title: Ribavirin stimulates the immune response of Atlantic salmon.
abstract: Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleotide analog capable of inhibiting or even preventing some viral infections in mammals and also in fish. It has been seen by others that ribavirin by itself is able to stimulate the immune system of mammals, causing a differentiation of T-cells to T helper 1 cells (Th)-1. In this work, we evaluated the immune effect of ribavirin in vitro on kidney cells from Atlantic salmon and in vivo by oral administration of ribavirin to Atlantic salmon. For this purpose, the transcripts of immune molecules Tbet, GATA3, CD8, CD4, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-4/13, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15 and TGF-B were quantified. The results show that ribavirin administered orally in food to Atlantic salmon increased IFNγ and CD4 transcripts in the in vivo assays and, in addition, increased IL-12, IL-15 and CD8 in the in vitro analyses, indicating that the treatment stimulates a Th1 type response in salmon.
authors: Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Aplicaciones Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: andrea.rivas@usach.cl.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rivas-Aravena
authors: Activaq S.A. General del Canto 460, Santiago, Chile.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Guajardo
authors: Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Valenzuela
authors: Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cartagena
authors: Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Imarai
authors: Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Spencer
authors: Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Activaq S.A. General del Canto 460, Santiago, Chile.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Sandino
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D029941:Fish Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012254:Ribavirin
keywords: Aquaculture; Fish T-cells; Fish immunology; Fish infection; Ribavirin; Ribavirin and immune response