title: Metabolic syndrome components as markers to prognosticate the risk of developing chronic kidney disease: evidence-based study with 6492 individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) appears to be increasing and the impact of this condition on potential comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease is high. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also a potential comorbidity of MetS but the method of screening for this is somewhat controversial. Thus, predictive markers that can predict the risk of developing CKD are warranted for identification of patients with MetS at an increased risk.
  We investigated the occurrence of CKD in 6492 individuals, either with or without MetS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the prevalence of CKD was markedly higher in those individuals with MetS, and increased progressively with the number of MetS components and age. Waist circumference, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly (p<0.05) associated with altered levels of urea nitrogen, glomerular filtration rate and creatinine, and were related to the increased risk of CKD (eg, OR 1.293 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.52; p=0.002)). The relative risk of CKD remained statistically significant for uric acid following multivariate analyses and adjusting for MetS-associated factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated the association of MetS components with CKD in our population and revealed that susceptibility to CKD was increased with the number of defining features of MetS. These findings prompt prospective studies to determine the impact of preventing and detecting MetS on the risk of developing CKD.
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Davoud
authors: D
authors: Zomorrodian
authors: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors: Abolfazl
authors: A
authors: Khajavi-Rad
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Faculty of Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Avan
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mahmoud
authors: M
authors: Ebrahimi
authors: Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Nematy
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mahmoud Reza
authors: MR
authors: Azarpazhooh
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Marzieh
authors: M
authors: Emamian
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mahsa
authors: M
authors: Sadeghzade
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Seyed Reza
authors: SR
authors: Mirhafez
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Mohammadi
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Mousavi
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Habibollah
authors: H
authors: Esmaeili
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Moohebati
authors: Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Reza
authors: MR
authors: Parizadeh
authors: Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, UK.
authors: Gordon A
authors: GA
authors: Ferns
authors: Department of Modern Science and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Majid
authors: M
authors: Ghayour-Mobarhan
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D015415:Biomarkers; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: AGEING; BLOOD PRESSURE; Epidemiology of chronic diseases