title: Reference values of cadmium, arsenic and manganese in blood and factors associated with exposure levels among adult population of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the distribution and factors influencing blood levels of Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), and Manganese (Mn), and to determine their reference values in a sample of blood donors residing in Rio Branco, capital city of Acre State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from all blood donors attending the Central Hemotherapic Unit in Rio Branco between 2010 and 2011. Among these, 1183 donors (98.9%) answered to a questionnaire on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood metal concentrations were determined by atomic spectrometry. Association between Cd, As and Mn levels and donors' characteristics was examined by linear regression analysis. Reference values were estimated as the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the 95th percentile of metal levels. References values were 0.87 μg L(-1) for Cd, 9.87 μg L(-1) for As, and 29.32 μg L(-1) for Mn. Reference values of Cd and As in smokers were 2.66 and 10.86 μg L(-1), respectively. Factors contributing to increase Cd levels were smoking, ethnicity (non-white), and lower education, whereas drinking tea and non-bottled water were associated with lower Cd. Lower levels of As were associated with higher household income, living near industrial facilities, working in a glass factory, a compost plant or in metal mining activities. Risk factors for Mn exposure were not identified. In general, blood Cd concentrations were in the range of exposure levels reported for other people from the general population, whereas levels of As and Mn were higher than in other non-occupationally exposed populations elsewhere.
authors: National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, CEP: 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: cfreire@ugr.es.
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Freire
authors: National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, CEP: 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: rosalina.koifman@ensp.fiocruz.br.
authors: Rosalina Jorge
authors: RJ
authors: Koifman
authors: Federal University of Acre, CEP: 69920-900, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. Electronic address: denys.fujimoto@hotmail.com.
authors: Denys
authors: D
authors: Fujimoto
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, CEP: 14050-220, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: vcosouza@fcfrp.usp.br.
authors: Vanessa Cristina
authors: VC
authors: de Oliveira Souza
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, CEP: 14050-220, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fbarbosa@fcfrp.usp.br.
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Barbosa
authors: National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, CEP: 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: koifman@ensp.fiocruz.br.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Koifman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000097:blood*; D001938:Brazil; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D008906:Mining; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D002104:Cadmium; D008345:Manganese; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Biomonitoring; Brazil; Cadmium; Manganese; Reference values