title: Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of poverty ranks second among the most widespread parasitic disease in various nations in sub-Saharan Africa. Neglected tropical diseases are causes of about 534,000 deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa and an estimated 57 million disability-adjusted life-years are lost annually due to the neglected tropical diseases. The neglected tropical diseases exert great health, social and financial burden on economies of households and governments. Schistosomiasis has profound negative effects on child development, outcome of pregnancy, and agricultural productivity, thus a key reason why the "bottom 500 million" inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa continue to live in poverty. In 2008, 17.5 million people were treated globally for schistosomiasis, 11.7 million of those treated were from sub-Saharan Africa. This enervating disease has been successfully eradicated in Japan, as well as in Tunisia. Morocco and some Caribbean Island countries have made significant progress on control and management of this disease. Brazil, China and Egypt are taking steps towards elimination of the disease, while most sub-Saharan countries are still groaning under the burden of the disease. Various factors are responsible for the continuous and persistent transmission of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. These include climatic changes and global warming, proximity to water bodies, irrigation and dam construction as well as socio-economic factors such as occupational activities and poverty. The morbidity and mortality caused by this disease cannot be overemphasized. This review is an exposition of human schistosomiasis as it affects the inhabitants of various communities in sub-Sahara African countries. It is hoped this will bring a re-awakening towards efforts to combat this impoverishing disease in terms of vaccines development, alternative drug design, as well as new point-of-care diagnostics.
authors: Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
authors: Abiola Fatimah
authors: AF
authors: Adenowo
authors: Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
authors: Babatunji Emmanuel
authors: BE
authors: Oyinloye
authors: Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
authors: Bolajoko Idiat
authors: BI
authors: Ogunyinka
authors: Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa. Electronic address: KappoA@unizulu.ac.za.
authors: Abidemi Paul
authors: AP
authors: Kappo
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012499:Sanitation; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission
keywords: Neglected tropical diseases; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis; Sub-Saharan Africa
references: Lancet. 2010 Jan 16;375(9710):239-47
references: 20109925
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Oct 24;5:240
references: 23095679
references: Vet Parasitol. 2009 Aug 26;163(4):264-80
references: 19375233
references: East Afr Med J. 2006 Oct;83(10):528-32
references: 17310677
references: Trends Parasitol. 2007 Apr;23(4):159-64
references: 17336160
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Oct;10(10):733-6
references: 20705513
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008 Jun 25;2(6):e244
references: 18575619
references: Carcinogenesis. 1994 Apr;15(4):619-25
references: 8149471
references: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999 Mar;93(2):135-45
references: 10474638
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Apr 10;8(4):e2651
references: 24722335
references: Parasitology. 2009 Nov;136(13):1719-30
references: 19631008
references: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Jul;104(5):409-19
references: 20819309
references: J Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 1;196(5):659-69
references: 17674306
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Aug 25;3(8):e412
references: 19707588
references: Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1518-23
references: 19273723
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Jul;5(7):e1239
references: 21811643
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jan;101(1):1-8
references: 17055547
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Jan;100(1):59-63
references: 16219330
references: Trop Med Surg. 2013 Aug 20;1(4):
references: 25346933
references: Vaccine. 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3617-25
references: 18524429
references: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec;21(6):659-67
references: 18978535
references: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;19(6):577-82
references: 17075334
references: AIDS. 2006 Feb 28;20(4):593-600
references: 16470124
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(1):e361
references: 19156193
references: Acta Trop. 2003 May;86(2-3):125-39
references: 12745133
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):814-26
references: 11722965
references: Transl Res. 2013 Sep;162(3):144-55
references: 23578479
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):291-7
references: 1524142
references: Parasitology. 2009 Nov;136(13):1859-74
references: 19906318
references: J Adv Res. 2013 Sep;4(5):445-52
references: 25685451
references: BMJ. 2011 May 17;342:d2651
references: 21586478
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 May-Jun;86(3):266-73
references: 1412650
references: J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2012 Dec;24(4):151-9
references: 23159285
references: Curr Drug Targets. 2014;15(9):852-9
references: 25101908
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014 Feb 25;7:81
references: 24568206
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Nov;81(5):799-803
references: 19861614
references: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013 Jul;122(1):1-4
references: 23557896
references: Clin Dermatol. 2006 May-Jun;24(3):152-7
references: 16714195
references: Acta Trop. 2013 Nov;128(2):423-40
references: 22580511
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Oct 17;7(10):e2474
references: 24147165
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Sep 29;3(9):e485
references: 19787054
references: J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010 Jun 03;4(5):267-81
references: 20539059
references: J Adv Res. 2013 Sep;4(5):467-78
references: 25685454
references: Trop Doct. 2006 Jul;36(3):162-3
references: 16884623
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(3):e1564
references: 22428079
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014 Apr 01;7:158
references: 24690404
references: Acta Trop. 2000 Oct 23;77(1):41-51
references: 10996119
references: Lancet. 2006 Sep 23;368(9541):1106-18
references: 16997665
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;6(7):411-25
references: 16790382
references: Parasitology. 2012 Jun;139(7):835-41
references: 22313588
references: Vaccine. 2003 Jun 20;21(21-22):2882-9
references: 12798631
references: Br J Urol. 1996 Aug;78(2):205-8
references: 8813914
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Dec 03;5:278
references: 23206383
references: BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 06;6:91
references: 16756654
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014 Jan 03;7:5
references: 24387599
references: Parasitology. 2009 Nov;136(13):1825-35
references: 19281637
references: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Sep;101 Suppl 1:119-24
references: 17308758
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Dec;75(6):1034-41
references: 17172362
references: Acta Trop. 2010 Feb;113(2):95-104
references: 19962954
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1396
references: 22163056
references: Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69(5):609-21
references: 1835675