title: The impact of microgravity and hypergravity on endothelial cells.
abstract: The endothelial cells (ECs), which line the inner surface of vessels, play a fundamental role in maintaining vascular integrity and tissue homeostasis, since they regulate local blood flow and other physiological processes. ECs are highly sensitive to mechanical stress, including hypergravity and microgravity. Indeed, they undergo morphological and functional changes in response to alterations of gravity. In particular microgravity leads to changes in the production and expression of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules, which mainly result from changes in the remodelling of the cytoskeleton and the distribution of caveolae. These molecular modifications finely control cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. This review summarizes the state of the art on how microgravity and hypergravity affect cultured ECs functions and discusses some controversial issues reported in the literature.
authors: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università di Milano, Via Gian Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
authors: Jeanette A M
authors: JA
authors: Maier
authors: ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
authors: Francesca
authors: 0000-0002-2290-0566
authors: F
authors: Cialdai
authors: ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "M. Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
authors: Monica
authors: 0000-0001-6678-9241
authors: M
authors: Monici
authors: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors: Lucia
authors: 0000-0001-8148-7049
authors: L
authors: Morbidelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018534:Earth, Planet; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity; D014893:Weightlessness; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
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