title: Voluntary suppression of hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation mitigates the reduction in cerebral blood flow velocity during exercise in the heat.
abstract: Hyperthermia during prolonged exercise leads to hyperventilation, which can reduce arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2 ) and, in turn, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and thermoregulatory response. We investigated 1) whether humans can voluntarily suppress hyperthermic hyperventilation during prolonged exercise and 2) the effects of voluntary breathing control on PaCO2 , CBF, sweating, and skin blood flow. Twelve male subjects performed two exercise trials at 50% of peak oxygen uptake in the heat (37°C, 50% relative humidity) for up to 60 min. Throughout the exercise, subjects breathed normally (normal-breathing trial) or they tried to control their minute ventilation (respiratory frequency was timed with a metronome, and target tidal volumes were displayed on a monitor) to the level reached after 5 min of exercise (controlled-breathing trial). Plotting ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses against esophageal temperature (Tes) showed that minute ventilation increased linearly with rising Tes during normal breathing, whereas controlled breathing attenuated the increased ventilation (increase in minute ventilation from the onset of controlled breathing: 7.4 vs. 1.6 l/min at +1.1°C Tes; P < 0.001). Normal breathing led to decreases in estimated PaCO2 and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAV) with rising Tes, but controlled breathing attenuated those reductions (estimated PaCO2 -3.4 vs. -0.8 mmHg; MCAV -10.4 vs. -3.9 cm/s at +1.1°C Tes; P = 0.002 and 0.011, respectively). Controlled breathing had no significant effect on chest sweating or forearm vascular conductance (P = 0.67 and 0.91, respectively). Our results indicate that humans can voluntarily suppress hyperthermic hyperventilation during prolonged exercise, and this suppression mitigates changes in PaCO2 and CBF.
authors: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; and.
authors: Bun
authors: B
authors: Tsuji
authors: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; and.
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Honda
authors: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; and.
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Ikebe
authors: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; and.
authors: Naoto
authors: N
authors: Fujii
authors: Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Narihiko
authors: N
authors: Kondo
authors: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan; and nisiyasu@taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Nishiyasu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001835:Body Weight; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D015444:Exercise; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012119:Respiration; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D013546:Sweating; D013997:Time Factors; D014836:Volition; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cerebral blood flow; hyperpnea; hyperthermia; voluntary control of breathing
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