title: In utero exposure to cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke and reproductive hormones in US girls approaching puberty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence is unclear whether prenatal smoking affects age at menarche and pubertal development, and its impact upon hormones has not been well studied. We aim to identify potential pathways through which prenatal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affect reproductive hormones in girls approaching puberty.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between prenatal smoking, current ETS and luteinizing hormone (LH) and inhibin B (InB) in 6- to 11-year-old girls in the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Parents/guardians completed interviewer-assisted questionnaires on health and demographics at the time of physical examination. Residual blood samples were analyzed for reproductive hormones in 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 660 girls, 19 and 39% were exposed to prenatal smoke and current ETS, respectively. Accounting for multiple pathways in structural equation models, prenatally exposed girls had significantly lower LH (β = -0.205 log-mIU/ml, p < 0.0001) and InB (β = -0.162, log-pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Prenatal smoking also influenced LH positively and InB negatively indirectly through BMI-for-age. ETS was positively associated with LH, but not with InB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to maternal smoking may disrupt reproductive development manifesting in altered hormone levels near puberty.
authors: Public Health Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Shenandoah University, Winchester, Va., USA.
authors: Audra L
authors: AL
authors: Gollenberg
authors: O Yaw
authors: OY
authors: Addo
authors: Zhiwei
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Mary L
authors: ML
authors: Hediger
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Himes
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C422364:inhibin B; D007265:Inhibins; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone
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