title: Systematic literature review to evaluate and characterize the health economics and outcomes research studies in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic literature review was conducted to identify, evaluate, and characterize the variety, quality, and intent of the health economics and outcomes research studies being conducted in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in English language between 1999 and 2012 were retrieved from Embase and PubMed databases using relevant search strategies. Two researchers independently reviewed the studies as per Cochrane methodology; information on the type of research and the outcomes were extracted. Quality of reporting was assessed for model-based health economic studies using a published 100-point Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 546 studies screened, 132 were included in the review. The broad study categories were cost-effectiveness analyses [(CEA) 54 studies], cost analyses (19 studies), and burden of illness [(BOI) 18 studies]. The outcomes evaluated were direct and indirect costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Direct medical costs assessed cost of medicines, monitoring costs, consultation and hospital charges, along with direct non-medical costs (travel and food for patients and care givers). Loss of productivity and loss of income of patients and care givers were identified as the components of indirect cost. Overall, 33 studies assessed the quality of life (QoL), and the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was the most commonly used instrument. Quality assessment for modeling studies showed that most studies were of high quality [mean (range) QHES score to be 75.5 (34-93)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review identified various patterns of pharmacoeconomic studies and good-quality CEA studies. However, there is a need for better assessment of utilization of healthcare resources in India.
authors: Associate Medical Director, Oncology, Asia Medical Sciences Group, Quintiles Research (India) Private Limited (QRPL), New Delhi, India.
authors: Divya
authors: D
authors: Mishra
authors: Head, Knowledge Services, Capita India Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Sunita R
authors: SR
authors: Nair
keywords: Cost analysis; India; health economics; outcomes research; pharmacoeconomic
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