title: Milrinone attenuates arteriolar vasoconstriction and capillary perfusion deficits on endotoxemic hamsters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apart from its inotropic property, milrinone has vasodilator, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects that could assist in the reversal of septic microcirculatory changes. This paper investigates the effects of milrinone on endotoxemia-related microcirculatory changes and compares them to those observed with the use of norepinephrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  After skinfold chamber implantation procedures and endotoxemia induction by intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administration (2 mg.kg-1), male golden Syrian hamsters were treated with two regimens of intravenous milrinone (0.25 or 0.5 μg.kg-1.min-1). Intravital microscopy of skinfold chamber preparations allowed quantitative analysis of microvascular variables. Macro-hemodynamic, biochemical, and hematological parameters and survival rate were also analyzed. Endotoxemic non-treated animals, endotoxemic animals treated with norepinephrine (0.2 μg.kg-1.min-1), and non-endotoxemic hamsters served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Milrinone (0.5 μg.kg-1.min-1) was effective in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced arteriolar vasoconstriction, capillary perfusion deficits, and inflammatory response, and in increasing survival. Norepinephrine treated animals showed the best mean arterial pressure levels but the worst functional capillary density values among all endotoxemic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that milrinone yielded protective effects on endotoxemic animals' microcirculation, showed anti-inflammatory properties, and improved survival. Norepinephrine did not recruit the microcirculation nor demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Marcos Lopes
authors: ML
authors: de Miranda
authors: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Perinatal Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Sandra J
authors: SJ
authors: Pereira
authors: Institute Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Ana O M T
authors: AO
authors: Santos
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Nivaldo R
authors: NR
authors: Villela
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Luiz Guilherme
authors: LG
authors: Kraemer-Aguiar
authors: Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research in Vascular Biology-BioVasc, Biomedical Center, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Eliete
authors: E
authors: Bouskela
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000187:drug effects; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020105:Milrinone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D020105:Milrinone; D009638:Norepinephrine
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