title: Induction of α-phellandrene on autophagy in human liver tumor cells.
abstract: α-Phellandrene (α-PA) is a cyclic monoterpene. To investigate the induction of autophagy by α-PA and its mechanism, human liver tumor cells (J5) were incubated with α-PA and analyzed for cell viability and the molecular regulation of pre-autophagosome origination and autophagosome formation. According to the results, PI3K-I, mTOR, and Akt protein levels were decreased after α-PA treatment compared to those of the control group (p < 0.05). The phosphorylation of Bcl-2, and PI3K-III, LC3-II and Beclin-1 protein levels in J5 cells were increased after α-PA treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, α-PA up-regulated nuclear p53 and down-regulated cytoplasmic p53 expression in J5 cells. The NF-κB pathway was activated, as indicated by increase in cytosolic phosphorylated IκB, nuclear NF-κB levels, and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB after α-PA treatment in J5 cells (p < 0.05). These results suggest that α-PA can induce J5 cell autophagy by regulating mTOR and LC-3II expression, p53 signaling, and NF-κB activation in J5 cells.
authors: Department of Dietetics, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 80457, Taiwan.
authors: Lan-Chi
authors: LC
authors: Hsieh
authors: Shu-Ling
authors: SL
authors: Hsieh
authors: Chi-Tsai
authors: CT
authors: Chen
authors: Jing-Gung
authors: JG
authors: Chung
authors: Jyu-Jye
authors: JJ
authors: Wang
authors: Chih-Chung
authors: CC
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D000071186:Beclin-1; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D058546:Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D039821:Monoterpenes; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C005403:alpha phellandrene; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058546:Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Autophagy; Human Liver Tumor Cells; LC-3II; NF-κB; mTOR; p53; α-Phellandrene