title: Acute toxicity comparison of single-walled carbon nanotubes in various freshwater organisms.
abstract: While the commercialization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is rapidly expanding, the environmental impact of this nanomaterial is not well understood. Therefore, the present study evaluates the acute aquatic toxicity of SWCNTs towards two freshwater microalgae (Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris), a microcrustacean (Daphnia magna), and a fish (Oryzias latipes) based on OECD test guidelines (201, 202, and 203). According to the results, the SWCNTs inhibited the growth of the algae R. subcapitata and C. vulgaris with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 29.99 and 30.96 mg/L, respectively, representing "acute category 3" in the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of chemicals. Meanwhile, the acute toxicity test using O. latipes and D. magna did not show any mortality/immobilizing effects up to a concentration of 100.00 mg/L SWCNTs, indicating no hazard category in the GHS classification. In conclusion, SWCNTs were found to induce acute ecotoxicity in freshwater microalgae, yet not in D. magna and medaka fish.
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eun Kyung
authors: 0000-0002-5712-5088
authors: EK
authors: Sohn
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young Shin
authors: YS
authors: Chung
authors: Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran.
authors: Seyed Ali
authors: 0000-0002-1210-5454
authors: SA
authors: Johari
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae Gyu
authors: TG
authors: Kim
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jin Kwon
authors: JK
authors: Kim
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ji Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Lee
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong Hwa
authors: YH
authors: Lee
authors: Toxicity Evaluation Team, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung Wook
authors: SW
authors: Kang
authors: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea.
authors: Il Je
authors: 0000-0001-5774-296X
authors: IJ
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D018533:Biomass; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water; D007103:Immobilization; D058086:Microalgae / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009990:Oryzias / Q000502:physiology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
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