title: Genome-wide transcriptional responses to carbon starvation in nongrowing Lactococcus lactis.
abstract: This paper describes the transcriptional adaptations of nongrowing, retentostat cultures of Lactococcus lactis to starvation. Near-zero-growth cultures (μ = 0.0001 h(-1)) obtained by extended retentostat cultivation were exposed to starvation by termination of the medium supply for 24 h, followed by a recovery period of another 24 h by reinitiating the medium supply to the retentostat culture. During starvation, the viability of the culture was largely retained, and the expression of genes involved in transcription and translational machineries, cell division, and cell membrane energy metabolism was strongly repressed. Expression of these genes was largely recovered following the reinitiation of the medium supply. Starvation triggered the elevated expression of genes associated with synthesis of branched-chain amino acids, histidine, purine, and riboflavin. The expression of these biosynthesis genes was found to remain at an elevated level after reinitiation of the medium supply. In addition, starvation induced the complete gene set predicted to be involved in natural competence in L. lactis KF147, and the elevated expression of these genes was sustained during the subsequent recovery period, but our attempts to experimentally demonstrate natural transformation in these cells failed. Mining the starvation response gene set identified a conserved cis-acting element that resembles the lactococcal CodY motif in the upstream regions of genes associated with transcription and translational machineries, purine biosynthesis, and natural transformation in L. lactis, suggesting a role for CodY in the observed transcriptome adaptations to starvation in nongrowing cells.
authors: Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Delft, The Netherlands Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands.
authors: Onur
authors: O
authors: Ercan
authors: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands.
authors: Michiel
authors: M
authors: Wels
authors: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Eddy J
authors: EJ
authors: Smid
authors: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands michiel.kleerebezem@wur.nl.
authors: Michiel
authors: M
authors: Kleerebezem
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D061269:DNA Transformation Competence; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D002244:Carbon
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