title: Differentiated adipose-derived stem cells for bladder bioengineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to characterize and differentiate adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to functional smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as an alternative cell source for bladder engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat ADSCs were differentiated into SMCs for 1-6 weeks using induction medium. The changes in contractile genes and protein expression were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and Western blot at different time-points. Spontaneous and carbachol-induced contractions of engineered SMC tissue at different stages were investigated to define the optimal duration of induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADSCs differentiated into SMCs lost their capacity for expansion and their contractile phenotype, changing to a synthetic phenotype over time. Highest levels of calponin, smoothelin and MyH11 expression were observed in ADSCs induced for 3 weeks. Cells acquired typical SMC morphology when contractile proteins were expressed. However, SMC morphology was lost with reduction of contractile proteins, especially smoothelin and MyH11. The maximal spontaneous and carbachol-induced contraction of differentiated ADSCs was after 3 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that ADCSs are a suitable cell source for engineering tissues that require functional and contractile SMCs. An induction time of 3 weeks appears to be sufficient for ADSC differentiation to contractile SMCs suitable for urological tissue engineering.
authors: a 1 Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Souzan
authors: S
authors: Salemi
authors: a 1 Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Tremp
authors: b 2 Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: Plock
authors: c 3 Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard , Winston Salem, NC, USA.
authors: Karl-Erik
authors: KE
authors: Andersson
authors: d 4 Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Gobet
authors: a 1 Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Tullio
authors: T
authors: Sulser
authors: a 1 Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Eberli
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008297:Male; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder
keywords: adipose-derived stem cell; differentiation; smooth muscle; tissue engineering