title: Chromium released from leather - II: the importance of environmental parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 1-3% of the adult population in Europe are allergic to chromium (Cr). A new restriction in Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) based on the ISO 17075 standard has recently been adopted in the EU to limit Cr(VI) in consumer and occupational leather products to < 3 mg/kg.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of storage conditions [relative humidity, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and duration] on Cr release, and to assess several parameters relevant for occupational exposure (repeated exposure, wear, alkaline solutions, and sequential wet and dry exposures).
  
  
  METHODS
  A leather of relevance for work gloves was investigated for its release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) under these different experimental conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative humidity (water content in leather) during storage prior to Cr extraction was the single most important parameter. Cr(VI) levels could vary from non-detectable to levels significantly exceeding the restriction limit, depending on the relative humidity. Leather contact with alkaline solution and UV irradiation during storage could increase the Cr(VI) levels in subsequent extractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of Cr(VI) in leather is not an intrinsic property, but is influenced by environmental conditions of relevance for occupations and skin exposure.
authors: Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Frederik
authors: F
authors: Mathiason
authors: Carola
authors: C
authors: Lidén
authors: Yolanda S
authors: YS
authors: Hedberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005062:European Union; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D013633:Tanning; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D002857:Chromium
keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; chromium(III); chromium(VI); environment; humidity; leather; metals; occupational
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