title: Adolescent oligomenorrhea (age 14-19) tracks into the third decade of life (age 20-28) and predicts increased cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess whether adolescent oligomenorrhea (age 14-19) tracks into young adulthood (age 20-28) and predicts increased cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and impaired fasting glucose-type II diabetes mellitus (IFG+T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of menstrual cyclicity and its metabolic effects in 865 black and white schoolgirls from age 9 to 19, and 605 of these 865 girls from age 20 to 28.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns of menstrual delays (oligomenorrhea) during ages 14-19 and ages 20-28 were closely related (p<.0001). Adolescent menses delay (ages 14-19, p<.0001), mean insulin (ages 20-28, p=.0003), and self-identified polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, p=.049) predicted ages 20-28 menses delay. Menses delays during ages 14-19 and 20-28, and, their interaction product were correlated with IFG+T2DM and MetS at ages 20-28. Waist circumference (ages 20-28, p<.0001), mean triglyceride (ages 20-28, p=.005), and the number of average menstrual cycles≥42 days (ages 20-28, p=.04) predicted IFG+T2DM (ages 20-28). MetS (ages 9-19, p<.0001), mean insulin (ages 20-28, p=.0002), the number of ≥42 day gaps between menstrual periods (ages 20-28, p=.02), and cigarette smoking at age 18-19 (p=.04) were significant explanatory variables for MetS at ages 27-28. As MetS status category changed from age 14-19 to 27-28 from best to worst: (no → no), (yes → no), (yes → yes), (no → yes), the number of women with ≥2 menses delays during ages 20-28 rose from 3% to 4% to 15% to 17%, p=.0001. MetS status change from age 9-19 to 27-28 was positively associated with mean insulin (age 20-28, p<.0001), cigarette smoking (age 24-25, p=.01) and the number of menses delays during ages 20-28 (p=.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menstrual patterns track from adolescence to young adulthood, and oligomenorrhea predicts MetS and IFG+T2DM. Patterns of menses delays in adolescence should be considered as a significant risk factor for future development of young adult IFG+T2DM, MetS, oligomenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
authors: Cholesterol Metabolism Thrombosis Center Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: cjglueck@mercy.com.
authors: Charles J
authors: CJ
authors: Glueck
authors: Heart Institute the Division of Biostatistics Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors: Jessica G
authors: JG
authors: Woo
authors: Heart Institute the Division of Biostatistics Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors: Philip R
authors: PR
authors: Khoury
authors: Heart Institute the Division of Biostatistics Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Morrison
authors: Children's Hospital Denver CO.
authors: Stephen R
authors: SR
authors: Daniels
authors: Cholesterol Metabolism Thrombosis Center Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009839:Oligomenorrhea / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Impaired fasting glucose-type 2 diabetes mellitus; Metabolic syndrome; Oligomenorrhea; Polycystic ovary syndrome