title: Molecular evolution and functional divergence of zebrafish (Danio rerio) cryptochrome genes.
abstract: Cryptochromes function in animal circadian regulation. Zebrafish are known to have six cryptochrome (cry) genes but their evolutionary relationships are not yet fully resolved. Here, comparative genomic analyses revealed that a local duplication of ancestral chordate Cry occurred likely before the first round of vertebrate genome duplication (VGD); following two successive rounds of VGD and subsequent gene losses, coelacanths retained cry1a, cry1b, cry2 and cry3; and following the third-round teleost genome duplication (TGD) and subsequent gene losses, zebrafish retained six cry genes, renamed as cry1aa (zcry1a in the old nomenclature), cry1ab (zcry1b), cry1ba (zcry2a), cry1bb (zcry2b), cry2 (zcry3) and cry3 (zcry4). Molecular evolutionary analyses suggested that zebrafish cry genes have evolved divergent functions, which is further supported by their distinct and rhythmic expression patterns as shown by both in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR. Systematic cell transfection assays divided six Cry proteins into repressive Cry1aa, Cry1ab, Cry1ba and Cry1bb, and non-repressive Cry2 and Cry3. Cry2 is non-repressive because it lacks an effective protein-protein interaction domain although it does possess a nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif, whilst Cry3 lacks both an NLS motif and a protein-protein interaction domain. These findings provide a better understanding of evolution of zebrafish cry genes.
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Hu
authors: School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Chunxiang
authors: C
authors: Qu
authors: School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Guodong
authors: G
authors: Huang
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Pengfei
authors: P
authors: Niu
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Zhaomin
authors: Z
authors: Zhong
authors: School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Fashui
authors: F
authors: Hong
authors: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Guanghui
authors: G
authors: Wang
authors: Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Postlethwait
authors: 1] Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China [2] School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Han
authors: H
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D023061:Gene Order; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010802:Phylogeny; D021381:Protein Transport; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056931:Cryptochromes; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
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