title: Treatment of winery wastewater by physicochemical, biological and advanced processes: a review.
abstract: Winery wastewater is a major waste stream resulting from numerous cleaning operations that occur during the production stages of wine. The resulting effluent contains various organic and inorganic contaminants and its environmental impact is notable, mainly due to its high organic/inorganic load, the large volumes produced and its seasonal variability. Several processes for the treatment of winery wastewater are currently available, but the development of alternative treatment methods is necessary in order to (i) maximize the efficiency and flexibility of the treatment process to meet the discharge requirements for winery effluents, and (ii) decrease both the environmental footprint, as well as the investment/operational costs of the process. This review, presents the state-of-the-art of the processes currently applied and/or tested for the treatment of winery wastewater, which were divided into five categories: i.e., physicochemical, biological, membrane filtration and separation, advanced oxidation processes, and combined biological and advanced oxidation processes. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as the main parameters/factors affecting the efficiency of winery wastewater treatment are discussed. Both bench- and pilot/industrial-scale processes have been considered for this review.
authors: Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Ioannou
authors: Environmental Nanocatalysis and Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Li Puma
authors: Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: dfatta@ucy.ac.cy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Fatta-Kassinos
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D005374:Filtration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D062065:Wastewater; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Biological processes; Membranes; Physicochemical processes; Winery wastewater