title: Haloarchaea and the formation of gas vesicles.
abstract: Halophilic Archaea (Haloarchaea) thrive in salterns containing sodium chloride concentrations up to saturation. Many Haloarchaea possess genes encoding gas vesicles, but only a few species, such as Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax mediterranei, produce these gas-filled, proteinaceous nanocompartments. Gas vesicles increase the buoyancy of cells and enable them to migrate vertically in the water body to regions with optimal conditions. Their synthesis depends on environmental factors, such as light, oxygen supply, temperature and salt concentration. Fourteen gas vesicle protein (gvp) genes are involved in their formation, and regulation of gvp gene expression occurs at the level of transcription, including the two regulatory proteins, GvpD and GvpE, but also at the level of translation. The gas vesicle wall is solely formed of proteins with the two major components, GvpA and GvpC, and seven additional accessory proteins are also involved. Except for GvpI and GvpH, all of these are required to form the gas permeable wall. The applications of gas vesicles include their use as an antigen presenter for viral or pathogen proteins, but also as a stable ultrasonic reporter for biomedical purposes.
authors: Microbiology and Archaea, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany. pfeifer@bio.tu-darmstadt.de.
authors: Felicitas
authors: F
authors: Pfeifer
references: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Jan;71(1):132-45
references: 19007418
references: BMC Genet. 2007 Sep 24;8:61
references: 17892563
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6772-6
references: 11607099
references: Mol Microbiol. 1991 May;5(5):1159-74
references: 1956294
references: J Bacteriol. 2004 May;186(10):3182-6
references: 15126480
references: Vaccine. 2014 Jul 31;32(35):4543-9
references: 24950351
references: Genomics. 2008 Apr;91(4):335-46
references: 18313895
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Feb 8;1337(2):276-86
references: 9048905
references: Microbiology. 2012 Nov;158(Pt 11):2815-25
references: 22997463
references: Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):77-80
references: 25317564
references: Can J Microbiol. 1989 Jan;35(1):65-72
references: 2541878
references: Nat Nanotechnol. 2014 Apr;9(4):311-6
references: 24633522
references: J Bacteriol. 1989 Sep;171(9):5135-40
references: 2549014
references: J Mol Biol. 1992 Sep 20;227(2):586-92
references: 1404376
references: BMC Biotechnol. 2008 Jan 31;8:9
references: 18237432
references: J Bacteriol. 1996 Jul;178(14):4012-9
references: 8763925
references: Can J Microbiol. 1989 Jan;35(1):96-100
references: 2541880
references: Environ Microbiol. 2004 Dec;6(12):1287-91
references: 15560825
references: Microbiology. 1998 May;144 ( Pt 5):1331-42
references: 9611808
references: Microbiology. 2001 Jul;147(Pt 7):1745-54
references: 11429452
references: Mol Microbiol. 2011 Jul;81(1):56-68
references: 21542854
references: Biophys J. 2010 Sep 22;99(6):1932-9
references: 20858439
references: Experientia. 1993 Jul 5;49(6-7):482-6
references: 8335077
references: Mol Microbiol. 2004 Jan;51(2):579-88
references: 14756795
references: Vaccine. 2012 Sep 7;30(41):5942-8
references: 22846397
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Aug;213(2-3):459-64
references: 3185512
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1989 Sep;218(3):437-44
references: 2586485
references: J Mol Biol. 1976 Sep 25;106(3):871-8
references: 978738
references: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Aug;49(3):783-94
references: 12864859
references: Mol Syst Biol. 2011 Nov 22;7:554
references: 22108796
references: Microbiology. 2004 Jun;150(Pt 6):1829-38
references: 15184569
references: J Bacteriol. 1981 Jan;145(1):375-81
references: 6257635
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1990 Jul;222(2-3):225-32
references: 1703266
references: Nat Chem. 2014 Jul;6(7):629-34
references: 24950334
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Oct 24;97(22):12176-81
references: 11016950
references: J Bacteriol. 1991 Mar;173(6):1958-64
references: 1848217
references: Mol Microbiol. 1999 Oct;34(2):377-84
references: 10564480
references: Biophys J. 2004 Jan;86(1 Pt 1):499-505
references: 14695294
references: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Apr;16(1):9-19
references: 7651141
references: Arch Microbiol. 1997 Jul;168(1):24-32
references: 9211710
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1993 May;239(1-2):66-71
references: 8510664
references: BMC Biotechnol. 2010 Jul 19;10:54
references: 20642814
references: Arch Microbiol. 2010 Feb;192(2):143-9
references: 20049418
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Dec 15;30(24):5436-43
references: 12490712
references: Extremophiles. 2014 Jul;18(4):693-706
references: 24846741
references: J Struct Biol. 2012 Jul;179(1):18-28
references: 22580065
references: Mol Microbiol. 1987 Nov;1(3):365-70
references: 3448465
references: PLoS One. 2014 Apr 14;9(4):e94979
references: 24733188
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Oct;10(10):705-15
references: 22941504
references: Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jan;10(1):20-30
references: 18211264
references: Mol Microbiol. 1992 Dec;6(23):3543-50
references: 1282192
references: J Bacteriol. 1994 Dec;176(24):7646-52
references: 8002589
references: Arch Microbiol. 2012 Apr;194(4):269-79
references: 21969032
references: Arch Microbiol. 2013 Jun;195(6):403-12
references: 23589224
references: ISME J. 2008 Jun;2(6):656-62
references: 18369329
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Sep 15;238(2):469-73
references: 15358434
references: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Jul;45(2):511-20
references: 12123460
references: Microbiology. 2007 Apr;153(Pt 4):947-58
references: 17379705
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Feb;36(2):598-606
references: 18056077
references: Microbiology. 2001 Jan;147(Pt 1):63-73
references: 11160801
references: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1998 Aug;8(4):489-500
references: 9729742
references: Arch Microbiol. 1997 May;167(5):259-68
references: 9094221
references: J Bacteriol. 2012 Oct;194(20):5530-7
references: 22865851
references: J Bacteriol. 2000 Aug;182(15):4328-36
references: 10894744
references: Arch Microbiol. 2008 Sep;190(3):309-18
references: 18506423
references: Extremophiles. 2013 Mar;17(2):277-87
references: 23338749
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):20537-42
references: 23184964
references: Microbiol Rev. 1994 Mar;58(1):94-144
references: 8177173