title: Distribution and determinants of urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate insecticides in Puerto Rican pregnant women.
abstract: Globally, human exposures to organophosphate (OP) insecticides may pose a significant burden to the health of mothers and their developing fetuses. Unfortunately, relevant data is limited in certain areas of the world concerning sources of exposure to OP insecticides in pregnant populations. To begin to address this gap in information for Puerto Rico, we studied repeated measures of urinary concentrations of 10 OP insecticide metabolites among 54 pregnant women from the northern karst region of the island. We also collected demographic data and self-reported information on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the past 48 h before urine collection and home pest-related issues. We calculated the distributions of the urinary biomarkers and compared them to women of reproductive age from the general U.S. population. We also used statistical models accounting for correlated data to assess within-subject temporal variability of the urinary biomarkers and to identify predictors of exposure. We found that for all but two metabolites (para-nitrophenol [PNP], diethylthiophosphate [DETP]), 50th or 95th percentile urinary concentrations (the metric that was used for comparison was based on the biomarker's detection frequency) of the other eight metabolites (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPY], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine, malathion dicarboxylic acid, diethylphosphate, diethyldithiophosphate, dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate [DMTP], dimethyldithiophosphate) were somewhat lower in our cohort compared with similarly aged women from the continental United States. TCPY, PNP, DETP, and DMTP, which were the only urinary metabolites detected in greater than 50% of the samples, had poor reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.19-0.28) during pregnancy. Positive predictors of OP insecticide exposure included: age; marital or employment status; consumption of cherries, grape juice, peanuts, peanut butter, or raisins; and residential application of pesticides. Further research is needed to understand what aspects of the predictors identified influence OP insecticide exposure during pregnancy.
authors: University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Electronic address: rclewis@umich.edu.
authors: Ryan C
authors: RC
authors: Lewis
authors: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: dcantonwine@partners.org.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Cantonwine
authors: University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: liza.anzalota@upr.edu.
authors: Liza V
authors: LV
authors: Anzalota Del Toro
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States. Electronic address: aic7@cdc.gov.
authors: Antonia M
authors: AM
authors: Calafat
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States. Electronic address: lvb5@cdc.gov.
authors: Liza
authors: L
authors: Valentin-Blasini
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States. Electronic address: msd7@cdc.gov.
authors: Mark D
authors: MD
authors: Davis
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States. Electronic address: ahm2@cdc.gov.
authors: M Angela
authors: MA
authors: Montesano
authors: Northeastern University, College of Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: aalsha@coe.neu.edu.
authors: Akram N
authors: AN
authors: Alshawabkeh
authors: University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: jose.cordero6@upr.edu.
authors: José F
authors: JF
authors: Cordero
authors: University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Electronic address: meekerj@umich.edu.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Meeker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D011647:Puerto Rico
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds
keywords: Biomarker; Pesticides; Pregnancy; Urine; Women
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