title: Molecular basis of carcinogenesis in diabetic patients (review).
abstract: The most important molecular mechanisms promoting carcinogenesis in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) include oxidative stress, excessive generation of free radicals and nitrous oxide, damage to cellular membranes and DNA, overproduction of lactate, overabundance of protein glycosylation storage products, overexpression of pathological enzyme isoforms, and leakage of cytochromes from organelles. Additionally, dysfunctional signal transduction pathways, especially in pathways involving phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt, RAS/Raf/ERK, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), have been implicated in malignant transformation and progression. Obesity and metabolic disorders, such as DM, may contribute to a dysfunctional immune system with a suppressed immune response by inducing a chronic inflammatory state, abnormal humoral and cellular mediated immunity, and lower counts and activity levels of natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T cells (NKT cells). Recent advances in molecular biology will allow for better understanding of abnormal cellular pathways, as well as elucidating how metabolic disorders contribute to oncogenesis. Knowledge gained through these studies may lead to more efficacious oncologic therapies.
authors: Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Artur
authors: A
authors: Matyszewski
authors: Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Anna M
authors: AM
authors: Czarnecka
authors: Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Solarek
authors: Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Korzeń
authors: Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Ilan J
authors: IJ
authors: Safir
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Kukwa
authors: Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Cezary
authors: C
authors: Szczylik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose