title: Autoimmune encephalitis and its relation to infection.
abstract: Encephalitis, an inflammatory condition of the brain that results in substantial morbidity and mortality, has numerous causes. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly recognized that autoimmune conditions contribute significantly to the spectrum of encephalitis causes. Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis of autoimmune etiologies are of particular importance due to the need for early institution of immune suppressive therapies to improve outcome. Emerging clinical observations suggest that the most commonly recognized cause of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, may in some cases be triggered by herpes virus infection. Other conditions such as Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) have also been posited to be autoimmune conditions triggered by infectious agents. This review focuses on emerging concepts in central nervous system autoimmunity and addresses clinical and mechanistic findings linking autoimmune encephalitis and infections. Particular consideration will be given to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and its relation to herpes simplex encephalitis.
authors: Johns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-113, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA, avenkat2@jhmi.edu.
authors: Arun
authors: A
authors: Venkatesan
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Benavides
mesh_terms: D060426:Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D020803:Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
references: Science. 1994 Jul 29;265(5172):648-51
references: 8036512
references: Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2014 Jul;18(4):543-6
references: 24742910
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):null
references: 23969035
references: Ann Neurol. 2014 Feb;75(2):317-23
references: 24318406
references: J Autoimmun. 2012 Dec;39(4):253-8
references: 22771005
references: Brain. 2015 Jan;138(Pt 1):94-109
references: 25392198
references: Brain. 2010 Jun;133(Pt 6):1655-67
references: 20511282
references: Lancet Neurol. 2013 Feb;12(2):157-65
references: 23290630
references: J Neurosci. 2012 Aug 8;32(32):11082-94
references: 22875940
references: Neurology. 1958 Jun;8(6):435-45
references: 13566382
references: Lancet. 1977 Sep 24;2(8039):666
references: 71487
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2011 Nov;95(3):301-33
references: 21889967
references: Brain. 2009 May;132(Pt 5):1236-46
references: 19179379
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan;19(1):80-94
references: 16418524
references: MBio. 2014 Mar 11;5(2):e00902-14
references: 24618253
references: Neurology. 2008 Feb 12;70(7):504-11
references: 17898324
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2002 Oct;131(1-2):179-85
references: 12458050
references: Lancet Neurol. 2014 Feb;13(2):195-205
references: 24457189
references: Lancet Neurol. 2008 Dec;7(12):1091-8
references: 18851928
references: JAMA Neurol. 2014 Mar;71(3):344-6
references: 24473671
references: Neurology. 1995 Jan;45(1):108-17
references: 7824098
references: Neurology. 2001 Oct 23;57(8):1511-4
references: 11673604
references: Vaccine. 2007 Aug 1;25(31):5771-92
references: 17570566
references: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Nov;53(11):1053-7
references: 21592118
references: J Neuroinflammation. 2013 May 02;10:56
references: 23639073
references: Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;122:151-71
references: 24507517
references: Neurology. 2005 Dec 13;65(11):1802-4
references: 16344526
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2014 Aug;121(8):957-68
references: 24402576
references: Neuron. 2000 Nov;28(2):375-83
references: 11144349
references: J Neurosci. 2010 Apr 28;30(17):5866-75
references: 20427647
references: Neurology. 2004 Jul 13;63(1):43-50
references: 15249609
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Sep;12(9):623-35
references: 22903150
references: Lancet Neurol. 2011 Jan;10(1):63-74
references: 21163445
references: Ann Neurol. 2014 Aug;76(2):168-84
references: 24930434
references: Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009 Sep;67(3A):643-51
references: 19722042
references: Lancet. 1989 Feb 4;1(8632):279-80
references: 2563444
references: PLoS One. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e79197
references: 24236107
references: Ann Neurol. 2014 Jul;76(1):108-19
references: 24916964
references: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009 Dec;28(12):1421-9
references: 19718525
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Aug;55(8):819-24
references: 12384197
references: Epilepsia. 2010 Jul;51(7):1323-8
references: 20345937
references: J Pediatr. 2013 Apr;162(4):850-856.e2
references: 23164315
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Feb;26(2):398-409
references: 9502462
references: Neurol Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;4(3):206-215
references: 25110619
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1838-47
references: 19929384
references: J Immunol. 2014 Jul 1;193(1):285-94
references: 24890725
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1565-77
references: 17109290
references: Neuropediatrics. 2014 Dec;45(6):396-401
references: 25261793
references: Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85
references: 20196795
references: J Immunol. 2012 Apr 15;188(8):3678-85
references: 22407917
references: PLoS One. 2014 Sep 05;9(9):e104169
references: 25192177
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):303-27
references: 18582201
references: Neuropediatrics. 2012 Aug;43(4):209-16
references: 22911482
references: Ann Neurol. 2002 Mar;51(3):311-8
references: 11891826
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;10(12):835-44
references: 20952256
references: Epilepsia. 2011 Nov;52(11):1956-65
references: 21883180
references: Ann Neurol. 2014 Mar;75(3):435-41
references: 23613036
references: Ann Neurol. 2009 Jul;66(1):11-8
references: 19670433
references: Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):117-22
references: 24115338
references: Ann Neurol. 2012 Dec;72(6):902-11
references: 23280840
references: Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):90-6
references: 24014096
references: Hum Pathol. 1993 Aug;24(8):871-9
references: 8397159
references: Brain. 2005 Mar;128(Pt 3):454-71
references: 15689357
references: Curr Opin Neurol. 2012 Dec;25(6):795-801
references: 23041955
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2006 Dec;7(12):917-28
references: 17139323
references: Neurology. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1637-9
references: 24089390
references: Neurology. 2013 Aug 27;81(9):793-800
references: 23892708
references: Curr Opin Immunol. 1995 Dec;7(6):812-8
references: 8679125
references: Lancet. 1990 Nov 24;336(8726):1282-4
references: 1978116
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;57(8):1114-28
references: 23861361
references: Autoimmunity. 2008 Mar;41(2):123-32
references: 18324481