title: Failure analysis of adhesive restorations with SEM and OCT: from marginal gaps to restoration loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyse the failure mode of adhesive interfaces by comparing OCT and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of class V restoration margins located on enamel and dentin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups were tested that differed in the application of a 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (OptiBond FL) prior to cavity filling with restorative composite resin (Clearfil AP-X). After tooth restoration and polishing, the samples were loaded in a fatigue machine, and adhesive interfaces were evaluated with OCT and SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Important and complementary information could be obtained with OCT analysis in respect to how marginal defects can propagate inside the cavity, compromising the restoration's long-term performance. A self-etching effect was observed with OptiBond FL due to the presence of an acidic primer (GPDM) within its composition. Our results could show that areas of bonding and gaps coexisted within the same restoration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When marginal imperfections, or non-continuous margins, were detected by SEM, also imperfections beneath the surface could be observed at the tooth-restoration interface with OCT. Restoration loss occurred above the borderline of 50% of marginal gaps on enamel and dentin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marginal discrepancies of adhesive restorations can propagate inside the cavity and lead to restoration loss.
authors: Division of Cariology and Endodontics, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Barthelemy Menn 19, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland. Tissiana.Bortolotto@unige.ch.
authors: Tissiana
authors: T
authors: Bortolotto
authors: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, International University of Cataluña, Sant Cugat del Valles, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Bahillo
authors: Department of Ophtalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Alcide-Jentzer 22, CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Richoz
authors: Department of Ophtalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Alcide-Jentzer 22, CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors: Farhad
authors: F
authors: Hafezi
authors: Division of Cariology and Endodontics, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Barthelemy Menn 19, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Ivo
authors: I
authors: Krejci
mesh_terms: D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements
keywords: Bond degradation; Optical coherence tomography; Quantitative margin analysis; Scanning electron microscope
references: J Dent. 2011 Oct;39(10):643-7
references: 21801799
references: J Adhes Dent. 2007 Aug;9(4):359-69
references: 17847639
references: Dent Mater. 2009 Nov;25(11):1459-67
references: 19665220
references: J Dent Res. 1993 Feb;72(2):490-4
references: 8423246
references: Braz Oral Res. 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):407-13
references: 22031053
references: Biomaterials. 2007 Sep;28(26):3757-85
references: 17543382
references: Dent Mater. 2005 Jan;21(1):9-20
references: 15680997
references: J Dent Res. 1999 Feb;78(2):699-705
references: 10029469
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2010 Jun;38(6):1989-2003
references: 20195761
references: Dent Mater J. 2011;30(4):517-22
references: 21778598
references: J Biomed Opt. 2004 Jan-Feb;9(1):47-74
references: 14715057
references: Dent Mater. 2010 Nov;26(11):1113-8
references: 20800270
references: Clin Oral Investig. 2009 Dec;13(4):459-64
references: 19225814
references: J Dent. 2011 Aug;39(8):543-8
references: 21651956
references: Quintessence Int. 1999 Apr;30(4):234-42
references: 10635250
references: J Oral Rehabil. 1999 May;26(5):372-8
references: 10373083
references: Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Jun;117(3):312-8
references: 19583761
references: J Adhes Dent. 2010 Jun;12(3):189-96
references: 20157661
references: Dent Mater. 2011 Apr;27(4):e60-4
references: 21159372
references: J Dent. 2011 Apr;39(4):316-25
references: 21300130
references: Clin Oral Investig. 2011 Apr;15(2):257-64
references: 20049493
references: Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed (1984). 1985 Dec;95(12):1118-29
references: 3911387
references: J Adhes Dent. 2007;9 Suppl 1:107-16
references: 18341237
references: Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Nov;17(8):1893-900
references: 23143604
references: Dent Mater. 2011 Feb;27(2):150-6
references: 20952051
references: Oper Dent. 2010 May-Jun;35(3):273-8
references: 20533626
references: J Oral Rehabil. 1984 Sep;11(5):499-509
references: 6239020
references: Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):191-200
references: 21327799
references: J Biomed Opt. 2007 Sep-Oct;12(5):051403
references: 17994864
references: Dent Mater. 1986 Dec;2(6):235-40
references: 3468027
references: Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 1990;100(12):1445-9
references: 2277977