title: Validation of a Sun Exposure Questionnaire Among Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Residing in South Florida.
abstract: To validate a sun exposure questionnaire against objective measures of change in skin color and to assess its validity in predicting 25(OH)D in a sample of African Americans and Hispanics with type 2 diabetes. Ninety subjects were enrolled. The sun exposure score was calculated by multiplying the time spent outdoors times the skin exposed score. Skin color was determined by reflectance colorimetry. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D, skin exposure score and stomach skin color was evaluated by a multi-linear regression model. The unadjusted model showed that skin exposure score (P = 0.037), and stomach skin color (P = 0.021) were associated with serum 25(OH)D. This relationship remained significant only for stomach skin color (P = 0.020) after controlling for covariates. It may be possible that the color of the skin is a better predictor of 25(OH)D in this particular population than sun exposure behaviors.
authors: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, AHC I - 435, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. jexeb001@fiu.edu.
authors: Joel C
authors: JC
authors: Exebio
authors: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, AHC I - 435, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. gzarini@hotmail.com.
authors: Gustavo G
authors: GG
authors: Zarini
authors: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, AHC I - 435, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. sajab001@fiu.edu.
authors: Sahar
authors: S
authors: Ajabshir
authors: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, AHC I - 435, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. jantw001@fiu.edu.
authors: Janet
authors: J
authors: Antwi
authors: Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, AHC I - 435, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. Huffmanf@fiu.edu.
authors: Fatma G
authors: FG
authors: Huffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013270:Stomach; D055108:Sunbathing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Skin color; Sun exposure; Type 2 diabetes; Vitamin D
references: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;103(3-5):631-4
references: 17218096
references: Health Phys. 2001 Nov;81(5):536-44
references: 11669207
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Aug;15(8):1538-44
references: 16896046
references: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81
references: 17634462
references: Melanoma Res. 1996 Jun;6(3):231-9
references: 8819126
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2011 Sep-Oct;87(5):1173-8
references: 21679191
references: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):334-7
references: 20298782
references: Health Educ Behav. 2006 Jun;33(3):340-51
references: 16699124
references: Br J Nutr. 2001 Aug;86 Suppl 1:S97-103
references: 11520426
references: Arch Dermatol. 2006 Oct;142(10):1304-11
references: 17043185
references: Med J Aust. 2001 Oct 15;175(8):401-5
references: 11700831
references: Photochem Photobiol. 1995 Jun;61(6):615-8
references: 7568408
references: Diabetologia. 1997 Mar;40(3):344-7
references: 9084975
references: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1990 Feb;7(1):5-12
references: 2196543
references: Am J Prev Med. 2005 Aug;29(2):131-42
references: 16005810
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Jan;71(1):60-4
references: 10649890
references: Diabetes Care. 2004 Dec;27(12):2813-8
references: 15562190
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1097S-101S
references: 18400741
references: Diabetes Care. 2010 Jun;33(6):1379-81
references: 20215450