title: InCVAX--a novel strategy for treatment of late-stage, metastatic cancers through photoimmunotherapy induced tumor-specific immunity.
abstract: A novel, promising potential cancer vaccine strategy was proposed to use a two-injection procedure for solid tumors to prompt the immune system to identify and systemically eliminate primary and metastatic cancers. The two-injection procedure consists of local photothermal application on a selected tumor intended to liberate whole cell tumor antigens, followed by a local injection of an immunoadjuvant that consists of a semi-synthetic functionalized glucosamine polymer, N-dihydro-galacto-chitosan (GC), which is intended to activate antigen presenting cells and facilitate an increased uptake of tumor antigens. This strategy is thus proposed as an in situ autologous cancer vaccine (inCVAX) that may activate antigen presenting cells and expose them to tumor antigens in situ, with the intention of inducing a systemic tumor specific T-cell response. Here, the development of inCVAX for the treatment of metastatic cancers in the past decades is systematically reviewed. The antitumor immune responses of local photothermal treatment and immunological stimulation with GC are also discussed. This treatment approach is also commonly referred to as laser immunotherapy (LIT).
authors: Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, USA.
authors: Feifan
authors: F
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Xiaosong
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Dermatology Associates of San Antonio Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78233, USA.
authors: Mark F
authors: MF
authors: Naylor
authors: Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors: Tomas
authors: T
authors: Hode
authors: Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Nordquist
authors: Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors: Luciano
authors: L
authors: Alleruzzo
authors: Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Raker
authors: Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors: Samuel S K
authors: SS
authors: Lam
authors: Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Du
authors: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Shi
authors: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors: Xiuli
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, USA; Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. Electronic address: wchen@uco.edu.
authors: Wei R
authors: WR
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010789:Phototherapy
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
keywords: Antitumor immune responses; Laser immunotherapy (LIT); Metastatic cancers; N-dihydro-galacto-chitosan (GC); inCVAX
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