title: Methods to determine the interactions of micro- and nanoparticles with mucus.
abstract: The present review provides an overview of methods and techniques for studying interactions of micro- and nanoparticulate drug delivery system with mucus. Nanocarriers trapped by mucus are featuring a change in particle size and zeta potential that can be utilized to predict their mucus permeation behavior. Furthermore, interactions between nanoparticulate drug delivery systems and mucus layer modify the viscoelasticity of mucus which can be detected via rheological studies and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) analysis. Having a closer look at molecular interactions between drug carrier and mucus small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is an appropriate analysis technique. Moreover, different methods to determine particle diffusion in mucus such as the newly established Transwell diffusion system, rotating silicone tube technique, multiple-particle tracking (MPT) and diffusion NMR are summarized within this review. The explanations and discussed pros and cons of collated methods and techniques should provide a good starting point for all those looking forward to move in this interesting field.
authors: Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Grießinger
authors: Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Dünnhaupt
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.
authors: Beatrice
authors: B
authors: Cattoz
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Griffiths
authors: Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT) Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; Sagetis-Biotech, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Sejin
authors: S
authors: Oh
authors: Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT) Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; Sagetis-Biotech, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Borrós i Gómez
authors: Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Wilcox
authors: Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Pearson
authors: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Gumbleton
authors: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors: Muthanna
authors: M
authors: Abdulkarim
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Pereira de Sousa
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: andreas.bernkop@uibk.ac.at.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Bernkop-Schnürch
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000818:Animals; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009093:Mucus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013499:Surface Properties; D014783:Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers
keywords: Drug Delivery; In vitro systems; Microparticles; Mucus interaction; Mucus penetration; Mucus purification; Nanoparticles