title: Cut to the chase--Regulating translation through RNA cleavage.
abstract: Activation of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems provides an important mechanism for bacteria to adapt to challenging and ever changing environmental conditions. Known TA systems are classified into five families based on the mechanisms of antitoxin inhibition and toxin activity. For type II TA systems, the toxin is inactivated in exponentially growing cells by tightly binding its antitoxin partner protein, which also serves to regulate cellular levels of the complex through transcriptional auto-repression. During cellular stress, however, the antitoxin is degraded thus freeing the toxin, which is then able to regulate central cellular processes, primarily protein translation to adjust cell growth to the new conditions. In this review, we focus on the type II TA pairs that regulate protein translation through cleavage of ribosomal, transfer, or messenger RNA.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Sofos
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Kehan
authors: K
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Emil
authors: E
authors: Dedic
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10c, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Electronic address: deb@mbg.au.dk.
authors: Ditlev E
authors: DE
authors: Brodersen
mesh_terms: D000992:Antitoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D059367:RNA Cleavage
chemical_list: D000992:Antitoxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins
keywords: Nuclease; RNA; Ribosome; Structure; Toxin–antitoxin