title: Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental health disorders are major contributors to the global burden of disease and their inverse relationship with physical activity is widely accepted. However, research on the association between physical activity and positive mental health outcomes is limited. Happiness is an example of a positive construct of mental health that may be promoted by physical activity and could increase resilience to emotional perturbations. The aim of this study is to use a large multi-country dataset to assess the association of happiness with physical activity volume and its specificity to intensity and/or activity domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed Eurobarometer 2002 data from 15 countries (n = 11,637). This comprised one question assessing self-reported happiness on a six point scale (dichotomised: happy/unhappy) and physical activity data collected using the IPAQ-short (i.e. walking, moderate, vigorous) and four domain specific items (i.e. domestic, leisure, transport, vocation). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between happiness and physical activity volume adjusted for sex, age, country, general health, relationship status, employment and education. Analyses of intensity and domain specificity were assessed by logistic regression adjusted for the same covariates and physical activity volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to inactive people, there was a positive dose-response association between physical activity volume and happiness (highly active: OR = 1.52 [1.28-1.80]; sufficiently active: OR = 1.29 [1.11-1.49]; insufficiently active: OR = 1.20 [1.03-1.39]). There were small positive associations with happiness for walking (OR = 1.02 [1.00-1.03]) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (OR = 1.03 [1.01-1.05). Moderate-intensity physical activity was not associated with happiness (OR = 1.01 [0.99-1.03]). The strongest domain specific associations with happiness were found for "a lot" of domestic (OR = 1.42 [1.20-1.68]) and "some" vocational (OR = 1.33 [1.08-1.64]) physical activity. Happiness was also associated with "a lot" of leisure physical activity (OR = 1.15 [1.02-1.30]), but there were no significant associations for the transport domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing physical activity volume was associated with higher levels of happiness. Although the influence of physical activity intensity appeared minimal, the association with happiness was domain specific and was strongest for "a lot" of domestic and/or "some" vocational physical activity. Future studies to establish causation are indicated and may prompt changes in how physical activity for improving mental health is promoted.
authors: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. justin.richards@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: Richards
authors: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. jiangxiaoxiao@gmail.com.
authors: Xiaoxiao
authors: X
authors: Jiang
authors: Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. p.kelly@ed.ac.uk.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Kelly
authors: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. josephine.chau@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Josephine
authors: J
authors: Chau
authors: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. adrian.bauman@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Bauman
authors: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. melody.ding@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Ding
authors: D
authors: Ding
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014186:Transportation; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
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