title: Cardiovascular complications in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: Over the past years, a growing number of studies have indicated that patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Both are chronic inflammatory diseases and share certain pathophysiological mechanisms that may influence each other. High levels of cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine in IBD patients may lead to endothelial dysfunction, an early sign of atherosclerosis. IBD patients, in general, do not show the typical risk factors for cardiovascular disease but changes in lipid profiles similar to the ones seen in cardiovascular events have been reported recently. Higher levels of coagulation factors frequently occur in IBD which may predispose to arterial thromboembolic events. Finally, the gut itself may have an impact on atherogenesis during IBD through its microbiota. Microbial products are released from the inflamed mucosa into the circulation through a leaky barrier. The induced rise in proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to endothelial damage, artherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Although large retrospective studies favor a link between IBD and cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms behind still remain to be determined.
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Schicho
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Marsche
authors: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria. rudolf.schicho@medunigraz.at.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Storr
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Dec;44(12):2737-45
references: 11762933
references: J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Feb;5(1):41-7
references: 21272803
references: Gut. 2004 Apr;53(4):542-8
references: 15016749
references: Circ Res. 2007 Jan 5;100(1):27-40
references: 17204662
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Feb;7(2):175-82
references: 19121648
references: Lancet. 2010 Feb 20;375(9715):657-63
references: 20149425
references: Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Mar;137(3):341-51
references: 23246719
references: Gut. 1989 Feb;30(2):188-94
references: 2495239
references: Circulation. 2000 Aug 29;102(9):994-9
references: 10961963
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1563S-8S
references: 17991676
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Jun;18(6):1048-56
references: 21826766
references: Lab Invest. 1986 Oct;55(4):419-26
references: 3762066
references: Am J Med Sci. 2012 Nov;344(5):391-4
references: 22495581
references: Angiology. 2014 Apr;65(4):284-93
references: 23423851
references: N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 18;347(3):185-92
references: 12124407
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Mar;102(3):662-7
references: 17156143
references: Clin Immunol. 2006 May;119(2):156-65
references: 16480927
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;106(4):741-7
references: 21386828
references: Circulation. 1999 Sep 14;100(11):1161-8
references: 10484535
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Oct;9(10):875-80
references: 21749853
references: Hypertension. 2004 Jul;44(1):6-11
references: 15148294
references: Atherosclerosis. 1999 Mar;143(1):75-80
references: 10208481
references: Gastroenterology. 2009 Feb;136(2):585-95.e5
references: 19013462
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb 7;17(5):594-608
references: 21350708
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):807-15
references: 10702177
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;28(7):1095-113
references: 23662785
references: Eur Heart J. 2006 Nov;27(21):2588-605
references: 17000623
references: Gastroenterology. 2010 Sep;139(3):779-87, 787.e1
references: 20546736
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Mar;12(3):166-71
references: 16534416
references: Blood Rev. 2013 Jan;27(1):23-9
references: 23266251
references: J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Aug;5(4):287-94
references: 21683298
references: Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Dec;5(6):703-16
references: 22017698
references: J Clin Lipidol. 2010 Nov-Dec;4(6):478-82
references: 21122694
references: Stroke. 2007 Apr;38(4):1179-84
references: 17332447
references: J Surg Res. 2011 Nov;171(1):e27-31
references: 21920554
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Dec;34(7):1975-81
references: 10588212
references: N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 13;357(24):2482-94
references: 18077812
references: Am J Med. 2012 Oct;125(10):956-62
references: 22840916
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Aug;16(8):1387-92
references: 20014016
references: Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Sep 15;78(6):539-52
references: 19413999
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 May;102(5):1050-5
references: 17313498
references: Nature. 1998 Feb 5;391(6667):591-4
references: 9468137
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1445-51
references: 19491858
references: N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 13;364(2):127-35
references: 21226578
references: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct;9(10):599-608
references: 22907164
references: Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011 Dec;33(4):667-75
references: 21428710
references: J Inflamm (Lond). 2014 Oct 11;11(1):29
references: 25337037
references: Diabetes. 1992 Oct;41 Suppl 2:97-101
references: 1526345
references: Heart Fail Rev. 2003 Jan;8(1):71-86
references: 12652161
references: Gastroenterology. 1994 Apr;106(4):840-5
references: 8143990
references: J Hypertens. 2012 Sep;30(9):1775-81
references: 22796713
references: Circulation. 2002 Mar 12;105(10):1158-61
references: 11889007
references: Circ Res. 2010 Jul 9;107(1):56-65
references: 20489162
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct;99(10):1966-70
references: 15447757
references: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Jan-Feb;10(1):7-11
references: 16494104
references: J Immunol. 2006 Feb 15;176(4):2617-24
references: 16456024
references: Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011 Jun;17(3):254-8
references: 20211927
references: Eur Heart J. 2014 Feb;35(7):426-30
references: 23864132
references: Metabolism. 2006 Jul;55(7):980-8
references: 16784973
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):298-307
references: 20806343
references: Angiology. 2014 Jul;65(6):543-50
references: 23748978
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Apr;21(4):739-43
references: 16677162
references: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Sep;20(9):912-6
references: 18794606
references: Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Jan;56(1):197-202
references: 20431949
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 21;352(16):1685-95
references: 15843671
references: Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Sep;40(9):1883-9
references: 7555437
references: Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Apr;40(4):718-22
references: 9125255
references: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014 Dec;44(3):345-52
references: 25077842
references: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Nov;34(10):1173-84
references: 21967576
references: Ann Med. 1991;23(5):539-43
references: 1756023
references: Angiology. 2010 Feb;61(2):198-204
references: 19398421
references: Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Feb;50(2):235-40
references: 15745078
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jan;6(1):41-5
references: 18063423
references: Intern Med. 2007;46(17):1323-9
references: 17827828
references: FASEB J. 2012 Apr;26(4):1727-35
references: 22247331
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;100(4):886-95
references: 15784037
references: Circulation. 2006 Sep 12;114(11):1185-92
references: 16952987
references: Int J Cardiol. 2006 May 10;109(2):226-34
references: 16051384
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 Jul;10(4):361-72
references: 15475744
references: Circulation. 2004 Jun 15;109(23 Suppl 1):III15-9
references: 15198961
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Mar;19(3):599-613
references: 23388544
references: J Lipid Res. 2007 Dec;48(12):2640-6
references: 17890779
references: Gut. 2013 May;62(5):689-94
references: 22961677
references: Gut. 2003 Oct;52(10):1435-41
references: 12970136
references: N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195-207
references: 18997196
references: Arch Intern Med. 2002 Jun 24;162(12):1374-81
references: 12076236
references: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan;83(1):70-6
references: 17507924
references: J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Nov;7(10):e427-33
references: 23473915
references: Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Jun;58(6):1806-7
references: 23504329
references: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2005;12(1):53-60
references: 15725697
references: Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Oct;48(10):2083-90
references: 14627359
references: J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008 Dec;9(12):1190-221
references: 19001927
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Mar;12(3):382-93.e1: quiz e22
references: 23978350
references: Nature. 1998 Jul 9;394(6689):200-3
references: 9671306