title: Factors associated with severe postoperative pain in patients with total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for the development of postoperative pain following total hip arthroplasty, particularly those connected with psychological distress and personality traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 90 patients with complaints of postoperative pain following cemented total hip replacement divided into two groups based on the intensity of postoperative pain as measured using the numerical rating scale (NRS). Patients with NRS scores of 5 or higher were included in the study group and those with NRS of less than 5 were included in the control group. The Hamilton scales for anxiety and depression and the DS14 test for the identification of Type D personality were used for psychological evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group, more patients were female (29 vs. 13) and had more anxiety (13 vs. 3), depression symptoms (11 vs. 2), and Type D personality (18 vs. 9) than the control group. Mean preoperative NRS was 7.2 ± 1.7 in the study and 6.0 ± 1.2 in the control group (p<0.001). Factors associated with development of strong postoperative pain was female gender (OR=4.91, 95% CI=2.01 to 12.01, p<0.001), Type D personality (OR=2.81, CI=1.17 to 7.32, p=0.030), severe anxiety (OR=6.01, CI=1.58 to 22.90, p=0.009), depressive symptoms (OR=7.33, CI=1.52 to 35.34, p=0.013) and subjects with marked preoperative painful condition (OR=2.64, CI=1.17 to 5.44, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with severe anxiety, depression and Type D personality appear to be at risk of developing severe postoperative pain. In addition, female gender and the intensity of pain immediately after procedure were found to be important risk factors.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital, Jagodina, Serbia.
authors: Nadezda M
authors: NM
authors: Petrovic
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors: Dragan R
authors: DR
authors: Milovanovic
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors: Dragana
authors: D
authors: Ignjatovic Ristic
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors: Nikola
authors: N
authors: Riznic
authors: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors: Branko
authors: B
authors: Ristic
authors: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Clinical Centre "Kragujevac", Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
authors: Zeljko
authors: Z
authors: Stepanovic
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D001843:Bone Cements; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001843:Bone Cements