title: Strong effect of climate on ectomycorrhizal fungal composition: evidence from range overlap between two mountains.
abstract: Separating the effects of environmental factors and spatial distance on microbial composition is difficult when these factors covary. We examined the composition of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along elevation gradients on geographically distant mountains to clarify the effect of climate at the regional scale. Soil cores were collected from various forest types along an elevation gradient in southwestern Japan. Fungal species were identified by the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA using direct sequencing. The occurrence of fungal species in this study was compared with a previous study conducted on a mountain separated by ∼550 km. In total, we recorded 454 EM fungi from 330 of 350 soil cores. Forty-seven fungal species (∼20% of the total excluding singletons) were shared between two mountains, mostly between similar forest types on both mountains. Variation partitioning in redundancy analysis revealed that climate explained the largest variance in EM fungal composition. The similarity of forest tree composition, which is usually determined by climatic conditions, was positively correlated with the similarity of the EM fungal composition. However, the lack of large host effects implied that communities of forest trees and EM fungi may be determined independently by climate. Our data provide important insights that host plants and mutualistic fungi may respond to climate change idiosyncratically, potentially altering carbon and nutrient cycles in relation to the plant-fungus associations.
authors: Department of Natural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Miyamoto
authors: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kochi, Japan.
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Sakai
authors: Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Masahira
authors: M
authors: Hattori
authors: Department of Natural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kazuhide
authors: K
authors: Nara
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D044822:Biodiversity; D002244:Carbon; D057231:Climate Change; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D065928:Forests; D007564:Japan; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis; D014197:Trees / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D002244:Carbon
references: Glob Chang Biol. 2013 Jun;19(6):1688-96
references: 23505218
references: Environ Monit Assess. 2002 Aug;78(1):45-61
references: 12197640
references: ISME J. 2013 Sep;7(9):1852-61
references: 23598789
references: Plant Mol Biol. 1991 Nov;17(5):1105-9
references: 1932684
references: Ecol Lett. 2007 Jun;10(6):470-80
references: 17498146
references: New Phytol. 2013 Jun;198(4):1228-1238
references: 23496225
references: Ecology. 2006 Sep;87(9):2278-87
references: 16995628
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2013 Dec;30(12):2725-9
references: 24132122
references: New Phytol. 2014 Jan;201(2):433-9
references: 26207269
references: New Phytol. 2008;180(2):479-490
references: 18631297
references: Mycorrhiza. 2012 Feb;22(2):121-34
references: 21573837
references: New Phytol. 2013 Aug;199(3):822-31
references: 23692134
references: Mycorrhiza. 2013 Nov;23(8):641-53
references: 23702643
references: Mol Ecol. 2010 Apr;19(7):1469-82
references: 20456232
references: Ecol Lett. 2010 Sep;13(9):1103-13
references: 20545731
references: Mol Ecol. 2012 Sep;21(17):4160-70
references: 22568722
references: Mycorrhiza. 2013 Jan;23(1):11-9
references: 22592855
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105 Suppl 1:11505-11
references: 18695215
references: Mol Ecol. 2012 Oct;21(20):5110-23
references: 22971047
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 Feb;4(2):102-12
references: 16415926
references: New Phytol. 2006;170(4):873-83
references: 16684245
references: New Phytol. 2005 Jun;166(3):1011-23
references: 15869659
references: New Phytol. 2007;174(2):430-440
references: 17388905
references: Mycorrhiza. 2014 Oct;24(7):551-63
references: 24718965
references: New Phytol. 2007;174(2):250-256
references: 17388888
references: ISME J. 2014 Aug;8(8):1739-46
references: 24621523
references: Ecol Lett. 2013 May;16 Suppl 1:140-53
references: 23679013
references: Integr Comp Biol. 2002 Apr;42(2):352-9
references: 21708728
references: Mol Ecol. 2014 Mar;23(5):992-5
references: 24400823
references: New Phytol. 2005 Apr;166(1):263-71
references: 15760369
references: Mycorrhiza. 2010 Apr;20(4):217-63
references: 20191371
references: Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1444-9
references: 18556546
references: New Phytol. 2009;182(2):295-299
references: 19302178
references: Ecology. 2007 Sep;88(9):2280-91
references: 17918406
references: New Phytol. 2012 Jan;193(2):465-73
references: 21988714
references: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004 Aug 1;49(2):319-32
references: 19712424
references: Ecol Lett. 2006 Oct;9(10):1127-35
references: 16972876
references: Brief Bioinform. 2008 Jul;9(4):286-98
references: 18372315
references: New Phytol. 2007;176(2):437-447
references: 17888121
references: Mol Ecol. 2008 Jun;17(12):2825-38
references: 18489549
references: New Phytol. 2003 Mar;157(3):475-492
references: 33873410
references: New Phytol. 2013 Jun;198(4):1239-1249
references: 23421531