title: Spatial separation of semiochemical Lurem-TR and entomopathogenic fungi to enhance their compatibility and infectivity in an autoinoculation system for thrips management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of spatial separation of the semiochemical Lurem-TR, which has been found to inhibit conidia of entomopathogenic fungi when put together, on the persistence of conidia of Metarhizium brunneum and M. anisopliae was evaluated in the greenhouse and field in order to develop an autodissemination strategy for the management of Megalurothrips sjostedti on cowpea crop. Influence of spatial separation of the semiochemical on thrips attraction and conidial acquisition by thrips from the autoinoculation device was also investigated in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persistence of conidia of M. brunneum and M. anisopliae increased with distance of separation of Lurem-TR. Direct exposure of fungus without separation from Lurem-TR recorded the lowest conidial germination as compared with the other treatments. Attraction of thrips to the device also varied significantly according to distance between device and semiochemical, with a higher number of thrips attracted when Lurem-TR was placed in a container below the device and at 10 cm distance. There was no significant difference in conidial acquisition between spatial separation treatments of conidia and Lurem-TR. Attraction of other insect pests to the device did not significantly vary between treatments. Positive correlations were found between conidial acquisition and thrips attraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that spatial separation of fungal conidia from Lurem-TR in an autoinoculation device could provide a low-cost strategy for effective management of thrips in grain legume cropping systems.
authors: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.|Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Mfuti
authors: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Sevgan
authors: S
authors: Subramanian
authors: Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Rob W H M
authors: RW
authors: van Tol
authors: Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Gerrie L
authors: GL
authors: Wiegers
authors: Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Willem J
authors: WJ
authors: de Kogel
authors: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Saliou
authors: S
authors: Niassy
authors: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: Hannalene
authors: H
authors: du Plessis
authors: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Sunday
authors: S
authors: Ekesi
authors: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Nguya K
authors: NK
authors: Maniania
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007887:Fabaceae; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061149:Thysanoptera
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones
keywords: Metarhizium anisopliae; Metarhizium brunneum; bean flower thrips; grain legumes; kairomones; lure-and-infect
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