title: Obesity and internalized weight stigma: a formulation model for an emerging psychological problem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obese individuals frequently experience weight stigma and this is associated with psychological distress and difficulties. The process of external devaluation can lead to negative self-perception and evaluation and some obese individuals develop "internalized weight stigma". The prevalence of weight stigma is well established but there is a lack of information about the interplay between external and internal weight stigma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize the literature on the psychological effects of weight stigma into a formulation model that addresses the maintenance of internalized weight stigma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current research on the psychological impact of weight stigma was reviewed. We identify cognitive, behavioural and attentional processes that maintain psychological conditions where self-evaluation plays a central role. A model was developed based on clinical utility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model focuses on identifying factors that influence and maintain internalized weight stigma. We highlight the impact of negative societal and interpersonal experiences of weight stigma on how individuals view themselves as an obese person. Processing the self as a stigmatized individual is at the core of the model. Maintenance factors include negative self-judgements about the meaning of being an obese individual, attentional and mood shifts, and avoidance and safety behaviours. In addition, eating and weight management behaviours become deregulated and maintain both obesity and weight stigma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As obesity increases, weight stigma and the associated psychological effects are likely to increase. We provide a framework for formulating and intervening with internalized weight stigma as well as making therapists aware of the applicability and transferability of strategies that they may already use with other presenting problems.
authors: CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, andChelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,London,UK.
authors: Denise
authors: D
authors: Ratcliffe
authors: University College London,UK.
authors: Nell
authors: N
authors: Ellison
mesh_terms: D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: self-esteem