title: Dose-volume relationships associated with temporal lobe radiation necrosis after skull base proton beam therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated patient and treatment parameters correlated with development of temporal lobe radiation necrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 66 patients treated for skull base chordoma, chondrosarcoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or sinonasal malignancies between 2005 and 2012, who had at least 6 months of clinical and radiographic follow-up. The median radiation dose was 75.6 Gy (relative biological effectiveness [RBE]). Analyzed factors included gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, use of chemotherapy, and the absolute dose:volume data for both the right and left temporal lobes, considered separately. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analysis evaluated potential predictors of radiation necrosis, and the median effective concentration (EC50) model estimated dose-volume parameters associated with radiation necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up time was 31 months (range 6-96 months) and was 34 months in patients who were alive. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival at 3 years was 84.9%. The 3-year estimate of any grade temporal lobe radiation necrosis was 12.4%, and for grade 2 or higher radiation necrosis was 5.7%. On multivariate GEE, only dose-volume relationships were associated with the risk of radiation necrosis. In the EC50 model, all dose levels from 10 to 70 Gy (RBE) were highly correlated with radiation necrosis, with a 15% 3-year risk of any-grade temporal lobe radiation necrosis when the absolute volume of a temporal lobe receiving 60 Gy (RBE) (aV60) exceeded 5.5 cm(3), or aV70 > 1.7 cm(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose-volume parameters are highly correlated with the risk of developing temporal lobe radiation necrosis. In this study the risk of radiation necrosis increased sharply when the temporal lobe aV60 exceeded 5.5 cm(3) or aV70 > 1.7 cm(3). Treatment planning goals should include constraints on the volume of temporal lobes receiving higher dose. The EC50 model provides suggested dose-volume temporal lobe constraints for conventionally fractionated high-dose skull base radiation therapy.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, Bloomington, Indiana. Electronic address: markmcdonaldmd@gmail.com.
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: McDonald
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors: Okechukwu R
authors: OR
authors: Linton
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors: Cynthia S J
authors: CS
authors: Calley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons