title: Wogonin induces eosinophil apoptosis and attenuates allergic airway inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eosinophils are key effector cells in allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, eczema, and asthma. Their tissue presence is regulated by both recruitment and increased longevity at inflamed sites.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of the flavone wogonin to induce eosinophil apoptosis in vitro and attenuate eosinophil-dominant allergic inflammation in vivo in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human and mouse eosinophil apoptosis in response to wogonin was investigated by cellular morphology, flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and pharmacological caspase inhibition. Allergic lung inflammation was modeled in mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were examined for inflammation, mucus production, and inflammatory mediator production. Airway hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized methacholine was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wogonin induced time- and concentration-dependent human and mouse eosinophil apoptosis in vitro. Wogonin-induced eosinophil apoptosis occurred with activation of caspase-3 and was inhibited by pharmacological caspase inhibition. Wogonin administration attenuated allergic airway inflammation in vivo with reductions in BAL and interstitial eosinophil numbers, increased eosinophil apoptosis, reduced airway mucus production, and attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness. This wogonin-induced reduction in allergic airway inflammation was prevented by concurrent caspase inhibition in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wogonin induces eosinophil apoptosis and attenuates allergic airway inflammation, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic inflammation in humans.
authors: MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Christopher D
authors: CD
authors: Lucas
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Dorward
authors: Sidharth
authors: S
authors: Sharma
authors: Jillian
authors: J
authors: Rennie
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Felton
authors: Ana L
authors: AL
authors: Alessandri
authors: Rodger
authors: R
authors: Duffin
authors: Jurgen
authors: J
authors: Schwarze
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Haslett
authors: Adriano G
authors: AG
authors: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D010047:Ovalbumin; C085514:wogonin
keywords: airway resistance; antiinflammatory agents; hypersensitivity; inflammation resolution; mucus
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