title: Dissemination of IncF-type plasmids in multiresistant CTX-M-15-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from surgical-site infections in Bangui, Central African Republic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical-site infection is the most frequent health care-associated infection in the developing world, with a strikingly higher prevalence than in developed countries We studied the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from surgical-site infections collected in three major tertiary care centres in Bangui, Central African Republic. We also studied the genetic basis for antibiotic resistance and the genetic background of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Enterobacteriaceae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between April 2011 and April 2012, 195 patients with nosocomial surgical-site infections were consecutively recruited into the study at five surgical departments in three major tertiary care centres. Of the 165 bacterial isolates collected, most were Enterobacteriaceae (102/165, 61.8%). Of these, 65/102 (63.7%) were 3GC-R, which were characterized for resistance gene determinants and genetic background. The bla CTX-M-15 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were detected in all strains, usually associated with qnr genes (98.5%). Escherichia coli, the most commonly recovered species (33/65, 50.8%), occurred in six different sequence types, including the pandemic B2-O25b-ST131 group (12/33, 36.4%). Resistance transfer was studied in one representative strain of the resistance gene content in each repetitive extragenic palindromic and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR banding pattern. Plasmids were characterized by PCR-based replicon typing and sub-typing schemes. In most isolates (18/27, 66.7%), bla CTX-M-15 genes were found in incompatibility groups F/F31:A4:B1 and F/F36:A4:B1 conjugative plasmids. Horizontal transfer of both plasmids is probably an important mechanism for the spread of bla CTX-M-15 among Enterobacteriaceae species and hospitals. The presence of sets of antibiotic resistance genes in these two plasmids indicates their capacity for gene rearrangement and their evolution into new variants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diverse modes are involved in transmission of resistance, plasmid dissemination probably playing a major role.
authors: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Avenue de l'Independance, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic. clotairerafai@yahoo.fr.
authors: Clotaire
authors: C
authors: Rafaï
authors: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Avenue de l'Independance, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic. thierryfrank@yahoo.fr.
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Frank
authors: Institut Pasteur, Unit of Epidemiology, Avenue de l'Independance, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic. amanirak@yahoo.fr.
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Manirakiza
authors: Complexe Pédiatrique, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Avenue de l'Independance, Bangui, Central African Republic. agaudeuille2@yahoo.fr.
authors: Alfred
authors: A
authors: Gaudeuille
authors: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Avenue de l'Independance, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic. mbecko2003@yahoo.fr.
authors: Jean-Robert
authors: JR
authors: Mbecko
authors: Hôpital de l'Amitié, Department of General Surgery, Avenue de l'Independance, Bangui, Central African Republic. lucnghario@yahoo.fr.
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Nghario
authors: Hôpital de l'Amitié, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Avenue de l'Independance, Bangui, Central African Republic. serdouma@yahoo.fr.
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Serdouma
authors: Hôpital Communautaire, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Avenue des Martyrs, Bangui, Central African Republic. tekpabertrand@yahoo.fr.
authors: Bertrand
authors: B
authors: Tekpa
authors: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Bacteriology, BP 1274, Antananarivo, Madagascar. benoitgarin@gmail.com.
authors: Benoit
authors: B
authors: Garin
authors: Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Avenue de l'Independance, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic. sbreurec@gmail.com.|University of Antilles, Faculty of Medecine, Pointe-à-Pitre, French West Indies. sbreurec@gmail.com.
authors: Sebastien
authors: S
authors: Breurec
mesh_terms: D002488:Central African Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D006801:Humans; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C473109:beta-lactamase CTX-M-15; D001618:beta-Lactamases
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