title: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria isolated from perforated corneal ulcers by culture and multiplex PCR: an evaluation in cases with keratitis and endophthalmitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaerobic bacteria play an important role in eye infections; however, there is limited epidemiologic data based on the the role of these bacteria in the etiology of keratitis and endophthalmitis. The aim of this re- search is to determine the prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in perforated corneal ulcers of patients with keratitis and endophthalmitis and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Corneal scrapings were taken by the ophthalmologist using sterile needles. For the isolation of anaerobic bacteria, samples were inoculated on specific media and were incubated under anaerobic conditions obtained with Anaero-Gen (Oxoid & Mitsubishi Gas Company) in anaerobic jars (Oxoid USA, Inc. Columbia, MD, USA). The molecular identification of anaerobic bacteria was performed by multiplex PCR and the susceptibilities of an- aerobic bacteria to penicillin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin were determined with the E test (bioMerieux).
  
  
  RESULTS
  51 strains of anaerobic bacteria belonging to four different genuses were detected by multiplex PCR and only 46 strains were isolated by culture. All of them were found susceptible to chloramphenicol whereas penicillin resistance was found in 13.3% of P.anaerobius strains, clindamycin resistance was found in 34.8% of P.acnes and 13.3% of P. anaerobius strains. Additionnaly, one strain of P. granulosum was found resistant to clindamycin, one strain of B. fragilis and one strain of P.melaninogenica were found resistant to penicillin and clindamycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine analyses of anaerobes in perforated corneal ulcers is inevitable and usage of appropriate molecular methods, for the detection of bacteria responsible from severe infections which might not be deter- mined by cultivation, may serve for the early decision of the appropriate treatment. Taking into account the in- creasing antimicrobial resistance of anaerobic bacteria, alternative eye specific antibiotics effective against anaer- obes are needed to achieve a successful treatment.
authors: Hrisi Bahar
authors: HB
authors: Tokman
authors: Güzin
authors: G
authors: İskeleli
authors: Zeynep Güngördü
authors: ZG
authors: Dalar
authors: Achille Aime
authors: AA
authors: Kangaba
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Demirci
authors: Hatice K
authors: HK
authors: Akay
authors: Bariş Ata
authors: BA
authors: Borsa
authors: Reyhan Çalişkan
authors: RÇ
authors: Algingil
authors: Bekir S
authors: BS
authors: Kocazeybek
authors: Müzeyyen Mamal
authors: MM
authors: Torun
authors: Nuri
authors: N
authors: Kiraz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057112:Corneal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents