title: Multispectral phloem-mobile probes: properties and applications.
abstract: Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, we identified a range of small fluorescent probes that entered the translocation stream and were unloaded at the root tip. These probes had absorbance/emission maxima ranging from 367/454 to 546/576 nm and represent a versatile toolbox for studying phloem transport. Of the probes that we tested, naturally occurring fluorescent coumarin glucosides (esculin and fraxin) were phloem loaded and transported in oocytes by the sucrose transporter, AtSUC2. Arabidopsis plants in which AtSUC2 was replaced with barley (Hordeum vulgare) sucrose transporter (HvSUT1), which does not transport esculin in oocytes, failed to load esculin into the phloem. In wild-type plants, the fluorescence of esculin decayed to background levels about 2 h after phloem unloading, making it a suitable tracer for pulse-labeling studies of phloem transport. We identified additional probes, such as carboxytetraethylrhodamine, a red fluorescent probe that, unlike esculin, was stable for several hours after phloem unloading and could be used to study phloem transport in Arabidopsis lines expressing green fluorescent protein.
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Knoblauch
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Vendrell
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Erica
authors: E
authors: de Leau
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Paterlini
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Knox
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Ross-Elliot
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Anke
authors: A
authors: Reinders
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Brockman
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.).
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Ward
authors: Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 (M.K., T.R.-E.);University of Edinburgh/Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom (M.V.);Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (E.d.L., A.P., K.K., K.O.); andPlant Biology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (A.R., S.A.B., J.W.) karl.oparka@ed.ac.uk.
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Oparka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D003374:Coumarins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004929:Esculin / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes; D052585:Phloem / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005960:Glucosides; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C078729:sucrose transport protein, plant; D004929:Esculin; C080614:fraxin
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