title: The long-term effects of dietary sodium restriction on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. The SODIUM-HF (Study of Dietary Intervention Under 100 mmol in Heart Failure): a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial comparing a low-sodium to a moderate-sodium diet in heart failure (HF) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with HF (New York Heart Association classes II-III) were randomized to low (1500 mg/d) or moderate-sodium (2300 mg/d) diet. Dietary intake was evaluated using 3-day food records. The end points were changes in quality of life as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) scores and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels from baseline to 6 months of follow-up presented as medians [25th, 75th percentiles]. Thirty-eight patients were enrolled (19/group). After 6 months, median sodium intake declined from 2137 to 1398 mg/d in the low-sodium and from 2678 to 1461 mg/d in the moderate-sodium diet group. Median BNP levels in the low-sodium diet group declined (216-71 pg/mL, P = .006), whereas in the moderate-sodium diet group, there was no change in BNP (171-188 pg/mL, P = .7; P = .17 between groups). For 6 months, median KCCQ clinical score increased in both groups (63-75 [P = .006] in the low-sodium diet group and 66-73 [P = .07] in the moderate-sodium group; P = .4 between groups). At 6 months, a post hoc analysis based on the dietary sodium intake achieved (> or ≤ 1,500 mg/d) in all patients showed an association between a sodium intake ≤ 1,500 mg/d and improvement in BNP levels and KCCQ scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dietary intervention restricting sodium intake was feasible, and achievement of this sodium goal was associated with lower BNP levels and improved quality of life in patients with HF.
authors: Medicine Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Eloisa
authors: E
authors: Colin-Ramirez
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Finlay A
authors: FA
authors: McAlister
authors: Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Yinggan
authors: Y
authors: Zheng
authors: Medicine Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Sangita
authors: S
authors: Sharma
authors: Medicine Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Paul W
authors: PW
authors: Armstrong
authors: Medicine Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Heart Function Clinic, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Electronic address: jae2@ualberta.ca.
authors: Justin A
authors: JA
authors: Ezekowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain