title: Karyotyping human chromosomes by optical and X-ray ptychography methods.
abstract: Sorting and identifying chromosomes, a process known as karyotyping, is widely used to detect changes in chromosome shapes and gene positions. In a karyotype the chromosomes are identified by their size and therefore this process can be performed by measuring macroscopic structural variables. Chromosomes contain a specific number of basepairs that linearly correlate with their size; therefore, it is possible to perform a karyotype on chromosomes using their mass as an identifying factor. Here, we obtain the first images, to our knowledge, of chromosomes using the novel imaging method of ptychography. We can use the images to measure the mass of chromosomes and perform a partial karyotype from the results. We also obtain high spatial resolution using this technique with synchrotron source x-rays.
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom. Electronic address: laura.shemilt.10@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Shemilt
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Ephanielle
authors: E
authors: Verbanis
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Schwenke
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Ana K
authors: AK
authors: Estandarte
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Xiong
authors: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Harder
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Neha
authors: N
authors: Parmar
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Yusuf
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Fucai
authors: F
authors: Zhang
authors: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, United Kingdom.
authors: Ian K
authors: IK
authors: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002460:Cell Line; D002877:Chromosomes, Human; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008970:Molecular Weight; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
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