title: Inter-study reproducibility of interleaved spiral phase velocity mapping of renal artery haemodynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Qualitative and quantitative assessment of renal blood flow is valuable in the evaluation of patients with renal and renovascular diseases as well as in patients with heart failure. The temporal pattern of renal flow velocity through the cardiac cycle provides important information about renal haemodynamics. High temporal resolution interleaved spiral phase velocity mapping could potentially be used to study temporal patterns of flow and measure resistive and pulsatility indices which are measures of downstream resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospectively gated breath-hold spiral phase velocity mapping sequence (TR 19 ms) was developed at 3 Tesla. Phase velocity maps were acquired in the proximal right and left arteries of 10 healthy subjects in each of two separate scanning sessions. Each acquisition was analysed by two independent observers who calculated the resistive index (RI), the pulsatility index (PI), the mean flow velocity and the renal artery blood flow (RABF). Inter-study and inter-observer reproducibility of each variable was determined as the mean +/- standard deviation of the differences between paired values. The effect of background phase errors on each parameter was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RI, PI, mean velocity and RABF per kidney were 0.71+/- 0.06, 1.47 +/- 0.29, 253.5 +/- 65.2 mm/s and 413 +/- 122 ml/min respectively. The inter-study reproducibilities were: RI -0.00 +/- 0.04 , PI -0.03 +/- 0.17, mean velocity -6.7 +/- 31.1 mm/s and RABF per kidney 17.9 +/- 44.8 ml/min. The effect of background phase errors was negligible (<2% for each parameter).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High temporal resolution breath-hold spiral phase velocity mapping allows reproducible assessment of renal pulsatility indices and RABF.
authors: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK. j.keegan@rbht.nhs.uk.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Keegan
authors: Hitesh C
authors: HC
authors: Patel
authors: Robin M
authors: RM
authors: Simpson
authors: Raad H
authors: RH
authors: Mohiaddin
authors: David N
authors: DN
authors: Firmin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D062485:Breath Holding; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993 Mar-Apr;3(2):377-85
references: 8448400
references: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011 Feb;39(2):206-12
references: 20598560
references: N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 8;344(6):410-7
references: 11172177
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 Nov;161(5):995-1002
references: 8273644
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015 Apr;41(4):1143-9
references: 24723271
references: Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2014 Apr;4(2):173-92
references: 24834414
references: Radiology. 1998 Sep;208(3):729-34
references: 9722853
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 May;21(5):590-5
references: 15834919
references: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1991;10(3):473-8
references: 18222850
references: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:5
references: 20074359
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 Nov;40(5):1091-8
references: 24470349
references: Shock. 2012 Apr;37(4):360-5
references: 22258233
references: Abdom Imaging. 1994 Jul-Aug;19(4):369-73
references: 8075568
references: Int J Cardiol. 2013 Sep 30;168(2):987-92
references: 23164584
references: Magn Reson Med. 1993 Jul;30(1):82-91
references: 8371679
references: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995 Nov;10(11):2060-4
references: 8643168
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 May;25(5):1085-92
references: 17427916
references: J Hypertens. 2005 Oct;23(10):1905-11
references: 16148615
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995 Jul-Aug;5(4):393-401
references: 7549200
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Sep;34(9):1740-5
references: 23493888
references: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Apr;63(4):940-50
references: 20373395
references: Eur Radiol. 2000;10(7):1133-7
references: 11003410
references: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007;9(4):681-5
references: 17578724
references: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005 Jun;16(6):807-14
references: 15947044
references: Invest Radiol. 1992 Jun;27(6):465-70
references: 1607260
references: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Nov-Dec;52(3):209-19
references: 19917332
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1998 Jul-Aug;8(4):889-95
references: 9702891
references: Magn Reson Med. 1995 Nov;34(5):698-705
references: 8544690
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Jun-Jul;32(6):1107-12
references: 21474624
references: J Hepatol. 1997 Dec;27(6):986-92
references: 9453423
references: Radiology. 1994 Feb;190(2):371-8
references: 8284383
references: Eur J Med Res. 2007 May 29;12(5):191-5
references: 17513189
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Apr;54(4):2738-45
references: 23518769
references: Am J Hypertens. 1996 May;9(5):461-6
references: 8735177
references: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Mar;22(3):692-6
references: 17192278
references: Radiology. 1992 Dec;185(3):809-12
references: 1438767
references: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:17
references: 23402422
references: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Feb;49(2):322-8
references: 12541253
references: Int J Cardiol. 2013 Dec 10;170(2):107-17
references: 24200312
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Nov;36(5):1015-36
references: 23090914
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Jun;34(6):971-8
references: 24643081
references: Br J Radiol. 1993 Jun;66(786):510-3
references: 8330135