title: Malnutrition and Cachexia in Heart Failure.
abstract: Heart failure is a growing public health concern. Advanced heart failure is frequently associated with severe muscle wasting, termed cardiac cachexia This process is driven by systemic inflammation and tumor necrosis factor in a manner common to other forms of disease-related wasting seen with cancer or human immunodeficiency virus. A variable degree of malnutrition is often superimposed from poor nutrient intake. Cardiac cachexia significantly decreases quality of life and survival in patients with heart failure. This review outlines the evaluation of nutrition status in heart failure, explores the pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia, and discusses therapeutic interventions targeting wasting in these patients.
authors: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Lawson Health Research Institute Program of Experimental Medicine (POEM), London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Rahman
authors: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Syed
authors: S
authors: Jafry
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Khursheed
authors: K
authors: Jeejeebhoy
authors: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: A Dave
authors: AD
authors: Nagpal
authors: Department of Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Pisani
authors: Department of Anesthesia, Section on Critical Care, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina ragarwal@wakehealth.edu.
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Agarwala
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D002100:Cachexia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011788:Quality of Life; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: cardiac disease; critical care; internal medicine; minerals/trace elements; nutrition; nutrition assessment; nutrition support practice; organ transplantation; outcomes research/quality; proteins; research and diseases; vitamins