title: Self-reported eating speed in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), known to be related to insulin resistance, has been the focus of intensive research efforts due to its increasing prevalence and clinical significance. Rapid eating behavior is another emerging health issue associated with insulin resistance. We aimed to clarify the correlation between self-reported eating speed and NAFLD, both known to be related to insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted during routine medical checkups on 7,917 consecutively enrolled participants. Anthropometric, biochemical, nutritional, and social parameters were checked. The self-reported eating speed per their usual meal (<5, 5-10, 10-15, and more than 15 min) was recorded by a registered dietitian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The faster eating groups had a higher proportion of NAFLD, and the grade of NAFLD was advanced. After controlling for anthropometric, cardiometabolic, social, and nutritional parameters, the fastest eating group (<5 min) showed an increased risk of NAFLD compared with the lowest eating speed group (≥15 min) both in total [odds ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.63] and the participants with BMI < 25 kg/m(2) (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.22-2.61). As the self-reported eating speed increased, the risk of NAFLD also increased in total and those with BMI < 25 kg/m(2) (P for trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast eating is associated with an increased risk of the presence and grade of NAFLD in Korean adults, especially those with BMI < 25 kg/m(2), since presence of overweight or obesity may be overwhelming the effect on NAFLD.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
authors: Saehyun
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.|Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.|Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 100-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Byung-Joon
authors: BJ
authors: Ko
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
authors: Younghoon
authors: Y
authors: Gong
authors: Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyungdo
authors: K
authors: Han
authors: School of Physician Assistant Studies, College of Health Professionals, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Family Medicine, SahmYook Medical Center, Seoul, 130-711, Republic of Korea.
authors: Byoung-Duck
authors: BD
authors: Han
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yeo Joon
authors: YJ
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
authors: Siyoung
authors: S
authors: Park
authors: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jung-Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. cmantzor@bidmc.harvard.edu.|Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. cmantzor@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors: Christos S
authors: CS
authors: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: Eating behavior; Insulin resistance; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Obesity
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