title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of malaria rapid diagnostic test incentive schemes for informal private healthcare providers in Myanmar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Southeast Asia threatens global malaria control efforts. One strategy to counter this problem is a subsidy of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) within the informal private sector, where the majority of malaria care in Myanmar is provided. A study in Myanmar evaluated the effectiveness of financial incentives vs information, education and counselling (IEC) in driving the proper use of subsidized malaria RDTs among informal private providers. This cost-effectiveness analysis compares intervention options.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision tree was constructed in a spreadsheet to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) among four strategies: no intervention, simple subsidy, subsidy with financial incentives, and subsidy with IEC. Model inputs included programmatic costs (in dollars), malaria epidemiology and observed study outcomes. Data sources included expenditure records, study data and scientific literature. Model outcomes included the proportion of properly and improperly treated individuals with and without P. falciparum malaria, and associated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Results are reported as ICERs in US dollars per DALY averted. One-way sensitivity analysis assessed how outcomes depend on uncertainty in inputs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICERs from the least to most expensive intervention are: $1,169/DALY averted for simple subsidy vs no intervention, $185/DALY averted for subsidy with financial incentives vs simple subsidy, and $200/DALY averted for a subsidy with IEC vs subsidy with financial incentives. Due to decreasing ICERs, each strategy was also compared to no intervention. The subsidy with IEC was the most favourable, costing $639/DALY averted compared with no intervention. One-way sensitivity analysis shows that ICERs are most affected by programme costs, RDT uptake, treatment-seeking behaviour, and the prevalence and virulence of non-malarial fevers. In conclusion, private provider subsidies with IEC or a combination of IEC and financial incentives may be a good investment for malaria control.
authors: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. Ingrid.chen@ucsf.edu.
authors: Ingrid T
authors: IT
authors: Chen
authors: Population Services International Myanmar, No 16, Shwe Gon Taing Street 4, Yangon, Myanmar. taung@psimyanmar.org.
authors: Tin
authors: T
authors: Aung
authors: Population Services International Myanmar, No 16, Shwe Gon Taing Street 4, Yangon, Myanmar. hnnthant@psimyanmar.org.
authors: Hnin Nwe Nwe
authors: HN
authors: Thant
authors: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. May.sudhinaraset@ucsf.edu.
authors: May
authors: M
authors: Sudhinaraset
authors: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. jgkahn@ucsf.edu.
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Kahn
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D002052:Myanmar; D010274:Parasitology / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans; D017149:Private Sector
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