title: Short-term nose-only water-pipe (shisha) smoking exposure accelerates coagulation and causes cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Water-pipe smoking (WPS) has acquired worldwide popularity, and is disseminating particularly rapidly in Europe and North America. However, little is known about the short-term cardiovascular effects of WPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presently, we assessed the short-term cardiovascular effects of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS in BALB/c mice for 30 min/day for 5 consecutive days. Control mice were exposed to air. At the end of the exposure period, several cardiovascular endpoints were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WPS did not affect the number of leukocytes and the plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Likewise, plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase were not affected by WPS. By contrast, WPS aggravated in vivo thrombosis by shortening the thrombotic occlusion time in pial arterioles and venules. The number of circulating platelets was reduced by WPS suggesting the occurrence of platelet aggregation in vivo. Elevated concentrations of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were seen after the exposure to WPS. Blood samples taken from mice exposed to WPS and exposed to adenosine diphosphate showed more platelet aggregation. The heart concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα were augmented by WPS. Likewise, heart levels of LPO, reactive oxygen species and the antioxidants catalase and GSH were increased by WPS. However, the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by WPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that short-term exposure to WPS exerts procoagulatory effects and induce cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress. At the time point investigated, there was no evidence for blood inflammation or oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
authors: Abderrahim
authors: A
authors: Nemmar
authors: Priya
authors: P
authors: Yuvaraju
authors: Sumaya
authors: S
authors: Beegam
authors: Badreldin H
authors: BH
authors: Ali
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D013995:Time; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse