title: Purging of working atmospheres inside freight containers.
abstract: This article focuses on prevention of possible exposure to chemical agents, when opening, entering, and stripping freight containers. The container purging process is investigated using tracer gas measurements and numerical airflow simulations. Three different container ventilation conditions are studied, namely natural, mixed mode, and forced ventilation. The tests conducted allow purging time variations to be quantified in relation to various factors such as container size, degree of filling, or type of load. Natural ventilation performance characteristics prove to be highly variable, depending on environmental conditions. Use of a mechanically supplied or extracted airflow under mixed mode and forced ventilation conditions enables purging to be significantly accelerated. Under mixed mode ventilation, extracting air from the end of the container furthest from the door ensures quicker purging than supplying fresh air to this area. Under forced ventilation, purging rate is proportional to the applied ventilation flow. Moreover, purging rate depends mainly on the location at which air is introduced: the most favourable position being above the container loading level. Many of the results obtained during this study can be generalized to other cases of purging air in a confined space by general ventilation, e.g. the significance of air inlet positioning or the advantage of generating high air velocities to maximize stirring within the volume.
authors: Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 54519 Vandoeuvre, France robert.braconnier@inrs.fr.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Braconnier
authors: Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 54519 Vandoeuvre, France.
authors: François-Xavier
authors: FX
authors: Keller
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D020378:Confined Spaces; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014691:Ventilation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational
keywords: air cleaning; computational fluid dynamics; confined space; containers; fumigation; purging; stripping; tracer; ventilation