title: Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy exists regarding whether increasing dairy intake without energy restriction would lead to weight loss. We aimed to compare the potential weight-reducing effects of kefir drink (a probiotic dairy product) and milk in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-four subjects were assessed for eligibility in this single-center, multi-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Of these, seventy-five eligible women aged 25-45 years were randomly assigned to three groups, labeled as control, milk, and kefir, to receive an outpatient dietary regimen for 8 weeks. Subjects in the control group received a diet providing a maintenance level of energy intake, containing 2 servings/day of low-fat dairy products, while those in the milk and kefir groups received a weight maintenance diet, containing 2 additional servings/day (a total of 4 servings/day) of dairy products from low-fat milk or commercial kefir drink, respectively. Anthropometric outcomes including weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were measured every 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight subjects completed the study. Using analysis of covariance models in the intention-to-treat population (n = 75), we found that at 8 weeks, subjects in the kefir and milk groups had significantly greater reductions in weight, BMI, and WC compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.01). However, no such significant differences were found between the kefir and milk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women. However, further studies are warranted.
authors: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Yasamin
authors: Y
authors: Fathi
authors: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. sh_faghih@sums.ac.ir.
authors: Shiva
authors: S
authors: Faghih
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Javad
authors: MJ
authors: Zibaeenezhad
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Sayed Hamid Reza
authors: SH
authors: Tabatabaei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D043302:Cultured Milk Products; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy*; D017697:Premenopause; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Dairy products; Diet; Randomized controlled trial; Weight loss; Women
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