title: Axonal spread of neuroinvasive viral infections.
abstract: Neuroinvasive viral infections invade the nervous system, often eliciting serious disease and death. Members of four viral families are both neuroinvasive and capable of transmitting progeny virions or virion components within the long neuronal extensions known as axons. Axons provide physical structures that enable viral infection to spread within the host while avoiding extracellular immune responses. Technological advances in the analysis of in vivo neural circuits, neuronal culturing, and live imaging of fluorescent fusion proteins have enabled an unprecedented view into the steps of virion assembly, transport, and egress involved in axonal spread. In this review we summarize the literature supporting anterograde (axon to cell) spread of viral infection, describe the various strategies of virion transport, and discuss the effects of spread on populations of neuroinvasive viruses.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA. Electronic address: mptaylor@montana.edu.
authors: Matthew P
authors: MP
authors: Taylor
authors: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors: Lynn W
authors: LW
authors: Enquist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000821:virology*; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016679:Genome, Viral; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000821:virology*; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012209:Rhabdoviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology; D019065:Virus Assembly; D014780:Viruses / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins
keywords: alpha herpesvirus; anterograde-directed spread; axon; flavivirus; neuron; picornavirus; rhabdovirus
references: PLoS Pathog. 2014 Aug;10(8):e1004348
references: 25165859
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2010 Dec 15;194(1):2-20
references: 20004688
references: J Gen Virol. 1989 Aug;70 ( Pt 8):2075-85
references: 2475581
references: J Virol. 2004 Nov;78(22):12333-43
references: 15507620
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Oct;74(10):4516-9
references: 270699
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Sep;8(9):645-55
references: 20706281
references: J Virol. 2008 Mar;82(6):2821-35
references: 18184710
references: Vet Microbiol. 2002 Apr 22;86(1-2):5-16
references: 11888685
references: Cell. 2012 Mar 2;148(5):1029-38
references: 22385966
references: PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb;3(2):e23
references: 17305428
references: J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):267-75
references: 16831884
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2012 Jul 30;209(1):158-67
references: 22687938
references: J Neurovirol. 2012 Dec;18(6):462-70
references: 22918852
references: Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;Chapter 26:Unit 26.4
references: 19499506
references: Brain Struct Funct. 2015;220(3):1369-79
references: 24723034
references: Trends Mol Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):134-40
references: 18280208
references: Neuroscience. 2007 May 25;146(3):974-85
references: 17382478
references: Annu Rev Med. 2008;59:381-95
references: 18186706
references: J Virol. 2014 Dec;88(24):14172-83
references: 25275124
references: J Virol. 1986 Aug;59(2):308-17
references: 3016299
references: Vet Microbiol. 2006 Mar 31;113(3-4):193-7
references: 16326047
references: J Virol. 2011 Jun;85(12):5919-28
references: 21450818
references: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000519
references: 19779566
references: J Virol. 1984 Oct;52(1):198-205
references: 6090697
references: J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(7):3592-606
references: 16537627
references: Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013 Aug;15(4):439-53
references: 23794213
references: Cell Microbiol. 2013 Feb;15(2):285-91
references: 23253400
references: PLoS One. 2007;2(12):e1331
references: 18159229
references: J Neurovirol. 2014 Feb;20(1):18-27
references: 24408306
references: J Immunol. 2009 Feb 15;182(4):2297-304
references: 19201884
references: Rev Med Virol. 2008 Jan-Feb;18(1):35-51
references: 17992661
references: J Virol. 2013 Jan;87(1):403-14
references: 23077321
references: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Mar;6(3):e1000791
references: 20221252
references: Nat Protoc. 2009;4(12):1869-87
references: 20010935
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 16;109(42):17046-51
references: 23027939
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Jul;7(7):e1002122
references: 21750676
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002406
references: 22194682
references: J Vis Exp. 2013;(78). doi: 10.3791/50723
references: 23978901
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17140-5
references: 17939996
references: PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(7):e1001005
references: 20661479
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Nov;7(11):e1002335
references: 22102808
references: J Gen Virol. 2012 Jun;93(Pt 6):1193-203
references: 22398316
references: Virology. 2002 Apr 25;296(1):17-23
references: 12036314
references: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012 Jun;76(2):159-216
references: 22688811
references: J Virol. 2012 Jul;86(13):7084-97
references: 22532674
references: Neuron. 2014 Oct 22;84(2):292-309
references: 25374356
references: J Neurovirol. 2013 Aug 20;:null
references: 23959650
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Dec 13;12(6):806-14
references: 23245325
references: J Virol. 2009 Sep;83(17):8315-26
references: 19570876
references: J Virol. 2009 Aug;83(16):7796-804
references: 19494011
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Mar;7(3):e1002004
references: 21455493
references: J Virol. 2009 Feb;83(3):1173-83
references: 19019952
references: Rev Med Virol. 2012 Nov;22(6):378-91
references: 22807192
references: J Cell Biol. 2014 Apr 14;205(1):67-81
references: 24711503
references: J Infect. 2014 Sep;69(3):203-15
references: 24880028
references: PLoS Pathog. 2012 Feb;8(2):e1002472
references: 22359498
references: Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):741-54
references: 16497585
references: PLoS Pathog. 2014 May;10(5):e1004107
references: 24831812
references: J Virol. 2004 Oct;78(19):10582-7
references: 15367625
references: Rev Med Virol. 2013 Nov;23(6):414-8
references: 24190550
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Apr 17;13(4):379-93
references: 23601101
references: J Virol. 1992 May;66(5):3032-41
references: 1313916
references: MBio. 2012;3(2). pii: e00063-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00063-12
references: 22448044
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 13;108(37):15414-9
references: 21825165
references: J Virol. 2014 Oct;88(19):11178-86
references: 25031334
references: Cell. 2012 Mar 2;148(5):849-51
references: 22385955
references: J Gen Virol. 2013 Feb;94(Pt 2):366-75
references: 23100362
references: J Virol. 1999 Jul;73(7):5934-44
references: 10364346
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 4;103(14):5520-5
references: 16567621
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 13;98(6):3466-70
references: 11248101
references: J Cell Biol. 2013 Sep 16;202(6):837-48
references: 24043699