title: Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry.
abstract: Novel psychoactive substances include synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivatives, phencyclidine-like dissociatives, piperazines, GABA-A/B receptor agonists, a range of prescribed medications, psychoactive plants/herbs, and a large series of performance and image enhancing drugs. Users are typically attracted by these substances due to their intense psychoactive effects and likely lack of detection in routine drug screenings. This paper aims at providing psychiatrists with updated knowledge of the clinical pharmacology and psychopathological consequences of the use of these substances. Indeed, these drugs act on a range of neurotransmitter pathways/receptors whose imbalance has been associated with psychopathological conditions, including dopamine, cannabinoid CB1, GABA-A/B, 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k opioid receptors. An overall approach in terms of clinical management is briefly discussed.
authors: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Schifano
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Orsolini
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Duccio Papanti
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Corkery
keywords: Novel psychoactive substances; cathinones; dual diagnosis; legal highs; phencyclidine-like drugs; psychedelic phenethylamines; research chemicals; smart drugs; substance abuse; synthetic cannabimimetics; tryptamines
references: Addiction. 2013 Mar;108(3):534-44
references: 22971158
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Apr 10;227(1-3):21-32
references: 23063179
references: J Med Toxicol. 2013 Jun;9(2):196-8
references: 23378129
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2014 Oct;38(8):559-62
references: 24876364
references: J Med Chem. 2005 Apr 21;48(8):2767-71
references: 15828814
references: Front Behav Neurosci. 2011 Sep 21;5:60
references: 22007163
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20
references: 15784664
references: Addict Biol. 2005 Dec;10(4):325-7
references: 16318953
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Feb;28(1):114-6
references: 18204359
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan 30;700(1-3):147-51
references: 23261499
references: J Nucl Med. 2013 Aug;54(8):1428-33
references: 23819924
references: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014 Sep-Oct;52(8):901-4
references: 25175898
references: CNS Drug Rev. 2001 Winter;7(4):471-81
references: 11830761
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jun 1;63(11):1075-83
references: 18261715
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;64(12):1440-8
references: 14728105
references: J Pharm Pract. 2015 Feb;28(1):50-65
references: 25261428
references: J Biol Chem. 2012 May 25;287(22):18524-34
references: 22451652
references: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;45(1):27-35
references: 21073405
references: Front Psychiatry. 2014 May 19;5:47
references: 24904434
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Apr;214(3):593-602
references: 21072502
references: Schizophr Bull. 2014 Nov;40(6):1509-17
references: 24345517
references: Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(3-4):389-402
references: 18365939
references: JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Apr 8;173(7):595
references: 23568632
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;28(4):379-89
references: 23881886
references: Behav Brain Res. 2015 Jan 15;277:99-120
references: 25036425
references: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:841798
references: 25025070
references: Lakartidningen. 2014 Sep 11;111(40):1712-5
references: 25253604
references: J Neurochem. 1976 Jan;26(1):187-90
references: 1255170
references: Drug Test Anal. 2013 Mar;5(3):145-9
references: 21770051
references: Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2011 May;6(2):125-9
references: 21592070
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Sep 12;311(2-3):109-14
references: 8891589
references: Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014 Feb;32(1):1-28
references: 24275167
references: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:734749
references: 25105138
references: Neuropharmacology. 2013 Sep;72:274-81
references: 23665356
references: Therapie. 2013 Mar-Apr;68(2):123-4
references: 23773355
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2012 Apr;36(3):145-52
references: 22417829
references: Drug Test Anal. 2014 Jul-Aug;6(7-8):614-32
references: 24678061
references: J Addict Med. 2014 May-Jun;8(3):195-8
references: 24662370
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Jan-Feb;37(1):43-6
references: 23111916
references: Toxicol Lett. 2007 Apr 5;170(1):75-82
references: 17382495
references: Int Rev Neurobiol. 1981;22:83-110
references: 6792104
references: Lakartidningen. 2013 Apr 17-23;110(16):825-7
references: 23717928
references: J Mass Spectrom. 2010 Oct;45(10):1186-94
references: 20857386
references: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jun 1;23(11):3411-5
references: 23602445
references: Farmakol Toksikol. 1980 May-Jun;43(3):288-91
references: 7449968
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Feb;27(1):71-5
references: 17224717
references: J Forensic Sci. 2013 Nov;58(6):1676-80
references: 23822805
references: Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(4):248-9
references: 22678228
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 15;72(10):871-9
references: 22817868
references: Arzneimittelforschung. 1996 Sep;46(9):844-7
references: 8876930
references: J Med Chem. 1991 Sep;34(9):2719-25
references: 1895292
references: Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Dec;64(6):629-32
references: 24530110
references: Pediatrics. 2011 Dec;128(6):e1622-7
references: 22065271
references: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;381(6):563-72
references: 20401651
references: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Oct 22;274(2):131-4
references: 10553955
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Mar;45(3):414-7
references: 21325097
references: J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar;8(1):65-8
references: 22160789
references: Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(14):1360-81
references: 20166927
references: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015 Jan;48(1):8-12
references: 25216812
references: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012 Jul;50(6):458-70
references: 22746383
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 3;39(2):221-6
references: 22841965
references: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Feb 15;62(6):93-8
references: 23407124
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;27(3):254-61
references: 22407587
references: Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1965 Feb;24:49-67
references: 14301999
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1989 Mar;146(3):353-6
references: 2537582
references: J Psychoactive Drugs. 2012 Jul-Aug;44(3):274-6
references: 23061328
references: J Forensic Sci. 1988 Mar;33(2):549-53
references: 3373171
references: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1983 Mar;20(1):59-68
references: 6887300
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Apr 10;227(1-3):33-41
references: 23092848
references: Neurologist. 2010 May;16(3):199-202
references: 20445431
references: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(11):1606-10
references: 23452563
references: Drug Test Anal. 2014 Jul-Aug;6(7-8):676-83
references: 24166818
references: Addiction. 2004 Nov;99(11):1450-61
references: 15500598
references: Psychother Psychosom. 2011;80(2):118-22
references: 21212719
references: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Sep-Oct;35(5):571-3
references: 23706777
references: Neuropsychobiology. 2010;61(3):122-30
references: 20110737
references: J Dual Diagn. 2014;10(3):168-73
references: 25392292
references: Drug Metab Rev. 2014 Feb;46(1):72-85
references: 24063277
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Oct;37(8):534-41
references: 23970540
references: Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Jul;106(27):464-7
references: 19652769
references: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(4):359-63
references: 9711203
references: J Psychopharmacol. 2004 Sep;18(3):395-403
references: 15358984
references: J Med Chem. 1973 Nov;16(11):1260-7
references: 4747968
references: Bull Narc. 2006;58(1-2):1-155
references: 19066071
references: Lancet. 1994 Jan 1;343(8888):57
references: 7905069
references: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014 Mar;52(3):176-80
references: 24580056
references: J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):445-51
references: 24263011
references: ACS Med Chem Lett. 2012 Nov 14;4(1):41-5
references: 24900561
references: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;244(3):113-4
references: 7803523
references: Planta Med. 1997 Dec;63(6):548-9
references: 9434608
references: J Addict Med. 2013 Jul-Aug;7(4):296-8
references: 23609214
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Sep;45:233-45
references: 24971825
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 Jun;83(6):735-41
references: 12048649
references: Subst Use Misuse. 2014 Dec;49(14):1849-56
references: 24827869
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):225-32
references: 26216555
references: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 15;8(7):e59395
references: 23869202
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Dec;116(12):1591-9
references: 19756361
references: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014 Jul;52(6):642-3
references: 24940646
references: Science. 2009 Feb 13;323(5916):934-7
references: 19213917
references: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;22(5):393-5
references: 23083027
references: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2014;50(1):12-27
references: 24695249
references: CNS Drugs. 2014 Jun;28(6):491-6
references: 24760436
references: Pharmacol Res. 2012 Aug;66(2):163-9
references: 22525682
references: J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Jul-Aug;46(3):243-51
references: 25052883
references: Am J Addict. 2012 Jul-Aug;21(4):320-6
references: 22691010
references: Br J Pharmacol. 1980 Jul;69(3):503-12
references: 6249436
references: Int J Drug Policy. 2014 May;25(3):444-50
references: 24280586
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Aug;24(4):441-6
references: 3408760
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Mar;27(2):145-9
references: 22389078
references: Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Feb;101(2):131-81
references: 14761703
references: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;78(1):190-1
references: 25083536
references: Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 1;75(1):17-33
references: 17977517
references: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Sep;20(7):575-80
references: 9819801
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Jul 1;103(1-2):30-6
references: 19398283
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2014 Oct;243:55-60
references: 24810679
references: Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Feb 1;16(3):1279-86
references: 17981041
references: Drug Test Anal. 2014 Jul-Aug;6(7-8):684-95
references: 24841869
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Aug;228(4):525-40
references: 23836028
references: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014 Jun;10(6):314-24
references: 24662435
references: Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992 Feb;15(1):56-62
references: 1576599
references: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 02;5(2):e9019
references: 20126400
references: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;45(4):353-6
references: 8299669
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39952
references: 22808077
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;32(5):710-4
references: 22926609
references: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1996 Jul-Sep;28(3):267-90
references: 8895112
references: BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Feb 06;2013:
references: 23391959
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 May;405(12):3937-44
references: 23208283
references: Neurology. 2013 Dec 10;81(24):2090-3
references: 24212384
references: Subst Use Misuse. 2010 May;45(6):916-24
references: 20397876
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012 Jan 1;120(1-3):238-41
references: 21835562
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jul;30(4):249-54
references: 26216558
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Aug;31(8):1814-21
references: 16407903
references: J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Oct 28;119(3):653-63
references: 18761074
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;22(7):1105-20
references: 9829291
references: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1984 Oct-Dec;16(4):347-58
references: 6394730
references: J Neurosci. 1998 Oct 15;18(20):8417-22
references: 9763484
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 May;84(5):638-42
references: 12736874
references: Drug Test Anal. 2011 Jul-Aug;3(7-8):404-16
references: 21755608
references: Drug Test Anal. 2015 Jan;7(1):83-7
references: 25293509
references: CNS Drug Rev. 2005 Summer;11(2):169-82
references: 16007238
references: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007 Sep;45(6):662-77
references: 17849242
references: J Med Toxicol. 2011 Sep;7(3):205-12
references: 21739343
references: Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Jul;60(1):100-2
references: 22237165
references: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;28(4):390-3
references: 23881887