title: Genome-wide analysis reveals two novel mosaic regions containing an ACME with an identical DNA sequence in the MRSA ST398-t011 and MSSA ST8-t008 isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) in Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to enhance the colonization of the human host. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic organization of composite islands harbouring ACME.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two ACME-positive S. aureus isolates obtained during two different surveys conducted in the Netherlands and Poland were characterized in this study. The isolates were analysed by spa typing, DNA microarrays and whole-genome sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two isolates harboured a truncated yet fully functional ACME type II with an identical nucleotide sequence, but differed in their adjacent mobile genetic elements. The first strain was a livestock-associated ST398-t011 MRSA, which had a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) composite island composed of SCCpls adjacent to orfX followed by ACME type II and SCCmec type IVa. The second ACME-positive isolate was an ST8-t008 MSSA. Its composite island showed an SCC-like element carrying the ccrC gene followed by ACME II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of an ACME in a livestock-associated MRSA ST398. It is also the first presentation of an ACME composite island structure in an MSSA isolate. Our findings indicate an extensive mosaicism of composite islands in S. aureus, which has implications for the transmissibility among humans and thus for public health.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Artur J
authors: AJ
authors: Sabat
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors: Weronika M
authors: WM
authors: Ilczyszyn
authors: Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors: Miranda
authors: M
authors: van Rijen
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Viktoria
authors: V
authors: Akkerboom
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Bhanu
authors: B
authors: Sinha
authors: Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Kluytmans
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Miedzobrodzki
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Hajo
authors: H
authors: Grundmann
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands alex.friedrich@umcg.nl.
authors: Alexander W
authors: AW
authors: Friedrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D058751:Livestock; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009426:Netherlands; D011044:Poland; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: horizontal transfer; next-generation sequencing; whole-genome sequencing