title: Toxicological assessment and management options for boat pressure-washing wastewater.
abstract: Boats are washed periodically for maintenance in order to remove biofoulants from hulls, which results in the generation of wastewater. This study aimed at evaluating the cyto/genotoxic and mutagenic properties of wastewater produced by pressure washing of boats. The chemical characterisation of this wastewater showed that Cu, Zn, V, Cr, Fe, Pb, and select organic contaminants exceeded the maximum allowable values from 1.7 up to 96 times. The wastewater produced negative effects on human lymphocytes resulting in decreased cell viability after 4 and 24h of exposure. Chromosome aberration, micronucleus, and comet assay parameters were significantly higher after 24h of exposure. At the same time, the Salmonella typhimurium test showed negative for both TA98 and TA100 strains at all of the concentrations tested. After the treatment of wastewater using electrochemical methods/ozonation during real scale treatment plant, removal rates of colour, turbidity and heavy metals ranged from 99.4% to 99.9%, while the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was above 85%. This was reflected in the removal of the wastewater's cyto/genotoxicity, which was comparable to negative controls in all of the conducted tests, suggesting that such plants could be implemented in marinas to minimise human impact on marine systems.
authors: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Gerić
authors: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Goran
authors: G
authors: Gajski
authors: ORESCANIN Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Višnja
authors: V
authors: Oreščanin
authors: Advanced Energy Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Kollar
authors: Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Jasna
authors: J
authors: Franekić
authors: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: vgaraj@imi.hr.
authors: Vera
authors: V
authors: Garaj-Vrhovac
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012767:Ships; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009153:Mutagens; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Electrocoagulation; Electrooxidation ozonation; Genotoxicity; Mutagenicity; Wastewater