title: BOTOX: Broadening the Horizon of Dentistry.
abstract: Botox has been primarily used in cosmetic treatment for lines and wrinkles on the face, but the botulinum toxin that Botox is derived from has a long history of medically therapeutic uses. For nearly 13 years, until the introduction of Botox Cosmetic in 2002, the only FDA-approved uses of Botox were for crossed eyes (strabismus) and abnormal muscle spasms of the eyelids (blepharospasm). Since then botulinum A, and the seven other forms of the botulinum toxin, have been continuously researched and tested. Botox is a neurotoxin derived from bacterium clostridium botulinm. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter responsible for the activation of muscle contraction and glandular secretion, and its administration results in reduction of tone in the injected muscle. The use of Botox is a minimally invasive procedure and is showing quite promising results in management of muscle-generated dental diseases like Temporomandibular disorders, bruxism, clenching, masseter hypertrophy and used to treat functional or esthetic dental conditions like deep nasolabial folds, radial lip lines, high lip line and black triangles between teeth.
authors: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Desh Bhagat Dental College and Hospital , Muktsar, India .
authors: Pranav
authors: P
authors: Nayyar
authors: Former Principal, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Seema Dental College and Hospital , Rishikesh, India .
authors: Pravin
authors: P
authors: Kumar
authors: Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Desh Bhagat Dental College and Hospital , Muktsar, India .
authors: Pallavi Vashisht
authors: PV
authors: Nayyar
authors: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Seema Dental College and Hospital , Rishikesh, India .
authors: Anshdeep
authors: A
authors: Singh
keywords: Black triangles; Botulinum toxin A; Bruxism; Gummy smile; Hyperfunction
references: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Feb;265(2):243-5
references: 17704932
references: Saudi Med J. 2006 Mar;27(3):397-400
references: 16532107
references: Laryngorhinootologie. 2001 Dec;80(12):708-13
references: 11793266
references: Clin J Pain. 2002 Nov-Dec;18(6 Suppl):S198-203
references: 12569969
references: Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004 Jan-Feb;27(1):6-8
references: 15090929
references: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Aug;57(8):1017-9
references: 10437733
references: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Mar 7;142(10):529-32
references: 9623101
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990 Jun;53(6):530
references: 2380736
references: Indian J Dent Res. 2011 May-Jun;22(3):440-5
references: 22048586
references: Headache. 2003 Jul-Aug;43 Suppl 1:S9-15
references: 12887389
references: Neurology. 2006 Nov 28;67(10):E17-8
references: 17130399
references: Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997 Aug;8(4):272-8
references: 9586473
references: Laryngoscope. 1998 Mar;108(3):381-4
references: 9504611
references: J Orofac Pain. 2006 Winter;20(1):9-23
references: 16483016
references: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 Nov;14(4):727-48
references: 14580034
references: J Orofac Pain. 1998 Spring;12(2):145-52
references: 9656892
references: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005 Feb;127(2):214-8; quiz 261
references: 15750541
references: Dent Clin North Am. 2007 Jan;51(1):245-61, ix
references: 17185069
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Feb;98(2):93-7
references: 2916831
references: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;5(3):274-9
references: 15907915
references: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Sep;72(3):397-400
references: 6611762
references: Mov Disord. 1987;2(4):237-54
references: 3504553
references: Laryngoscope. 1991 Nov;101(11):1216-8
references: 1943423
references: Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):2102-7
references: 10599789
references: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Jan;111(1):341-6
references: 12496600
references: J Physiol Paris. 2002 Jan-Mar;96(1-2):105-13
references: 11755789
references: Angle Orthod. 2009 Jan;79(1):70-7
references: 19123705
references: Dermatol Surg. 2003 May;29(5):484-9
references: 12752515
references: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Aug;57(8):916-20; discussion 920-1
references: 10437718
references: Neurology. 1987 Apr;37(4):616-23
references: 3561773