title: Identification of reference genes in human myelomonocytic cells for gene expression studies in altered gravity.
abstract: Gene expression studies are indispensable for investigation and elucidation of molecular mechanisms. For the process of normalization, reference genes ("housekeeping genes") are essential to verify gene expression analysis. Thus, it is assumed that these reference genes demonstrate similar expression levels over all experimental conditions. However, common recommendations about reference genes were established during 1 g conditions and therefore their applicability in studies with altered gravity has not been demonstrated yet. The microarray technology is frequently used to generate expression profiles under defined conditions and to determine the relative difference in expression levels between two or more different states. In our study, we searched for potential reference genes with stable expression during different gravitational conditions (microgravity, normogravity, and hypergravity) which are additionally not altered in different hardware systems. We were able to identify eight genes (ALB, B4GALT6, GAPDH, HMBS, YWHAZ, ABCA5, ABCA9, and ABCC1) which demonstrated no altered gene expression levels in all tested conditions and therefore represent good candidates for the standardization of gene expression studies in altered gravity.
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany ; Study Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Cora S
authors: CS
authors: Thiel
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany ; Study Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Swantje
authors: S
authors: Hauschild
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany ; Study Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Svantje
authors: S
authors: Tauber
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Paulsen
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Raig
authors: Arrows Biomedical Deutschland GmbH, Center for Nanotechnology at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Arnold
authors: A
authors: Raem
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Josefine
authors: J
authors: Biskup
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Annett
authors: A
authors: Gutewort
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Hürlimann
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Felix
authors: 0000-0003-3418-2650
authors: F
authors: Unverdorben
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Isabell
authors: 0000-0003-2119-9648
authors: I
authors: Buttron
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Beatrice
authors: 0000-0001-9675-1172
authors: B
authors: Lauber
authors: German Aerospace Center, Space Agency, Königswinterer Straße 522-524, 53227 Bonn, Germany.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Philpot
authors: KEK GmbH, Kemberger Straße 5, 06905 Bad Schmiedeberg, Germany.
authors: Hartwin
authors: H
authors: Lier
authors: KEK GmbH, Kemberger Straße 5, 06905 Bad Schmiedeberg, Germany ; University of Applied Science Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Engelmann
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Liliana E
authors: LE
authors: Layer
authors: Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany ; Study Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany ; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Oliver
authors: 0000-0002-4721-1038
authors: O
authors: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005796:Genes; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013026:Space Flight; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
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