title: Smoking Is Associated with Acute and Chronic Prostatic Inflammation: Results from the REDUCE Study.
abstract: Both anti- and proinflammatory effects of cigarette smoking have been described. As prostate inflammation is common, we hypothesized smoking could contribute to prostate inflammation. Thus, we evaluated the association of smoking status with acute and chronic inflammation within the prostate of men undergoing prostate biopsy. We retrospectively analyzed 8,190 men ages 50 to 75 years with PSA levels between 2.5 and 10 ng/mL enrolled in the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events study. Smoking status was self-defined as never, former, or current. Prostate inflammation was assessed by systematic central review blinded to smoking status. The association of smoking with inflammation in the baseline, 2-year, and 4-year biopsies was evaluated with univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. At study enrollment, 1,233 (15%), 3,203 (39%), and 3,754 (46%) men were current, former, and never smokers, respectively. Current smokers were significantly younger and had smaller prostates than former and never smokers (all P < 0.05). Former smokers were significantly heavier than current and never smokers (P < 0.001). Acute and chronic prostate inflammations were identified in 1,261 (15%) and 6,352 (78%) baseline biopsies, respectively. In univariable analysis, current smokers were more likely to have acute inflammation than former (OR, 1.35; P, 0.001) and never smokers (OR, 1.36; P, 0.001). The results were unchanged at 2- and 4-year biopsies. In contrast, current smoking was linked with chronic inflammation in the baseline biopsy, but not at 2- and 4-year biopsies. In conclusion, among men undergoing prostate biopsy, current smoking was independently associated with acute and possibly chronic prostate inflammations.
authors: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Moreira.Daniel@mayo.edu.
authors: Daniel M
authors: DM
authors: Moreira
authors: Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors: J Curtis
authors: JC
authors: Nickel
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors: Leah
authors: L
authors: Gerber
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors: Roberto L
authors: RL
authors: Muller
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors: Gerald L
authors: GL
authors: Andriole
authors: GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular R&D Unit, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Ramiro
authors: R
authors: Castro-Santamaria
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Freedland
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*