title: Age as a factor in do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions: a multicentre blinded simulation-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The European Resuscitation Council Guidelines recognise that there is a lack of direct evidence for the effect of age on outcome following cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role that advancing age plays in the decision by clinicians to complete a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order based on perceived futility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire-based trial. Clinicians were randomly assigned to receive one of two versions of a patient case, varying in age but otherwise identical (90 years vs 60 years). Participants were asked to decide whether a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation form should be completed based on perceived futility for a single patient case. Rates of do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order were compared between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consultant physicians, surgeons and anaesthetists from 12 district general hospitals in England.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 291 questionnaires were returned. Overall, clinicians were significantly more likely to complete a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation form for a 90-year-old patient than a 60-year-old patient, when all other factors are equal (67.7% vs 7.4%, p < 0.001). This finding was consistent across speciality and experience level of the consultant. Surgeons were found to be significantly less likely to complete a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order in the 90-year-old patient compared to other consultants (46.4% vs 74.1%, p < 0.001). Anaesthetists were more likely than other consultants to complete a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order in the 60-year-old patient (17.8% vs 4.3%, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age is a highly significant independent factor in a clinicians' decision to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We highlight a potential gap between current practice and supporting evidence base.
authors: The Royal London Hospital, London, UK nickyamoore@googlemail.com.
authors: Nicholas A
authors: NA
authors: Moore
authors: Palliative Care Department, Princess Alice Hospice, Esher, UK.
authors: Natasha
authors: N
authors: Wiggins
authors: Anaesthetics Department, Colchester General Hospital, Colchester, UK.
authors: Joe
authors: J
authors: Adams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003657:Decision Making; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D008875:Middle Aged; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D013038:Specialization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Age groups; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; futility; questionnaires; resuscitation