title: Daily rice intake strongly influences the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men aged 40-59 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first objective of this study was to classify men aged 40-74 yrs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to daily rice intake, and the second was to investigate physical measurements, physiological examinations, blood biochemical assays, intake of food other than rice and lifestyle and environmental factors in the study group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 6095 men aged 40-74 yrs who had undergone full medical examinations. The men were classified into 3 age groups: (1) 40-49 yrs, (2) 50-59 yrs, and (3) 60-74 yrs. The men were classified further into 3 groups according to daily rice intake: group 1 (≤300 g), group 2 (300-450 g), and group 3 (≥450 g). The relationship between daily rice intake and the following factors was analyzed in the three age brackets: (1) physical measurements including waist circumference, (2) physiological measurements, (3) serum biochemical indices, (4) whether or not the person was taking medication for hypertension, diabetes mellitus or serum lipid abnormalities, (5) lifestyle, and (6) consumption of foods other than rice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily rice intake was related strongly to the occurrence of MetS in all three age brackets. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed (1) a significant increase in the odds ratio for MetS (1.461 times) for group 3 compared with group 1 in men aged 40-49 yrs and (2) a significant increase in the odds ratio for MetS (1.501 times) for group 3 compared with group 1 in men aged 50-59 yrs. However, there was no significant difference in the odds ratio for MetS among rice intake groups in the 60-74 age bracket.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men aged 40-59 yrs, daily rice intake strongly influenced the incidence of MetS, whereas in men aged 60-74 yrs, there was no relationship between daily rice intake and MetS.
authors: Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan ; Ehime Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives for Health and Welfare (JA Ehime Kouseiren), Japan.
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Watanabe
authors: Department of Basic Nursing and Health Science, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors: Isao
authors: I
authors: Saito
authors: Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan.
authors: Yasuhiko
authors: Y
authors: Asada
authors: Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan.
authors: Taro
authors: T
authors: Kishida
authors: Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan.
authors: Tatsuhiro
authors: T
authors: Matsuo
authors: Ehime Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives for Health and Welfare (JA Ehime Kouseiren), Japan.
authors: Masamitsu
authors: M
authors: Yamaizumi
authors: Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan ; Ehime Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives for Health and Welfare (JA Ehime Kouseiren), Japan.
authors: Tadahiro
authors: T
authors: Kato
keywords: men; metabolic syndrome; rice intake
references: Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1994 Apr;41(4):362-9
references: 8025313
references: J Clin Invest. 2000 Aug;106(4):459-65
references: 10953020
references: Endocr Rev. 2005 May;26(3):439-51
references: 15897298
references: Diabetes Metab J. 2011 Jun;35(3):273-81
references: 21785748
references: Circ J. 2009 May;73(5):878-84
references: 19282609
references: Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):584-6
references: 15681386
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Dec;92(6):1468-77
references: 20980490
references: Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2007 Dec;54(12):847-56
references: 18240586
references: Diabetes Care. 1998 Jul;21(7):1133-7
references: 9653608
references: Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1997 Aug;44(8):574-85
references: 9391315
references: Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1997 Jun;44(6):440-9
references: 9302866