title: FTO gene variation, macronutrient intake and coronary heart disease risk: a gene-diet interaction analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is related to obesity and coronary heart disease (CHD). We studied interaction between macronutrient intake and FTO in association with CHD risk or body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The pooled population-based case-control studies, SHEEP and INTERGENE, included 1,381 first-time CHD patients and 4,290 population controls genotyped for FTO rs9939609 (T/A). Diet data were collected in self-administered food frequency questionnaires. Macronutrients were dichotomized into low/high energy percentages (E%) by median levels in controls. Association of FTO genotype (TA/AA vs. TT) with CHD risk was analysed by multiple logistic regression, and with BMI by multiple linear regression. Interaction between FTO and macronutrient was assessed by introducing an interaction term FTO × macronutrient. Interaction on CHD as deviation from additive effects was assessed by calculating relative excess risk due to interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant interaction was found between FTO genotype and any macronutrient on CHD risk or BMI on either the multiplicative or additive scale. However, FTO genotype (TA/AA vs. TT) was associated with significantly increased CHD risk only in subjects with low E% from fat (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11-1.66) or saturated fatty acids (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.10-1.69), or in subjects with high E% from carbohydrate (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07-1.61) or protein (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.75). Mean BMI was 0.3-0.6 kg/m(2) higher in control subjects with TA/AA compared to TT, regardless of macronutrient E%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence of interactions between FTO genotype and macronutrient intake on CHD risk or BMI.
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. jaana.gustavsson@amm.gu.se.
authors: Jaana
authors: J
authors: Gustavsson
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Mehlig
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Leander
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Berg
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Tognon
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Strandhagen
authors: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Lena
authors: L
authors: Björck
authors: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Annika
authors: A
authors: Rosengren
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Lissner
authors: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Observational Research Centre, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors: Fredrik
authors: F
authors: Nyberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human
keywords: Coronary heart disease; FTO genotype; Gene–diet interaction; Macronutrients
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