title: Self-administered foot reflexology for the management of chronic health conditions: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the effect of self-administered foot reflexology in patients with chronic health conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases were searched for literature published from 1948 to January 2014. The databases included MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI, J-STAGE, Koreamed, Kmbase, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, and OASIS. Key search terms were "exp/relaxation therapy," "foot," "reflexology," "zone therapy," and "self." All study designs were included. Two raters independently extracted data and assessed study quality by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (for randomized controlled trials) and the risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies (for nonrandomized and before-and-after studies). A qualitative and descriptive analysis was performed because of the clinical diversity associated with chronic health conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 224 records assessed, 4 trials met the inclusion criteria: 3 nonrandomized controlled trials and 1 before-and-after study without comparison. Self-administered foot reflexology might have a positive effect in type 2 diabetes, but the low quality of the included study and the lack of adequately reported clinical outcomes obscure the results. Two studies of hypertensive patients and 1 study of patients with urinary incontinence showed that self-performed foot reflexology may exert a beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure and urinary incontinence; however, given the small sample size and the lack of any description of medications and other cointerventions, there was insufficient evidence to conclusively determine whether foot reflexology had any effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The included studies on self-administered foot reflexology in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or urinary incontinence provided insufficient evidence to determine a treatment effect. Therefore, a well-designed, large-scale, and randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm the effect of self-administered foot reflexology for chronic conditions.
authors: 1 School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, South Korea .
authors: Hyun Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Song
authors: Sun Mi
authors: SM
authors: Choi
authors: Hyun-Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Seo
authors: Heeyoung
authors: H
authors: Lee
authors: Heejeong
authors: H
authors: Son
authors: Sanghun
authors: S
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*