title: Impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in female patients with acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a prominent threat to women's health. We investigated the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in Korean female patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Out of the AMI patients who enrolled in the Korea AMI Registry, 4444 female patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups-non-smoker and smoker-according to their current smoking status. We compared in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, repeated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery bypass grafting during the one-year clinical follow-up period between two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The non-smoker group had more hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in the non-smoker group. However, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the smoker group (1.0% vs. 2.4%, p=0.002), and cardiac death during the 12-month clinical follow-up was significantly more frequent in the smoker group (2.2% vs. 4.5%, p=0.003). Total MACEs during the 12 months were higher in the smoker group (4.9% vs. 6.8%, p=0.014). Smoking and HTN were independent predictors of MACE {odds ratio (OR): 1.742, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.010-3.000, p=0.046; OR: 1.573, 95% CI: 1.003-2.466, p=0.049, respectively}.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female smokers with AMI showed significantly higher in-hospital mortality and MACE rates during the one-year clinical follow-up period.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Yun Ah
authors: YA
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Myung Ho
authors: MH
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Hae Chang
authors: HC
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Youngkeun
authors: Y
authors: Ahn
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors: Young Jo
authors: YJ
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Chong Jin
authors: CJ
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea.
authors: Myeong Chan
authors: MC
authors: Cho
keywords: Female; Hospital mortality; Myocardial infarction; Smoking
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