title: Influence of shoes and foot orthoses on lower extremity muscle activation onset times in healthy subjects during the transition from double-leg stance to single-leg stance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of shoes and foot orthoses on lower extremity muscle activation patterns in healthy subjects during the transition from double-leg stance to single-leg stance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight male and seven female young asymptomatic adults who wear foot orthoses were recruited. Muscle activation onset times of 9 lower extremity muscles were recorded using surface electromyography during the transition from double-leg stance to single-leg stance, performed with eyes open and with eyes closed. This was tested in 4 experimental conditions: 1) barefoot (BF); 2) shoes only (SO); 3) shoes with standardized FO (SSFO); and 4) shoes with customized FO (SCFO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on a four-way (condition-region-leg-vision) linear model for repeated measures, we found a significant condition effect (P=0.025). Differences between conditions did not depend on the leg and/or the vision condition, but on the region (ankle-knee-hip). Based on a two-way (condition-muscle) linear model within each region, only significant differences between conditions for peroneus longus (P=0.003) were found. The onset times of peroneus longus were significantly earlier in SO (P=0.029) and SCFO (P=0.001) compared to BF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that SO and SCFO can accelerate peroneus longus muscle activation onset times during the transition from double-leg stance to single-leg stance. Further research is required to determine how these adaptations may develop over time.
authors: Research Center for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium - bart.dingenen@faber.kuleuven.be.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Dingenen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Peeraer
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Deschamps
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Fieuws
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Janssens
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Staes
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D055815:Young Adult