title: Age related vascular endothelial function following lifelong sedentariness: positive impact of cardiovascular conditioning without further improvement following low frequency high intensity interval training.
abstract: Aging is associated with diffuse impairments in vascular endothelial function and traditional aerobic exercise is known to ameliorate these changes. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective at improving vascular function in aging men with existing disease, but its effectiveness remains to be demonstrated in otherwise healthy sedentary aging. However, the frequency of commonly used HIIT protocols may be poorly tolerated in older cohorts. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of lower frequency HIIT (LfHIIT) on vascular function in a cohort of lifelong sedentary (SED; n = 22, age 62.7 ± 5.2 years) men compared with a positive control group of lifelong exercisers (LEX; n = 17, age 61.1 ± 5.4 years). The study consisted of three assessment phases; enrolment to the study (Phase A), following 6 weeks of conditioning exercise in SED (Phase B) and following 6 weeks of low frequency HIIT in both SED and LEX (LfHIIT; Phase C). Conditioning exercise improved FMD in SED (3.4 ± 1.5% to 4.9 ± 1.1%; P < 0.01) such that the difference between groups on enrolment (3.4 ± 1.5% vs. 5.3 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01) was abrogated. This was maintained but not further improved following LfHIIT in SED whilst FMD remained unaffected by LfHIIT in LEX. In conclusion, LfHIIT is effective at maintaining improvements in vascular function achieved during conditioning exercise in SED. LfHIIT is a well-tolerated and effective exercise mode for reducing cardiovascular risk and maintaining but does not improve vascular function beyond that achieved by conditioning exercise in aging men, irrespective of fitness level.
authors: Institute of Clinical Exercise & Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors: Fergal M
authors: FM
authors: Grace
authors: Institute of Clinical Exercise & Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK University of Wales Trinity Saint David, CamarthenWales, UK.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Herbert
authors: Institute of Clinical Exercise & Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Ratcliffe
authors: School of Health Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Wales, UK.
authors: Karl J
authors: KJ
authors: New
authors: Institute of Clinical Exercise & Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors: Julien S
authors: JS
authors: Baker
authors: Institute of Clinical Exercise & Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors: Nicholas F
authors: NF
authors: Sculthorpe
keywords: Aging; angiogenesis; high intensity interval training; vascular function
references: Circulation. 2003 Jun 24;107(24):3109-16
references: 12821592
references: Ergonomics. 1982 Nov;25(11):1093-107
references: 7173159
references: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57(6):684-90
references: 3416852
references: Aging Cell. 2011 Dec;10(6):1032-7
references: 21943306
references: J Physiol. 2004 Apr 1;556(Pt 1):315-24
references: 14754992
references: Exp Physiol. 2012 Mar;97(3):305-10
references: 22266948
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Apr;47(4):789-98
references: 25137370
references: Circ Res. 2009 Mar 13;104(5):576-88
references: 19286613
references: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2002 Feb;13(1):29-37
references: 11969369
references: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;18(2):189-93
references: 16639173
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jun;98(6):1985-90
references: 15705728
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Jul;41(7):1510-30
references: 19516148
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Oct;36(10):1811-8
references: 15595305
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2008 Nov;115(9):283-93
references: 18338980
references: Circulation. 2003 Jan 21;107(2):346-54
references: 12538439
references: Eur Heart J. 2010 Dec;31(23 ):2854-61
references: 20864485
references: Acta Physiol Scand. 1960 Apr 25;48:448-53
references: 13794890
references: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008 Apr;36(2):58-63
references: 18362686
references: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Jun;19(3):412-8
references: 21450569
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2009 Feb;116(4):317-26
references: 18673303
references: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014 Sep;114(9):1963-72
references: 24917354
references: Circulation. 2013 Feb 5;127(5):652-62
references: 23295916
references: Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970;2(2):92-8
references: 5523831
references: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(3):183-6
references: 2347319
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Apr;39(4):665-71
references: 17414804
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012 Jun;67(6):553-64
references: 22080499
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Mar;112(6):956-61
references: 22174400
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32191
references: 22363814
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Mar;108(3):621-7
references: 20056848
references: Physiol Res. 2010;59(3):385-92
references: 19681661
references: Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):346-54
references: 18606913
references: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014 Nov;114(11):2427-36
references: 25091854
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990 Oct;22(5):704-12
references: 2233211
references: Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008 Sep 04;6:44
references: 18771594
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Mar 13;49(10):1015-26
references: 17349880
references: Circulation. 1999 Sep 7;100(10):1085-94
references: 10477534
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Apr;24(4):684-90
references: 14988094
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Dec;87(6):2136-42
references: 10601160
references: J Physiol. 2005 Nov 1;568(Pt 3):1057-65
references: 16141271
references: QJM. 2014 Jan;107(1):25-32
references: 24082155
references: Circulation. 2005 Jun 28;111(25):3391-9
references: 15956121
references: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Apr;19(2):151-60
references: 21450580
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Sep;297(3):H1109-16
references: 19633208
references: JAMA. 2009 May 20;301(19):2024-35
references: 19454641
references: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 16;8(9):e73182
references: 24066036
references: Clin Rehabil. 2012 Jan;26(1):33-44
references: 21937520
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Sep 1;117(5):425-39
references: 24855137
references: J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Feb 26;3(1):e000702
references: 24572255
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Mar 15;302(6):H1340-6
references: 22268113
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jul;65(1):1-6
references: 3403453
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 Feb;64(2):293-9
references: 19196908
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 29;101(26):9833-8
references: 15210967
references: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011 Feb;18(1):55-64
references: 20571405
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Aug;73(2):452-7
references: 1399965
references: Exp Gerontol. 2011 Aug;46(8):670-8
references: 21504786
references: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004 Jun;11(3):216-22
references: 15179103
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Oct;24(10):1173-9
references: 1435167
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Sep;97(3):1119-28
references: 15333630
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jan;43(1):115-22
references: 20473222
references: J Physiol. 2012 Mar 1;590(5):1077-84
references: 22289907
references: Circulation. 2003 Jan 7;107(1):139-46
references: 12515756
references: Am Heart J. 2009 Nov;158(5):734-41
references: 19853690
references: J Physiol. 2006 Sep 15;575(Pt 3):901-11
references: 16825308
references: Circulation. 2007 Jun 19;115(24):3086-94
references: 17548726
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Feb;28:90-9
references: 23123199
references: Res Sports Med. 2015;23(2):115-25
references: 25720917
references: Circulation. 2009 Mar 31;119(12):1601-8
references: 19289636
references: PLoS One. 2013 May 29;8(5):e65382
references: 23734250
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Apr;286(4):H1528-34
references: 15020306
references: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jul;217(1):240-8
references: 21481871
references: N Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 25;328(8):538-45
references: 8426621
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Sep;301(3):H1025-32
references: 21622824