title: Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier exhibited cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa).
abstract: Thymoquinone (TQ) has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties. Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (TQ-NLC) was developed to improve the bioavailability and cytotoxicity of TQ. This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of TQ-NLC on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa). TQ-NLC was prepared by applying the hot high pressure homogenization technique. The mean particle size of TQ-NLC was 35.66 ± 0.1235 nm with a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) lower than 0.25. The zeta potential of TQ-NLC was greater than -30 mV. Polysorbate 80 helps to increase the stability of TQ-NLC. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that TQ-NLC has a melting point of 56.73°C, which is lower than that of the bulk material. The encapsulation efficiency of TQ in TQ-NLC was 97.63 ± 0.1798% as determined by HPLC analysis. TQ-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards all the cell lines in a dose-dependent manner which was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell shrinkage was noted following treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with TQ-NLC with an increase of apoptotic cell population (P < 0.05). TQ-NLC also induced cell cycle arrest. TQ-NLC was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. It induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cells.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Wei Keat
authors: WK
authors: Ng
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Latifah
authors: L
authors: Saiful Yazan
authors: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Li Hua
authors: LH
authors: Yap
authors: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Wan Abd Ghani
authors: WA
authors: Wan Nor Hafiza
authors: Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Chee Wun
authors: CW
authors: How
authors: Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Rasedee
authors: R
authors: Abdullah
mesh_terms: D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D008055:Lipids; C003466:thymoquinone
references: Int J Pharm. 2010 Jul 15;394(1-2):179-85
references: 20471464
references: Int J Pharm. 2004 Jun 18;278(1):71-7
references: 15158950
references: Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Apr 15;17(8):3043-52
references: 19329324
references: IEEE Trans Nanobioscience. 2013 Jun;12(2):72-8
references: 23268387
references: Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Oct;25(7):1392-8
references: 21609759
references: Cancer Res. 2001 Sep 15;61(18):6747-54
references: 11559546
references: Cancer Lett. 2009 Jun 28;279(1):93-100
references: 19232820
references: Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 May;3(5):337-52
references: 23646296
references: J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):1055-64
references: 20427127
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1997;13:261-91
references: 9442875
references: Int J Pharm. 2008 Jan 4;346(1-2):124-32
references: 17651933
references: Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Nov 15;18(22):7773-85
references: 20951595
references: Int J Pharm. 2000 Apr 20;199(2):167-77
references: 10802410
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1998 Mar;45(2):149-55
references: 9704911
references: Phytomedicine. 2007 Dec;14(12):846-52
references: 17959366
references: J Cell Biol. 1996 Aug;134(4):963-70
references: 8769420
references: Daru. 2011;19(1):23-32
references: 22615636
references: J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jun 19;118(1):14-20
references: 18436400
references: Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr 15;150(1):3-18
references: 15068820
references: Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:619-42
references: 9558479
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007 Aug;67(1):141-8
references: 17346953
references: J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):8298-308
references: 8463339
references: J Immunol Methods. 1983 Dec 16;65(1-2):55-63
references: 6606682
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Oct;70(2):633-40
references: 18577447
references: Nature. 1993 Dec 16;366(6456):701-4
references: 8259214
references: Biomed Chromatogr. 2011 May;25(5):613-20
references: 20734352
references: ACS Nano. 2011 Jul 26;5(7):5478-89
references: 21692495
references: Pharmacognosy Res. 2013 Jul;5(3):200-6
references: 23900121
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):129-33
references: 19010375
references: Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Jul;58(1):48-57
references: 7789890
references: CA Cancer J Clin. 2011 Mar-Apr;61(2):69-90
references: 21296855
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000 Jul;50(1):161-77
references: 10840199
references: Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Apr;23(3):408-17
references: 19344684
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61342
references: 23613836
references: Lung Cancer. 2009 Aug;65(2):150-60
references: 19111365
references: Cancer Res. 1979 Jun;39(6 Pt 1):1891-7
references: 87257
references: Langmuir. 2010 Feb 2;26(3):1524-7
references: 19950935