title: Motion artifacts in MRI: A complex problem with many partial solutions.
abstract: Subject motion during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been problematic since its introduction as a clinical imaging modality. While sensitivity to particle motion or blood flow can be used to provide useful image contrast, bulk motion presents a considerable problem in the majority of clinical applications. It is one of the most frequent sources of artifacts. Over 30 years of research have produced numerous methods to mitigate or correct for motion artifacts, but no single method can be applied in all imaging situations. Instead, a "toolbox" of methods exists, where each tool is suitable for some tasks, but not for others. This article reviews the origins of motion artifacts and presents current mitigation and correction methods. In some imaging situations, the currently available motion correction tools are highly effective; in other cases, appropriate tools still need to be developed. It seems likely that this multifaceted approach will be what eventually solves the motion sensitivity problem in MRI, rather than a single solution that is effective in all situations. This review places a strong emphasis on explaining the physics behind the occurrence of such artifacts, with the aim of aiding artifact detection and mitigation in particular clinical situations.
authors: Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Maxim
authors: M
authors: Zaitsev
authors: Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.|Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Julian
authors: J
authors: Maclaren
authors: Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.|University of Hawaii, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Herbst
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D062485:Breath Holding; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: MRI; motion artifact; motion correction; motion prevention; review
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