title: Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg(-1) bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered i.v. followed by a CRI (100 µg kg(-1) minute(-1)) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency.
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Augusto de
authors: MA
authors: Araújo
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Carolina Aparecida Carlin
authors: CA
authors: Beloti
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Maurício
authors: M
authors: Deschk
authors: Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
authors: André Moreira Martins
authors: AM
authors: Arruda
authors: Galeno Research Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Lu Shi
authors: LS
authors: Cheng
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Verônica Batista de
authors: VB
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Sergio Patto dos
authors: PS
authors: Santos
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects*; D056805:Consciousness Monitors; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007385:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000662:veterinary; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam