title: Polygenic score × intervention moderation: an application of discrete-time survival analysis to modeling the timing of first tobacco use among urban youth.
abstract: The present study examines the interaction between a polygenic score and an elementary school-based universal preventive intervention trial. The polygenic score reflects the contribution of multiple genes and has been shown in prior research to be predictive of smoking cessation and tobacco use (Uhl et al., 2014). Using data from a longitudinal preventive intervention study, we examined age of first tobacco use from sixth grade to age 18. Genetic data were collected during emerging adulthood and were genotyped using the Affymetrix 6.0 microarray. The polygenic score was computed using these data. Discrete-time survival analysis was employed to test for intervention main and interaction effects with the polygenic score. We found a main effect of the intervention, with the intervention participants reporting their first cigarette smoked at an age significantly later than controls. We also found an Intervention × Polygenic Score interaction, with participants at the higher end of the polygenic score benefitting the most from the intervention in terms of delayed age of first use. These results are consistent with Belsky and colleagues' (e.g., Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Belsky & Pleuss, 2009, 2013; Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2011) differential susceptibility hypothesis and the concept of "for better or worse," wherein the expression of genetic variants are optimally realized in the context of an enriched environment, such as provided by a preventive intervention.
authors: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
authors: Rashelle J
authors: RJ
authors: Musci
authors: Harvard University Graduate School of Education.
authors: Katherine E
authors: KE
authors: Masyn
authors: NIH-IRP NIDA Molecular Neurobiology Branch.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Uhl
authors: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
authors: Brion
authors: B
authors: Maher
authors: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
authors: Sheppard G
authors: SG
authors: Kellam
authors: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
authors: Nicholas S
authors: NS
authors: Ialongo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult