title: The natural history of genital human papillomavirus among HIV-negative men having sex with men and men having sex with women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative men having sex with men (MSM) bear a substantial burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease, prospective studies of genital HPV infection in this population are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV genotyping was conducted on genital samples from men (aged 18-70 years) from Brazil, Mexico, or the United States who provided specimens at 6-month intervals for up to 4 years. Eligibility criteria included no history of genital warts or HIV infection. Evaluable specimens were collected from 564 MSM and 3029 men having sex with women (MSW). Incidence and clearance estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12-month cumulative incidence of genital HPV was high in both MSM (25%; 95% confidence interval, 21%-30%) and MSW (21%; 20%-23%). After stratifying by city, MSM and MSW incidence rates were comparable, with 3 exceptions where MSM had higher incidence in ≥1 city: the group of quadrivalent vaccine types, HPV-45, and HPV-11. Median times to HPV-16 clearance were also comparable, with point estimates of >6 months for both MSM and MSW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike with many other sexually transmitted infections, genital HPV natural history may be similar in HIV-negative MSM and MSW. Study periods of ≤6 months, however, may not be long enough to accurately measure the persistence of these infections in men.
authors: The University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Texas.
authors: Alan G
authors: AG
authors: Nyitray
authors: The University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Texas.
authors: Mihyun
authors: M
authors: Chang
authors: School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo.
authors: Luisa L
authors: LL
authors: Villa
authors: Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS.
authors: Roberto J
authors: RJ
authors: Carvalho da Silva
authors: Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo-ICESP, Brazil.
authors: Maria Luiza
authors: ML
authors: Baggio
authors: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Abrahamsen
authors: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Papenfuss
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Quiterio
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Salmerón
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Lazcano-Ponce
authors: H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Anna R
authors: AR
authors: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001727:Bisexuality; D005260:Female; D020010:Heterosexuality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HPV; MSM; bisexual men; clearance; duration; epidemiology; heterosexual men; incidence; men
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