title: Farm animal models of organic dust exposure and toxicity: insights and implications for respiratory health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modern food animal production is a major contributor to the global economy, owing to advanced intensive indoor production facilities aimed at increasing market readiness and profit. Consequences of these advances are accumulation of dusts, gases, and microbial products that diminish air quality within production facilities. Chronic inhalation exposure contributes to onset and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms and diseases in animals and workers. This article reviews literature regarding constituents of farm animal production facility dusts, animal responses to production building and organic dust exposure, and the effect of chronic inhalation exposure on pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Porcine models of production facility and organic dust exposures reveal striking similarities to observations of human cells, tissues, and clinical data. Oxidative stress plays a key role in mediating respiratory diseases in animals and humans, and enhancement of antioxidant levels through nutritional supplements can improve respiratory health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pigs are well adapted to the exposures common to swine production buildings and thus serve as excellent models for facility workers. Insight for understanding mechanisms governing organic dust associated respiratory diseases may come from parallel comparisons between farmers and the animals they raise.
authors: aDepartment of Animal Sciences bDepartment of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina cPulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors: Chakia J
authors: CJ
authors: McClendon
authors: Carresse L
authors: CL
authors: Gerald
authors: Jenora T
authors: JT
authors: Waterman
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004391:Dust; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust
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