title: Lower resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation in Native American and Hispanic infants born to mothers with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether exposure to diabetes in utero affects resting energy expenditure (REE) and fuel oxidation in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 35 ± 5 days after birth, body composition and REE were measured in full-term offspring of Native American and Hispanic women with either well-controlled diabetes (13 girls, 11 boys) or normal healthy pregnancies (18 girls, 17 boys).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control of dysglycemia during gestation in the women with diabetes mellitus met current clinical standards, shown by average glycated hemoglobin (5.9 ± 0.2%; 40.6 ± 2.3 mmol/mol). Infant body mass (offspring of women with diabetes: 4.78 ± 0.13, control offspring: 4.56 ± 0.08 kg) and body fatness (offspring of women with diabetes: 25.2 ± 0.6, control offspring: 24.2 ± 0.5 %) did not differ between groups. REE, adjusted for lean body mass, was 14% lower in offspring of women with diabetes (41.7 ± 2.3 kJ/h) than control offspring (48.6 ± 2.0, P = .025). Fat oxidation was 26% lower in offspring of women with diabetes (0.54 ± 0.05 g/h) than control offspring (0.76 ± 0.04, P < .01) but carbohydrate oxidation did not differ. Thus, fat oxidation accounted for a lower fraction of REE in the offspring of women with diabetes (49 ± 4%) than control offspring (60 ± 3%, P = .022). Mothers with diabetes were older and had higher prepregnancy body mass index than control mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well-controlled maternal diabetes did not significantly affect body mass or composition of offspring at 1-month old. However, infants with mothers with diabetes had reduced REE and fat oxidation, which could contribute to adiposity and future disease risk. Further studies are needed to assess the impact differences in age and higher prepregnancy body mass index.
authors: Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK. Electronic address: kevin-short@ouhsc.edu.
authors: Kevin R
authors: KR
authors: Short
authors: Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors: April M
authors: AM
authors: Teague
authors: Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Fields
authors: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Center for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Lyons
authors: Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors: Steven D
authors: SD
authors: Chernausek
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
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