title: Direct and Indirect Effects of Cytomegalovirus-Induced γδ T Cells after Kidney Transplantation.
abstract: Despite effective anti-viral therapies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is still associated with direct (CMV disease) and indirect effects (rejection and poor graft survival) in kidney transplant recipients. Recently, an unconventional T cell population (collectively designated as Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells) has been characterized during the anti-CMV immune response in all solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients, neonates, and healthy people. These CMV-induced Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells undergo a dramatic and stable expansion after CMV infection, in a conventional "adaptive" manner. Similarly, as CMV-specific CD8+ αβ T cells, they exhibit an effector/memory TEMRA phenotype and cytotoxic effector functions. Activation of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells by CMV-infected cells involves the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and still ill-defined co-stimulatory molecules such as LFA-1. A multiple of Vδ2(neg) γδ TCR ligands are apparently recognized on CMV-infected cells, the first one identified being the major histocompatibility complex-related molecule endothelial protein C receptor. A singularity of CMV-induced Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells is to acquire CD16 expression and to exert an antibody-dependent cell-mediated inhibition on CMV replication, which is controlled by a specific cytokine microenvironment. Beyond the well-demonstrated direct anti-CMV effect of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells, unexpected indirect effects of these cells have been also observed in the context of kidney transplantation. CMV-induced Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells have been involved in surveillance of malignancy subsequent to long-term immunosuppression. Moreover, CMV-induced CD16+ γδ T cells are cell effectors of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants, and represent a new physiopathological contribution to the well-known association between CMV infection and poor graft survival. All these basic and clinical studies paved the road to the development of a future γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. In the meantime, γδ T cell monitoring should prove a valuable immunological biomarker in the management of CMV infection.
authors: Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.
authors: Lionel
authors: L
authors: Couzi
authors: Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Pitard
authors: Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'immunologie , Bordeaux , France.
authors: Jean-François
authors: JF
authors: Moreau
authors: Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Merville
authors: Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Déchanet-Merville
keywords: antibody-mediated rejection; cancer; cytomegalovirus; gamma-delta T cells; lymphocytes; renal transplantation
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