title: Isofunctional enzymes PAD1 and UbiX catalyze formation of a novel cofactor required by ferulic acid decarboxylase and 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoic acid decarboxylase.
abstract: The decarboxylation of antimicrobial aromatic acids such as phenylacrylic acid (cinnamic acid) and ferulic acid by yeast requires two enzymes described as phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase (PAD1) and ferulic acid decarboxylase (FDC). These enzymes are of interest for various biotechnological applications, such as the production of chemical feedstocks from lignin under mild conditions. However, the specific role of each protein in catalyzing the decarboxylation reaction remains unknown. To examine this, we have overexpressed and purified both PAD1 and FDC from E. coli. We demonstrate that PAD1 is a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-containing protein. However, it does not function as a decarboxylase. Rather, PAD1 catalyzes the formation of a novel, diffusible cofactor required by FDC for decarboxylase activity. Coexpression of FDC and PAD1 results in the production of FDC with high levels cofactor bound. Holo-FDC catalyzes the decarboxylation of phenylacrylic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid with apparent kcat ranging from 1.4-4.6 s(-1). The UV-visible and mass spectra of the cofactor indicate that it appears to be a novel, modified form of reduced FMN; however, its instability precluded determination of its structure. The E. coli enzymes UbiX and UbiD are related by sequence to PAD1 and FDC respectively and are involved in the decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-octaprenylbenzoic acid, an intermediate in ubiquinone biosynthesis. We found that endogenous UbiX can also activate FDC. This implies that the same cofactor is required for decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoic acid by UbiD and suggests a wider role for this cofactor in metabolism.
authors: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors: Fengming
authors: F
authors: Lin
authors: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors: Kyle L
authors: KL
authors: Ferguson
authors: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Boyer
authors: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors: Xiaoxia Nina
authors: XN
authors: Lin
authors: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors: E Neil G
authors: EN
authors: Marsh
mesh_terms: D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002384:Catalysis; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000378:metabolism; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D002934:Cinnamates; D003067:Coenzymes; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C029010:cinnamic acid; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide; C415986:3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C087194:phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase; C113304:ubiX protein, E coli
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