title: S. Typhimurium strategies to resist killing by cationic antimicrobial peptides.
abstract: S. Typhimurium is a broad host range Gram-negative pathogen that must evade killing by host innate immune systems to colonize, replicate, cause disease, and be transmitted to other hosts. A major pathogenic strategy of Salmonellae is entrance, survival, and replication within eukaryotic cell phagocytic vacuoles. These phagocytic vacuoles and gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces contain multiple cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) which control invading bacteria. S. Typhimurium possesses several key mechanisms to resist killing by CAMPs which involve sensing CAMPs and membrane damage to activate signaling cascades that result in remodeling of the bacterial envelope to reduce its overall negative charge with an increase in hydrophobicity to decrease binding and effectiveness of CAMPs. Moreover Salmonellae have additional mechanisms to resist killing by CAMPs including an outer membrane protease which targets cationic peptides at the surface, and specific efflux pumps which protect the inner membrane from damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.
authors: Departments of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Matamouros
authors: Departments of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: millersi@uw.edu.
authors: Samuel I
authors: SI
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability; D019081:O Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D059748:Proteolysis; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D019081:O Antigens
keywords: Lipid A modification; Outer-membrane remodeling; Polymyxin; Resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptide; Salmonella Typhimurium
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