title: Biochemical mechanisms of signaling: perspectives in plants under arsenic stress.
abstract: Plants are the ultimate food source for humans, either directly or indirectly. Being sessile in nature, they are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses because of changing climate that adversely effects their growth and development. Contamination of heavy metals is one of the major abiotic stresses because of anthropogenic as well as natural factors which lead to increased toxicity and accumulation in plants. Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid toxin present in the earth crust. Due to its presence in terrestrial and aquatic environments, it effects the growth of plants. Plants can tolerate arsenic using several mechanisms like phytochelation, vacuole sequestration and activation of antioxidant defense systems. Several signaling mechanisms have evolved in plants that involve the use of proteins, calcium ions, hormones, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as signaling molecules to cope with arsenic toxicity. These mechanisms facilitate plants to survive under metal stress by activating their defense systems. The pathways by which these stress signals are perceived and responded is an unexplored area of research and there are lots of gaps still to be filled. A good understanding of these signaling pathways can help in raising the plants which can perform better in arsenic contaminated soil and water. In order to increase the survival of plants in contaminated areas there is a strong need to identify suitable gene targets that can be modified according to needs of the stakeholders using various biotechnological techniques. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms of plants grown under arsenic stress and will give an insight of the different sensory systems in plants. Furthermore, it provides the knowledge about several pathways that can be exploited to develop plant cultivars which are resistant to arsenic stress or can reduce its uptake to minimize the risk of arsenic toxicity through food chain thus ensuring food security.
authors: Soil & Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan. Electronic address: ejazulislam75@yahoo.com.
authors: Ejazul
authors: E
authors: Islam
authors: Soil & Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad Tahir
authors: MT
authors: Khan
authors: Soil & Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
authors: Samra
authors: S
authors: Irem
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic toxicity; Heavy metals; Mitogen activated protein kinase; Plants signaling