title: Pb-induced avoidance-like chloroplast movements in fronds of Lemna trisulca L.
abstract: Lead ions are particularly dangerous to the photosynthetic apparatus, but little is known about the effects of trace metals, including Pb, on regulation of chloroplast redistribution. In this study a new effect of lead on chloroplast distribution patterns and movements was demonstrated in mesophyll cells of a small-sized aquatic angiosperm Lemna trisulca L. (star duckweed). An analysis of confocal microscopy images of L. trisulca fronds treated with lead (15 μM Pb2+, 24 h) in darkness or in weak white light revealed an enhanced accumulation of chloroplasts in the profile position along the anticlinal cell walls, in comparison to untreated plants. The rearrangement of chloroplasts in their response to lead ions in darkness was similar to the avoidance response of chloroplasts in plants treated with strong white light. Transmission electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis showed that intracellular chloroplast arrangement was independent of the location of Pb deposits, suggesting that lead causes redistribution of chloroplasts, which looks like a light-induced avoidance response, but is not a real avoidance response to the metal. Furthermore, a similar redistribution of chloroplasts in L. trisulca cells in darkness was observed also under the influence of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, we detected an enhanced accumulation of endogenous H2O2 after treatment of plants with lead. Interestingly, H2O2-specific scavenger catalase partly abolished the Pb-induced chloroplast response. These results suggest that H2O2 can be involved in the avoidance-like movement of chloroplasts induced by lead. Analysis of photometric measurements revealed also strong inhibition (but not complete) of blue-light-induced chloroplast movements by lead. This inhibition may result from disturbances in the actin cytoskeleton, as we observed fragmentation and disappearance of actin filaments around chloroplasts. Results of this study show that the mechanisms of the toxic effect of lead on chloroplasts can include disturbances in their movement and distribution pattern.
authors: Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
authors: Sławomir
authors: S
authors: Samardakiewicz
authors: Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
authors: Weronika
authors: W
authors: Krzeszowiec-Jeleń
authors: Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors: Waldemar
authors: W
authors: Bednarski
authors: Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
authors: Artur
authors: A
authors: Jankowski
authors: Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
authors: Szymon
authors: S
authors: Suski
authors: Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
authors: Halina
authors: H
authors: Gabryś
authors: Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Woźny
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D029064:Araceae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003624:Darkness; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007854:Lead / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55393
references: 23405144
references: J Exp Bot. 2011 May;62(9):3213-21
references: 21339388
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 5;98(12):6969-74
references: 11371609
references: J Integr Plant Biol. 2008 Jan;50(1):2-18
references: 18666947
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2007 Jun;48(6):892-6
references: 17507389
references: J Plant Physiol. 2008 Apr 18;165(6):571-9
references: 17931743
references: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Jun;19(5):1640-51
references: 22146912
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2007 Jul;2(4):221-30
references: 19516992
references: Tree Physiol. 2007 May;27(5):641-8
references: 17267355
references: AoB Plants. 2012;2012:pls014
references: 22708052
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 9;107(45):19591-6
references: 20974974
references: J Plant Res. 2008 Jul;121(4):441-8
references: 18496648
references: Plant Physiol. 2005 Sep;139(1):151-62
references: 16113208
references: Chemosphere. 2012 Nov;89(9):1056-65
references: 22722003
references: Funct Plant Biol. 2002 Jun;29(6):763-773
references: 32689524
references: Plant Physiol. 2001 Oct;127(2):497-504
references: 11598224
references: J Plant Res. 2003 Feb;116(1):1-5
references: 12605293
references: Mol Plant. 2011 Sep;4(5):771-81
references: 21772030
references: Ann Bot. 2008 Aug;102(2):227-45
references: 18508779
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Jan-Feb;83(1):102-11
references: 16906793
references: Plant Physiol. 2003 Dec;133(4):1471-9
references: 14605230
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Dec;7(6):626-31
references: 15491910
references: Bioresour Technol. 2010 May;101(9):3025-32
references: 20053550
references: Photosynth Res. 2006 Mar;87(3):303-11
references: 16699921
references: Environ Exp Bot. 2001 Jun;45(3):223-237
references: 11323031
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2009 Jan;14(1):43-50
references: 19070530
references: Plant Cell Rep. 2010 Jul;29(7):705-14
references: 20431889
references: J Exp Bot. 2012 Feb;63(3):1297-313
references: 22131159
references: Phytochemistry. 2013 Sep;93:49-62
references: 23566717
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):13106-11
references: 19620714
references: Planta. 1983 May;157(6):502-10
references: 24264414
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec;144(1-3):1295-301
references: 21735112
references: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 May-Jun;44(5-6):387-94
references: 16814557
references: J Exp Biol. 2003 Jun;206(Pt 12):1963-9
references: 12756277
references: J Plant Res. 2011 Jan;124(1):201-10
references: 20589409
references: Protoplasma. 2007;231(1-2):99-111
references: 17370112
references: Environ Exp Bot. 2001 Jun;45(3):205-222
references: 11323030
references: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1999 Oct;44(2):110-8
references: 10506746
references: Plant Physiol. 1996 Jul;111(3):867-875
references: 12226333
references: Plant Physiol. 2011 Jan;155(1):108-16
references: 21075960
references: Plant Cell. 2002 Oct;14(10):2613-26
references: 12368508
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Sep-Oct;83(5):1101-9
references: 17880505
references: Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2138-41
references: 11251116
references: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2010 Dec;48(12):909-30
references: 20870416
references: New Phytol. 2006;170(2):213-26
references: 16608449
references: Plant Cell. 2013 Feb;25(2):572-90
references: 23404888
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Apr;45(4):416-26
references: 15111716
references: Photosynth Res. 2012 Sep;112(3):153-61
references: 22695784
references: BMC Plant Biol. 2009 May 29;9:64
references: 19480655
references: Environ Pollut. 2006 Jul;142(1):1-16
references: 16297517
references: J Cell Sci. 2001 Jan;114(Pt 2):269-79
references: 11148129
references: J Exp Bot. 2012 Feb;63(4):1559-74
references: 22312115
references: Front Plant Sci. 2013 Jun 06;4:175
references: 23750165
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2014 Feb;55(2):237-40
references: 24497524
references: Nature. 2001 Apr 19;410(6831):952-4
references: 11309623
references: Plant Sci. 2013 Sep;210:177-82
references: 23849124
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2010 Aug;51(8):1248-54
references: 20576692
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Jan-Feb;83(1):87-93
references: 16542113
references: Protoplasma. 2005 Dec;226(3-4):231-40
references: 16333580
references: Sci Total Environ. 2007 Feb 1;373(1):157-65
references: 17182084
references: Protoplasma. 2013 Feb;250(1):53-62
references: 22231903
references: J Exp Bot. 2010 Oct;61(15):4387-97
references: 20693413
references: Plant Cell Environ. 2013 Aug;36(8):1520-8
references: 23421791
references: Photosynth Res. 2010 Sep;105(3):265-71
references: 20661644
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2014 Feb;26:79-86
references: 24529249
references: J Exp Bot. 2008;59(10):2891-901
references: 18550599
references: Biol Cell. 2007 May;99(5):251-60
references: 17253958
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2002 May;7(5):204-10
references: 11992825
references: Planta. 2004 Jul;219(3):500-6
references: 15064950
references: Environ Res. 1990 Jun;52(1):7-22
references: 2190824
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8583-8
references: 12821778
references: J Plant Res. 2012 May;125(3):417-28
references: 21755418
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Apr;1837(4):522-30
references: 24333784
references: Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):829-32
references: 12490952
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2009 Jan;50(1):129-40
references: 19022806
references: J Integr Plant Biol. 2013 Mar;55(3):202-8
references: 23331502
references: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 Apr;78:28-34
references: 22138147
references: Plant J. 1999 Nov;20(4):461-73
references: 10607298
references: Ecotoxicology. 2009 Jan;18(1):134-43
references: 18773294
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Apr;79(4):343-8
references: 15137511
references: Planta. 2003 Mar;216(5):772-7
references: 12624764
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2013 Jan;54(1):48-56
references: 22782888
references: Plant Physiol. 2008 Oct;148(2):829-42
references: 18715957
references: Environ Pollut. 2010 Jan;158(1):325-38
references: 19647914
references: J Plant Physiol. 2010 Jun 15;167(9):709-16
references: 20172619
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2009 Oct;50(10):1736-49
references: 19667101
references: Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2013 Jan;19(1):81-9
references: 24381440
references: Plant Cell Environ. 2008 Nov;31(11):1688-700
references: 18721264
references: J Plant Physiol. 2012 Mar 1;169(4):345-52
references: 22169074
references: Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Mar;69(5):605-19
references: 19089317
references: Plant Physiol. 1999 Sep;121(1):37-44
references: 10482658
references: Planta. 2009 Aug;230(3):569-79
references: 19551405
references: Biol Chem. 2007 Sep;388(9):927-35
references: 17696776
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2012 Dec;15(6):722-8
references: 22939249
references: Plant Physiol. 1996 Jun;111(2):419-425
references: 12226297
references: Plant Physiol. 1986 Dec;82(4):1169-71
references: 16665158