title: Downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete Bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. Invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. The occurrence of outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens under controlled laboratory conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas both EcO157 and S. Typhimurium population sizes increased 10(2)-fold on healthy leaf tissue under conditions of warm temperature and free water on the leaves, they increased by 10(5)-fold in necrotic lesions caused by B. lactucae. Confocal microscopy of GFP-EcO157 in the necrotic tissue confirmed its massive population density and association with the oomycete hyphae. Multiplication of EcO157 in the diseased tissue was significantly lower in the RH08-0464 lettuce line, which has a high level of resistance to downy mildew than in the more susceptible cultivar Triple Threat. qRT-PCR quantification of expression of the plant basal immunity gene PR-1, revealed that this gene had greater transcriptional activity in line RH08-0464 than in cultivar Triple Threat, indicating that it may be one of the factors involved in the differential growth of the human pathogen in B. lactucae lesions between the two lettuce accessions. Additionally, downy mildew disease had a significant effect on the colonization of EcO157 at high relative humidity (RH 90-100%) and on its persistence at lower RH (65-75%). The latter conditions, which promoted overall dryness of the lettuce leaf surface, allowed for only 0.0011% and 0.0028% EcO157 cell survival in healthy and chlorotic tissue, respectively, whereas 1.58% of the cells survived in necrotic tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that downy mildew significantly alters the behavior of enteric pathogens in the lettuce phyllosphere and that breeding for resistance to B. lactucae may lower the increased risk of microbial contamination caused by this plant pathogen.
authors: Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA. ivan.simko@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Simko
authors: Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94563, USA. yaguang.zhou@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Yaguang
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94563, USA. maria.brandl@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Maria T
authors: MT
authors: Brandl
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology*; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
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