title: Myocarditis in dogs: etiology, clinical and histopathological features (11 cases: 2007-2013).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocarditis is a disease caused by numerous etiological factors and characterized by a non-specific course. The only method allowing for precise characterization of inflammatory changes is the histopathological examination of heart muscle specimens. The study was conducted on heart muscle preparations from 11 dogs with ante-mortem diagnosis of cardiac disease. Animals presented with a poor response to an applied treatment or had suspected sudden cardiac death. The heart specimens were taken post-mortem, preserved and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Subsequently, the presence and intensity of changes, i.e. inflammatory infiltration, the amount of connective tissue and features of cardiomyocyte degeneration were estimated. The specimens from dogs suspected of having a myocarditis of bacteriological etiology underwent additional bacteriological and immunohistochemical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination revealed an inflammatory infiltration of variable intensity combined with the degenerative changes in all dogs. There were vegetative and abnormal cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in 6 dogs. A Staphylococcus aureus infection was confirmed in one dog and an acute coronary syndrome with neutrophil infiltration was revealed in another one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the clinical pattern in patients with myocarditis is diverse, the definitive morphological diagnosis is made based on the histopathological examination. This examination can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of myocarditis combined with the presence of spore forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the heart specimens of dogs.
authors: Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland.
authors: Izabela
authors: I
authors: Janus
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Noszczyk-Nowak
authors: Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland.
authors: Marcin
authors: M
authors: Nowak
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland.
authors: Alicja
authors: A
authors: Cepiel
authors: Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland.
authors: Rafał
authors: R
authors: Ciaputa
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland.
authors: Urszula
authors: U
authors: Pasławska
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50368 Poland ; Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, 51612 Poland.
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Dzięgiel
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50368 Poland.
authors: Karolina
authors: K
authors: Jabłońska
keywords: Borrelia burgdorferi; Dog; Heart; Myocarditis
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