title: Cigarette smoking and 9/11-related posttraumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees, 2003-12.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies have observed higher rates of smoking among adults with mental health conditions. We examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and smoking over a 7-9year period among adults with firsthand exposure to the 9/11 attacks enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at three waves: W1 (2003-04), W2 (2006-07), and W3 (2011-12). Enrollees aged ≥25 at W1 and who completed all three waves (n=34,458) were categorized by smoker-type: non-smoker, non-daily (smoked some days in last 30days), light (1-10 cigarettes per day (CPD)), or heavy (11+ CPD). Enrollees who smoked at W1 but not W3 were considered to have quit. PTSD was defined as a score of ≥44 on the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking declined significantly from W1 (12.6%) to W3 (9.2%). Smoking prevalence was higher among enrollees with PTSD. In multivariable models, odds of quitting were 25-39% lower among heavy, light, and non-daily smokers with PTSD compared to those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSD was associated with reduced odds of quitting regardless of smoker-type. Disaster-exposed smokers with PTSD are likely in need of more supportive services in order to abstain from smoking.
authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY 11101, USA. Electronic address: awelch1@health.nyc.gov.
authors: Alice E
authors: AE
authors: Welch
authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY 11101, USA.
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Jasek
authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY 11101, USA.
authors: Kimberly
authors: K
authors: Caramanica
authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY 11101, USA.
authors: Mariana C
authors: MC
authors: Chiles
authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Queens, NY 11101, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Johns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: 9/11; Disaster; PTSD; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Smoking; Smoking cessation; WTC; World Trade Center