title: Evaluating brief motivational and self-regulatory hand hygiene interventions: a cross-over longitudinal design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frequent handwashing can prevent infections, but non-compliance to hand hygiene is pervasive. Few theory- and evidence-based interventions to improve regular handwashing are available. Therefore, two intervention modules, a motivational and a self-regulatory one, were designed and evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal study, 205 young adults, aged 18 to 26 years, were randomized into two intervention groups. The Mot-SelfR group received first a motivational intervention (Mot; risk perception and outcome expectancies) followed by a self-regulatory intervention (SelfR; perceived self-efficacy and planning) 17 days later. The SelfR-Mot group received the same two intervention modules in the opposite order. Follow-up data were assessed 17 and 34 days after the baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both intervention sequences led to an increase in handwashing frequency, intention, self-efficacy, and planning. Also, overall gains were found for the self-regulatory module (increased planning and self-efficacy levels) and the motivational module (intention). Within groups, the self-regulatory module appeared to be more effective than the motivational module, independent of sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-regulatory interventions can help individuals to exhibit more handwashing. Sequencing may be important as a motivation module (Mot) first helps to set the goal and a self-regulatory module (SelfR) then helps to translate this goal into actual behavior, but further research is needed to evaluate mechanisms.
authors: Health Psychology Division, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany. pempa.lhakhang@fu-berlin.de.
authors: Pempa
authors: P
authors: Lhakhang
authors: Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany. s.lippke@jacobs-university.de.
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: Lippke
authors: Health Psychology Division, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany. nina.knoll@fu-berlin.de.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Knoll
authors: Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia. ralf.schwarzer@acu.edu.au.|Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul, Ostrowskiego 30b, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland. ralf.schwarzer@acu.edu.au.
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Schwarzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D055815:Young Adult
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