title: Influenza A virus H5-specific antibodies in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in the USA.
abstract: The use of serologic assays for influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance in wild birds has increased because of the availability of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Recently, an H5-specific blocking ELISA (bELISA) was shown to reliably detect H5-specific antibodies to low- and high-pathogenic H5 viruses in experimentally infected waterfowl. Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) were frequently associated with highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreaks in Europe and may have a similar role if highly pathogenic H5N1 is introduced into North America. We measured the prevalence of antibodies to the nucleoprotein and H5 protein in Mute Swans using three serologic assays. We collected 340 serum samples from Mute Swans in Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island, US. We detected antibodies to the IAV nucleoprotein in 66.2% (225/340) of the samples. We detected H5-specific antibodies in 62.9% (214/340) and 18.8% (64/340) using a modified H5 bELISA protocol and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, respectively. The modified H5 bELISA protocol detected significantly more positive samples than did the manufacturer's protocol. We also tested 46 samples using virus neutralization. Neutralization results had high agreement with the modified H5 bELISA protocol and detected a higher prevalence than did the HI assay. These results indicate that North American Mute Swans have high nucleoprotein and H5 antibody prevalences.
authors: 1  Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
authors: Whitney M
authors: WM
authors: Kistler
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Stallknecht
authors: Camille
authors: C
authors: Lebarbenchon
authors: Kerri
authors: K
authors: Pedersen
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Marks
authors: Randy
authors: R
authors: Mickley
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: DeLiberto
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Yabsley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes / Q000097:blood*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus
keywords: Cygnus olor; H5-specific ELISA; Mute Swan; hemagglutination inhibition; serology
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