title: Depression, anxiety disorders, and metabolic syndrome in a population at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptoms have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but less is known about anxiety disorders that can be comorbid or exist without depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in subjects consecutively examined at an outpatient clinic for diabetes prevention who were at-risk for T2DM, defined by FINDRISK scores, and compared metabolic syndrome (MetS) frequencies between subjects with and without psychiatric morbidity, entering also relevant variables for MetS into multivariate analyses. All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed using a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 260 consecutively screened subjects, 150 (56.9±8.1 years old, males=56.7%, BMI=27.2±4.1 kg/m2) were at-risk for T2DM and were included. MetS, present in 27% of males and 25% of females, was significantly associated with having a current anxiety disorder (P<0.001) and lifetime major depression (P<0.001). In logistic regression analysis, MetS was significantly associated with lifetime major depression, presence of any anxiety disorder, body weight, and physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data in a high-risk group for T2DM support the association between depressive disorders and MetS, pointing to a similar role of anxiety disorders. Screening for anxiety and depression is recommended in this group at risk for T2DM.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Gustav-Carus University TU Dresden, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany.
authors: Kai G
authors: KG
authors: Kahl
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UK-SH, Lübeck University Medical School Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Schweiger
authors: The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System Glen Oaks, New York.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Correll
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Gustav-Carus University TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Conrad
authors: C
authors: Müller
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Gustav-Carus University TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Marie-Luise
authors: ML
authors: Busch
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Gustav-Carus University TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bauer
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Carl-Gustav-Carus University TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Anxiety disorders; major depressive disorder; metabolic syndrome; mood disorders; type 2 diabetes mellitus
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