title: Trajectories of cultural stressors and effects on mental health and substance use among Hispanic immigrant adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the extent to which initial levels and over-time trajectories of cultural stressors (discrimination, negative context of reception, and bicultural stress) predicted well-being, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, and health risk behaviors among recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents. Addressing this research objective involved creating a latent factor for cultural stressors, establishing invariance for this factor over time, estimating a growth curve for this factor over time, and examining the effects of initial levels (intercepts) and trajectories (slopes) of cultural stressors on adolescent outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 302 recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents in Miami (median of 1 year in the United States at baseline) and Los Angeles (median of 3 years in the United States at baseline) was recruited from public schools and assessed six times over a 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived discrimination, context of reception, and bicultural stress loaded onto a latent factor at each of the first five timepoints. A growth curve conducted on this factor over the first five timepoints significantly predicted lower self-esteem and optimism, more depressive symptoms, greater aggressive behavior and rule breaking, and increased likelihood of drunkenness and marijuana use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results may be important in designing interventions for Hispanic immigrant children and adolescents, including those within the present wave of unaccompanied child migrants. Results indicate targeting cultural stressors in interventions may have potential to improve well-being and decrease externalizing behaviors and substance use within this population.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Electronic address: SSchwartz@med.miami.edu.
authors: Seth J
authors: SJ
authors: Schwartz
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Jennifer B
authors: JB
authors: Unger
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Lourdes
authors: L
authors: Baezconde-Garbanati
authors: Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts.
authors: Byron L
authors: BL
authors: Zamboanga
authors: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
authors: Elma I
authors: EI
authors: Lorenzo-Blanco
authors: Department of Psychology, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida.
authors: Sabrina E
authors: SE
authors: Des Rosiers
authors: Department of Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors: Andrea J
authors: AJ
authors: Romero
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
authors: Miguel Ángel
authors: MÁ
authors: Cano
authors: Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
authors: Melinda A
authors: MA
authors: Gonzales-Backen
authors: Department of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Córdova
authors: Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.
authors: Brandy M
authors: BM
authors: Piña-Watson
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors: Shi
authors: S
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Villamar
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Daniel W
authors: DW
authors: Soto
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Pattarroyo
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Szapocznik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Adolescent; Conduct problems; Context of reception; Cultural stress; Depressive symptoms; Discrimination; Hispanic; Immigrant; Positive youth development; Substance use
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