title: Seropositivity for ascariosis and toxocariosis and cytokine expression among the indigenous people in the Venezuelan Delta region.
abstract: The present study aimed at measuring seropositivities for infection by Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis using the excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens from Ascaris suum (AES) and Toxocara canis (TES) within an indigenous population. In addition, quantification of cytokine expressions in peripheral blood cells was determined. A total of 50 Warao indigenous were included; of which 43 were adults and seven children. In adults, 44.1% were seropositive for both parasites; whereas children had only seropositivity to one or the other helminth. For ascariosis, the percentage of AES seropositivity in adults and children was high; 23.3% and 57.1%, respectively. While that for toxocariosis, the percentage of TES seropositivity in adults and children was low; 9.3% and 14.3%, respectively. The percentage of seronegativity was comparable for AES and TES antigens in adults (27.9%) and children (28.6%). When positive sera were analyzed by Western blotting technique using AES antigens; three bands of 97.2, 193.6 and 200.2 kDas were mostly recognized. When the TES antigens were used, nine major bands were mostly identified; 47.4, 52.2, 84.9, 98.2, 119.1, 131.3, 175.6, 184.4 and 193.6 kDas. Stool examinations showed that Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly observed intestinal parasites. Quantification of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 expressions showed that there was only a significant increased expression of IL-4 in indigenous with TES seropositivity (p < 0.002). Ascaris and Toxocara seropositivity was prevalent among Warao indigenous.
authors: Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors: Zaida
authors: Z
authors: Araujo
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Sietze
authors: S
authors: Brandes
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Pinelli
authors: Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors: María A
authors: MA
authors: Bochichio
authors: Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Palacios
authors: Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors: Albina
authors: A
authors: Wide
authors: Unidad de Investigación Médica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, México.
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Rivas-Santiago
authors: Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
authors: Juan Carlos
authors: JC
authors: Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D001196:Ascariasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D017166:Toxocara canis / Q000276:immunology; D014120:Toxocariasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D014687:Venezuela / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
references: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Feb 20;5:42
references: 22348306
references: Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5
references: 5432063
references: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010 Nov;63(6):447-8
references: 21099099
references: Epidemiol Rev. 1981;3:230-50
references: 7030762
references: J Clin Invest. 1992 May;89(5):1403-10
references: 1569183
references: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1992 Jan-Feb;34(1):55-60
references: 1307410
references: Acta Trop. 1984 Dec;41(4):361-72
references: 6084948
references: J Parasitol. 1975 Aug;61(4):781-2
references: 1165568
references: Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Apr;11(4):551-8
references: 16553939
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1886
references: 23133689
references: Acta Cient Venez. 2003;54(4):247-53
references: 15916179
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4350-4
references: 388439
references: Parasite Immunol. 1984 Sep;6(5):409-20
references: 6438599
references: Ann Intern Med. 1992 May 15;116(10):838-40
references: 1567098
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 May-Jun;88(3):259-61
references: 7974657
references: Parasite Immunol. 1988 May;10(3):323-37
references: 3412787
references: Parasite Immunol. 1984 Jan;6(1):23-37
references: 6701003
references: Invest Clin. 2004 Dec;45(4):347-54
references: 15602901
references: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007 May-Jun;31(3):402-8
references: 17538287
references: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1997 Sep-Oct;39(5):253-6
references: 9661302
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976 Jul;25(4):573-80
references: 961975
references: Lancet. 1988 Mar 26;1(8587):692-5
references: 2895221
references: Lancet. 1996 Sep 7;348(9028):689
references: 8782781
references: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Jul;30(7):873-9
references: 21365288
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 May;80(2):219-24
references: 2357848
references: Parasitol Res. 1991;77(8):697-702
references: 1805214
references: Korean J Parasitol. 2008 Mar;46(1):29-32
references: 18344674
references: Infect Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):6058-67
references: 12379682
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Mar;43(3):1142-8
references: 15750075
references: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1981;666:1-150
references: 6800138
references: Immunol Invest. 2003 Aug;32(3):131-42
references: 12916704
references: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2012 May-Jun;54(3):145-52
references: 22634886
references: J Clin Lab Anal. 2006;20(4):164-72
references: 16874812
references: Korean J Parasitol. 2013 Aug;51(4):433-9
references: 24039286
references: J Immunol. 1993 Dec 15;151(12):7086-94
references: 8258713
references: Parasite Immunol. 1998 Jul;20(7):311-7
references: 9717192
references: Parasitol Res. 1993;79(7):547-50
references: 8278336
references: J Exp Med. 1994 Jan 1;179(1):347-51
references: 8270879
references: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2002;912:i-vi, 1-57, back cover
references: 12592987
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Sep;41(3 Suppl):21-34
references: 2679161