title: A review of optimization and quantification techniques for chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI toward sensitive in vivo imaging.
abstract: Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is a versatile imaging method that probes the chemical exchange between bulk water and exchangeable protons. CEST imaging indirectly detects dilute labile protons via bulk water signal changes following selective saturation of exchangeable protons, which offers substantial sensitivity enhancement and has sparked numerous biomedical applications. Over the past decade, CEST imaging techniques have rapidly evolved owing to contributions from multiple domains, including the development of CEST mathematical models, innovative contrast agent designs, sensitive data acquisition schemes, efficient field inhomogeneity correction algorithms, and quantitative CEST (qCEST) analysis. The CEST system that underlies the apparent CEST-weighted effect, however, is complex. The experimentally measurable CEST effect depends not only on parameters such as CEST agent concentration, pH and temperature, but also on relaxation rate, magnetic field strength and more importantly, experimental parameters including repetition time, RF irradiation amplitude and scheme, and image readout. Thorough understanding of the underlying CEST system using qCEST analysis may augment the diagnostic capability of conventional imaging. In this review, we provide a concise explanation of CEST acquisition methods and processing algorithms, including their advantages and limitations, for optimization and quantification of CEST MRI experiments.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Jinsuh
authors: J
authors: Kim
authors: Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.|Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors: Yin
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors: Yingkun
authors: Y
authors: Guo
authors: Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors: Hairong
authors: H
authors: Zheng
authors: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors: Phillip Zhe
authors: PZ
authors: Sun
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011522:Protons; D014867:Water
keywords: MRI; amide proton transfer; chemical exchange saturatio transfer; quantitative chemical exchange saturatio transfer
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