title: Selection of sucrose concentration depends on the effort required to obtain it: studies using tetrabenazine, D1, D2, and D3 receptor antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low doses of dopamine (DA) antagonists and accumbens DA depletions reduce food-reinforced instrumental behavior but do not impair primary food motivation, causing animals to reallocate behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements and select less effortful alternatives. However, it is uncertain if this same pattern of effects would occur if sucrose was used as the reinforcer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  These experiments studied the impact of DA depletion and antagonism on performance of an effort-related choice task using sucrose as the reinforcer, as well as sucrose consumption, preference, and taste reactivity tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of DA manipulations were assessed using a task in which rats chose between lever pressing on a fixed ratio 7 schedule for 5.0 % sucrose versus freely consuming a less concentrated solution (0.3 %).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DA depleting agent tetrabenazine shifted effort-related choice, decreasing lever pressing for 5.0 % sucrose but increasing intake of the concurrently available 0.3 % sucrose. Tetrabenazine did not affect sucrose appetitive taste reactivity, or sucrose consumption or preference, in free consumption tests. The D1 antagonist ecopipam and the D2 antagonist haloperidol also shifted choice behavior at doses that did not alter sucrose consumption or preference. In contrast, sucrose pre-exposure reduced consumption across all conditions. D3 antagonism had no effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D1 and D2 receptor blockade and DA depletion reduce the tendency to work for sucrose under conditions that leave fundamental aspects of sucrose motivation (intake, preference, hedonic reactivity) intact. These findings have implications for studies employing sucrose intake or preference in animal models of depression.
authors: Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Pardo
authors: Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: López-Cruz
authors: Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain.
authors: Noemí
authors: N
authors: San Miguel
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Salamone
authors: Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain. correa@psb.uji.es.|Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA. correa@psb.uji.es.
authors: Mercè
authors: M
authors: Correa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000502:physiology*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D013395:Sucrose; D013747:Tetrabenazine
keywords: Anergia; Anhedonia; Decision making; Depression; Dopamine; Motivation
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