title: The chemistry of stalked barnacle adhesive (Lepas anatifera).
abstract: The results of the first chemical analysis of the adhesive of Lepas anatifera, a stalked barnacle, are presented. A variety of elements were identified in scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of the adhesive, including Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, S, Al, Si, K and Fe; however, protein-metal interactions were not detected in Raman spectra of the adhesive. Elemental signatures from SEM-EDS of L. anatifera adhesive glands were less varied. Phosphorous was mostly absent in adhesive samples; supporting previous studies showing that phosphoserines do not play a significant role in adult barnacle adhesion. Disulfide bridges arising from Cys dimers were also investigated; Raman analysis showed weak evidence for S-S bonds in L. anatifera. In addition, there was no calcium carbonate signal in the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of L. anatifera adhesive, unlike several previous studies in other barnacle species. Significant differences were observed between the Raman spectra of L. anatifera and Balanus crenatus; these and a range of Raman peaks in the L. anatifera adhesive are discussed. Polysaccharide was detected in L. anatifera adhesive but the significance of this awaits further experiments. The results demonstrate some of the diversity within barnacle species in the chemistry of their adhesives.
authors: School of Natural Sciences , National University of Ireland , Galway , Republic of Ireland.
authors: Jaimie-Leigh
authors: JL
authors: Jonker
authors: School of Natural Sciences , National University of Ireland , Galway , Republic of Ireland.
authors: Liam
authors: L
authors: Morrison
authors: School of Natural Sciences , National University of Ireland , Galway , Republic of Ireland ; Department of Mineral Resources , Geological Survey of Sweden , 75128 Uppsala , Sweden.
authors: Edward P
authors: EP
authors: Lynch
authors: Department Adhesive Bonding and Surfaces , Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) , Group BioInspired Materials, 28359 Bremen , Germany.
authors: Ingo
authors: I
authors: Grunwald
authors: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna , Austria.
authors: Janek
authors: J
authors: von Byern
authors: School of Natural Sciences , National University of Ireland , Galway , Republic of Ireland.
authors: Anne Marie
authors: AM
authors: Power
keywords: barnacle; bioadhesive; cross-linking; protein; spectroscopy
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