title: Revisiting the effect of nicotine on interval timing.
abstract: This paper reviews the evidence for nicotine-induced acceleration of the internal clock when timing in the seconds-to-minutes timescale, and proposes an alternative explanation to this evidence: that nicotine reduces the threshold for responses that result in more reinforcement. These two hypotheses were tested in male Wistar rats using a novel timing task. In this task, rats were trained to seek food at one location after 8s since trial onset and at a different location after 16s. Some rats received the same reward at both times (group SAME); some received a larger reward at 16s (group DIFF). Steady baseline performance was followed by 3 days of subcutaneous nicotine administration (0.3mg/kg), baseline recovery, and an antagonist challenge (mecamylamine, 1.0mg/kg). Nicotine induced a larger, immediate reduction in latencies to switch (LTS) in group DIFF than in group SAME. This effect was sustained throughout nicotine administration. Mecamylamine pretreatment and nicotine discontinuation rapidly recovered baseline performance. These results support a response-threshold account of nicotinic disruption of timing performance, possibly mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A detailed analysis of the distribution of LTSs suggests that anomalous effects of nicotine on LTS dispersion may be due to loss of temporal control of behavior.
authors: Arizona State University, United States.
authors: Carter W
authors: CW
authors: Daniels
authors: Arizona State University, United States.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Watterson
authors: Arizona State University, United States.
authors: Raul
authors: R
authors: Garcia
authors: Arizona State University, United States.
authors: Gabriel J
authors: GJ
authors: Mazur
authors: Arizona State University, United States.
authors: Ryan J
authors: RJ
authors: Brackney
authors: Arizona State University, United States. Electronic address: Federico.Sanabria@asu.edu.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Sanabria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward; D013998:Time Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Fixed-interval; Mecamylamine; Nicotine; Rat; Time perception; Timing
references: Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1448-55
references: 10570026
references: Bioessays. 2000 Jan;22(1):94-103
references: 10649295
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Feb;65(2):247-54
references: 10672976
references: Psychol Rev. 2000 Apr;107(2):289-344
references: 10789198
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000 Jun;150(2):170-84
references: 10907670
references: Behav Processes. 2000 Oct 26;52(1):43-48
references: 11011108
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 May;297(2):646-56
references: 11303054
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 1979 Jul 1;56(4):355-62
references: 113225
references: Behav Processes. 2002 Apr 28;57(2-3):107-120
references: 11947992
references: Behav Neurosci. 2002 Apr;116(2):291-7
references: 11996314
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 2002 Sep;78(2):195-214
references: 12216978
references: Behav Processes. 2003 Feb 28;61(1-2):47-56
references: 12543482
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Apr;75(1):9-15
references: 12759108
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Jan;122(1):137-47
references: 13502838
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Jan;171(2):173-8
references: 13680077
references: Behav Neurosci. 2004 Feb;118(1):150-6
references: 14979791
references: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004 Oct;21(2):139-70
references: 15464348
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;16(4):193-208
references: 15961959
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Oct;6(10):755-65
references: 16163383
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Mar;184(3-4):514-22
references: 16385418
references: Behav Processes. 2006 Feb 28;71(2-3):268-85
references: 16413140
references: Learn Mem. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):127-34
references: 16547161
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 2005 Nov;84(3):401-15
references: 16596972
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 1969 Nov;12(6):887-95
references: 16811417
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 1995 Sep;64(2):225-35
references: 16812769
references: Brain Res. 2006 Sep 13;1109(1):93-107
references: 16890210
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Sep;85(1):114-22
references: 16920182
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Oct;188(2):201-12
references: 16937099
references: Behav Processes. 2007 Feb 22;74(2):198-208
references: 17023122
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Jun 15;89(1):52-9
references: 17240084
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 2007 Mar;87(2):201-18
references: 17465312
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007 Sep;88(2):149-59
references: 17513138
references: Learn Behav. 2007 Feb;35(1):60-70
references: 17557392
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Nov;194(4):463-73
references: 17616849
references: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Dec;31(12):2106-13
references: 18034700
references: Behav Brain Funct. 2008 Feb 08;4:7
references: 18261220
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Nov;201(1):67-80
references: 18648777
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;19(7):683-97
references: 18797245
references: Behav Brain Res. 2009 Mar 17;198(2):298-305
references: 19073222
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;20(1):99-108
references: 19179853
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2009 May;20(3):211-25
references: 19421028
references: Learn Behav. 2009 Aug;37(3):217-29
references: 19542089
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Nov 1;105(1-2):97-108
references: 19640659
references: Brain Res. 2010 Apr 14;1325:89-99
references: 20167208
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Jan;36(1):3-25
references: 20668434
references: Behav Processes. 2011 Mar;86(3):359-63
references: 21244854
references: Neuropharmacology. 2012 Mar;62(3):1221-9
references: 21296093
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;22(2):101-12
references: 21301325
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2011 Jun;22(3):207-21
references: 21448062
references: Neuropharmacology. 2012 Mar;62(3):1175-81
references: 21530549
references: J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 22;31(25):9238-53
references: 21697374
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 2011 Jul;96(1):17-38
references: 21765544
references: Behav Neurosci. 2012 Oct;126(5):605-19
references: 22905921
references: Behav Processes. 2013 May;95:90-9
references: 23428705
references: Neuropharmacology. 2013 Dec;75:138-44
references: 23916479
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Jun;231(12):2471-82
references: 24414609
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Jan 20;369(1637):20120466
references: 24446500
references: Behav Processes. 1998 Dec;44(2):237-62
references: 24896977
references: Learn Motiv. 2010 May;41(2):108-124
references: 27226650
references: Behav Neurosci. 1987 Aug;101(4):457-64
references: 2820435
references: Psychol Rev. 1988 Apr;95(2):274-95
references: 3375401
references: Brain Res. 1987 Feb 24;404(1-2):180-8
references: 3567565
references: Neuropharmacology. 1985 Jan;24(1):75-82
references: 3982603
references: Neuropharmacology. 1970 Jan;9(1):9-16
references: 5426758
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 1968 May;11(3):223-38
references: 5660703
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;79(1):10-5
references: 6403957
references: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1981 Jan;7(1):18-30
references: 7229573
references: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1981 Jul;7(3):242-68
references: 7252428
references: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1995 Jan;21(1):43-63
references: 7844506
references: J Exp Anal Behav. 1993 Sep;60(2):361-85
references: 8409824
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996 Jan;123(1):55-63
references: 8741955
references: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1996 Jun;3(3-4):227-42
references: 8806025
references: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1977 Jul;3(3):216-28
references: 881613
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jan;280(1):346-56
references: 8996215
references: Psychol Rev. 1997 Apr;104(2):241-65
references: 9127582
references: Neuroreport. 1997 Sep 8;8(13):2831-5
references: 9376513
references: Behav Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;8(4):293-308
references: 9832989
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Nov;140(2):135-41
references: 9860103