title: Examining the influence of psychopathy, hostility biases, and automatic processing on criminal offenders' Theory of Mind.
abstract: Theory of Mind (ToM) is a social perceptual skill that refers to the ability to take someone else's perspective and infer what others think. The current study examined the effect of potential hostility biases, as well as controlled (slow) versus automatic (fast) processing on ToM performance in psychopathy. ToM abilities (as assessed with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test; RMET; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001), was compared between 39 PCL-R diagnosed psychopathic offenders, 37 non-psychopathic offenders, and 26 nonoffender controls. Contrary to our hypothesis, psychopathic individuals presented with intact overall RMET performance when restrictions were imposed on how long task stimuli could be processed. In addition, psychopaths did not over-ascribe hostility to task stimuli (i.e., lack of hostility bias). However, there was a significant three-way interaction between hostility, processing speed, and psychopathy: when there was no time limit on stimulus presentation, psychopathic offenders made fewer errors in identifying more hostile eye stimuli compared to nonoffender controls, who seemed to be less accurate in detecting hostility. Psychopaths' more realistic appraisal of others' malevolent mental states is discussed in the light of theories that stress its potential adaptive function.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: lieke.nentjes@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Lieke
authors: L
authors: Nentjes
authors: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Bernstein
authors: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Arnoud
authors: A
authors: Arntz
authors: Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors: Gerard
authors: G
authors: van Breukelen
authors: Forensic Psychiatric Center the Dr. S. van Mesdagkliniek, Groningen, The Netherlands; Forensic Psychiatric Center Veldzicht, Balkbrug, The Netherlands; Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Assen, Assen, The Netherlands.
authors: Mariëtte
authors: M
authors: Slaats
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011599:Psychopathology; D012938:Social Perception; D056345:Theory of Mind; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive empathy; Hostility bias; Psychopathy; Social information processing; Theory of Mind