title: Untangling autophagy measurements: all fluxed up.
abstract: Autophagy is an important physiological process in the heart, and alterations in autophagic activity can exacerbate or mitigate injury during various pathological processes. Methods to assess autophagy have changed rapidly because the field of research has expanded. As with any new field, methods and standards for data analysis and interpretation evolve as investigators acquire experience and insight. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methods to measure autophagy, selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and autophagic flux. We will examine several published studies where confusion arose in data interpretation, to illustrate the challenges. Finally, we will discuss methods to assess autophagy in vivo and in patients.
authors: From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA. Roberta.Gottlieb@cshs.org.
authors: Roberta A
authors: RA
authors: Gottlieb
authors: From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Allen M
authors: AM
authors: Andres
authors: From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Jon
authors: J
authors: Sin
authors: From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: David P J
authors: DP
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D063306:Mitophagy; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: autophagy; methods; microscopy, fluorescence; mitochondrial degradation; physiology
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