title: Development and characterization of erythrosine nanoparticles with potential for treating sinusitis using photodynamic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial therapy for sinusitis has been shown to reduce or eliminate pathologic bacteria associated with rhinosinusitis and improve the symptoms associated with the disease. However, the continuing rise in antibiotic resistance, the ongoing problem with patient compliance, and the intrinsic difficulty in eradication of biofilms complicates antibiotic therapy. The introduction of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PAT) using erythrosine, a photosensitizer, could eliminate the bacteria without inducing antibiotic resistance or even requiring daily dosing. In the present study, erythrosine nanoparticles were prepared using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and evaluated for their potential in PAT against Staphylococcus aureus cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  PLGA nanoparticles of erythrosine were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique. Erythrosine nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta potential, morphology and in vitro release. Qualitative and quantitative uptake studies of erythrosine nanoparticles were carried out in S. aureus cells. Photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus cells in the presence of erythrosine nanoparticles was investigated by colony forming unit assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanoprecipitation technique resulted in nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 385nm and zeta potential of -9.36mV. Erythrosine was slowly released from nanoparticles over a period of 120h. The qualitative study using flow cytometry showed the ability of S. aureus cells to internalize erythrosine nanoparticles. Moreover, erythrosine nanoparticles exhibited a significantly higher uptake and antimicrobial efficacy compared to pure drug in S. aureus cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, erythrosine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles can be a potential long term drug delivery system for PAT and are useful for the eradication of S. aureus cells.
authors: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors: Chandrasekhar
authors: C
authors: Garapati
authors: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
authors: Brandon
authors: B
authors: Clarke
authors: Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Zadora
authors: Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Burney
authors: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
authors: Brent D
authors: BD
authors: Cameron
authors: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Fournier
authors: Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
authors: Reginald F
authors: RF
authors: Baugh
authors: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, United States. Electronic address: sboddu@utnet.utoledo.edu.
authors: Sai H S
authors: SH
authors: Boddu
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004058:Diffusion; D004923:Erythrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D053769:Nanocapsules; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D004923:Erythrosine
keywords: Erythrosine; PLGA nanoparticles; Photodynamic therapy; Sinusitis; Staphylococcus aureus