title: Comparative analysis of the profiles of IgG subclass-specific responses to Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 and merozoite surface protein-1 in naturally exposed individuals living in malaria hypoendemic settings, Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) and the 19-kDa C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1 (PfMSP-1₁₉) are candidate malaria vaccine antigens expressed on merozoites and sporozoites. This investigation was performed to evaluate simultaneously the naturally-acquired antibodies to PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-1₁₉ and to compare IgG subclass profiles to both antigens in naturally exposed individuals living in malaria hypoendemic areas in Iran to determine which antigen has better ability to detect sero-positive individuals infected with P. falciparum.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this investigation, 101 individuals from the malaria-endemic areas in Iran were examined. PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-1₁₉ were expressed in Escherichia coli, and IgG isotype composition of naturally acquired antibodies to the antigens (as single or in combination) was measured by ELISA assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result showed that 87.1% and 84.2% of the studied individuals had positive anti-PfAMA-1 and -PfMSP-1₁₉ IgG antibody responses, respectively, and the prevalence of responders did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Moreover, IgG1 and IgG3 were predominant over IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies and the prevalence of IgG and its subclasses to two tested antigens had no significant correlation with age and exposure (P > 0.05). The present data confirmed that when recombinant PfAMA-1 and recombinant PfMSP-1₁₉ antigens were combined in ELISA at equal ratios of 200 ng (100 ng each antigen/well) and 400 ng (200 ng each antigen/well), 86.1% and 87.1% of positives sera were detected among the examined samples, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two tested recombinant antigens are immunogenic molecules, and individuals in low transmission areas in Iran could develop and maintain equal immune responses to PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-1₁₉. Therefore, these results could support the design of a universal PfAMA-1- and PfMSP-1₁₉-based vaccine. Also, both recombinant antigens could be used in combination as reliable serology markers to perform immuno-epidemiological studies in malaria-endemic areas of Iran during elimination strategy. The present information could be of use in control and elimination programmes in Iran and other similar malaria settings.
authors: Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran. rouhani.maryam@yahoo.com.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Rouhani
authors: Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran. zakeris@yahoo.com.
authors: Sedigheh
authors: S
authors: Zakeri
authors: Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran. abouei@gmail.com.
authors: Akram A
authors: AA
authors: Mehrizi
authors: Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. BOX 1316943551, Tehran, Iran. navid@pasteur.ac.ir.
authors: Navid D
authors: ND
authors: Djadid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology*; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C090077:apical membrane antigen I, Plasmodium
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