title: Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model.
abstract: Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have experienced sharp increases in popularity over the past five years due to many factors, including aggressive marketing, increased restrictions on conventional cigarettes, and a perception that E-cigs are healthy alternatives to cigarettes. Despite this perception, studies on health effects in humans are extremely limited and in vivo animal models have not been generated. Presently, we determined that E-cig vapor contains 7 x 10(11) free radicals per puff. To determine whether E-cig exposure impacts pulmonary responses in mice, we developed an inhalation chamber for E-cig exposure. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor contained serum cotinine concentrations that are comparable to human E-cig users. E-cig exposure for 2 weeks produced a significant increase in oxidative stress and moderate macrophage-mediated inflammation. Since, COPD patients are susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, we tested effects of E-cigs on immune response. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor showed significantly impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance, compared to air-exposed mice, following an intranasal infection with Streptococcus pneumonia. This defective bacterial clearance was partially due to reduced phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages from E-cig exposed mice. In response to Influenza A virus infection, E-cig exposed mice displayed increased lung viral titers and enhanced virus-induced illness and mortality. In summary, this study reports a murine model of E-cig exposure and demonstrates that E-cig exposure elicits impaired pulmonary anti-microbial defenses. Hence, E-cig exposure as an alternative to cigarette smoking must be rigorously tested in users for their effects on immune response and susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Thomas E
authors: TE
authors: Sussan
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Sachin
authors: S
authors: Gajghate
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Rajesh K
authors: RK
authors: Thimmulappa
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Jinfang
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Jung-Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Kuladeep
authors: K
authors: Sudini
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Consolini
authors: Children's Research Foundation Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors: Stephania A
authors: SA
authors: Cormier
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors: Slawo
authors: S
authors: Lomnicki
authors: Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors: Farhana
authors: F
authors: Hasan
authors: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Pekosz
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Shyam
authors: S
authors: Biswal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000502:physiology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D009538:Nicotine
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