title: Effects of refractive index mismatch in optical CT imaging of polymer gel dosimeters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proposing an image reconstruction technique, algebraic reconstruction technique-refraction correction (ART-rc). The proposed method takes care of refractive index mismatches present in gel dosimeter scanner at the boundary, and also corrects for the interior ray refraction. Polymer gel dosimeters with high dose regions have higher refractive index and optical density compared to the background medium, these changes in refractive index at high dose results in interior ray bending.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion of the effects of refraction is an important step in reconstruction of optical density in gel dosimeters. The proposed ray tracing algorithm models the interior multiple refraction at the inhomogeneities. Jacob's ray tracing algorithm has been modified to calculate the pathlengths of the ray that traverses through the higher dose regions. The algorithm computes the length of the ray in each pixel along its path and is used as the weight matrix. Algebraic reconstruction technique and pixel based reconstruction algorithms are used for solving the reconstruction problem. The proposed method is tested with numerical phantoms for various noise levels. The experimental dosimetric results are also presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the proposed scheme ART-rc is able to reconstruct optical density inside the dosimeter better than the results obtained using filtered backprojection and conventional algebraic reconstruction approaches. The quantitative improvement using ART-rc is evaluated using gamma-index. The refraction errors due to regions of different refractive indices are discussed. The effects of modeling of interior refraction in the dose region are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The errors propagated due to multiple refraction effects have been modeled and the improvements in reconstruction using proposed model is presented. The refractive index of the dosimeter has a mismatch with the surrounding medium (for dry air or water scanning). The algorithm reconstructs the dose profiles by estimating refractive indices of multiple inhomogeneities having different refractive indices and optical densities embedded in the dosimeter. This is achieved by tracking the path of the ray that traverses through the dosimeter. Extensive simulation studies have been carried out and results are found to be matching that of experimental results.
authors: Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors: Rakesh
authors: R
authors: Manjappa
authors: Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors: Sharath
authors: S
authors: Makki S
authors: Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400094, India.
authors: Rajesh
authors: R
authors: Kumar
authors: Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors: Rajan
authors: R
authors: Kanhirodan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005782:Gels; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers