title: Effect of self-administered foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-administered foot reflexology is unrestricted by time and space, economical, and practical because it is easy to learn and apply. This study estimated the effectiveness of self-foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were healthy persons not diagnosed with a specific disease. The intervention was foot reflexology administered by participants, not by practitioners or healthcare providers. The comparative studies either between groups or within group comparison were included. Our search utilized core databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL). We also searched Chinese (CNKI), Japanese (J-STAGE), and Korean databases (KoreaMed, KMbase, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, and OASIS). The search was used MeSH terminology and key words (foot reflexology, foot massage, and self).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of three non-randomized trials and three before-and-after studies showed that self-administered foot reflexology resulted in significant improvement in subjective outcomes such as perceived stress, fatigue, and depression. However, there was no significant improvement in objective outcomes such as cortisol levels, blood pressure, and pulse rate. We did not find any randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents the effectiveness of self-administered foot reflexology for healthy persons' psychological and physiological symptoms. While objective outcomes showed limited results, significant improvements were found in subjective outcomes. However, owing to the small number of studies and methodological flaws, there was insufficient evidence supporting the use of self-performed foot reflexology. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the effect of self-administered foot reflexology in healthy people.
authors: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
authors: Hyun Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Song
authors: Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Heejeong
authors: H
authors: Son
authors: Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmum-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea. Electronic address: shj5th@korea.ac.kr.
authors: Hyun-Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Seo
authors: Public Health Medical Service, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
authors: Heeyoung
authors: H
authors: Lee
authors: Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon, South Korea.
authors: Sun Mi
authors: SM
authors: Choi
authors: Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon, South Korea.
authors: Sanghun
authors: S
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D019468:Disease Management; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Foot reflexology; Self-administration; Systematic review