title: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales in a psychiatric inpatient setting: assessing clinical change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) in terms of change in relation to sex, clinical characteristics and level of clinical change as assessed using other measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of N = 690 admissions from one Swiss psychiatric hospital who were assessed at admission and discharge using the HoNOS and the clinical global impression (CGI) scale. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to compare changes in HoNOS scores over time stratified by sex, diagnostic category and CGI level of change, controlled for age and previous hospitalizations. Two-way interactions between time and these factors were calculated and post hoc t-tests were conducted to compare changes in HoNOS scores between admission and discharge at factor levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HoNOS scores significantly decreased from admission to discharge in bivariate analyses although no main effect of time was found in multivariate models. Sex was found to moderate change in HoNOS behavioural subscale scores; primary diagnosis at admission moderated change in HoNOS total scores, the behavioural subscale and the social subscale; and CGI level of change moderated the change in all HoNOS scales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirmed the sensitivity to change of the HoNOS in psychiatric settings from admission to discharge. Furthermore, we found that this change reflected similar changes in the CGI, a well-established measure for the evaluation of clinical outcomes, which, in turn supports the validity of the HoNOS.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Stephan T
authors: ST
authors: Egger
authors: Godehard
authors: G
authors: Weniger
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Prinz
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Vetter
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001519:Behavior; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales; clinical change; routine outcome measurement in psychiatric setting