title: Comparative evaluation of essential and toxic elements in the blood of kidney failure patients and healthy referents.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the comparative distribution, correlation, and apportionment of selected elements-aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and lead (Pb)-in the blood samples of male kidney failure patients (KFP) and healthy subjects of age ranged 30-60 years. The blood samples were digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture (2:1), followed by the quantification of elements by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of essential elements in blood samples of KFP were found in the range of Ca (97-125), Mg (18-36), Na (2971-3685), and K (177-270) mg/L while, the levels of Al, Cd, and Pb were found in the range of (475-1275), (0.9-9.9), and (211-623) μg/L, respectively. In the healthy referents, concentration of electrolytes in blood samples was lower than KFP, but difference was not significant (p > 0.05). While the levels of toxic elements in blood samples of referents were three- to sixfold lower than KFP (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) of the element data manifested diverse apportionment of the selected elements in the blood sample of the KFP compared with the healthy counterparts.
authors: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan, haleem_analyst@yahoo.com.
authors: Abdul Haleem
authors: AH
authors: Panhwar
authors: Tasneem Gul
authors: TG
authors: Kazi
authors: Hassan Imran
authors: HI
authors: Afridi
authors: Salma Aslam
authors: SA
authors: Arain
authors: Mariam S
authors: MS
authors: Arain
authors: Kapil Dev
authors: KD
authors: Brahman
authors: Naeem
authors: N
authors: Ullah
authors: Jamshed
authors: J
authors: Ali
authors: Sadaf Sadia
authors: SS
authors: Arain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood*; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D012964:Sodium; D000535:Aluminum; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
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