title: Fornix as an imaging marker for episodic memory deficits in healthy aging and in various neurological disorders.
abstract: The fornix is a part of the limbic system and constitutes the major efferent and afferent white matter tracts from the hippocampi. The underdevelopment of or injuries to the fornix are strongly associated with memory deficits. Its role in memory impairments was suggested long ago with cases of surgical forniceal transections. However, recent advances in brain imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging, have revealed that macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities of the fornix correlated highly with declarative and episodic memory performance. This structure appears to provide a robust and early imaging predictor for memory deficits not only in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, but also in schizophrenia and psychiatric disorders, and during neurodevelopment and "typical" aging. The objective of the manuscript is to present a systematic review regarding published brain imaging research on the fornix, including the development of its tracts, its role in various neurological diseases, and its relationship to neurocognitive performance in human studies.
authors: Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Douet
authors: Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Chang
keywords: DTI; aging; development; episodic memory; fornix; neuropsychiatric disorders
references: Mult Scler Int. 2013;2013:838719
references: 23476776
references: Eur Radiol. 2008 Jan;18(1):130-7
references: 17701181
references: Neuroimage. 2013 May 15;72:41-7
references: 23370063
references: Cereb Cortex. 2010 Sep;20(9):2122-31
references: 20051363
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Dec;34(12):2304-11
references: 23811974
references: Epilepsia. 2011 Dec;52(12):2267-75
references: 22092238
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Sep;32(9):1558-71
references: 19913331
references: AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1958 May;79(5):475-97
references: 13519951
references: Psychiatry Res. 2007 May 15;155(1):21-8
references: 17395435
references: Neurology. 2011 Jul 5;77(1):26-34
references: 21593440
references: Brain. 2005 May;128(Pt 5):963-78
references: 15743870
references: Schizophr Bull. 2014 Jul;40(4):721-8
references: 24870447
references: Int J Neurosci. 2011 Feb;121(2):94-100
references: 21062216
references: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 14;6(4):e18652
references: 21533181
references: Neuroimage. 2008 Nov 15;43(3):470-7
references: 18755279
references: Med Clin North Am. 2013 May;97(3):399-424
references: 23642578
references: Neuroradiology. 2009 Jan;51(1):3-9
references: 18704391
references: Neuroimage. 2013 Nov 1;81:455-69
references: 23629049
references: Schizophr Res. 2013 Oct;150(1):42-50
references: 23911259
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Jul 1;51(3):943-51
references: 20211265
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Aug;33(7):909-15
references: 18640784
references: Brain Struct Funct. 2015 Sep;220(5):2617-23
references: 24908158
references: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Oct 30;184(1):57-62
references: 20832251
references: Neurology. 2001 Nov 13;57(9):1669-74
references: 11706109
references: Curr Alzheimer Res. 2009 Apr;6(2):179-85
references: 19355853
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2104-12
references: 19782758
references: Science. 1991 Sep 20;253(5026):1380-6
references: 1896849
references: Learn Mem. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):442-6
references: 11112803
references: Neuroimage. 2006 Oct 15;33(1):27-38
references: 16905335
references: Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 20;2:e190
references: 23168990
references: J Neurosci. 2008 Feb 20;28(8):1943-8
references: 18287510
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Aug;103(1-3):52-61
references: 18442897
references: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Mar 30;181(3):193-8
references: 20153608
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2013 Jun;37(12):1903-15
references: 23773059
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Oct 15;53(1):16-25
references: 20595067
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):738-48
references: 7726314
references: Neuroimage. 2009 May 15;46(1):47-55
references: 19457371
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 Jun;29(6):696-710
references: 17598163
references: J Neurol. 2007 Sep;254(9):1170-3
references: 17710361
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Mar;31(3):464-81
references: 18495300
references: J Neurosci. 2014 Feb 26;34(9):3279-90
references: 24573287
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;75(9):1314-22
references: 15314123
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Nov;1304:62-9
references: 24176014
references: Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(2):105-13
references: 22404852
references: Neuroimage. 2009 Mar 1;45(1):10-6
references: 19100839
references: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004 Nov;21(3):418-26
references: 15511657
references: Clin Epidemiol. 2014 Jan 08;6:37-48
references: 24470773
references: Schizophr Res. 2005 May 1;74(2-3):163-70
references: 15721996
references: J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 14;31(37):13236-45
references: 21917806
references: Schizophr Res. 2009 Jan;107(1):39-46
references: 19046624
references: Psychiatry Res. 2006 Oct 30;147(2-3):93-103
references: 16920336
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 1;60(1):22-31
references: 16406249
references: Indian J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;49(2):132-9
references: 20711399
references: Neuroimage. 2003 Nov;20(3):1714-22
references: 14642481
references: Magn Reson Med. 2015 Mar;73(3):1075-84
references: 24723303
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Oct;34(10):2331-40
references: 23623599
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Oct 1;52(4):1190-201
references: 20483378
references: Transl Psychiatry. 2014 May 27;4:e392
references: 24865593
references: Fiziol Zh. 2008;54(5):81-9
references: 19058517
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;47(7):826-32
references: 18520955
references: Brain Inj. 2013;27(12):1415-22
references: 24102365
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 May;164(5):1304
references: 7717266
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Dec;32(12 ):2322.e5-18
references: 20619504
references: Surg Neurol. 1987 Apr;27(4):361-4
references: 3103247
references: Psychiatry Res. 1989 Sep;29(3):247-53
references: 2608767
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Mar;16(3):509-15
references: 7793375
references: Front Neurosci. 2013 Mar 13;7:32
references: 23493587
references: Psychiatry Res. 2008 Dec 30;164(3):265-73
references: 19022630
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Apr;34(3):332-42
references: 18980810
references: Arch Neurol. 2001 Dec;58(12):1985-92
references: 11735772
references: Neuroimage. 2014 May 15;92:356-68
references: 24384150
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995 Winter;7(1):103-12
references: 7711480
references: Schizophr Bull. 1997;23(2):255-71
references: 9165636
references: Schizophr Res. 2013 Feb;143(2-3):231-8
references: 23290268
references: Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 1;31(3):1038-50
references: 16600642
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;156(11):1720-4
references: 10553734
references: Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003 Dec;16(4):193-210
references: 14665819
references: J Neuroimaging. 2012 Oct;22(4):365-74
references: 21848679
references: PLoS One. 2014 May 08;9(5):e96985
references: 24809486
references: Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 15;31(4):1487-505
references: 16624579
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Nov;48(11):1002-8
references: 1747014
references: Neurology. 2012 Dec 4;79(23 ):2233-40
references: 23175726
references: Schizophr Res. 2001 Jan 15;47(1):87-97
references: 11163548
references: Arch Neurol. 1999 Jan;56(1):33-9
references: 9923759
references: Neuroimage. 2009 Feb 15;44(4):1397-403
references: 19027076
references: Neurology. 1999 Aug 11;53(3):496-501
references: 10449110
references: J Intern Med. 2004 Sep;256(3):183-94
references: 15324362
references: BMC Neurol. 2011 Feb 23;11:24
references: 21345223
references: Magn Reson Med. 2014 Jun;71(6):2006-13
references: 23821373
references: Hippocampus. 2000;10(4):466-74
references: 10985286
references: Brain. 2007 Jul;130(Pt 7):1767-76
references: 17522104
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2190-204
references: 19879947
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):156-64
references: 12505815
references: Rev Neurol (Paris). 2011 Apr;167(4):280-90
references: 21176930
references: Brain. 2009 Jan;132(Pt 1):239-49
references: 18953055
references: Mult Scler. 2010 Mar;16(3):332-41
references: 20150400
references: Neuroimage. 2012 Feb 1;59(3):2932-40
references: 22001266
references: Neurosci Lett. 2013 Aug 29;550:64-8
references: 23831353
references: Brain. 1991 Jun;114 ( Pt 3):1297-313
references: 2065251
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2010 Mar;16(2):268-77
references: 20003582
references: Neuroimage. 2008 Jul 1;41(3):657-67
references: 18442927
references: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006 Jun;12(5):319-22
references: 16621664
references: Schizophr Res. 2010 Jun;119(1-3):61-4
references: 20409692
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e44942
references: 23056187
references: Neuroradiology. 2009 Dec;51(12):831-40
references: 19662389
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):40-7
references: 10618011
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Feb;29(2):384-7
references: 17989375
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Apr;35(4):1325-33
references: 23417856
references: Neurosci Lett. 2001 Apr 6;301(3):163-6
references: 11257423
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Sep;33(9):2029-45
references: 21872362
references: Eur J Radiol. 2006 Feb;57(2):187-98
references: 16439088
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;17(12):1228-38
references: 22488257
references: J Neurosci. 2013 Jan 30;33(5):2147-55
references: 23365250
references: Neuroimage. 2009 Feb 1;44(3):1050-62
references: 18977450
references: Magn Reson Med. 2015 Dec;74(6):1675-81
references: 25446934
references: Neuroimage. 2012 Apr 2;60(2):894-901
references: 22289804
references: Nat Med. 2004 Jul;10 Suppl:S2-9
references: 15272266
references: Neuroimage. 2012 Mar;60(1):340-52
references: 22178809
references: J Neurosci. 2009 Apr 1;29(13):4263-73
references: 19339620
references: Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 May;32(4):354-8
references: 24512796
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005 Jan;26(1):119-27
references: 15661713
references: Alzheimers Dement. 2013 Sep;9(5):519-28
references: 23245561
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Feb;33(2):274-9
references: 22081679
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Mar;33(3):488-498.e2
references: 20594616
references: Schizophr Res. 2014 Jul;156(2-3):157-60
references: 24837684
references: Neuroimage. 2006 Jan 15;29(2):493-504
references: 16194615
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec 15;62(12):1396-404
references: 17693392
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 May;162(5):1185-9
references: 8166008
references: Ann Neurol. 2013 Aug;74(2):223-31
references: 23613463
references: Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Apr;19(2):97-109
references: 19363432
references: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Feb;67(2):326-38
references: 22161984
references: J Neurosci. 2009 Nov 25;29(47):14987-92
references: 19940194
references: Neuroimage. 2005 May 15;26(1):132-40
references: 15862213
references: Neuroimage. 2002 Nov;17(3):1429-36
references: 12414282
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan 1;75(1):81-8
references: 23768862
references: Front Aging Neurosci. 2013 Dec 05;5:84
references: 24367331
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58887
references: 23516569
references: Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(4):345-9
references: 8221124
references: Brain. 2011 Feb;134(Pt 2):449-63
references: 21193486
references: JAMA Neurol. 2013 Nov;70(11):1389-95
references: 24018960
references: Schizophr Res. 2005 Jul 15;76(2-3):207-29
references: 15949654