title: Dissemination of nonpandemic Caribbean HIV-1 subtype B clades in Latin America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of the HIV-1 subtype B pandemic (BPANDEMIC) and Caribbean (BCAR) clades in Latin America and to reconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of dissemination of the BCAR clades in the region.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7654 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences collected from 18 different Latin American countries between 1989 and 2011 were analyzed together with subtype B reference sequences representative of the BPANDEMIC (US/France = 300) and the BCAR (Caribbean = 279, Panama = 37) clades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phylogeographic and evolutionary parameters were estimated from sequence data using maximum likelihood and Bayesian coalescent-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonpandemic BCAR strains were probably disseminated from the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola and Trinidad and Tobago into Latin America since the early 1970s. The BCAR strains reached nearly all countries from Latin America here analyzed and in some of them were spread locally, although their overall prevalence in the region is low. The BPANDEMIC clade comprises more than 90% of subtype B infections in most countries analyzed, with exception of Suriname, French Guyana and probably Guyana, where both BPANDEMIC and BCAR clades seem to circulate at a similar prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that nonpandemic subtype B lineages of Caribbean origin have been disseminated into Latin America shortly after the estimated introduction of subtype B in the continent. Despite their early dissemination, the BCAR strains account for a minor fraction of current HIV-1 subtype B infections in the region that are mainly driven by spreading of the globally disseminated BPANDEMIC clade.
authors: aLaboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro bCentro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde cUniritter Laureate International Universities, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde dPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Cabello
authors: Dennis Maletich
authors: DM
authors: Junqueira
authors: Gonzalo
authors: G
authors: Bello
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus