title: Evaluation of the safety of intracameral trypan blue injection on corneal tissue using oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic activity: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of intracameral trypan blue (TB) on oxidative stress parameters and apoptosis in corneal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty rats were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 rats each: the sham group (Group 1); control group (Group 2); and treatment group (Group 3). The control group was administered 0.01 cc of balanced salt solution. The treatment group was administered 0.006 mg/0.01 cc of TB. The total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in corneal tissue and blood were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Finally, corneal tissue histopathology was evaluated using staining for caspase-3 and -8, and apoptotic activity was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TAS, TOS and OSI levels in the blood samples were not significantly different (p>0.05 for all). Compared with the sham and control groups, the TOS and OSI levels in corneal tissue were significantly different in the treatment group (p<0.05 for all). No significant difference was observed between the sham group and the control group (p>0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and caspase-8 demonstrated higher apoptotic activity in the TB group than in the sham and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that intracameral TB injection is safe systematically but may be toxic to corneal tissue, as demonstrated using oxidative stress parameters and histopathological evaluation.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Akal
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Turgay
authors: T
authors: Ulas
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Tugba
authors: T
authors: Goncu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet Fatih
authors: MF
authors: Adibelli
authors: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Sezen
authors: S
authors: Kocarslan
authors: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Muhammet Emin
authors: ME
authors: Guldur
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Balikligol Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Muslum
authors: M
authors: Guler
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Ufuk
authors: U
authors: Ozkan
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Dusunur
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Tuncer
authors: T
authors: Demir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D056965:Injections, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D016877:Oxidants; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014343:Trypan Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D014343:Trypan Blue