title: Hypertensive retinopathy and its association with cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular morbidity in Congolese patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signs indicating hypertensive retinopathy can help determine the extent of hypertensive cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between hypertensive retinopathy and cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular changes, and to determine the predictors of hypertensive retinopathy in Congolese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 159 hypertensive subjects (mean age: 58.9 ± 13.2 years) were enrolled from the cardiology out-patient clinic. Retinopathy grade was assessed on direct ophthalmoscopy. Hypertensive cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular changes were indicated by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and stroke, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertensive retinopathy was present in 83.6% of the patients (grade 1: 42.1%; grade 2: 11.3%; grade 3: 23.3%; grade 4: 6.9%). There was no association between hypertensive retinopathy and the presence or absence of LVH (86.5 vs 73.3%, χ(2) = 1.53, p = 0.21), chronic kidney disease (89.3 vs 83.3%, χ(2) = 0.12, p = 0.73) or stroke (85.7 vs 83.2%, χ(2) > 0.001, p = 0.99). On multivariate logistic regression, CKD was the most significant predictor of severe hypertensive retinopathy, with an odds ratio of 4.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No association was found between hypertensive retinopathy and LVH, CKD or stroke. CKD was the most significant predictor of hypertensive retinopathy and there was a tendency toward increased risk of target-organ damage among patients with advanced hypertensive retinopathy.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. nelkabedi@yahoo.fr.
authors: Nelly N
authors: NN
authors: Kabedi
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Jean-Claude
authors: JC
authors: Mwanza
authors: Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors: François B
authors: FB
authors: Lepira
authors: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors: Tharcisse K
authors: TK
authors: Kayembe
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Kayembe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D058437:Hypertensive Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*
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