title: Low anti-staphylococcal IgG responses in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients despite long-term Staphylococcus aureus exposure.
abstract: Chronic nasal carriage of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in patients with the autoimmune disease granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a risk factor for disease relapse. To date, it was neither known whether GPA patients show similar humoral immune responses to S. aureus as healthy carriers, nor whether specific S. aureus types are associated with GPA. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing humoral immune responses of GPA patients against S. aureus antigens in relation to the genetic diversity of their nasal S. aureus isolates. A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including 85 GPA patients and 18 healthy controls (HC). Humoral immune responses against S. aureus were investigated by determining serum IgG levels against 59 S. aureus antigens. Unexpectedly, patient sera contained lower anti-staphylococcal IgG levels than sera from HC, regardless of the patients' treatment, while total IgG levels were similar or higher. Furthermore, 210 S. aureus isolates obtained from GPA patients were characterized by different typing approaches. This showed that the S. aureus population of GPA patients is highly diverse and mirrors the general S. aureus population. Our combined findings imply that GPA patients are less capable of mounting a potentially protective antibody response to S. aureus than healthy individuals.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Corinna
authors: C
authors: Glasner
authors: Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Mirjan M
authors: MM
authors: van Timmeren
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Stobernack
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Till F
authors: TF
authors: Omansen
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Erwin C
authors: EC
authors: Raangs
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Rossen
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Marcus C
authors: MC
authors: de Goffau
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan P
authors: JP
authors: Arends
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Greetje A
authors: GA
authors: Kampinga
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Denny G A M
authors: DG
authors: Koedijk
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jolanda
authors: J
authors: Neef
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Girbe
authors: G
authors: Buist
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Mehri
authors: M
authors: Tavakol
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Willem J B
authors: WJ
authors: van Wamel
authors: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Rutgers
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Coen A
authors: CA
authors: Stegeman
authors: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Cees G M
authors: CG
authors: Kallenberg
authors: Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Heeringa
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan Maarten
authors: JM
authors: van Dijl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D014890:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
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