title: Angiogenesis in primary hyperparathyroidism.
abstract: Angiogenesis can be described as a formation of new vessels from the existing microvasculature and is a process of great importance to the tumor development. Parathyroid tissue can trigger spontaneous induction of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo models in a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent manner. Autotransplantated parathyroid tissue after thyroidectomy is able to form new vasculature and produce parathormone, maintaining calcium homeostasis. A great amount of factors contributes to the process of new vessel formation in primary hyperparathyroidism, such as VEGF, transforming growth factor β, and angiopoietins. Studies demonstrated that markers for angiogenesis can be useful in distinguishing between parathyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia, due to the increased angiogenesis in parathyroid proliferative lesions compared with parathyroid adenomas. These factors include, inter alia, VEGF, VEGFR2, CD105, and fibroblast growth factor-2. Although these differences appear promising in the differential diagnosis, there is an overlap between benign and malignant parathyroid lesions and there is no definite cutoff value. Loss of heterozygosity and comparative genomic hybridization studies revealed chromosomal regions frequently altered in parathyroid tumorigenesis at 9p21, 1p21-22, 1p35-36, and 11q13. Therefore, immunohistochemistry and genetic testing should be an additional diagnostic marker in combination with the traditional criteria. A better understanding of angiogenesis in primary hyperparathyroidism could result in more precise assessment of diagnosis and more effective treatment, especially in those cases, in which the commonly used parameters are insufficient.
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland. Electronic address: oliwka.anna@gmail.com.
authors: Oliwia Anna
authors: OA
authors: Segiet
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Marek
authors: M
authors: Michalski
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Marlena
authors: M
authors: Brzozowa-Zasada
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Piecuch
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Żaba
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Helewski
authors: Department of Pathomorphology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Gabriel
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland.
authors: Romuald
authors: R
authors: Wojnicz
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Angiogenesis; Diagnostic markers; Parathyroid adenoma; Parathyroid carcinoma; Parathyroid hyperplasia; Primary hyperparathyroidism