title: The route to personalized medicine in bladder cancer: where do we stand?
abstract: Recent advances in molecular biology and drug design have described novel targets in bladder cancer. EGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), VEGFR, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, PD-1, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Aurora kinase A, and miRNA are just examples of these opening frontiers. In addition, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are promising candidates for future therapeutic approaches. Novel agents, combination, and sequences are emerging from the 747 clinical studies presently in course in bladder cancer to optimize patient outcomes. This report describes the emerging targets and provides an update on ongoing phase I, II, and III trials and preliminary results on targeted agents, used alone, in sequences, or in combination for patients with bladder cancer.
authors: Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Massari
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Ciccarese
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Santoni
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Brunelli
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Conti
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Modena
authors: Rodolfo
authors: R
authors: Montironi
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Santini
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Cheng
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Martignoni
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Cascinu
authors: Giampaolo
authors: G
authors: Tortora
mesh_terms: D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000378:metabolism; D064096:Aurora Kinase A / Q000378:metabolism; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D042682:Angiopoietins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; C576917:AURKA protein, human; D064096:Aurora Kinase A; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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