title: Beer and wine consumption and risk of knee or hip osteoarthritis: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of Caucasian men and women aged 45 to 86 years of age from Nottingham, UK. Cases had clinically severe symptoms and radiographic knee or hip OA; controls had no symptoms and no radiographic knee or hip OA. Exposure information was sought using interview-based questionnaires and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess beverage consumption at ages 21 to 50 years. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P values were estimated using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,001 knee OA, 993 hip OA and 933 control participants were included in the study. Increasing beer consumption was associated with an increasing risk of OA (P for trend≤0.001). Compared to those who did not consume beer, aORs for people who consumed 20 or more servings of beer were 1.93 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.94) and 2.15 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.19) for knee OA and hip OA, respectively. In contrast, increasing levels of wine consumption were associated with decreased likelihood of knee OA (P for trend<0.001). Compared to those who did not consume wine, aOR for knee OA among those who consumed 4 to 6 glasses of wine per week and ≥7 glasses of wine per week was 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.80), respectively. No association was identified between non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beer consumption appears to be a risk factor for knee and hip OA whereas consumption of wine has a negative association with knee OA. The mechanism behind these findings is speculative but warrants further study.
authors: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK. stella.muthuri@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors: Stella G
authors: SG
authors: Muthuri
authors: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK. Weiya.Zhang@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors: Weiya
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Respiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca AB, SE-432 83, Mölndal, Sweden. Rose.Maciewicz@astrazeneca.com.
authors: Rose A
authors: RA
authors: Maciewicz
authors: Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Kenneth.Muir@manchester.ac.uk.|Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. Kenneth.Muir@manchester.ac.uk.
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Muir
authors: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK. Michael.Doherty@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001515:Beer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014920:Wine / Q000009:adverse effects*
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