title: Prolonged QT Risk Assessment in Antipsychotic Overdose Using the QT Nomogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipsychotic drugs are frequently reported to cause QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. We aim to investigate the potential risk of torsade de pointes in antipsychotic overdose by assessing the QT interval with the QT nomogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  All presentations to a toxicology service between January 1987 and May 2013 were reviewed. Admissions with single ingestions of an antipsychotic greater than maximum daily dose were extracted. Demographics, dose, ECG, and outcomes (arrhythmias and death) were obtained. QT intervals in multiple leads were manually measured and the median taken. QT-heart rate (QT-HR) pairs were plotted on the QT nomogram and defined as prolonged if above the abnormal line. The QTcF (Fridericia's HR correction) was calculated and compared with dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2,356 antipsychotic overdoses, 494 were included. There were no abnormal QT-HR pairs in 4 aripiprazole, 31 pericyazine, 14 trifluoperazine, and 7 haloperidol overdoses. Abnormal QT intervals occurred in 9 of 16 amisulpride overdoses (56%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 31% to 79%), 16 of 57 thioridazine overdoses (28%; 95% CI 17% to 42%), and 5 of 29 chlorpromazine overdoses (17%; 95% CI 7% to 36%). Abnormal QT intervals occurred in 5 of 41 risperidone overdoses (12%; 95% CI 5% to 27%), 10 of 202 quetiapine overdoses (5%; 95% CI 3% to 9%), and 2 of 76 olanzapine overdoses (3%; 95% CI 0.5% to 10%), but there was no correlation between dose and QTcF, and most abnormal QT intervals were at fast HR. An additional 186 single antipsychotic ingestions with noncardiotoxic coingestants had similar proportions of abnormal QT. There was 1 case of torsade de pointes in a thioridazine overdose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appeared to be significant risk of QT prolongation with amisulpride and thioridazine overdoses. Although there were abnormal QT intervals for quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone overdoses, they were associated with tachycardia and not dose dependent, and so were unlikely to be associated with increased torsade de pointes risk.
authors: Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, and the University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: ingrid.berling@gmail.com.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Berling
authors: Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, and the University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: Geoffrey K
authors: GK
authors: Isbister
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000077582:Amisulpride; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049451:Nomograms; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013469:Sulpiride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000506:poisoning; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000506:poisoning; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D013469:Sulpiride; D000077582:Amisulpride; D013881:Thioridazine