title: Expression and regulation of long noncoding RNAs in TLR4 signaling in mouse macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Though long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators of immune responses, whether they are involved in LPS-activated TLR4 signaling pathway and how is their expression regulated in mouse macrophages are still unexplored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By repurposing expression microarray probes, we identified 994 lncRNAs in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and classified them to enhancer-like lncRNAs (elncRNAs) and promoter-associated lncRNAs (plncRNAs) according to chromatin signatures defined by relative levels of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3. Fifteen elncRNAs and 12 plncRNAs are differentially expressed upon LPS stimulation. The expression change of lncRNAs and their neighboring protein-coding genes are significantly correlated. Also, the regulation of both elncRNAs and plncRNAs expression is associated with H3K4me3 and H3K27Ac. Crucially, many identified LPS-regulated lncRNAs, such as lncRNA-Nfkb2 and lncRNA-Rel, locate near to immune response protein-coding genes. The majority of LPS-regulated lncRNAs had at least one binding site among the transcription factors p65, IRF3, JunB and cJun.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established an integrative microarray analysis pipeline for profiling lncRNAs. Also, our results suggest that lncRNAs can be important regulators of LPS-induced innate immune response in BMDMs.
authors: Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, the United States. amao@bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors: Ai-Ping
authors: AP
authors: Mao
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China. shenjun@vip.163.com.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. zzuo@bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors: Zhixiang
authors: Z
authors: Zuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
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