title: microRNAs in breast cancer: regulatory roles governing the hallmarks of cancer.
abstract: A large number of etiological factors and the complexity of breast cancers present challenges for prevention and treatment. Recently, the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) as cancer biomarkers has added an extra dimension to the 'molecular signatures' of breast cancer. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that each miRNA can regulate hundreds of target genes and could serve functionally as 'oncogenes' or 'tumour suppressor' genes, and co-ordinate multiple cellular processes relevant to cancer progression. A number of studies have shown that miRNAs play important roles in breast tumorigenesis, metastasis, proliferation and differentiation of breast cancer cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of miRNAs with established functional relevance in breast cancer, their established target genes and resulting cellular phenotype. The role and application of circulating miRNAs in breast cancer is also discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the role of miRNAs in the hallmarks of breast cancer, as well as the possibility of using miRNAs as potential biomarkers for detection of breast cancer.
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Jen N
authors: JN
authors: Goh
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.|Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
authors: Ser Y
authors: SY
authors: Loo
authors: Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
authors: Arpita
authors: A
authors: Datta
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Kodappully S
authors: KS
authors: Siveen
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Wei N
authors: WN
authors: Yap
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Wanpei
authors: W
authors: Cai
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Eun M
authors: EM
authors: Shin
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
authors: Ji E
authors: JE
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: Chan
authors: Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 6845, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Arun M
authors: AM
authors: Dharmarajan
authors: Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.|Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
authors: Ann S-G
authors: AS
authors: Lee
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, 1192288, Singapore.
authors: Peter E
authors: PE
authors: Lobie
authors: Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.|National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, 1192288, Singapore.
authors: Celestial T
authors: CT
authors: Yap
authors: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.|Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 6845, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.|National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, 1192288, Singapore.|Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, U.S.A.
authors: Alan P
authors: AP
authors: Kumar
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: biomarkers; breast cancer; cancer hallmarks; circulating miRNA; microRNA