title: Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Extracts Improve Colon Microflora and Exert Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Caco-2 Cells.
abstract: Intestinal microflora and inflammation are associated with the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) has various bioactivities, but its effect on colon health remains unknown. This study focused on the effects of fermented noni fruit extracts on colon microflora and inflammation of colon epithelial cells. The anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on Caco-2 cells were evaluated including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species was promoted by ethanol extract. Ethyl acetate extract decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and significantly suppressed COX-2, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 production and neutrophil chemotaxis by suppressing the translocation of the p65 subunit. Quercetin was the main contributor to the anti-inflammatory activity. The fermented noni fruit promoted probiotic growths and downregulated the intracellular oxidation and inflammation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that fermented noni fruit might protect against inflammatory diseases of the colon.
authors: 1School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Hsin-Lun
authors: HL
authors: Huang
authors: 1School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Tzu
authors: CT
authors: Liu
authors: 2School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Ming-Chih
authors: MC
authors: Chou
authors: 1School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Chien-Hui
authors: CH
authors: Ko
authors: 1School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Chin-Kun
authors: CK
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D032066:Morinda / Q000737:chemistry*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D011794:Quercetin; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Caco-2 cells; anti-inflammatory; colon microflora; fermented; noni fruit