title: Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on oxidative stress-induced autophagy in the immune organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
abstract: Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common agrochemical in the freshwater ecosystems of the world. This study assessed the effects of ATR (4.28, 42.8 and 428 μg/L), CPF (1.16, 11.6 and 116 μg/L) and combined ATR/CPF (1.13, 11.3 and 113 μg/L) on common carp head kidneys and spleens following 40 d exposure and 40 d recovery treatments. Nitric oxide (NO) content, activities of anti hydroxyl radical (AHR), anti superoxide anion (ASA), peroxidase (POD) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the mRNA levels of the autophagy genes (LC3-II, dynein, TOR) were determined. The results indicate that the antioxidant enzyme (AHR, ASA, POD and iNOS) activities and NO content in the head kidney and spleen of the common carp increased significantly after a 40 d exposure to ATR and CPF alone or in combination. The mRNA levels of LC3-II and dynein in common carp increased significantly after exposure to ATR and CPF alone, or in combination. Moreover, the mRNA levels of LC3-II and dynein decreased significantly after a 40-d recovery. However, the mRNA levels of TOR gene for all decreased significantly at the end of the exposure and the recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the oxidative stress-induced autophagic effects in the common carp by exposure to ATR, CPF and the ATR/CPF combination. The information presented in the present study may be helpful to understanding the mechanisms of autophagy induced by ATR, CPF and the ATR/CPF combination in fish.
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Biological Engineering, Jilin Engineering Vocational College, 1299 Changfa Road, Siping 136001, China.
authors: Dechun
authors: D
authors: Chen
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors: Ziwei
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors: Haidong
authors: H
authors: Yao
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China; Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China. Electronic address: xhj19800319@126.com.
authors: Houjuan
authors: H
authors: Xing
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China. Electronic address: shiwenxu@neau.edu.cn.
authors: Shiwen
authors: S
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002347:Carps / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Atrazine; Autophagy; Chlorpyrifos; Common carp; Immune organ