references: 8061776
references: Laryngoscope. 1996 Mar;106(3 Pt 2 Suppl 79):1-27
references: 8609806
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1999 Mar;108(3):232-8
references: 10086614
references: AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1958 Jul;68(1):1-19
references: 13544677
references: AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1959 Apr;69(4):438-44
references: 13636585
references: Laryngoscope. 2005 Jan;115(1):4-15
references: 15630357
references: Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2004;29(4):154-61
references: 15764209
references: J Voice. 2005 Jun;19(2):161-75
references: 15907431
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2006 Oct;115(10):784-8
references: 17076102
references: Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007 Jan;38(1):5-15
references: 17218532
references: Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2008;60(1):33-44
references: 18057909
references: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008 Mar;27(3):300-9
references: 18334426
references: Laryngoscope. 2008 Apr;118(4):753-8
references: 18216742
references: Med Image Anal. 2008 Jun;12(3):300-17
references: 18373942
references: Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2008 Nov;17(4):367-76
references: 18840697
references: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011 Feb;54(1):47-54
references: 20699347
references: Laryngoscope. 2011 Nov;121(11):2411-7
references: 21993904
references: Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012 Jul;76(7):954-9
references: 22445799
references: Laryngoscope. 2012 Nov;122(11):2511-8
references: 22965771
references: J Voice. 2012 Nov;26(6):734-41
references: 22717492
references: J Voice. 2014 Jul;28(4):476-86
references: 24629646