title: Imposed glutathione-mediated redox switch modulates the tobacco wound-induced protein kinase and salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activation state and impacts on defence against Pseudomonas syringae.
abstract: The role of the redox-active tripeptide glutathione in plant defence against pathogens has been studied extensively; however, the impact of changes in cellular glutathione redox potential on signalling processes during defence reactions has remained elusive. This study explored the impact of elevated glutathione content on the cytosolic redox potential and on early defence signalling at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as on subsequent defence reactions, including changes in salicylic acid (SA) content, pathogenesis-related gene expression, callose depositions, and the hypersensitive response. Wild-type (WT) Nicotiana tabacum L. and transgenic high-glutathione lines (HGL) were transformed with the cytosol-targeted sensor GRX1-roGFP2 to monitor the cytosolic redox state. Surprisingly, HGLs displayed an oxidative shift in their cytosolic redox potential and an activation of the tobacco MAPKs wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) and SA-induced protein kinase (SIPK). This activation occurred in the absence of any change in free SA content, but was accompanied by constitutively increased expression of several defence genes. Similarly, rapid activation of MAPKs could be induced in WT tobacco by exposure to either reduced or oxidized glutathione. When HGL plants were challenged with adapted or non-adapted Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, the cytosolic redox shift was further amplified and the defence response was markedly increased, showing a priming effect for SA and callose; however, the initial and transient hyperactivation of MAPK signalling was attenuated in HGLs. The results suggest that, in tobacco, MAPK and SA signalling may operate independently, both possibly being modulated by the glutathione redox potential. Possible mechanisms for redox-mediated MAPK activation are discussed.
authors: Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Sanja
authors: S
authors: Matern
authors: Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Tatjana
authors: T
authors: Peskan-Berghoefer
authors: Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Gromes
authors: Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Rebecca Vazquez
authors: RV
authors: Kiesel
authors: Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany thomas.rausch@cos.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Rausch
mesh_terms: D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000502:physiology; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C106405:SA-induced protein kinase; C113423:WIPK protein, Nicotiana tabacum; D005978:Glutathione; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Glutathione; Pseudomonas syringae; SIPK/WIPK.; hypersensitive response; priming; redox state; salicylic acid
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