title: Metabolomic profiling reveals deep chemical divergence between two morphotypes of the zoanthid Parazoanthus axinellae.
abstract: Metabolomics has recently proven its usefulness as complementary tool to traditional morphological and genetic analyses for the classification of marine invertebrates. Among the metabolite-rich cnidarian order Zoantharia, Parazoanthus is a polyphyletic genus whose systematics and phylogeny remain controversial. Within this genus, one of the most studied species, Parazoanthus axinellae is prominent in rocky shallow waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the NE Atlantic Ocean. Although different morphotypes can easily be distinguished, only one species is recognized to date. Here, a metabolomic profiling approach has been used to assess the chemical diversity of two main Mediterranean morphotypes, the "slender" and "stocky" forms of P. axinellae. Targeted profiling of their major secondary metabolites revealed a significant chemical divergence between the morphotypes. While zoanthoxanthin alkaloids and ecdysteroids are abundant in both morphs, the "slender" morphotype is characterized by the presence of additional and bioactive 3,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivatives named parazoanthines. The absence of these specific compounds in the "stocky" morphotype was confirmed by spatial and temporal monitoring over an annual cycle. Moreover, specimens of the "slender" morphotype are also the only ones found as epibionts of several sponge species, particularly Cymbaxinella damicornis thus suggesting a putative ecological link.
authors: Institut de Chimie de Nice - EEIC, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
authors: Nadja
authors: N
authors: Cachet
authors: 1] Institut de Chimie de Nice - EEIC, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France [2] Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UMR CNRS 8638 COMETE, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire 75006 Paris, France.
authors: Grégory
authors: G
authors: Genta-Jouve
authors: 1] Institut de Chimie de Nice - EEIC, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France [2] Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
authors: Julijana
authors: J
authors: Ivanisevic
authors: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Chevaldonné
authors: 1] Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 224-3 Aza-Toyohara, Nago City, Okinawa 905-2172, Japan [2] Tropical Biosphere Reseach Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Sinniger
authors: 1] Institut de Chimie de Nice - EEIC, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France [2] MAPIEM, EA 4323 Université de Toulon, 83957 La Garde, France.
authors: Gérald
authors: G
authors: Culioli
authors: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Pérez
authors: 1] Institut de Chimie de Nice - EEIC, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France [2] Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
authors: Olivier P
authors: OP
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044822:Biodiversity; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D005843:Geography; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures
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