title: Skin delivery of antioxidant surfactants based on gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study has been to investigate the dermal absorption profile of the antioxidant compounds gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol as well as their derivatives, hexanoate (hexyl gallate and hydroxytyrosol hexanoate) and octanoate (octyl gallate and octanoate derivative) alkyl esters (antioxidant surfactants). Previously, the scavenging capacity of these compounds, expressed as efficient dose ED50, has also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The percutaneous absorption of these compounds was obtained by an in vitro methodology using porcine skin biopsies on Franz static diffusion cells. The antiradical activity of compounds was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percutaneous penetration results show the presence of antioxidants in all layers of the skin. The content of the cutaneously absorbed compound is higher for the antioxidant surfactants (ester derivatives). This particular behaviour could be due to the higher hydrophobicity of these compounds and the presence of surface activity in the antioxidant surfactants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new antioxidant surfactants display optimum properties, which may be useful in the preparation of emulsified systems in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations because of their suitable surface activity and because they can protect the skin from oxidative damage.
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Alonso
authors: Chemical Research Institute CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Lucas
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Clara
authors: C
authors: Barba
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Meritxell
authors: M
authors: Marti
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Laia
authors: L
authors: Rubio
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Francesc
authors: F
authors: Comelles
authors: Chemical Research Institute CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Juan Carlos
authors: JC
authors: Morales
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Coderch
authors: Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: José Luís
authors: JL
authors: Parra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002208:Caproates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002210:Caprylates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002208:Caproates; D002210:Caprylates; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C016627:octyl gallate; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; C037652:hexanoic acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; C031492:octanoic acid
keywords: antioxidant; gallic acid; hydroxytyrosol; percutaneous absorption; surfactant