title: Parent-based adolescent sexual health interventions and effect on communication outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parent-based adolescent sexual health interventions aim to reduce sexual risk behaviors by bolstering parental protective behaviors. Few studies of theory use, methods, applications, delivery and outcomes of parent-based interventions have been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of databases for the period 1998-2013 identified 28 published trials of U.S. parent-based interventions to examine theory use, setting, reach, delivery mode, dose and effects on parent-child communication. Established coding schemes were used to assess use of theory and describe methods employed to achieve behavioral change; intervention effects were explored in meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most interventions were conducted with minority parents in group sessions or via self-paced activities; interventions averaged seven hours, and most used theory extensively. Meta-analyses found improvements in sexual health communication: Analysis of 11 controlled trials indicated a medium effect on increasing communication (Cohen's d, 0.5), and analysis of nine trials found a large effect on increasing parental comfort with communication (0.7); effects were positive regardless of delivery mode or intervention dose. Intervention participants were 68% more likely than controls to report increased communication and 75% more likely to report increased comfort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings point to gaps in the range of programs examined in published trials-for example, interventions for parents of sexual minority youth, programs for custodial grandparents and faith-based services. Yet they provide support for the effectiveness of parent-based interventions in improving communication. Innovative delivery approaches could extend programs' reach, and further research on sexual health outcomes would facilitate the meta-analysis of intervention effectiveness in improving adolescent sexual health behaviors.
authors: Department of Nursing Systems, University of Texas School of Nursing, Houston. diane.m.santamaria@uth.tmc.edu.
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Santa Maria
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Markham
authors: Shirley
authors: S
authors: Bluethmann
authors: Patricia Dolan
authors: PD
authors: Mullen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D060728:Reproductive Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012736:Sex Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States
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