title: Statins, plasma cholesterol, and risk of Parkinson's disease: a prospective study.
abstract: Previous findings on the association of statins, plasma lipids, and Parkinson's disease (PD) are confounded by the fact that statins also affect lipid profiles. We prospectively examined plasma lipids and statin use in relation to PD in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Statin use and plasma lipids were assessed at baseline (visit 1, 1987-89) and at three triennial visits thereafter (visits 2-4) until 1998. Potential PD cases were identified from multiple sources and validated where possible. The primary analysis was limited to incident PD cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2008. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from multivariate logistic regression models. Statin use was rare at baseline (0.57%) but increased to 11.2% at visit 4. During this time frame, total-cholesterol levels decreased, particularly among statin users. Fifty-six PD cases were identified after 1998. Statin use before 1998 was associated with significantly higher PD risk after 1998 (odds ratio = 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.11-5.13) after adjusting for total cholesterol and other confounders. Conversely, higher total cholesterol was associated with lower risk for PD after adjustment for statin usage and confounders. Compared with the lowest tertile of average total cholesterol, the odds ratios for PD were 0.56 (0.30-1.04) for the second and 0.43 (0.22-0.87) for the third tertile (P(trend) = 0.02). Statin use may be associated with a higher PD risk, whereas higher total cholesterol may be associated with lower risk. These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that statins are protective against PD.
authors: Department of Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Huang
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Alonso
authors: Xuguang
authors: X
authors: Guo
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Umbach
authors: Maya L
authors: ML
authors: Lichtenstein
authors: Christie M
authors: CM
authors: Ballantyne
authors: Richard B
authors: RB
authors: Mailman
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Mosley
authors: Honglei
authors: H
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Parkinson's disease; cholesterol; cohort study; statin
references: J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2004 Aug;36(4):381-6
references: 15377876
references: Arch Neurol. 2003 Aug;60(8):1059-64
references: 12925360
references: J Neurochem. 2008 Jun;105(5):1656-67
references: 18248604
references: Neurology. 2008 May 20;70(21):1972-9
references: 18401018
references: Mov Disord. 2008 May 15;23(7):1013-8
references: 18381649
references: J Clin Neurosci. 2008 Nov;15(11):1272-3
references: 18823780
references: Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2008;8(6):373-418
references: 19159124
references: Exp Neurol. 2010 Feb;221(2):267-74
references: 19944097
references: J Neurol Sci. 2010 Jun 15;293(1-2):82-6
references: 20347450
references: BMJ. 2010;340:c2197
references: 20488911
references: Mov Disord. 2010 Jul 15;25(9):1210-6
references: 20629142
references: Prog Lipid Res. 2011 Oct;50(4):357-71
references: 21741992
references: Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Apr;129(4):687-702
references: 2646917
references: Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 Jul;14(7):1098-104
references: 8018665
references: Atherosclerosis. 1998 Jul;139(1):189-95
references: 9699907
references: FEBS Lett. 1999 Jan 25;443(2):163-6
references: 9989597
references: Stroke. 2006 May;37(5):1184-8
references: 16574924
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Nov 15;164(10):998-1002
references: 16905642
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Dec 1;164(11):1075-84
references: 16982672
references: Mov Disord. 2007 Feb 15;22(3):377-81
references: 17177184
references: BMC Med. 2007;5:20
references: 17640385
references: Neurology. 2008 Apr 15;70(16 Pt 2):1418-22
references: 18184918
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20945
references: 21731633
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jun;119(6):866-72
references: 21269927
references: Arch Neurol. 2012 Mar;69(3):380-4
references: 22410446
references: Neurology. 2013 Jul 30;81(5):410-6
references: 23884037
references: Neurology. 2013 Jul 30;81(5):406-7
references: 23884043
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Nov-Dec;121(11-12):1245-52
references: 23933572
references: Am J Manag Care. 2013 Aug;19(8):626-32
references: 24304212
references: JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):463-4
references: 24296612
references: N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10;370(15):1422-31
references: 24645848
references: Drug Saf. 2008;31(5):399-407
references: 18422380