title: Estimating pesticide exposure from dietary intake and organic food choices: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure to the U.S. population is dominated by dietary intake. The magnitude of exposure from diet depends partly on personal decisions such as which foods to eat and whether to choose organic food. Most studies of OP exposure rely on urinary biomarkers, which are limited by short half-lives and often lack specificity to parent compounds. A reliable means of estimating long-term dietary exposure to individual OPs is needed to assess the potential relationship with adverse health effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed long-term dietary exposure to 14 OPs among 4,466 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and examined the influence of organic produce consumption on this exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual-level exposure was estimated by combining information on typical intake of specific food items with average OP residue levels on those items. In an analysis restricted to a subset of participants who reported rarely or never eating organic produce ("conventional consumers"), we assessed urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels across tertiles of estimated exposure (n = 480). In a second analysis, we compared DAP levels across subgroups with differing self-reported organic produce consumption habits (n = 240).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among conventional consumers, increasing tertile of estimated dietary OP exposure was associated with higher DAP concentrations (p < 0.05). DAP concentrations were also significantly lower in groups reporting more frequent consumption of organic produce (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term dietary exposure to OPs was estimated from dietary intake data, and estimates were consistent with DAP measurements. More frequent consumption of organic produce was associated with lower DAPs.
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors: Cynthia L
authors: CL
authors: Curl
authors: Shirley A A
authors: SA
authors: Beresford
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Fenske
authors: Annette L
authors: AL
authors: Fitzpatrick
authors: Chensheng
authors: C
authors: Lu
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Nettleton
authors: Joel D
authors: JD
authors: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D058870:Food, Organic; D006801:Humans; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides
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