title: Oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era.
abstract: Oral innate immunity, an important component in host defense and immune surveillance in the oral cavity, plays a crucial role in the regulation of oral health. As part of the innate immune system, epithelial cells lining oral mucosal surfaces not only provide a physical barrier but also produce different antimicrobial peptides, including human β-defensins (hBDs), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and various cytokines. These innate immune mediators help in maintaining oral homeostasis. When they are impaired either by local or systemic causes, various oral infections and malignancies may be developed. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other co-infections appear to have both direct and indirect effects on systemic and local innate immunity leading to the development of oral opportunistic infections and malignancies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the standard treatment of HIV infection, contributed to a global reduction of HIV-associated oral lesions. However, prolonged use of HAART may lead to adverse effects on the oral innate immunity resulting in the relapse of oral lesions. This review article focused on the roles of oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era. The following five key questions were addressed: (i) What are the roles of oral innate immunity in health and disease?, (ii) What are the effects of HIV infection on oral innate immunity?, (iii) What are the roles of oral innate immunity against other co-infections?, (iv) What are the effects of HAART on oral innate immunity?, and (v) Is oral innate immunity enhanced by HAART?
authors: Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors: Wipawee
authors: W
authors: Nittayananta
authors: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.|Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
authors: Renchuan
authors: R
authors: Tao
authors: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
authors: Lanlan
authors: L
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
authors: Yuanyuan
authors: Y
authors: Peng
authors: Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
authors: Yuxiao
authors: Y
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009909:Oral Health
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: antimicrobial peptides; cytokines; defensins; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human immunodeficiency virus; oral innate immunity; secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
references: BMC Immunol. 2009;10:36
references: 19523197
references: J Virol. 2005 May;79(10):6432-40
references: 15858026
references: Eur J Immunol. 2011 Sep;41(9):2526-9
references: 21952811
references: APMIS. 2001 Feb;109(2):117-26
references: 11398993
references: J Virol. 2004 May;78(10):5147-56
references: 15113897
references: Oral Oncol. 2002 Jun;38(4):391-3
references: 12076705
references: N Y State Dent J. 2001 Mar;67(3):22-3
references: 11326719
references: J Oral Sci. 2011 Mar;53(1):1-13
references: 21467809
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001 Oct;16(5):270-8
references: 11555303
references: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2004 Jul;33(4 Suppl):27-30
references: 15389303
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Aug;33(7):410-6
references: 15250833
references: Immunol Rev. 1999 Aug;170:197-222
references: 10566152
references: J Dent Res. 2000 Jul;79(7):1502-7
references: 11005735
references: Int J Oncol. 2008 Oct;33(4):777-82
references: 18813791
references: Braz Oral Res. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):255-60
references: 21670857
references: J Dent Res. 2010 Jul;89(7):666-75
references: 20395411
references: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1999 Jun;13(6):369-74
references: 10842858
references: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2004 Aug;18(8):443-56
references: 15321016
references: Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Sep;27(18):1337-47
references: 16215847
references: Int J Dermatol. 2013 Oct;52(10):1177-84
references: 24073903
references: AIDS. 1998 Mar 5;12(4):447-8
references: 9520182
references: Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Nov;52(11):1102-8
references: 17586460
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2000 Sep;29(8):394-402
references: 10972348
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Sep;102(3):318-24
references: 16920540
references: J Clin Pathol. 2000 Mar;53(3):177-81
references: 10823134
references: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999 Dec 10;15(18):1619-23
references: 10606084
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2002 Jan;31(1):1-4
references: 11896815
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Jan;6(1):67-78
references: 18079743
references: J Immunol. 2006 Dec 15;177(12):8658-66
references: 17142766
references: AIDS. 2008 Mar 30;22(6):685-94
references: 18356597
references: Retrovirology. 2008;5:29
references: 18371227
references: Ear Nose Throat J. 2013 Jun;92(6):E12
references: 23780596
references: AIDS Res Ther. 2010 Jun 25;7:19
references: 20579347
references: Infect Immun. 2011 May;79(5):1961-70
references: 21357722
references: Virology. 2002 May 25;297(1):89-97
references: 12083839
references: Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009 Jan;4(1):52-6
references: 19339939
references: J Oral Sci. 2011 Sep;53(3):263-71
references: 21959652
references: Ophthalmic Res. 2014;51(4):179-86
references: 24662332
references: Mucosal Immunol. 2008 Nov;1(6):460-9
references: 19079213
references: Mol Immunol. 2005 May;42(9):1073-84
references: 15829297
references: Arch Oral Biol. 2012 Jul;57(7):865-9
references: 22336091
references: J Clin Periodontol. 1995 Jul;22(7):569-77
references: 7560241
references: Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Oct;117(5):536-40
references: 19758249
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2013 Mar;42(3):208-15
references: 23126266
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2002 Mar;31(3):169-74
references: 11903824
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5(1):46-51
references: 1371157
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Oct;84(4):372-80
references: 9347501
references: Immunology. 1992 Mar;75(3):391-7
references: 1572689
references: Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul;254(1):10-33
references: 23772612
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999 May 1;21(1):20-5
references: 10235510
references: BMC Cancer. 2010;10:344
references: 20591198
references: JAMA. 2008 Aug 6;300(5):555-70
references: 18677028
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2003 Jun;18(3):199-201
references: 12753474
references: J Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;189(9):1656-63
references: 15116302
references: Adv Dent Res. 2011 Apr;23(1):142-51
references: 21441496
references: Med Mycol. 2005 Sep;43(6):545-9
references: 16323311
references: Infect Immun. 2005 Jan;73(1):622-6
references: 15618204
references: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981 Jun 5;30(21):250-2
references: 6265753
references: J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2001;(29):7-15
references: 11694559
references: J Periodontal Res. 1986 Mar;21(2):101-12
references: 2937899
references: AIDS. 2009 Jan 28;23(3):309-17
references: 19114868
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 1992 May;21(5):209-13
references: 1403836
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2013 Jan;42(1):53-60
references: 22680235
references: Periodontol 2000. 2009 Feb;49:39-59
references: 19152525
references: Science. 1994 Dec 16;266(5192):1865-9
references: 7997879
references: AIDS. 1998 Dec 24;12(18):2511-3
references: 9875598
references: Oral Oncol. 2008 Oct;44(10):915-9
references: 18329326
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Jan 2;206(1):9-18
references: 11786250
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1(4):361-6
references: 3216316
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2012 Mar;132(3 Pt 2):882-6
references: 22158552
references: AIDS. 2003 Nov 7;17(16):F39-48
references: 14571200
references: J Med Vet Mycol. 1989;27(5):277-94
references: 2689621
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1996 Dec;11(6):371-80
references: 9467369
references: J Immunol. 2004 Jun 15;172(12):7229-34
references: 15187096
references: Immunology. 2011 Mar;132(3):401-9
references: 21073452
references: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007 Apr-May;48(3-4):215-23
references: 16395695
references: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2013 Jul-Sep;26(3):663-72
references: 24067462
references: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999 Nov;6(6):808-11
references: 10548568
references: Oral Dis. 1997 May;3 Suppl 1:S153-5
references: 9456680
references: Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:56-83
references: 22142957
references: AIDS. 2009 Nov 13;23(17):2337-45
references: 19741479
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 15;39(2):264-9
references: 15307037
references: Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2010;23(2):117-23
references: 21053684
references: J Dent Res. 2005 May;84(5):445-50
references: 15840781
references: AIDS. 1999 May 28;13(8):883-90
references: 10371168
references: Adv Dent Res. 2006;19(1):29-35
references: 16672546
references: J Periodontal Res. 2001 Oct;36(5):285-94
references: 11585115
references: Oral Dis. 2012 Nov;18(8):793-801
references: 22747944
references: Infect Immun. 2002 Feb;70(2):577-83
references: 11796585
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Mar 16;97(6):425-32
references: 15770006
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Feb;83(2):259-64
references: 9117759
references: Curr Opin Oncol. 2009 Sep;21(5):439-44
references: 19587593
references: J Dent Res. 2003 Sep;82(9):719-24
references: 12939357
references: J Infect Dis. 2001 Dec 15;184(12):1499-507
references: 11740724
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:381-418
references: 17378762
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Mar;167(3):499-504
references: 22288593
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77749
references: 24204950
references: Trends Cell Biol. 2009 Sep;19(9):455-64
references: 19716304
references: J Immunol. 2009 Mar 15;182(6):3688-95
references: 19265147
references: J Immunol. 2007 Aug 15;179(4):2542-50
references: 17675516
references: Adv Dent Res. 2011 Apr;23(1):122-9
references: 21441493
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992 Feb;73(2):164-7
references: 1549310
references: Nat Immunol. 2001 Nov;2(11):1004-9
references: 11685223
references: AIDS Res Treat. 2012;2012:634523
references: 22924124
references: Int J Oncol. 2007 Apr;30(4):813-23
references: 17332919
references: Oral Dis. 1997 May;3 Suppl 1:S79-84
references: 9456663
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004 Jun;19(3):201-4
references: 15107073
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Dec;92(6):629-36
references: 11740480
references: Lancet. 1998 Feb 21;351(9102):543-9
references: 9492772
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Feb;16(2):301-2
references: 8443314
references: J Invest Dermatol. 1987 Aug;89(2):178-82
references: 3110300
references: J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 5;263(16):7472-7
references: 3286634
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2011 Jan;343(1):175-88
references: 20730446
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(1):41-8
references: 2293641
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2000 Jul;27(7):513-9
references: 10914893
references: Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(4):4295-320
references: 22605979
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2010 May;39(5):397-406
references: 20202089
references: Oral Oncol. 2010 Feb;46(2):123-7
references: 20036603
references: Biochem J. 2012 Feb 1;441(3):963-70
references: 22023339
references: J AIDS Clin Res. 2013 Mar 5;4(193):null
references: 23730535
references: Infect Immun. 1994 Mar;62(3):892-6
references: 8112860
references: J Immunol. 2004 Mar 15;172(6):3712-8
references: 15004175
references: Int J Med Microbiol. 2006 Aug;296(4-5):301-11
references: 16545602