title: Improved detection of artifactual viral minority variants in high-throughput sequencing data.
abstract: High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of viral samples provides important information on the presence of viral minority variants. However, detection and accurate quantification is limited by the capacity to distinguish biological from artificial variation. In this study, errors related to the Illumina HiSeq2000 library generation and HTS process were investigated by determining minority variant frequencies in an influenza A/WSN/1933(H1N1) virus reverse-genetics plasmid pool. Errors related to amplification and sequencing were determined using the same plasmid pool, by generation of infectious virus using reverse genetics followed by in duplo reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) amplification and HTS in the same sequence run. Results showed that after "best practice" quality control (QC), within the plasmid pool, one minority variant with a frequency >0.5% was identified, while 84 and 139 were identified in the RT-PCR amplified samples, indicating RT-PCR amplification artificially increased variation. Detailed analysis showed that artifactual minority variants could be identified by two major technical characteristics: their predominant presence in a single read orientation and uneven distribution of mismatches over the length of the reads. We demonstrate that by addition of two QC steps 95% of the artifactual minority variants could be identified. When our analysis approach was applied to three clinical samples 68% of the initially identified minority variants were identified as artifacts. Our study clearly demonstrated that, without additional QC steps, overestimation of viral minority variants is very likely to occur, mainly as a consequence of the required RT-PCR amplification step. The improved ability to detect and correct for artifactual minority variants, increases data resolution and could aid both past and future studies incorporating HTS. The source code has been made available through Sourceforge (https://sourceforge.net/projects/mva-ngs).
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Matthijs R A
authors: MR
authors: Welkers
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands ; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Jonges
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Rienk E
authors: RE
authors: Jeeninga
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands ; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Marion P G
authors: MP
authors: Koopmans
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Menno D
authors: MD
authors: de Jong
keywords: Illumina HiSeq2000; high-throughput sequencing; influenza virus; minority variants
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