title: Alcohol sales to underage buyers in the Netherlands in 2011 and 2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measuring vendors' compliance and possible change in compliance with the legal age limits on alcohol sales in 2011 and 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011 and 2013, representative mystery shopping studies were conducted. In total, 2,737 underage mystery shopping alcohol purchase attempts were conducted both in off-premise (supermarkets, liquor stores, and take away restaurants) and on-premise (bars and sports bars) outlets as well as from alcohol home delivery services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average compliance increased significantly from 28.2% in 2011 to 46.5% in 2013, and asking proof of age (ID) also increased significantly from 43.9% in 2011 to 54.1% in 2013.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both asking proof of age and, ultimately, compliance with the legal age limits increased significantly. Nevertheless, still 53.5% of the adolescents could purchase alcohol themselves, which makes alcohol largely available through the various premises.
authors: Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.j.vanhoof@utwente.nl.
authors: Joris J
authors: JJ
authors: Van Hoof
authors: Nuchter, Centre for Research on Age Restrictions, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors: Ruud T J
authors: RT
authors: Roodbeen
authors: Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Krokké
authors: Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors: Jordy F
authors: JF
authors: Gosselt
authors: Nuchter, Centre for Research on Age Restrictions, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Schelleman-Offermans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Compliance; Legal age limits; Mystery shopping; Underage alcohol sales