title: Antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds during in vitro callus culture of Plantago ovata Forsk. and effect of exogenous additives on accumulation of phenolic compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plantago ovata, commonly called psyllium, is known to be a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. The present study was aimed at determining polyphenol content and studying their antioxidant activities in P. ovata during in vitro callus culture. An attempt was also made to enhance polyphenol content using external additives. The role of PAL gene in polyphenol accumulation was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study indicated the presence of significant amounts of polyphenols, including flavonoids, in P. ovata callus. A gradual increase in polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed up to the third passage (63 days) of callus culture, which declined at the next passage. The third-passage callus showed highest antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatographic results indicated the presence of high amounts of gallic acid and rutin in P. ovata calli; however, other polyphenols were also present but to a lesser extent. Additive supplementation was effective in enhancing polyphenol production and in increasing antioxidant activity in P. ovata callus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present research reported accumulation of polyphenols in callus culture of P. ovata, which could be applied to isolation of polyphenols for various beneficial purposes. It also indicated enhancement in the production of several polyphenols and also an increase in antioxidant activity in the additive-treated callus.
authors: Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
authors: Pratik
authors: P
authors: Talukder
authors: Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
authors: Shonima
authors: S
authors: Talapatra
authors: Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
authors: Nirmalya
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-9467
authors: N
authors: Ghoshal
authors: Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
authors: Sarmistha
authors: S
authors: Sen Raychaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002364:Caseins; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003059:Cocos; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques; D010943:Plantago / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012431:Rutin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002364:Caseins; D003470:Culture Media; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D012431:Rutin; D005707:Gallic Acid; C475729:casein hydrolysate; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
keywords: HPLC; antioxidant; flavonoid; lipid peroxidation; phenylalanine ammonia lyase; polyphenol