title: The long-term programming effect of maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnancy on allergic airway disease and lung function in offspring after 20 to 25 years of follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High prenatal vitamin D status has been linked to decreased risk of atopic diseases in early childhood, but whether such relations persist until adulthood has not been explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine the association between maternal 25-hydryxovitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations and outcomes of allergic airway disease and lung function in offspring with 20 to 25 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective birth cohort with 965 pregnant women enrolled in 1988-1989, maternal 25(OH)D concentrations were quantified in serum from gestational week 30 (n = 850 [88%]). Offspring were followed in nationwide registries with complete follow-up to the age of 25 years (n = 850 [100%]). Additionally, at age 20 years, outcomes of allergic airway disease and lung function were assessed in a subset of offspring by using blood samples and spirometry (n = 410 [45%]) and a questionnaire (n = 641 [70%]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration (≥125 nmol/L) was associated with an increased risk of asthma hospitalizations in offspring (hazard ratio [HR], 1.81; 95% CI, 0.78-4.16) during 25 years of follow-up compared with the reference group (75-<125 nmol/L). Furthermore, there were lower risks of asthma hospitalizations (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.08-1.02) and asthma medication use (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.95) in those exposed to a low maternal 25(OH)D concentration (<50 nmol/L). In a reduced set of participants, we found no associations between maternal 25(OH)D concentrations and offspring allergen-specific IgE, total IgE, and eosinophil cationic protein levels; self-reported doctor's diagnosis of asthma or hay fever; or lung function at 20 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study does not provide support for a protective effect of a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration on outcomes of allergic airway disease and lung function at 20 to 25 years of age. In contrast, a high maternal 25(OH)D concentration might be associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases in offspring.
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: suu@ssi.dk.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Hansen
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Ekaterina
authors: E
authors: Maslova
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Marin
authors: M
authors: Strøm
authors: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Allan
authors: A
authors: Linneberg
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors: Thorhallur I
authors: TI
authors: Halldorsson
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Charlotta
authors: C
authors: Granström
authors: Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Dahl
authors: Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors: Hans Jürgen
authors: HJ
authors: Hoffmann
authors: Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
authors: Sjurdur F
authors: SF
authors: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D047150:Eosinophil Cationic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D014807:Vitamin D; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D047150:Eosinophil Cationic Protein
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Cohort; allergic rhinitis; asthma; fetal programming; lung function; pregnancy