title: Neuroglia and their roles in central respiratory control; an overview.
abstract: While once viewed as mere housekeepers, providing structural and metabolic support for neurons, it is now clear that neuroglia do much more. Phylogenetically, they have undergone enormous proliferation and diversification as central nervous systems grew in their complexity. In addition, they: i) are morphologically and functionally diverse; ii) play numerous, vital roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis; iii) are key players in brain development and responses to injury; and, iv) via gliotransmission, are likely participants in information processing. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of neuroglia in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS, their evolutionary origins, the different types of neuroglia and their functional significance for respiratory control, and finally consider evidence that they contribute to the processing of chemosensory information in the respiratory network and the homeostatic control of blood gases.
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: gf@ualberta.ca.
authors: Gregory D
authors: GD
authors: Funk
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Vishaal
authors: V
authors: Rajani
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Tucaauê S
authors: TS
authors: Alvares
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Ann L
authors: AL
authors: Revill
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Nathan Y
authors: NY
authors: Chu
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/UNESP, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
authors: Vivian
authors: V
authors: Biancardi
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/UNESP, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
authors: Camila
authors: C
authors: Linhares-Taxini
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Alexis
authors: A
authors: Katzell
authors: Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Reklow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000502:physiology; D012125:Respiratory Center / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D015518:Rett Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Central chemosensitivity; Gliotransmission; Homeostasis; Hypoxic ventilatory response; Neuroglia; Neuromodulation; PreBötzinger complex; Purinergic signaling; Retrotrapezoid nucleus