title: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and risk of sudden death among patients taking spironolactone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increases the risk of hyperkalemia when used with spironolactone. We examined whether this drug combination is associated with an increased risk of sudden death, a consequence of severe hyperkalemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based nested case-control study involving Ontario residents aged 66 years or older who received spironolactone between Apr. 1, 1994, and Dec. 31, 2011. Within this group, we identified cases as patients who died of sudden death within 14 days after receiving a prescription for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or one of the other study antibiotics (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin or nitrofurantoin). For each case, we identified up to 4 controls matched by age and sex. We determined the odds ratio (OR) for the association between sudden death and exposure to each antibiotic relative to amoxicillin, adjusted for predictors of sudden death using a disease risk index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 11,968 patients who died of sudden death while receiving spironolactone, we identified 328 whose death occurred within 14 days after antibiotic exposure. Compared with amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with a more than twofold increase in the risk of sudden death (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55-3.90). Ciprofloxacin (adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02-2.38) and nitrofurantoin (adjusted OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.03-2.79) were also associated with an increased risk of sudden death, although the risk with nitrofurantoin was not apparent in a sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with an increased risk of sudden death among older patients taking spironolactone. When clinically appropriate, alternative antibiotics should be considered in these patients.
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont. tantoniou@smh.ca.
authors: Tony
authors: T
authors: Antoniou
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Hollands
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont.
authors: Erin M
authors: EM
authors: Macdonald
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont.
authors: Tara
authors: T
authors: Gomes
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont.
authors: Muhammad M
authors: MM
authors: Mamdani
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine (Antoniou), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Antoniou, Gomes, Mamdani), St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto (Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Antoniou, Hollands, Macdonald, Gomes, Mamdani, Juurlink); Sunnybrook Research Institute (Juurlink), Toronto, Ont.
authors: David N
authors: DN
authors: Juurlink
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
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