title: The fragile Fiber1 kinesin contributes to cortical microtubule-mediated trafficking of cell wall components.
abstract: The cell wall consists of cellulose microfibrils embedded within a matrix of hemicellulose and pectin. Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized at the plasma membrane, whereas matrix polysaccharides are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and secreted. The trafficking of vesicles containing cell wall components is thought to depend on actin-myosin. Here, we implicate microtubules in this process through studies of the kinesin-4 family member, Fragile Fiber1 (FRA1). In an fra1-5 knockout mutant, the expansion rate of the inflorescence stem is halved compared with the wild type along with the thickness of both primary and secondary cell walls. Nevertheless, cell walls in fra1-5 have an essentially unaltered composition and ultrastructure. A functional triple green fluorescent protein-tagged FRA1 fusion protein moves processively along cortical microtubules, and its abundance and motile density correlate with growth rate. Motility of FRA1 and cellulose synthase complexes is independent, indicating that FRA1 is not directly involved in cellulose biosynthesis; however, the secretion rate of fucose-alkyne-labeled pectin is greatly decreased in fra1-5, and the mutant has Golgi bodies with fewer cisternae and enlarged vesicles. Based on our results, we propose that FRA1 contributes to cell wall production by transporting Golgi-derived vesicles along cortical microtubules for secretion.
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Chuanmei
authors: C
authors: Zhu
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Anindya
authors: A
authors: Ganguly
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Tobias I
authors: TI
authors: Baskin
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Daniel D
authors: DD
authors: McClosky
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Charles T
authors: CT
authors: Anderson
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Cliff
authors: C
authors: Foster
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Kristoffer A
authors: KA
authors: Meunier
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Okamoto
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.).
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Berg
authors: Biology Department (C.Z., A.G., R.D.) andDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (R.O.), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130;Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (T.I.B.);Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (D.D.M., C.T.A.);Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (C.F., K.A.M.); andDonald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (H.B.) ramdixit@wustl.edu.
authors: Ram
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7881-2859
authors: R
authors: Dixit
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D016547:Kinesins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D021381:Protein Transport; D052584:Xylem / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C472140:FRA1 protein, Arabidopsis; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D010368:Pectins; D002482:Cellulose; D008031:Lignin; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase; D016547:Kinesins
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