title: Nut consumption and risk of mortality in the Physicians' Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that nut consumption is associated with beneficial cardiovascular outcomes. However, limited data are available on the association between nut intake and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to test the hypothesis that nut consumption is inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study in 20,742 male physicians, we assessed nut intake between 1999 and 2002 via a food-frequency questionnaire and ascertained deaths through an endpoint committee. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs for death according to nut consumption. In secondary analyses, we evaluated associations of nut consumption with cause-specific mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 9.6 y, there were 2732 deaths. The mean (±SD) age at baseline was 66.6 ± 9.3 y. Median nut consumption was 1 serving/wk. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.0 (reference), 0.92 (0.83, 1.01), 0.85 (0.76, 0.96), 0.86 (0.75, 0.98), and 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) for nut consumption of never or <1 serving/mo, 1-3 servings/mo, 1 serving/wk, 2-4 servings/wk, and ≥5 servings/wk, respectively (P-linear trend < 0.0001), after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, exercise, prevalent diabetes and hypertension, and intakes of energy, saturated fat, fruit and vegetables, and red meat. In a secondary analysis, results were consistent for cardiovascular disease mortality but only suggestive and non-statistically significant for coronary artery disease and cancer mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data are consistent with an inverse association between nut consumption and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in US male physicians.
authors: From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
authors: Tammy T
authors: TT
authors: Hshieh
authors: From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
authors: Andrew B
authors: AB
authors: Petrone
authors: From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
authors: J Michael
authors: JM
authors: Gaziano
authors: From the Divisions of Aging (TTH, ABP, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; the Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA (TTH); and the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC), Geriatric Research (GRECC) and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Djoussé
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009754:Nuts; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cardiovascular disease; coronary artery disease; mortality; nut consumption; nuts
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