title: Testicular Microlithiasis: Is Sonographic Surveillance Necessary? Single Centre 14 Year Experience in 442 Patients with Testicular Microlithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased prevalence of germ cell tumour (GCT) is seen with testicular microlithiasis (TM) suggesting TM is a premalignant condition with US surveillance advocated. We present a cohort of patients with TM followed up in a single centre and deliberate on the value of US surveillance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of subjects with underlying US diagnosis of TM between 1998 and 2012. One-yearly US follow-up was offered to all patients with TM and a database maintained. Any co-existing tumour at presentation with TM was recorded. TM was divided into limited (< 5 microliths/field), classical (≥ 5 microliths/field) and florid ('snowstorm' appearance). Patient demographics, follow-up details and the development of any scrotal abnormalities were recorded. The radiological and histological findings were documented when a testicular lesion occurred during the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 224 patients were examined: 867/20 224 (4.3 %) had TM. 21/867 (2.4 %) patients had histology proven malignant tumours at presentation. All TM patients consented to follow-up with 442/867 (51.0 %) achieving this and entering into a follow-up program (mean duration 28 months, range 8 - 165 months). Two patients developed primary GCT during the follow up period. One patient (limited TM) had undergone a previous orchiectomy for contralateral GCT and developed a palpable mass at follow up month 21. The other (limited TM) had an atrophic testis; a tumour was found on US at follow up month 62.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two patients of 442 (0.5 %) followed up for all forms of TM in a single centre developed a GCT over a mean duration of 28 months, both had independent risk factors for the development of GCT. These findings suggest that US surveillance is not required when TM is the only abnormality in the absence of any clinical risk factors for the development of GCT.
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: K V
authors: KV
authors: Patel
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Navaratne
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bartlett
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Clarke
authors: Urology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: G H
authors: GH
authors: Muir
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Sellars
authors: Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: P S
authors: PS
authors: Sidhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002137:Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult