title: Histone exchange, chromatin structure and the regulation of transcription.
abstract: The packaging of DNA into strings of nucleosomes is one of the features that allows eukaryotic cells to tightly regulate gene expression. The ordered disassembly of nucleosomes permits RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to access the DNA, whereas nucleosomal reassembly impedes access, thus preventing transcription and mRNA synthesis. Chromatin modifications, chromatin remodellers, histone chaperones and histone variants regulate nucleosomal dynamics during transcription. Disregulation of nucleosome dynamics results in aberrant transcription initiation, producing non-coding RNAs. Ongoing research is elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure during transcription by preventing histone exchange, thereby limiting non-coding RNA expression.
authors: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
authors: Swaminathan
authors: S
authors: Venkatesh
authors: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
authors: Jerry L
authors: JL
authors: Workman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D009707:Nucleosomes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D012319:RNA Polymerase II
references: Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1405-8
references: 17347438
references: EMBO J. 1991 Apr;10(4):971-80
references: 1849080
references: J Mol Biol. 2012 Sep 28;422(4):519-31
references: 22728643
references: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(5):e1002717
references: 22615581
references: Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2084-7
references: 15528408
references: Cell. 2012 Aug 31;150(5):922-33
references: 22921915
references: Genes Dev. 2011 Nov 1;25(21):2254-65
references: 22056671
references: Genes Dev. 2008 Dec 15;22(24):3422-34
references: 19141475
references: Cell. 2005 Nov 18;123(4):581-92
references: 16286007
references: Mol Cell. 2011 Feb 18;41(4):398-408
references: 21329878
references: Traffic. 2010 Feb;11(2):185-97
references: 19929865
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Sep;25(17):7534-45
references: 16107701
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Mar 1;41(5):2881-93
references: 23325844
references: Genes Dev. 2008 Oct 15;22(20):2786-98
references: 18923077
references: PLoS Genet. 2013 Jun;9(6):e1003558
references: 23754967
references: Trends Biochem Sci. 2009 Feb;34(2):71-7
references: 19062292
references: J Mol Biol. 1985 Dec 20;186(4):773-90
references: 3912515
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 23;107(47):20275-80
references: 21057107
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Feb 9;25(3):357-68
references: 17289584
references: PLoS Biol. 2004 May;2(5):E131
references: 15045029
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015 Mar;16(3):167-77
references: 25693130
references: Nature. 2014 Apr 10;508(7495):263-8
references: 24590075
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Aug;41(8):941-5
references: 19633671
references: Cell. 2013 Sep 26;155(1):107-20
references: 24074864
references: Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):452-5
references: 22914091
references: Mol Cell. 2006 May 5;22(3):415-22
references: 16678113
references: Cell. 2011 Jan 21;144(2):200-13
references: 21241891
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015 Mar;16(3):144-54
references: 25650801
references: Cell. 2013 Sep 12;154(6):1232-45
references: 24034247
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;31(1):54-62
references: 21041482
references: Genes Dev. 2014 Apr 1;28(7):672-82
references: 24696452
references: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2011 Jun;67(Pt 6):578-83
references: 21636898
references: Genome Res. 2010 Oct;20(10):1383-90
references: 20709945
references: Nature. 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):111-4
references: 23698368
references: Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):996-1000
references: 20133523
references: Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):653-5
references: 17272723
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Nov;1783(11):2044-51
references: 18675855
references: Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1050-4
references: 17510366
references: Cell Res. 2014 Jun;24(6):649-50
references: 24732008
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 10;283(41):27350-4
references: 18708354
references: Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):343-8
references: 14645854
references: Cell. 2001 Mar 23;104(6):817-27
references: 11290320
references: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Sep 01;5(9):
references: 24003213
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Aug;28(16):4915-26
references: 18541663
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Aug 3;27(3):393-405
references: 17679090
references: Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):195-9
references: 23580526
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1829(1):84-97
references: 22982198
references: Nat Struct Biol. 2000 Dec;7(12):1121-4
references: 11101893
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 1;105(26):9000-5
references: 18577595
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1829(1):76-83
references: 22982194
references: Cell Res. 2014 Apr;24(4):389-99
references: 24613878
references: Genome Res. 2014 Oct;24(10):1637-49
references: 25015381
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Nov 18;12(12):861-74
references: 22094949
references: Cell. 2005 Oct 21;123(2):219-31
references: 16239141
references: EMBO Rep. 2006 Jan;7(1):66-71
references: 16258499
references: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2010;75:35-42
references: 21502417
references: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2010 Apr;20(2):110-7
references: 20153629
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1829(1):55-62
references: 22982363
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015 Mar;16(3):129-43
references: 25693126
references: Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):626-30
references: 15961632
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 5;107(1):64-8
references: 20018668
references: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(11):e1003047
references: 23144632
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Dec;19(12):1287-92
references: 23142979
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 22;107(25):11325-30
references: 20534568
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Jun 22;13(7):436-47
references: 22722606
references: Nature. 2013 Jul 11;499(7457):223-7
references: 23823717
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Feb 9;25(3):345-55
references: 17289583
references: Nature. 2012 Nov 22;491(7425):560-5
references: 23075851
references: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(7):e1002811
references: 22807688
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 7;109(6):1931-6
references: 22308335
references: EMBO Rep. 2012 Nov 6;13(11):997-1003
references: 23032292
references: Genes Dev. 2012 May 1;26(9):914-9
references: 22549955
references: Cell. 2007 Dec 14;131(6):1084-96
references: 18083099
references: J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 2;286(48):41883-92
references: 21969370
references: Genome Biol. 2010;11(10):218
references: 20959022
references: EMBO Rep. 2005 Apr;6(4):354-60
references: 15776021
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 9;285(15):11704-13
references: 20139424
references: Cell. 2011 Jan 7;144(1):16-26
references: 21215366
references: Genes Dev. 2007 Jan 15;21(2):160-74
references: 17234882
references: Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1408-11
references: 17347439
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 28;103(9):3090-3
references: 16492771
references: Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1161-4
references: 20508129
references: Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):330-9
references: 3275873
references: Nat Genet. 2005 Oct;37(10):1090-7
references: 16155569
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Jan;9(1):15-26
references: 18059368
references: Mol Cell. 2005 Dec 22;20(6):971-8
references: 16364921
references: Cell. 2010 Nov 24;143(5):725-36
references: 21111233
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Nov;14(11):997-1007
references: 17984962
references: PLoS Genet. 2008 Nov;4(11):e1000270
references: 19023413
references: EMBO J. 2013 Aug 28;32(17):2392-406
references: 23921552
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Sep;19(9):884-92
references: 22922743
references: Mol Cell. 2010 Jul 30;39(2):234-46
references: 20670892
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;11(4):264-75
references: 20197778
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015 Mar;16(3):190-202
references: 25650800
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 7;110(19):7654-9
references: 23610384
references: Genes Dev. 2013 Oct 1;27(19):2109-24
references: 24065740
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Nov 27;109(48):19721-6
references: 23150573
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):13665-70
references: 15647280
references: PLoS Biol. 2010 Jun 22;8(6):e1000401
references: 20582323
references: Genes Dev. 2013 Aug 1;27(15):1680-92
references: 23884607
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Aug;27(15):5327-35
references: 17526728
references: Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):94-8
references: 20360108
references: Cell. 2003 Mar 7;112(5):725-36
references: 12628191
references: Nature. 2009 Sep 17;461(7262):419-22
references: 19693008
references: Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1096-9
references: 12934008
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Dec;12(12):1064-71
references: 16299513
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Sep;32(17):3479-85
references: 22751925
references: Cell. 2013 Sep 12;154(6):1246-56
references: 24034248
references: Mol Cell. 2002 Mar;9(3):541-52
references: 11931762
references: Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):125-9
references: 18815594
references: Cell. 2013 Feb 14;152(4):859-72
references: 23415232
references: Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1090-3
references: 12934006
references: PLoS Biol. 2008 Nov 11;6(11):e277
references: 18998772
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Mar;41(3):376-81
references: 19182803
references: Cell. 2006 May 19;125(4):703-17
references: 16713563
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1999 Feb;261(1):100-5
references: 10071215
references: Cell Res. 2011 Mar;21(3):421-34
references: 21263457
references: Cell Cycle. 2014;13(14):2153-4
references: 24963723
references: Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):649-52
references: 17272722
references: Biochemistry. 2006 May 2;45(17):5671-7
references: 16634648
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 10;101(6):1525-30
references: 14732680
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Dec;16(12):1272-8
references: 19935686
references: Nature. 2012 Feb 05;483(7387):104-7
references: 22307274
references: EMBO J. 1996 Sep 2;15(17):4702-12
references: 8887561
references: Nature. 2014 Jan 30;505(7485):648-53
references: 24463511
references: EMBO Rep. 2014 Apr;15(4):402-10
references: 24534129
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 22;285(43):32778-86
references: 20699226
references: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 4;274(23):16370-6
references: 10347196
references: Mol Cell. 2011 Dec 23;44(6):928-41
references: 22195966
references: Genes Dev. 2011 Jul 1;25(13):1359-64
references: 21724829
references: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(6):e1002771
references: 22737086
references: Nature. 1997 Sep 18;389(6648):251-60
references: 9305837
references: Genes Dev. 1995 Mar 1;9(5):573-86
references: 7698647
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Aug;25(15):6559-69
references: 16024792
references: J Cell Biol. 2001 Jun 25;153(7):1341-53
references: 11425866
references: Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):495-508
references: 17081973
references: Chromosoma. 2011 Jun;120(3):275-85
references: 21274551
references: Cell Rep. 2013 Apr 25;3(4):1012-9
references: 23602572
references: Trends Biochem Sci. 2007 Sep;32(9):425-33
references: 17764953
references: Trends Genet. 2013 Nov;29(11):630-40
references: 23830582
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Nov;15(11):703-8
references: 25315270
references: Cell. 2010 Mar 5;140(5):678-91
references: 20211137
references: Genes Dev. 2012 Oct 1;26(19):2119-37
references: 23028141
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 May 21;285(21):15966-77
references: 20332092
references: Mol Cell. 2002 Jun;9(6):1191-200
references: 12086617
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Mar 9;25(5):703-12
references: 17320445
references: Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):844-7
references: 16469925
references: Genes Dev. 2007 Mar 1;21(5):552-61
references: 17344416
references: PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun;2(6):e97
references: 16846252
references: Mol Cell. 2013 Sep 12;51(5):662-77
references: 23973327
references: Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):877-81
references: 11130729
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013 Jun;20(6):657-61
references: 23739170
references: Genomics. 2002 Nov;80(5):487-98
references: 12408966
references: Genome Res. 2008 Jul;18(7):1073-83
references: 18550805
references: Cell. 2009 May 1;137(3):445-58
references: 19410542
references: Mol Cell. 2008 Jul 11;31(1):57-66
references: 18614047
references: Mol Cell. 2014 Oct 23;56(2):298-310
references: 25263594
references: Genes Dev. 2005 Aug 1;19(15):1761-6
references: 16077006
references: Science. 1974 May 24;184(4139):868-71
references: 4825889
references: Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):772-8
references: 16862119
references: Genome Biol. 2013;14(10):R121
references: 24176123