title: Daily forecast of dengue fever incidents for urban villages in a city.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Instead of traditional statistical models for large spatial areas and weekly or monthly temporal units, what public health workers urgently need is a timely risk prediction method for small areas. This risk prediction would provide information for early warning, target surveillance and intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily dengue cases in the 457 urban villages of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan from 2009 to 2012 were used for model development and evaluation. There were in total 2,997 confirmed dengue cases during this period. A logistic regression model was fitted to the daily incidents occurring in the villages for the past 30 days. The fitted model was then used to predict the incidence probabilities of dengue outbreak for the villages the next day. A percentile of the 457*30 fitted incidence probabilities was chosen to determine a cut-point for issuing the alerts. The covariates included three different levels of spatial effect, and with four lag time periods. The population density and the meteorological conditions were also included for the prediction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of the prediction models was evaluated on 122 consecutive days from September 1 to December 31, 2012. With the 80th percentile threshold, the median sensitivity was 83% and the median false positive rate was 23%. We found that most of the coefficients of the predictors of having cases at the same village in the previous 14 days were positive and significant for the 122 daily updated models. The estimated coefficients of population density were significant during the peak of the epidemic in 2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method can provide near real-time dengue risk prediction for a small area. This can serve as a useful decision making tool for front-line public health workers to control dengue epidemics. The precision of the spatial and temporal units can be easily adjusted to different settings for different cities.
authors: Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, 115, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan. dachianpig@gmail.com.
authors: Ta-Chien
authors: TC
authors: Chan
authors: Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, 115, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan. jshwang6@stat.sinica.edu.tw.
authors: Tsuey-Hwa
authors: TH
authors: Hu
authors: Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, 115, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan. hwang@sinica.edu.tw.
authors: Jing-Shiang
authors: JS
authors: Hwang
mesh_terms: D003715:Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D005544:Forecasting / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*
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