title: Effect of WBGT Index Measurement Location on Heat Stress Category Classification.
abstract: The location of the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index measurement may affect heat stress flag category classification.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare WBGT measurements at three locations along the Boston Marathon race course and compare WBGT estimates for meteorological stations and 72-h advanced WBGT forecasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  WBGT was measured hourly from 1000 to 1400 h at approximately 7 km, approximately 18 km, and approximately 30 km on the Boston Marathon race course. Simultaneous WBGT estimates were made for two meteorological stations southeast of the course via a commercial online system, which also provided 72-h advanced forecasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurement difference (mean ± SD) among course locations was 0.2°C ± 1.8°C WBGT (ANOVA, P > 0.05). The difference between course and stations was 1.9°C ± 2.4°C WBGT (t-test, P < 0.05). Station values underestimated (n = 98) or overestimated (n = 13) course values by >3°C WBGT (>0.5 flag category) in 111 of 245 paired comparisons (45%). Higher black globe and lower wet bulb temperatures explained over- and underestimates, respectively. Significant underestimates of WBGT resulted in misclassification of green (labeled white) and black (labeled red) course flag categories (χ2, P < 0.05). Forecast data significantly underestimated red (labeled amber) and black (labeled red) course flag categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in WBGT index along 23 km of the Boston Marathon race route can be small enough to warrant single measurements. However, significant misclassification of flag categories occurred using WBGT estimates for meteorological stations; thus, local measurements are preferred. If the relation between station WBGT forecasts and the race sites can be established, the forecast WBGT values could be corrected to give advanced warning of approximate flag conditions. Similar work is proposed for other venues to improve heat stress monitoring.
authors: 1U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; and 2Boston Athletic Association, Boston, MA.
authors: Samuel N
authors: SN
authors: Cheuvront
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Caruso
authors: Kristen R
authors: KR
authors: Heavens
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Karis
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Santee
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Troyanos
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: D'Hemecourt
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000145:classification*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D014887:Weather