title: [Interbody fusion procedures. Development from a historical perspective].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of interbody fusion now stretches over many decades and is still not complete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the lack of appropriate implants, the initial fusions were performed via decortication of the dorsal and lateral structures of the spine, followed by placement of an autograft. Despite acceptable fusion results, better primary stability and higher fusion rates were desired. In addition, it became known that the primary load-bearing of the spine is located ventrally in the area of the corpus of the vertebrae. These considerations led to the development of the PLIF technique that was introduced by Cloward in 1953 and gained significantly in popularity. After removal of the intervertebral disc, he positioned iliac crest bone blocks between the vertebral bodies. Based on this technique and these considerations, intervertebral implants were developed in the 1970s. The so-called Bagby Basket was the first intervertebral cage that was initially used in horses with wobbler syndrome. Other milestones in the improvement of the cage designs followed, resulting in the production of different implant shapes and materials. The elastic modulus of the interbody implants approached by modern materials became more and more similar to bone, so that subsidence of cages reduced and the fusion rate could be further increased. The primary stability could be further increased with screw-rod systems, so that dorsal instrumentation became the standard in the context of PLIF and TLIF procedures today. The TLIF procedure described by Harms was a new modification and minimized complications of lumbar fusions and reduced the invasiveness of the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nowadays a wide variety of implants and implantation techniques are available, making interbody fusions in PLIF and TLIF techniques safe and successful procedures.
authors: Abteilung für Wirbelsäulenorthopädie, Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland, marcus.rickert@friedrichsheim.de.
authors: Marcus
authors: M
authors: Rickert
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Rauschmann
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fleege
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Behrbalk
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Harms
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
references: Presse Med. 1970 Jun;78(32):1447-8
references: 4913929
references: Neurosurgery. 2002 Nov;51(5):1191-8; discussion 1198
references: 12383364
references: Acta Orthop Belg. 2008 Oct;74(5):667-71
references: 19058702
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Sep 1;24(17):1857
references: 10488519
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1962 Jun;44-A:591-610
references: 14036052
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 Oct 15;18(14):2106-7
references: 8272967
references: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1946 Feb;82:215-8
references: 21011710
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Oct;(189):125-41
references: 6478690
references: Paraplegia. 1985 Aug;23(4):225-32
references: 3900882
references: Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011 Sep;131(9):1239-45
references: 21547697
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 Feb;227:99-102
references: 3338227
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Jan 1;22(1):26-31
references: 9122778
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Mar 1;23(5):634-40
references: 9530797
references: Oper Orthop Traumatol. 1998 Jun;10(2):90-102
references: 17332991
references: J Neurosurg Spine. 2005 Sep;3(3):218-23
references: 16235705
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Mar 15;22(6):667-79; discussion 679-80
references: 9089940
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jun 1;34(13):1385-9
references: 19478658
references: J Neurosurg Spine. 2005 Jun;2(6):673-8
references: 16028736
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 May 15;19(10):1117-23; discussion 1123-4
references: 8059266
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Aug 15;30(16 Suppl):S33-43
references: 16103832
references: J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005 Feb;18 Suppl:S1-6
references: 15699793
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 Jul 1;19(13):1436-44
references: 7939971
references: Ann Surg. 1952 Dec;136(6):987-92
references: 12986683
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968 Jul;50(5):919-26
references: 5676831
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Mar 1;26(5):567-71
references: 11242386
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1948 Jul;30A(3):560-5
references: 18109577
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959 Apr;41-A(3):388-96
references: 13641289
references: S Afr J Surg. 1967 Jan-Mar;5(1):7-12
references: 6044753
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Mar 1;29(5):598-9
references: 15129085
references: Orthopedics. 1988 Jun;11(6):931-4
references: 3387340
references: Spine J. 2004 Nov-Dec;4(6):681-8
references: 15541703
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Oct;(112):4-8
references: 1104237
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1953 Oct;35-A(4):1014-8
references: 13108907
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 Mar;(193):16-9
references: 3971616
references: J Neurosurg. 1953 Mar;10(2):154-68
references: 13035484
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Feb;(203):191-5
references: 2937594
references: J Neurosurg Spine. 2006 Mar;4(3):198-205
references: 16572618
references: Eur Spine J. 2000 Feb;9 Suppl 1:S89-94
references: 10766063
references: Orthop Clin North Am. 1998 Oct;29(4):829-42
references: 9756975
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Jun 1;23 (11):1267-78; discussion 1279
references: 9636981
references: J Orthop Sci. 2004;9(3):327-33
references: 15168193
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991 Jun;16(6 Suppl):S277-82
references: 1862425
references: Eur Spine J. 2000 Feb;9(1):42-6
references: 10766076