title: The association of breast arterial calcification and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and breast arterial calcification detected via mammography in a cohort of postmenopausal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 837 patients referred to our radiology department for mammographic screening, 310 postmenopausal females (105 patients with and 205 patients without breast arterial calcification) aged 40 to 73 (mean 55.9 ± 8.4) years were included in this study. The groups were compared with respect to clinical characteristics and metabolic syndrome criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the factors related to breast arterial calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, postmenopausal duration and the frequencies of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the subjects with breast arterial calcification than in those without (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.1-1.6, p=0.001) and metabolic syndrome (OR=4.0, 95% CI=1.5-10.4, p=0.005) were independent predictors of breast arterial calcification detected via mammography. The independent predictors among the features of metabolic syndrome were low levels of high-density lipoproteins (OR=8.1, 95% CI=1.0-64.0, p=0.047) and high blood pressure (OR=8.7, 95% CI=1.5-49.7, p=0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The likelihood of mammographic detection of breast arterial calcification increases with age and in the presence of hypertension or metabolic syndrome. For patients undergoing screening mammography who present with breast arterial calcification, the possibility of metabolic syndrome should be considered. These patients should be informed of their cardiovascular risk factors and counseled on appropriate lifestyle changes.
authors: Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Seyma
authors: S
authors: Yildiz
authors: Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Huseyin
authors: H
authors: Toprak
authors: Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Sinem
authors: S
authors: Aydin
authors: Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Bilgin
authors: Istanbul Universty, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Veysel
authors: V
authors: Oktay
authors: Istanbul Universty, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Okay
authors: O
authors: Abaci
authors: Istanbul Universty, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Cuneyt
authors: C
authors: Kocas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001158:Arteries; D001940:Breast / Q000098:blood supply*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*
references: Diabetes Care. 2001 Apr;24(4):683-9
references: 11315831
references: Heart Vessels. 2008 Nov;23(6):376-82
references: 19037584
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Jul;187(1):73-80
references: 16794158
references: Heart. 2001 Jan;85(1):13-7
references: 11119453
references: Maturitas. 2007 Jun 20;57(2):154-60
references: 17289309
references: Radiology. 2006 Jul;240(1):33-8
references: 16720869
references: Radiology. 1986 Aug;160(2):289-93
references: 3726103
references: JAMA. 2002 Jan 16;287(3):356-9
references: 11790215
references: Eur J Cancer Prev. 1996 Dec;5(6):483-7
references: 9061280
references: J Diabetes Complications. 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):363-6
references: 15531187
references: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Nov 17;151(10):716-26, W-236
references: 19920272
references: Radiology. 1985 Jun;155(3):577-9
references: 4001355
references: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004 May;13(4):381-9; discussion 390-2
references: 15186654
references: Eur J Radiol. 2007 Sep;63(3):391-5
references: 17344011
references: Radiology. 1996 Oct;201(1):75-8
references: 8816524
references: Radiology. 1980 Jul;136(1):61-2
references: 7384525
references: Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb;117(2 Pt 1):233-41
references: 21252734
references: J Med Screen. 2003;10(3):139-42
references: 14561266
references: Eur J Radiol. 2011 Aug;79(2):250-6
references: 20478674
references: J Hypertens. 2013 Jul;31(7):1281-357
references: 23817082
references: Eur J Radiol. 2009 Jan;69(1):87-92
references: 17945451
references: Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52
references: 16157765
references: Circulation. 1999 Nov 23;100(21):2168-76
references: 10571976
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5 Suppl):1312S-6S
references: 10799408
references: Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2013 Apr;7(2):126-135
references: 23538556
references: Metabolism. 2007 Mar;56(3):320-6
references: 17292719
references: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012 Oct;21(10):1053-8
references: 22994982
references: J Can Assoc Radiol. 1984 Mar;35(1):14-6
references: 6725359
references: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A. 1985 Jan;93(1):13-6
references: 3969827
references: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Jul;22(7):625-30
references: 23790228