title: Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe.
abstract: Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. Information has been continuously collected on these infections in Europe, and publications have increased in recent years. Prevalence rates are high for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different European countries. The goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs from Europe. This guideline is intended to answer the most common questions on these diseases from a practical point of view.
authors: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. angelehr@vet.ucm.es.
authors: Ángel
authors: Á
authors: Sainz
authors: Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Xavier.Roura@uab.cat.
authors: Xavier
authors: X
authors: Roura
authors: Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. gmiro@ucm.es.
authors: Guadalupe
authors: G
authors: Miró
authors: Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. aestrada@unizar.es.
authors: Agustín
authors: A
authors: Estrada-Peña
authors: Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Barbara.Kohn@fu-berlin.de.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Kohn
authors: Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. shimon.harrus@mail.huji.ac.il.
authors: Shimon
authors: S
authors: Harrus
authors: Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. Laia.Solano@uab.cat.
authors: Laia
authors: L
authors: Solano-Gallego
mesh_terms: D000709:Anaplasma / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D004536:Ehrlichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005060:Europe; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Apr;14(4):256-60
references: 24689833
references: Ann Intern Med. 1998 Sep 15;129(6):461-3
references: 9735084
references: Vet Rec. 2005 Nov 19;157(21):645-8
references: 16299364
references: Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32(1):19-25
references: 10716072
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2000 Mar-Apr;14(2):134-9
references: 10772483
references: J Gen Virol. 1999 Jan;80 ( Pt 1):179-85
references: 9934700
references: J Vet Intern Med. 1998 Mar-Apr;12(2):61-70
references: 9560760
references: Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Dec;36(6):567-74
references: 24054985
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Jun;52(6):2231-4
references: 24622106
references: N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 15;341(3):148-55
references: 10403852
references: Vet Microbiol. 2009 May 12;136(3-4):321-5
references: 19128893
references: Transfusion. 2000 Mar;40(3):274-84
references: 10738026
references: Parasite. 2013;20:9
references: 23477298
references: Vet Parasitol. 2009 Dec 3;166(1-2):124-30
references: 19748741
references: Vet Clin Pathol. 1998;27(4):116-122
references: 12075539
references: BMC Vet Res. 2006;2:24
references: 16872489
references: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Dec;15 Suppl 2:62-3
references: 19456799
references: J Vet Intern Med. 1991 May-Jun;5(3):195-8
references: 1920256
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2002 May-Jun;16(3):309-15
references: 12041661
references: Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:117
references: 23607428
references: Vet Parasitol. 2011 Sep 8;181(1):31-6
references: 21565447
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008 Dec;8(6):797-803
references: 18597660
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Jun;990:126-30
references: 12860613
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2008 Nov-Dec;22(6):1289-95
references: 18783353
references: Vet Rec. 2007 Jun 16;160(24):825-31
references: 17575245
references: Vet Ophthalmol. 2005 Nov-Dec;8(6):387-93
references: 16359361
references: Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013 Jun;4(4):317-9
references: 23528989
references: Vet Clin Pathol. 2008 Sep;37(3):258-65
references: 18761516
references: Res Vet Sci. 2011 Aug;91(1):71-6
references: 20832089
references: Vet Rec. 2009 Apr 4;164(14):433-4
references: 19346544
references: Parasit Vectors. 2010 Apr 08;3(1):33
references: 20377870
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;20(4):840-4
references: 16955806
references: Zoonoses Public Health. 2007;54(1):8-15
references: 17359441
references: Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2003 Sep;70(3):205-12
references: 14621316
references: Vet Parasitol. 2001 Feb;95(1):1-15
references: 11163693
references: Vet Parasitol. 2004 Jan 5;119(1):21-6
references: 15036573
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Jan;34(1):44-8
references: 8748270
references: New Microbiol. 1995 Jan;18(1):83-6
references: 7760762
references: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003 Jul-Aug;39(4):379-84
references: 12873028
references: Vet Rec. 2001 May 26;148(21):665-6
references: 11400989
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008 Aug;8(4):455-64
references: 18302532
references: Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012 Dec;3(5-6):315-8
references: 23140895
references: Int J Med Microbiol. 2002 Jun;291 Suppl 33:156-63
references: 12141741
references: Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 1998 Nov;26(6):396-401
references: 9857421
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013 Nov;60 Suppl 2:125-30
references: 24589112
references: Exp Appl Acarol. 2010 Feb;50(2):163-8
references: 19693681
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):413-5
references: 12499227
references: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1994 Sep;65(3):104-7
references: 7595915
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Dec;54(12):5012-20
references: 20921310
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:115
references: 24655431
references: Vet Rec. 1980 Sep 20;107(12):275-7
references: 7210420
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2012 Sep-Oct;26(5):1217-20
references: 22816518
references: Am J Vet Res. 1990 Feb;51(2):290-3
references: 2301842
references: Vet Rec. 1998 Oct 10;143(15):412-7
references: 9807790
references: Vet Parasitol. 1997 May;69(3-4):307-17
references: 9195740
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988 Apr 15;192(8):1093-5
references: 3372339
references: Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013 Jun;4(4):359-61
references: 23528990
references: Vet Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;37(2):231-44
references: 16472522
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986 Oct 15;189(8):916-7
references: 3771363
references: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1996 Jun-Jul;109(6-7):245-8
references: 8765542
references: Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:103
references: 23587235
references: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010 Nov;40(6):1121-40
references: 20933140
references: Am J Vet Res. 1980 Feb;41(2):250-4
references: 6989300
references: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(2):289-92
references: 23772578
references: Braz J Microbiol. 2010 Apr;41(2):381-5
references: 24031508
references: J Vector Borne Dis. 2008 Dec;45(4):273-80
references: 19248653
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Sep;36(9):2645-51
references: 9705408
references: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Dec;15 Suppl 2:30-1
references: 19416288
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986 Oct 15;189(8):922-3
references: 3533872
references: Vet Microbiol. 2003 Feb 2;91(2-3):197-204
references: 12458168
references: Vet Parasitol. 2010 Sep 20;172(3-4):323-32
references: 20591573
references: Vet Parasitol. 2005 Jan 4;127(1):75-9
references: 15619376
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec;1149:263-9
references: 19120226
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1063:358-60
references: 16481543
references: J Feline Med Surg. 2014 Aug;16(8):713-20
references: 24445821
references: Wiad Parazytol. 2004;50(3):555-61
references: 16865968
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2009 May-Jun;23(3):669-72
references: 19422467
references: J Wildl Dis. 2010 Jul;46(3):1017-23
references: 20688716
references: Vet Rec. 2000 Feb 12;146(7):186-90
references: 10718591
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Jun 29;849:438-40
references: 9668507
references: Vet Rec. 1997 Sep 6;141(10):247-50
references: 9308149
references: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1982 Mar;53(1):17-22
references: 7097704
references: Vet Parasitol. 2014 Sep 15;205(1-2):285-8
references: 25027609
references: Ann Intern Med. 1994 May 1;120(9):736-43
references: 8147546
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Sep;48(9):3316-24
references: 20660218
references: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Dec;15 Suppl 2:39-40
references: 19392892
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;11(12):1828-34
references: 16485466
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:285
references: 24957468
references: Vet Parasitol. 2004 Nov 10;125(3-4):365-72
references: 15482892
references: Can Vet J. 2007 Jun;48(6):619-22
references: 17616060
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):1136-43
references: 18638021
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:29
references: 22316160
references: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:593232
references: 19277106
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Sep;34(9):2133-9
references: 8862572
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Mar-Apr;24(2):372-8
references: 20102497
references: Vet Parasitol. 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):595-603
references: 23962826
references: Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013 Feb;4(1-2):152-5
references: 23069260
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Jul;68(7):1619-26
references: 23475646
references: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1998 Jun;69(2):55-6
references: 9760397
references: Vet Parasitol. 2004 Sep 20;124(1-2):101-7
references: 15350665
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Oct;1078:515-8
references: 17114768
references: Vet Res. 2005 May-Jun;36(3):469-92
references: 15845235
references: J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003 Nov;15(6):527-34
references: 14667015
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:8
references: 22233771
references: J Infect Dis. 1978 Feb;137(2):182-8
references: 627738
references: Exp Appl Acarol. 2013 Mar;59(3):351-66
references: 22843316
references: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001 Nov;51(Pt 6):2145-65
references: 11760958
references: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2006 Jul-Aug;119(7-8):342-7
references: 17009720
references: J Vet Med Sci. 1997 Sep;59(9):849-51
references: 9342716
references: J Vet Diagn Invest. 1999 Jul;11(4):382-4
references: 10424661
references: Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:1
references: 23281838
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Jun 15;234(12):1559-65
references: 19527130
references: JAMA. 1994 Jul 20;272(3):212-8
references: 8022040
references: Acta Virol. 2008;52(3):175-9
references: 18999892
references: Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:127
references: 24670154
references: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2010 Nov-Dec;46(6):405-12
references: 21041333
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Nov;39(11):4204-7
references: 11682562
references: Am J Vet Res. 2010 Dec;71(12):1443-50
references: 21117995
references: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2004 May-Jun;40(3):174-84
references: 15131097
references: Vet Rec. 1997 Mar 1;140(9):222-6
references: 9076917
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010 Nov;10(9):885-8
references: 20420531
references: Vet Clin Pathol. 1991;20(4):101-105
references: 12673539
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Feb;42(2):362-8
references: 9527787
references: Exp Parasitol. 2005 Mar;109(3):176-80
references: 15713449
references: Vet Parasitol. 2008 May 6;153(1-2):131-8
references: 18289794
references: Ir Vet J. 2013 May 21;66(1):9
references: 23692778
references: Vet Parasitol. 1998 Jan 31;74(2-4):277-88
references: 9561712
references: Vet Microbiol. 2002 May 24;86(4):361-8
references: 11955786
references: Zoonoses Public Health. 2007;54(2):94-101
references: 17348913
references: Vet Rec. 2009 Feb 7;164(6):168-71
references: 19202169
references: Vet J. 2009 Sep;181(3):343-4
references: 18682335
references: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Jan;21(1):46-9
references: 11915850
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2009 Nov-Dec;23(6):1129-41
references: 19761477
references: Vet J. 2010 Feb;183(2):232-3
references: 19056304
references: Vet Microbiol. 2011 Apr 21;149(1-2):206-12
references: 21106311
references: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1995 May;3(2):100-2
references: 7655402
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 Dec 1;205(11):1554-6
references: 7730122
references: Vet Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;5(2):93-8
references: 12071865
references: Vet J. 2007 Nov;174(3):673-6
references: 17204439
references: Clin Lab Med. 2010 Mar;30(1):261-92
references: 20513551
references: Vet Clin Pathol. 2011 Mar;40(1):78-83
references: 21291487
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jun;39(6):2237-42
references: 11376063
references: Am J Vet Res. 1991 Sep;52(9):1537-41
references: 1952347
references: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009 Oct;121 Suppl 3:42-5
references: 19915816
references: Vet Ophthalmol. 2007 May-Jun;10(3):137-42
references: 17445073
references: Trends Parasitol. 2010 Apr;26(4):205-12
references: 20207197
references: Vet Rec. 2009 Jan 24;164(4):112-6
references: 19168881
references: Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013 Apr;4(3):171-80
references: 23415851
references: J Wildl Dis. 2011 Jul;47(3):699-703
references: 21719836
references: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 Jul;12(7):595-604
references: 22607068
references: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2012 Jul-Aug;125(7-8):337-44
references: 22919928
references: Parasit Vectors. 2010 Apr 08;3:34
references: 20377872
references: N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4;365(5):422-9
references: 21812671
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:62
references: 22452990
references: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011 Nov-Dec;47(6):e86-94
references: 22058372
references: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Nov;14(11):1420-4
references: 17898182
references: Vet Parasitol. 2008 Apr 15;152(3-4):173-85
references: 18280045
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:49
references: 22401583
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Dec;91(6):1161-5
references: 25266347
references: J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2006 May;53(4):197-200
references: 16629989
references: Vaccine. 2012 Dec 17;31(1):226-33
references: 23072894
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Jul;35(7):1852-5
references: 9196207
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;19(1):135-42
references: 15715062
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;25(4):811-7
references: 21564293
references: Am J Vet Res. 1976 Feb;37(2):119-26
references: 944000
references: Vet Parasitol. 1996 Apr;62(3-4):331-40
references: 8686178
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970 Dec 1;157(11):1627-32
references: 5530365
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982 Mar 1;180(5):512-4
references: 7061334
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Mar;74(3):440-3
references: 16525104
references: Am J Vet Res. 1983 Dec;44(12):2407-11
references: 6362502
references: Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012 Jan-Mar;21(1):37-41
references: 22534943
references: Vet Rec. 2007 Nov 10;161(19):653-7
references: 17993656
references: New Microbiol. 2008 Jul;31(3):371-5
references: 18843892
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Jan;36(1):73-6
references: 9431923
references: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2003 Jul;33(4):863-84
references: 12910747
references: J Vet Intern Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;11(5):309-11
references: 9348500
references: J Vet Intern Med. 2002 Nov-Dec;16(6):642-9
references: 12465759
references: Parasitol Res. 2009 Aug;105 Suppl 1:S101-14
references: 19575231
references: Parassitologia. 2006 Jun;48(1-2):145-7
references: 16881419
references: Vet Rec. 2007 Jan 20;160(3):91-2
references: 17237459
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Jul;36(7):2140-2
references: 9650986
references: Am J Vet Res. 1975 Jul;36(7):937-40
references: 1147359
references: Vet Rec. 1997 Oct 4;141(14):360-3
references: 9351183
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Dec;36(12):3460-2
references: 9817854
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Nov;48(11):4488-90
references: 15504892