title: Sociodemographic factors associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors among Malaysian adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Malaysian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data on 1044 men and 1528 women, aged 24-64 years, participants in the Non Communicable Disease Surveillance 2005/2006, a nationally representative, population-based, cross-sectional study. Prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycemia, physical inactivity, smoking, risky drinking, low vegetable and fruit intake were determined and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic factors associated with having ≥3 of these cardiovascular disease risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 84.6% (2572/3040). Overall, 68.4% (95% CI: 63.2, 73.1) had at least three risk factors. Among men, older age and Indian ethnicity were independently associated with having ≥3 CVD risk factors; while among women, older age, low education, and housewives were more likely to have ≥3 CVD risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors clustering among Malaysian adults is high, raising concerns that cardiovascular disease incidence will rise steeply in the near future if no immediate preventive measures are taken. The current national health education and promotion programmes pertaining to modifiable risk factors can be further improved by taking into account the sociodemographic variation in CVD risk factors clustering.
authors: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sumarni@imr.gov.my.
authors: Sumarni Mohd
authors: SM
authors: Ghazali
authors: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. zamtira@imr.gov.my.
authors: Zamtira
authors: Z
authors: Seman
authors: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. kee@imr.gov.my.
authors: Kee Chee
authors: KC
authors: Cheong
authors: Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. keelimkota@yahoo.com.
authors: Lim Kuang
authors: LK
authors: Hock
authors: Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. mmala@iku.moh.gov.my.
authors: Mala
authors: M
authors: Manickam
authors: Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. limkk@iku.moh.gov.my.
authors: Lim Kuang
authors: LK
authors: Kuay
authors: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. faudzi@imr.gov.my.
authors: Ahmad Faudzi
authors: AF
authors: Yusoff
authors: Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. dr.feisul@moh.gov.my.
authors: Feisul Idzwan
authors: FI
authors: Mustafa
authors: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. vamal@imr.gov.my.
authors: Amal Nasir
authors: AN
authors: Mustafa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
references: Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-52
references: 14656957
references: Int J Cardiol. 2013 Sep 30;168(2):946-52
references: 23181992
references: Med J Malaysia. 2000 Jun;55(2):196-208
references: 19839148
references: Prev Med. 2002 Sep;35(3):219-24
references: 12202063
references: Circulation. 2005 Aug 2;112(5):658-65
references: 16043645
references: Soc Sci Med. 2010 Sep;71(6):1150-60
references: 20667641
references: Circulation. 2002 Jul 16;106(3):388-91
references: 12119259
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Jan;30(1):106-11
references: 16189502
references: Women Health. 2013;53(4):335-48
references: 23751089
references: BMJ. 2004 Apr 10;328(7444):861
references: 15006898
references: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;91(2):239-45
references: 21146882
references: Malays J Nutr. 2008 Sep;14(2):125-35
references: 22691770
references: Am J Prev Med. 2004 Aug;27(2 Suppl):18-24
references: 15275670
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Feb;35(2):167-87
references: 20644557
references: J Hypertens. 2003 May;21(5):821-48
references: 12714851
references: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013 Apr;20(2):368-75
references: 22345688
references: BMC Public Health. 2013;13:8
references: 23294728