title: Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future.
abstract: Almost all land plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi. These below-ground fungi play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems as they regulate nutrient and carbon cycles, and influence soil structure and ecosystem multifunctionality. Up to 80% of plant N and P is provided by mycorrhizal fungi and many plant species depend on these symbionts for growth and survival. Estimates suggest that there are c. 50 000 fungal species that form mycorrhizal associations with c. 250 000 plant species. The development of high-throughput molecular tools has helped us to better understand the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations. Nuclear genome assemblies and gene annotations of 33 mycorrhizal fungal species are now available providing fascinating opportunities to deepen our understanding of the mycorrhizal lifestyle, the metabolic capabilities of these plant symbionts, the molecular dialogue between symbionts, and evolutionary adaptations across a range of mycorrhizal associations. Large-scale molecular surveys have provided novel insights into the diversity, spatial and temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungal communities. At the ecological level, network theory makes it possible to analyze interactions between plant-fungal partners as complex underground multi-species networks. Our analysis suggests that nestedness, modularity and specificity of mycorrhizal networks vary and depend on mycorrhizal type. Mechanistic models explaining partner choice, resource exchange, and coevolution in mycorrhizal associations have been developed and are being tested. This review ends with major frontiers for further research.
authors: Plant-Soil Interactions, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland.|Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.|Plant-microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors: Marcel G A
authors: MGA
authors: van der Heijden
authors: INRA, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France.
authors: Francis M
authors: FM
authors: Martin
authors: Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
authors: Marc-André
authors: MA
authors: Selosse
authors: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Ian R
authors: IR
authors: Sanders
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D055669:Ecological and Environmental Phenomena; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology
keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; biodiversity; ectomycorrhizal fungi; ericoid; mutualism; orchid; plant-microbe interactions; population; symbiosis
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