title: A longitudinal study of the social and emotional predictors and consequences of cyber and traditional bullying victimisation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few longitudinal studies have investigated how cyberbullying interacts with traditional bullying among young people, who are increasingly using online environments to seek information, entertainment and to socialise. This study aimed to identify the associations between the relative contribution of cyberbullying victimisation and traditional bullying victimisation on social and emotional antecedents and outcomes among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were a cohort of 1,504 adolescents from 16 Australian schools followed from age 13 to 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties were more likely to be cyberbullied and traditionally bullied, than traditionally bullied only. Those targeted in both ways experienced more harm and stayed away from school more often than those traditionally bullied only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a high coexistence of cyber and traditional bullying behaviours and their antecedents, and higher levels of harm from a combination of these behaviours for adolescents over time. Future research should engage students as co-researchers to enhance school and parent strategies to support adolescents experiencing difficulties, and to reduce the likelihood of both cyber and traditional bullying.
authors: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, donna.cross@telethonkids.org.au.
authors: Donna
authors: D
authors: Cross
authors: Leanne
authors: L
authors: Lester
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D010379:Peer Group; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011584:Psychology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D061108:Social Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014904:Western Australia
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