title: Bioavailability and bioaccumulation characterization of essential and heavy metals contents in R. acetosa, S. oleracea and U. dioica from copper polluted and referent areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioavailability of metals occurring in soil is the basic source of its accumulation in vegetables and herbs. The impact of soil pollution (due to urban and mining areas) on the food chain presents a challenge for many investigations. Availability of metals in a potentially polluted soil and their possible transfer and bioaccumulation in sorrel (Rumex acetosa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and common nettle (Urtica dioica), were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microwave digestion was applied for total digestion of the plant tissues, while on the soil samples open wet digestion with a mixture of acids was applied. Three extraction methods were implemented for the bioavailable metals in the soil. Atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma was used for determination of the total contents of 21 elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant enrichments in agricultural soil for As, Pb and Zn (in urban area), Cd, Cu and Ni (in a copper mine area), compared with the respective values from European standards were detected. On the basis of three different extraction methods, higher availability was assumed for both lithogenic and anthropogenic elements. Translocation values >1 were obtained for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Higher bioconcentrating value was obtained only for Cd, while the bioaccumulation values vary from 0.17 for Cd to 0.82 for Zn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential availability of hazardous metals in urban and mining soils is examined using DTPA-TEA-CaCl2 (urban) and HCl (Cu-mines areas). Our results suggested that S. oleracea and R. acetosa have a phytostabilization potential for Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb, while U. dioica only for Cu. R. acetosa has a potential for phytoextraction of Cd in urban and copper polluted areas.
authors: Faculty of Agriculture, Goce Delčev University, Krste Misirkov bb, 2000 Štip, Macedonia.
authors: Biljana
authors: B
authors: Balabanova
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.|Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors: Trajče
authors: T
authors: Stafilov
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia.|Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors: Katerina
authors: K
authors: Bačeva
keywords: Bioaccumulation; ICP-AES; Metals; Rumex acetosa; Spinacia oleracea; Urtica dioica
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