title: The Anopheles gambiae cE5 salivary protein: a sensitive biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control.
abstract: Evaluation of vector control is crucial for improving malaria containment and, according to World Health Organization, new complementary indicators would be very valuable. In this study the IgG response to the Anopheles-specific cE5 salivary protein was tested as a tool to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in reducing human exposure to malaria vectors. Sera collected during a longitudinal study carried out in Angola, and including entomological and parasitological data, were used to assess the IgG response to the Anopheles gambiae cE5 in both children and adults, before and after the application of insecticide-treated nets. Seasonal fluctuation of specific IgG antibody levels according to exposure was only found in children (up to ≈ 14 years old) whose anti-cE5 IgG response dropped after bed nets installation. These results were fully consistent with previous findings obtained with the same set of sera and indicating a substantial reduction of human-vector contact shortly after nets implementation. Overall, children IgG response to the cE5 protein appeared a very sensitive biomarker, which allowed for the detection of even weak exposure to Anopheles bites, indicating it may represent a reliable additional tool to evaluate the efficacy of vector control interventions.
authors: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-224 CNRS-5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: alexandra.marie@ird.fr.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Marie
authors: Department of Biology, "Federico II" University, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Ronca
authors: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-224 CNRS-5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Poinsignon
authors: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Section, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Lombardo
authors: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-224 CNRS-5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors: Papa M
authors: PM
authors: Drame
authors: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-224 CNRS-5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; MIVEGEC-IRD-CREC, 01 BP44 RP Cotonou, Benin.
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Cornelie
authors: Malaria Control Program-SONAMET Clinic, Lobito, Angola.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Besnard
authors: Malaria Control Program-SONAMET Clinic, Lobito, Angola.
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: Le Mire
authors: Department of Biology, "Federico II" University, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
authors: Gabriella
authors: G
authors: Fiorentino
authors: Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, Luanda, Angola.
authors: Filomeno
authors: F
authors: Fortes
authors: IRD, Montpellier, France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Carnevale
authors: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-224 CNRS-5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Remoue
authors: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Section, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: bruno.arca@uniroma1.it.
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Arcà
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000821:virology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000592:standards*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides
keywords: Anopheles gambiae; Biomarker; Insecticide-treated nets; Malaria; Vector exposure; cE5 salivary protein