title: Vitamin D depletion aggravates hypertension and target-organ damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the controversial hypothesis that vitamin D depletion aggravates hypertension and target-organ damage by influencing renin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-week-old double-transgenic rats (dTGR) with excess angiotensin (Ang) II production due to overexpression of the human renin (hREN) and angiotensinogen (hAGT) genes received vitamin D-depleted (n=18) or standard chow (n=15) for 3 weeks. The depleted group had very low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (mean±SEM; 3.8±0.29 versus 40.6±1.19 nmol/L) and had higher mean systolic BP at week 5 (158±3.5 versus 134.6±3.7 mm Hg, P<0.001), week 6 (176.6±3.3 versus 162.3±3.8 mm Hg, P<0.01), and week 7 (171.6±5.1 versus 155.9±4.3 mm Hg, P<0.05). Vitamin D depletion led to increased relative heart weights and increased serum creatinine concentrations. Furthermore, the mRNAs of natriuretic peptides, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, hREN, and rRen were increased by vitamin D depletion. Regulatory T cells in the spleen and in the circulation were not affected. Ang metabolites, including Ang II and the counter-regulatory breakdown product Ang 1 to 7, were significantly up-regulated in the vitamin D-depleted groups, while ACE-1 and ACE-2 activities were not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term severe vitamin D depletion aggravated hypertension and target-organ damage in dTGR. Our data suggest that even short-term severe vitamin D deficiency may directly promote hypertension and impacts on renin-angiotensin system components that could contribute to target-organ damage. The findings add to the evidence that vitamin D deficiency could also affect human hypertension.
authors: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (L.B.A., H.T.C.) Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (L.B.A., J.S., H.T.C.).
authors: Louise Bjørkholt
authors: LB
authors: Andersen
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.).
authors: Lukasz
authors: L
authors: Przybyl
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.).
authors: Nadine
authors: N
authors: Haase
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School Hannover, Germany (F.V.).
authors: Frauke
authors: F
authors: von Versen-Höynck
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.).
authors: Fatimunnisa
authors: F
authors: Qadri
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (J.S.) Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (L.B.A., J.S., H.T.C.).
authors: Jan Stener
authors: JS
authors: Jørgensen
authors: Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (G.L.S.).
authors: Grith Lykke
authors: GL
authors: Sorensen
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (P.F.).
authors: Palle
authors: P
authors: Fruekilde
authors: Attoquant, Vienna, Austria (M.P.).
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Poglitsch
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.) Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (I.S., M.G., D.N.M.).
authors: István
authors: I
authors: Szijarto
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.) Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (I.S., M.G., D.N.M.).
authors: Maik
authors: M
authors: Gollasch
authors: Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (J.P.).
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Peters
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.) Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (I.S., M.G., D.N.M.).
authors: Dominik N
authors: DN
authors: Muller
authors: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (L.B.A., H.T.C.) Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (L.B.A., J.S., H.T.C.).
authors: Henrik Thybo
authors: HT
authors: Christesen
authors: Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany (L.P., N.H., F.Q., I.S., M.G., D.N.M., R.D.) HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany (R.D.).
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Dechend
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000235:genetics; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000235:genetics; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D055647:Rats, Transgenic; D012083:Renin / Q000235:genetics; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D000804:Angiotensin II; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D003404:Creatinine; D012083:Renin
keywords: hypertension; renin; vitamin D
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