title: List memory in young adults with language learning disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize the verbal memory limitations of young adults with language learning disability (LLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen young adults with LLD and 34 age- and education-matched controls with typical language participated in a Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM; Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) list recall experiment. Participants listened to 12-item word lists that converged on a nonpresented critical item (e.g., rain) semantically (umbrella, drench, weather, hail), phonologically (train, main, ran, wren), or dually in a hybrid list (umbrella, train, drench, main) and recalled words in no particular order. Group comparisons were made on veridical recall (i.e., words that were presented) and false recall of nonpresented critical items. Recall performance was analyzed by list type and list position to examine potential differences in the quality of memorial processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LLD group produced fewer veridical recalls than the controls. Both groups demonstrated list type and list position effects in veridical recall. False recall of the critical items was comparable in the 2 groups and varied by list type in predictable ways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adults with LLD have verbal memory limitations characterized by quantitatively low levels of accurate recall. Qualitative patterns of recall are similar to those of unaffected peers. Therefore, the memory problem is characterized by limited capacity; memorial processes appear to be intact.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Sheng
authors: Courtney T
authors: CT
authors: Byrd
authors: Karla K
authors: KK
authors: McGregor
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Zimmerman
authors: Kadee
authors: K
authors: Bludau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D007807:Language Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D014706:Verbal Learning; D055815:Young Adult
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