title: Surgery in the era of the 'omics revolution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is entering a new phase with the revolution in genomic technology. Cheap, mass access to next-generation sequencing is now allowing the analysis of entire human genomes at the DNA and RNA level. These data sets are being used increasingly to identify the molecular differences that underlie common surgical diseases, and enable them to be stratified for patient benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the recent developments in the molecular biology of colorectal, oesophagogastric and breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review specifically covers developments in genetic predisposition, next-generation sequencing studies, biomarkers for stratification, prognosis and treatment, and other 'omics technologies such as metabolomics and proteomics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are unique opportunities over the next decade to change the management of surgical disease radically, using these technologies. The directions that this may take are highlighted, including future advances such as the 100,000 Genomes Project.
authors: Translational Surgical Biology Laboratory, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Beggs
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Dilworth
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions / Q000639:trends; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000639:trends; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D035703:Therapies, Investigational / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Mar 2;103(5):425-35
references: 21263130
references: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009 Oct-Dec;10(4):619-22
references: 19827881
references: Cancer Epidemiol. 2013 Oct;37(5):647-52
references: 23688607
references: Int J Cancer. 2005 Sep 10;116(4):584-91
references: 15825175
references: J Hum Genet. 2012 Dec;57(12):766-71
references: 22951594
references: Nature. 2012 Jun 21;486(7403):400-4
references: 22722201
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Apr;13(4):263-9
references: 22436749
references: Nat Genet. 2012 Mar;44(3):312-8
references: 22267197
references: Nat Genet. 2012 Oct;44(10):1131-6
references: 22961001
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Dec;41(12):1330-4
references: 19915572
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 Apr;21(4):594-600
references: 22315367
references: Virchows Arch. 2013 Jul;463(1):7-15
references: 23779101
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014 Jan;106(1):djt335
references: 24402422
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 24;105(25):8713-7
references: 18552176
references: Oncoimmunology. 2015 Apr 02;4(3):e976052
references: 25949894
references: Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 15;66(8):3992-5
references: 16618717
references: N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2796-803
references: 18579814
references: Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2013 Jun;18(2):219-30
references: 23725567
references: J Clin Oncol. 2013 Dec 20;31(36):4562-8
references: 24248692
references: Nat Genet. 2013 Feb;45(2):136-44
references: 23263490
references: Mod Pathol. 2011 Jul;24(7):899-907
references: 21460800
references: Br J Cancer. 2010 Jan 19;102(2):447-54
references: 19920828
references: Ann Surg. 2014 Jun;259(6):1138-49
references: 23860197
references: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 10;29(35):4611-9
references: 22067390
references: Nat Genet. 2013 May;45(5):478-86
references: 23525077
references: N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):883-92
references: 22397650
references: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 May;139(1):145-53
references: 23605083
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Jun;10(6):353-8
references: 19434079
references: Nature. 2012 Jun 21;486(7403):405-9
references: 22722202
references: J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 29;288(13):9408-17
references: 23408432
references: Gastroenterology. 2010 Dec;139(6):1995-2004.e15
references: 20621683
references: Lancet. 2010 Jul 24;376(9737):235-44
references: 20609467
references: Nat Genet. 2010 Sep;42(9):759-63
references: 20729853
references: Nat Genet. 2014 Sep;46(9):1001-6
references: 25129146
references: Nat Genet. 2010 Apr;42(4):292-4
references: 20228798
references: Nat Genet. 2010 Dec;42(12):1118-25
references: 21102463
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7
references: 271968
references: Hum Genet. 2013 May;132(5):523-36
references: 23354978
references: Eur J Hum Genet. 2009 Jul;17(7):855-6
references: 19092772
references: Nat Genet. 2010 Apr;42(4):332-7
references: 20228799
references: Colorectal Dis. 2012 Jan;14(1):3-17
references: 21040359
references: Nature. 2014 May 1;509(7498):91-5
references: 24670651
references: Nat Genet. 2013 Apr;45(4):392-8, 398e1-2
references: 23535733
references: Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):660-4
references: 22895193
references: Lancet Oncol. 2011 Sep;12(9):852-61
references: 21862407
references: Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;122(4):1113-21
references: 11910361
references: J Proteomics. 2013 Mar 27;80:207-15
references: 23376328
references: Ann Oncol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2357-62
references: 25231953
references: Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):61-70
references: 23000897
references: Ann Surg Oncol. 2013 Oct;20(10):3254-8
references: 23975317
references: Oncogene. 2013 Nov 14;32(46):5333-7
references: 23246972
references: Nat Genet. 2014 Aug;46(8):837-43
references: 24952744
references: Adv Clin Chem. 2010;51:71-119
references: 20857619
references: Clin Biochem Rev. 2003;24(1):3-12
references: 18568044
references: Nature. 2012 Jun 21;486(7403):395-9
references: 22495314
references: Ann Oncol. 2013 Sep;24(9):2305-9
references: 23661291
references: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21(10):1644-50
references: 17465012
references: Gut. 2011 Oct;60(10):1317-26
references: 21478220
references: MBio. 2013;4(6):e00692-13
references: 24194538
references: Genome Biol. 2012;13(9):R79
references: 23013615
references: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 1;28(25):3937-44
references: 20679606
references: N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 28;368(13):1199-209
references: 23484797
references: N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 2;360(14):1408-17
references: 19339720
references: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2010 Oct;19(4):829-45
references: 20883957
references: Nature. 2005 Apr 14;434(7035):917-21
references: 15829967
references: Clin Biochem. 2013 Apr;46(6):466-79
references: 23159294
references: Lancet. 2010 Aug 28;376(9742):687-97
references: 20728210
references: Nat Genet. 2012 Jun;44(6):699-703
references: 22561515
references: Nature. 2012 Jul 19;487(7407):330-7
references: 22810696
references: Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1055-6
references: 3945817
references: Eur J Cancer. 2013 Jul;49(11):2587-95
references: 23561850