title: The Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team (CANHEART): using big data to measure and improve cardiovascular health and healthcare services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CArdiovascular HEalth in Ambulatory care Research Team (CANHEART) is conducting a unique, population-based observational research initiative aimed at measuring and improving cardiovascular health and the quality of ambulatory cardiovascular care provided in Ontario, Canada. A particular focus will be on identifying opportunities to improve the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in Ontario's diverse multiethnic population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A population-based cohort comprising 9.8 million Ontario adults ≥20 years in 2008 was assembled by linking multiple electronic survey, health administrative, clinical, laboratory, drug, and electronic medical record databases using encoded personal identifiers. The cohort includes ≈9.4 million primary prevention patients and ≈400,000 secondary prevention patients. Follow-up on clinical events is achieved through record linkage to comprehensive hospitalization, emergency department, and vital statistics administrative databases. Profiles of cardiovascular health and preventive care will be developed at the health region level, and the cohort will be used to study the causes of regional variation in the incidence of major cardiovascular events and other important research questions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linkage of multiple databases will enable the CANHEART study cohort to serve as a powerful big data resource for scientific research aimed at improving cardiovascular health and health services delivery. Study findings will be shared with clinicians, policy makers, and the public to facilitate population health interventions and quality improvement initiatives.
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.). tu@ices.on.ca.
authors: Jack V
authors: JV
authors: Tu
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Chu
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Linda R
authors: LR
authors: Donovan
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Dennis T
authors: DT
authors: Ko
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Gillian L
authors: GL
authors: Booth
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Tu
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Laura C
authors: LC
authors: Maclagan
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Guo
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Peter C
authors: PC
authors: Austin
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Hogg
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Moira K
authors: MK
authors: Kapral
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Harindra C
authors: HC
authors: Wijeysundera
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Clare L
authors: CL
authors: Atzema
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Andrea S
authors: AS
authors: Gershon
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Alter
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Douglas S
authors: DS
authors: Lee
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Cynthia A
authors: CA
authors: Jackevicius
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: R Sacha
authors: RS
authors: Bhatia
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Jacob A
authors: JA
authors: Udell
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Mohammad R
authors: MR
authors: Rezai
authors: From the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., L.R.D., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., L.C.M., H.G., P.C.A., W.H., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., M.R.R., T.A.S.); Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., D.T.K., H.C.W.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.V.T., A.C., D.T.K., G.L.B., K.T., P.C.A., M.K.K., H.C.W., C.L.A., A.S.G., D.A.A., D.S.L., C.A.J., R.S.B., J.A.U., T.A.S.); Division of Endocrinology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.L.B.); Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.T.); Ottawa Research Group for Primary Health Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (W.H.); Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (M.K.K.); Division of Emergency Medicine (C.L.A.) and Division of Respirology (A.S.G.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.A.A.); Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.S.L.); College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA (C.A.J.); Women's College Hospital Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B.); Cardiovascular Division, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.S.B., J.A.U.); and Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (T.A.S.).
authors: Thérèse A
authors: TA
authors: Stukel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057225:Data Mining; D016208:Databases, Factual; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000592:standards; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ambulatory care; cardiovascular diseases