title: Effect of housing relocation and neighborhood environment on adolescent mental and behavioral health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined whether relocating from a high-poverty neighborhood to a lower poverty neighborhood as part of a federal housing relocation program (HOPE VI; Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) had effects on adolescent mental and behavioral health compared to adolescents consistently living in lower poverty neighborhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sociodemographic, risk behavior, and neighborhood data were collected from 592 low-income, primarily African-American adolescents and their primary caregivers. Structured psychiatric interviews were conducted with adolescents. Prerelocation neighborhood, demographic, and risk behavior data were also included. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to test associations between neighborhood variables and risk outcomes. HLM was used to test whether the effect of neighborhood relocation and neighborhood characteristics might explain differences in sexual risk taking, substance use, and mental health outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents who relocated of HOPE VI neighborhoods (n = 158) fared worse than control group participants (n = 429) on most self-reported mental health outcomes. The addition of subjective neighborhood measures generally did not substantively change these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that moving from a high-poverty neighborhood to a somewhat lower poverty neighborhood is not associated with better mental health and risk behavior outcomes in adolescents. The continued effects of having grown up in a high-poverty neighborhood, the small improvements in their new neighborhoods, the comparatively short length of time they lived in their new neighborhood, and/or the stress of moving appears to worsen most of the mental health outcomes of HOPE VI compared to control group participants who consistently lived in the lower poverty neighborhoods.
authors: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Gayle R
authors: GR
authors: Byck
authors: College of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Bolland
authors: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Dick
authors: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Swann
authors: Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Henry
authors: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Mustanski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011638:Public Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012309:Risk-Taking
keywords: Adolescent; housing relocation; mental health; sexual risk-taking; substance abuse
references: J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010 Nov;21(4):1263-77
references: 21099077
references: Stat Med. 1998 Oct 15;17(19):2265-81
references: 9802183
references: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Aug;57(8):616-21
references: 12883070
references: AJS. 2011 Jan;116(4):1154-89
references: 21648249
references: J Urban Health. 2010 Jan;87(1):102-12
references: 19997865
references: J Adolesc Health. 2011 Sep;49(3):230-6
references: 21856513
references: AJS. 2008 Jul;114(11):189-231
references: 25360053
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;69(12):1284-94
references: 23045214
references: Am J Public Health. 2000 Feb;90(2):230-6
references: 10667184
references: Dev Psychol. 2004 Jul;40(4):488-507
references: 15238038
references: J Health Soc Behav. 1996 Dec;37(4):293-310
references: 8997886
references: Am J Community Psychol. 2010 Dec;46(3-4):303-11
references: 20857329
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;39(1):28-38
references: 10638065
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;69(4):372-80
references: 22147808
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;187:29-34
references: 15994568
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 May;62(5):554-63
references: 15867109
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16885
references: 21364939
references: Dev Psychopathol. 1998 Winter;10(1):101-16
references: 9524810
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Apr 15;157(8):730-7
references: 12697577
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Jun;85(3):194-8
references: 18955385
references: Am J Public Health. 2003 Sep;93(9):1576-82
references: 12948983
references: Soc Sci Med. 2011 Sep;73(5):737-43
references: 21821323
references: Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):918-24
references: 9252316
references: Psychol Bull. 2000 Mar;126(2):309-37
references: 10748645
references: Soc Sci Med. 2008 Mar;66(6):1256-70
references: 18248865
references: J Pediatr. 2000 Nov;137(5):707-13
references: 11060539
references: Pediatrics. 1996 Dec;98(6 Pt 1):1104-8
references: 8951260
references: JAMA. 2014 Mar 5;311(9):937-48
references: 24595778
references: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Apr;71(2):211-22
references: 12699016
references: Demography. 2004 Nov;41(4):697-720
references: 15622950
references: J Adolesc Health. 2008 Nov;43(5):482-9
references: 18848677
references: Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):472-81
references: 22908105
references: Arch Sex Behav. 2014 Jan;43(1):21-33
references: 24243003