title: Effects of trophic exposure to dexamethasone and diclofenac in freshwater fish.
abstract: Steroidal and non-steroidalanti-inflammatories are pharmaceutical prescribed in human medicine and have the potential to contaminate water and sediments via inputs from sewage treatment plants. Their impacts on humans and ecosystems are emerging issues in environmental health. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac and dexamethasone in male fish Hoplias malabaricus after trophic exposure. Fish were fed twice every week with Astyanax sp. submitted to intraperitoneal inoculation with diclofenac (0; 0.2; 2.0 or 20.0 μg/kg) or dexamethasone (0; 0.03; 0.3 or 3.0 μg/kg). After 12 doses, blood was collected for testosterone dosage. The gonad and liver were collected to calculate gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Antioxidants enzymes activity and biotransformation were also evaluated in liver and gonads. In liver, diclofenac caused oxidative stress with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and lipoperoxidation (LPO). The GST activity was reduced by diclofenac in liver. Trophic exposure of H. malabaricus to dexamethasone caused an increase in antioxidant system (GPx, CAT, GST, and GSH) and LPO in liver. However, it reduced antioxidant system (GPX and GST activities and GSH) in gonads. Both diclofenac and dexamethasone reduced the levels of testosterone, causing impairment to reproduction. Diclofenac reduced HSI at the 0.2 μg/kg, but not GSI. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and dexamethasone caused oxidative stress and reduced testosterone levels that can have a negative impact in aquatic organisms.
authors: Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors: Izonete Cristina
authors: IC
authors: Guiloski
authors: Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors: João Luiz Coelho
authors: JL
authors: Ribas
authors: Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors: Letícia da Silva
authors: Lda S
authors: Pereira
authors: Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors: Ana Paula Perbiche
authors: AP
authors: Neves
authors: Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-990, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Electronic address: helassis@ufpr.br.
authors: Helena Cristina
authors: HC
authors: Silva de Assis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D060125:Characiformes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D013739:Testosterone; D003907:Dexamethasone; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Glucocorticoids; Gonads; NSAIDs; Oxidative stress; Steroids