title: Distinguishing the cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profile in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus from other autoimmune neurological diseases.
abstract: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a serious complication in SLE. Although the mechanism of NPSLE remains unclear, cytokines and chemokines are considered to be involved in their pathogenesis. Here we used Bio-Plex Pro assays to examine 27 types of cytokines and chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 32 NPSLE patients. We used the CSF of 20 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 22 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) as a disease control group. Fourteen of 27 cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in the NPSLE patients compared to the MS/NMO patients. We could identify six "minimum predictive markers" by using a weighted-voting algorithm that could distinguish NPSLE from MS and NMO: interleukin (IL)-17, IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-5, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-basic and IL-15. The determination of various types of CSF cytokine profiles may contribute to the diagnosis of NPSLE and may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying this disease.
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan. Electronic address: kichinos@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors: Kunihiro
authors: K
authors: Ichinose
authors: Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Arima
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Ushigusa
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Nishino
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Yoshikazu
authors: Y
authors: Nakashima
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Takahisa
authors: T
authors: Suzuki
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Yoshiro
authors: Y
authors: Horai
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Nakajima
authors: Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Shin-Ya
authors: SY
authors: Kawashiri
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Iwamoto
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Mami
authors: M
authors: Tamai
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Tomoki
authors: T
authors: Origuchi
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Masakatsu
authors: M
authors: Motomura
authors: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C569274:IL15 protein, human; C508594:IL2 protein, human; C508599:IL5 protein, human; D019409:Interleukin-15; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015848:Interleukin-5; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid; Cytokine profiles; Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; Weighted-voting algorithm