title: Analyzing the effects of mechanical and osmotic loading on glycosaminoglycan synthesis rate in cartilaginous tissues.
abstract: The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) plays an important role in cartilaginous tissues to support and transmit mechanical loads. Many extracellular biophysical stimuli could affect GAG synthesis by cells. It has been hypothesized that the change of cell volume is a primary mechanism for cells to perceive the stimuli. Experimental studies have shown that the maximum synthesis rate of GAG is achieved at an optimal cell volume, larger or smaller than this level the GAG synthesis rate decreases. Based on the hypothesis and experimental findings in the literature, we proposed a mathematical model to quantitatively describe the cell volume dependent GAG synthesis rate in the cartilaginous tissues. Using this model, we investigated the effects of osmotic loading and mechanical loading on GAG synthesis rate. It is found our proposed mathematical model is able to well describe the change of GAG synthesis rate in isolated cells or in cartilage with variations of the osmotic loading or mechanical loading. This model is important for evaluating the GAG synthesis activity within cartilaginous tissues as well as understanding the role of mechanical loading in tissue growth or degeneration. It is also important for designing a bioreactor system with proper extracellular environment or mechanical loading for growing tissue at the maximum synthesis rate of the extracellular matrix.
authors: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0624, United States.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0624, United States.
authors: Qiaoqiao
authors: Q
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0624, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0624, United States. Electronic address: wgu@miami.edu.
authors: Weiyong
authors: W
authors: Gu
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D019149:Bioreactors; D002356:Cartilage / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009995:Osmosis / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans
keywords: Biomechanics; Biophysical stimuli; Cell volume; GAG production; Mathematical model; Mechanobiology
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2000 Feb;28(2):150-9
references: 10710186
references: J Biomech. 1998 Dec;31(12):1181-5
references: 9882052
references: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1994 Jun;2(2):91-101
references: 11548233
references: J Orthop Res. 2001 Sep;19(5):768-78
references: 11562120
references: Biophys J. 2002 Feb;82(2):720-7
references: 11806914
references: Biochem Soc Trans. 2002 Nov;30(Pt 6):858-64
references: 12440933
references: J Theor Biol. 1969 Jun;23(3):375-9
references: 5806620
references: Nature. 1976 Apr 29;260(5554):808-9
references: 1264261
references: Nature. 1978 Jun 1;273(5661):345-9
references: 661946
references: J Biomech Eng. 1981 Nov;103(4):280-92
references: 7311495
references: J Orthop Res. 1986;4(1):10-7
references: 3950800
references: J Orthop Res. 1986;4(4):393-408
references: 3097285
references: J Orthop Res. 1988;6(6):777-92
references: 3171760
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Jun 27;991(3):415-25
references: 2730919
references: J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):619-36
references: 2760736
references: J Orthop Res. 1991 May;9(3):330-40
references: 2010837
references: Bioessays. 1991 May;13(5):207-12
references: 1654048
references: J Biomech Eng. 1991 Aug;113(3):245-58
references: 1921350
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Dec 12;1071(4):407-27
references: 1721542
references: J Cell Physiol. 1993 Feb;154(2):262-70
references: 8425907
references: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994 May 15;311(1):1-12
references: 8185305
references: J Orthop Res. 1995 Jan;13(1):22-9
references: 7853100
references: J Orthop Res. 1995 May;13(3):410-21
references: 7602402
references: J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 15;98(4):996-1003
references: 8770872
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Dec 1;29(23):2710-23
references: 15564920
references: J Biomech. 2006;39(3):464-75
references: 16389086
references: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;26(4):534-41
references: 18799081
references: J Biomech Eng. 2008 Dec;130(6):061009
references: 19045538
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2011 Nov;17(11):1089-96
references: 21718168
references: Spine J. 2013 Apr;13(4):454-63
references: 23340344
references: J Biomech. 2013 Oct 18;46(15):2674-81
references: 24035014
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 28;111(4):1316-21
references: 24474754
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Nov 15;39(24):E1411-7
references: 25188596
references: J Biomech. 2014 Nov 28;47(15):3734-43
references: 25305690
references: J Biomech. 2000 Dec;33(12):1663-73
references: 11006391
references: J Orthop Res. 1997 Mar;15(2):189-96
references: 9167620
references: Am J Physiol. 1997 May;272(5 Pt 1):C1499-506
references: 9176140
references: Matrix Biol. 2014 Nov;40:10-6
references: 25172826