title: An advanced objective structured clinical examination using patient simulators to evaluate pharmacy students' skills in physical assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement an advanced objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in the curriculum and to evaluate Japanese pharmacy students' skills in physical assessment such as measuring pulse and blood pressure, and assessing heart, lung, and intestinal sounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  An advanced OSCE was implemented in a hospital pharmacy seminar as a compulsory subject. We programmed patient simulators with 21 different patient cases in which normal and abnormal physiological conditions were produced. The virtual patients were then used to evaluate the physical assessment skills of fifth-year pharmacy students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed between the average of all the detailed evaluations and the mean results for the following skills: pulse measurement, blood pressure measurement, deflating the cuff at a rate of 2-3 mmHg/sec, listening to heart sounds, and listening to lung sounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administering an advanced OSCE using virtual patients was an effective way of assessing pharmacy students' skills in a realistic setting. Several areas in which pharmacy students require further training were identified.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Tokunaga
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Norito
authors: N
authors: Takamura
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Ogata
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Nao
authors: N
authors: Setoguchi
authors: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Utsumi
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Yasuyuki
authors: Y
authors: Kourogi
authors: Ozaki Medical Associates, Ozaki Eye Hospital, Hyuga, Miyazaki, Japan ; Department of Pharmacy, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Osaki
authors: Ozaki Medical Associates, Ozaki Eye Hospital, Hyuga, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Mineo
authors: M
authors: Ozaki
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Keizo
authors: K
authors: Sato
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Arimori
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy
keywords: advanced OSCE; evaluation; pharmacy education; physical assessment; simulator
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2007 Jun 15;71(3):48
references: 17619648
references: Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008 Jul;128(7):1045-55
references: 18591873
references: Yakugaku Zasshi. 2010 Apr;130(4):583-8
references: 20372005
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Mar 10;74(2):21
references: 20414434
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Mar 10;74(2):22
references: 20414435
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Mar 10;74(2):34
references: 20414449
references: Yakugaku Zasshi. 2013;133(2):243-8
references: 23370520
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Sep 10;74(7):120
references: 21088725
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Sep 10;74(7):132
references: 21088738
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Oct 11;74(8):148
references: 21179259
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2011 Aug 10;75(6):111
references: 21931449
references: Simul Healthc. 2012 Jun;7(3):162-5
references: 22653560
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2012 Jun 18;76(5):89
references: 22761530
references: Am J Pharm Educ. 2010 Jun 15;74(5). pii: 82
references: 20798803