title: Nicotine dependence in an isolated population of Kashubians from North Poland: a population survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use is a complex, multistage behaviour. The particular stages of this behaviour, including nicotine dependence (ND), are influenced by both genetics and the environment. Surveys on factors influencing tobacco use and ND, conducted in ethnically homogenous populations, can provide results less influenced by genetic and cultural heterogeneity. We aimed to assess ND in a sample of current smokers, derived from the geographically and culturally isolated population of Kashubians from North Poland, and evaluate its potential association with age, sex, and self-reported comorbidities. In addition, we attempted to replicate - for the first time in this population - previous findings on the association between ND and several variants within the CHRNA5A3-A5-B4 nicotine receptor subunit gene cluster.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of 969 unrelated subjects who were all current smokers. ND was evaluated using four measures: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Heavy Smoking Index (HSI), the number of cigarettes per day (CPD) and the time to first cigarette after waking (TTF). All subjects underwent genotyping for CHRNA5 rs16969968, CHRNA3 rs578776, and CHRNB4 rs12914008 variants. Multivariate regression analysis was used for the assessment of the studied correlations. A significance level of 0.05 with the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was set for a type 1 error in the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CPD, FTND and HSI scores in the study sample were 17.3 ± 7.7, 3.9 ± 2.3 and 2.6 ± 1.5, respectively. No association between ND defined by FTND, HSI or TTF and age was found. In turn, heavy smoking was significantly associated with older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-2.59, p = 0.009), and men were more likely than women to be heavy smokers (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.09-2.65, p = 0.018). Chronic comorbidity did not significantly influence ND. An analysis of association of studied polymorphisms with ND showed a borderline association of rs16969968 with CPD (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.09-2.45, p = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed a low to moderate level of ND in the Kashubians, influenced by age, sex, as well as the CHRNA5 rs16969968 variant.
authors: Department of Allergology and Pneumonology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Str. 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. asieminska@gumed.edu.pl.
authors: Alicja
authors: A
authors: Sieminska
authors: Department of Allergology and Pneumonology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Str. 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. ejassem@gumed.edu.pl.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Jassem
authors: Department of Allergology and Pneumonology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Str. 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. kitoos@o2.pl.
authors: Karolina
authors: K
authors: Kita-Milczarska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005810:Multigene Family; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: C447158:CHRNA5 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic
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