title: Comparing immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice as animal models for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the differences and similarities between immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice as ectopic transplantation animal models for bone tissue engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteogenic cells from mouse leg bones were cultured, seeded on β-TCP granules, and transplanted onto the backs of either immunocompetent or immunodeficient nude mice. At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively, samples were harvested and evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunohistochemical staining and quantitative PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In immunocompetent mice, inflammatory cell infiltration was evident at 1 week postoperatively and relatively higher expression of TNF-α and IL-4 was observed. In immunodeficient mice, new bone area and the number of TRAP-positive cells were larger at 4 weeks than in immunocompetent mice. The volume of new bone area in immunodeficient mice was reduced by 8 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone regeneration was feasible in immunocompetent mice. However, some differences were observed between immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice in the bone regeneration process possibly due to different cytokine expression, which should be considered when utilizing in vivo animal models.
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Chihara
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Mizoguchi
authors: Division of Molecular Therapy, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hori
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Udagawa
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Taguchi
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Shinohara
authors: Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan.|Division of Molecular Therapy, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kagami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007121:Immunocompetence; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4
keywords: animal models; bone tissue engineering; ectopic transplantation; immunological reaction; nude mouse