title: The impact of national-level interventions to improve hygiene on the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis in healthcare workers: changes in incidence from 1996 to 2012 and interrupted times series analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reducing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) has been a priority in the U.K. over recent decades and this has been reflected in interventions focusing on improving hygiene procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether these interventions coincided with an increased incidence of work-related irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) attributed to hand hygiene or/and other hygiene measures in healthcare workers (HCWs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A quasi-experimental (interrupted time series) design was used to compare trends in incidence of ICD in HCWs attributed to hygiene before and after interventions to reduce HCAI with trends in the same periods in control groups (ICD in other workers). Cases of ICD reported to a U.K. surveillance scheme from 1996 to 2012 were analysed. The time periods compared were defined objectively based on the dates of the publication of national evidence-based guidelines, the U.K. Health Act 2006 and the Cleanyourhands campaign.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reported incidence of ICD in HCWs attributed to hygiene has increased steadily from 1996 to 2012 [annual incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval): hand hygiene only 1.10 (1.07-1.12); all hygiene 1.05 (1.03-1.07)], whereas the incidence in other workers is declining. An increase in incidence of ICD in HCWs attributed to hand hygiene was observed at the beginning of the Cleanyourhands campaign.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing incidence of ICD in HCWs combined with the popularity of interventions to reduce HCAI warrants increased efforts towards identifying products and implementing practices posing the least risk of ICD.
authors: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.|Centre for Primary Care, NIHR Greater Manchester Primary Care Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Stocks
authors: Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: McNamee
authors: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Turner
authors: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Carder
authors: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Agius
mesh_terms: D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003880:Dermatology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D015994:Incidence; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants