title: The tubulysin analogue KEMTUB10 induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via p53, Bim and Bcl-2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tubulysins are natural tetrapeptides that inhibit tubulin polymerisation. Tubulysins are very potent inhibitors of mammalian cancer cell growth, but restricted availability has limited their characterisation and development as anti-cancer compounds. KEMTUB10 was recently developed as a synthetic analogue of natural tubulysins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell cytotoxicity of KEMTUB10 was studied in cell lines that represent the main breast cancer sub-types. The KEMTUB10 pro-apoptotic mechanism of action was studied in MCF7 and MDAMB231 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KEMTUB10 exerts a potent cytotoxic effect in cells representing the main breast cancer sub-types. KEMTUB10 blocks cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and is a strong stimulator of apoptosis/cell death. KEMTUB10-induced apoptosis involves p53 and Bim, and to some extent Bcl-2 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KEMTUB10 is a promising new anti-mitotic that exerts a potent cytotoxic effect in breast cancer cells, blocks cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and stimulates apoptosis/cell death. KEMTUB10 has a distinct mode of action to taxol, appears to be sensitive to different molecular factors in cells and is likely subject to different mechanisms of acquired resistance. KEMTUB10 has the potential to be an important addition to the anti-cancer therapeutic armoury.
authors: Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
authors: Oluwafunmilayo F
authors: OF
authors: Lamidi
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Sani
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Lazzari
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Zanda
authors: Ian N
authors: IN
authors: Fleming
mesh_terms: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C000606775:BCL2L11 protein, human; C495901:TP53 protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human
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