title: A recently evolved isoform of the transcription factor BES1 promotes brassinosteroid signaling and development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential steroid hormones that regulate plant growth and development. The transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) regulates the expression of thousands of target genes in response to BRs. Here, we report an Arabidopsis thaliana-specific long isoform of BES1, BES1-L, which has stronger activity in promoting BR signaling than the canonical and widely used short BES1-S. The BES1-L isoform contains an additional N-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal, which strongly promotes its nuclear localization. BES1-L also promotes the nuclear localization of BES1-S and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 via dimerization. The transcription of BES1-L and BES1-S is differentially regulated by BRs due to the presence of G-box element in the BES1-S promoter. Moreover, BES1-L uniquely exists in the majority of A. thaliana ecotypes, but not in other species, even its Brassicaceae relatives, including Arabidopsis lyrata. The phenotypes of the BES1-L overexpression lines and plants with truncated BES1-L indicate that BES1-L is a more important isoform of BES1 in Arabidopsis and may have contributed to the evolution and expansion of A. thaliana.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors: Jianjun
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3887-2624
authors: J
authors: Jiang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors: Chi
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China xlwang@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Xuelu
authors: X
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003624:Darkness; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D063245:Plant Development; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C456160:BES1 protein, Arabidopsis; C454444:BZR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D060406:Brassinosteroids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
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