title: Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region--insights from Y chromosome STR and SNP typing of Greenlanders.
abstract: The human population in Greenland is characterized by migration events of Paleo- and Neo-Eskimos, as well as admixture with Europeans. In this study, the Y-chromosomal variation in male Greenlanders was investigated in detail by typing 73 Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs). Approximately 40% of the analyzed Greenlandic Y chromosomes were of European origin (I-M170, R1a-M513 and R1b-M343). Y chromosomes of European origin were mainly found in individuals from the west and south coasts of Greenland, which is in agreement with the historic records of the geographic placements of European settlements in Greenland. Two Inuit Y-chromosomal lineages, Q-M3 (xM19, M194, L663, SA01 and L766) and Q-NWT01 (xM265) were found in 23% and 31% of the male Greenlanders, respectively. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Q-M3 lineage of the Greenlanders was estimated to be between 4,400 and 10,900 years ago (y. a.) using two different methods. This is in agreement with the theory that the North Circumpolar Region was populated via a second expansion of humans in the North American continent. The TMRCA of the Q-NWT01 (xM265) lineage in Greenland was estimated to be between 7,000 and 14,300 y. a. using two different methods, which is older than the previously reported TMRCA of this lineage in other Inuit populations. Our results indicate that Inuit individuals carrying the Q-NWT01 (xM265) lineage may have their origin in the northeastern parts of North America and could be descendants of the Dorset culture. This in turn points to the possibility that the current Inuit population in Greenland is comprised of individuals of both Thule and Dorset descent.
authors: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Jill Katharina
authors: JK
authors: Olofsson
authors: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Vania
authors: V
authors: Pereira
authors: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Claus
authors: C
authors: Børsting
authors: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Morling
mesh_terms: D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D003718:Denmark; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006116:Greenland; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
references: Science. 2014 Aug 29;345(6200):1255832
references: 25170159
references: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013 Mar;150(3):333-48
references: 23283701
references: Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2014 Jul;11:182-94
references: 24793845
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Sep;73(3):524-39
references: 12900798
references: Curr Biol. 2010 Feb 23;20(4):R202-7
references: 20178768
references: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012 Jul;148(3):422-35
references: 22549307
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Sep;67(3):697-717
references: 10931763
references: Hum Genet. 2003 Apr;112(4):353-63
references: 12594533
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 29;109(22):8471-6
references: 22586127
references: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2004;5:295-315
references: 15485351
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2011 Jan;28(1):717-27
references: 20837606
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2007 May;80(5):884-94
references: 17436243
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Oct 15;17(R2):R143-50
references: 18852203
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):990-1018
references: 11254455
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2001 May;18(5):700-9
references: 11319254
references: Mol Biol Evol. 1999 Jan;16(1):37-48
references: 10331250
references: Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):370-4
references: 22801491
references: Am J Hum Biol. 2004 Jul-Aug;16(4):420-39
references: 15214060
references: Ann Hum Genet. 2009 Jan;73(1):61-73
references: 19040656
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2006 Dec 1;164(1):10-9
references: 16337760
references: Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013 Sep;7(5):482-7
references: 23948317
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71390
references: 23990949
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012 Mar 19;367(1590):770-84
references: 22312044
references: Hum Genet. 2000 Dec;107(6):582-90
references: 11153912
references: PLoS Genet. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003460
references: 23593040
references: Eur J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;14(8):963-70
references: 16724001
references: Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Feb;78(2):202-21
references: 16400607
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2004 Jan;21(1):164-75
references: 14595095
references: Genome Res. 2008 May;18(5):830-8
references: 18385274
references: Am J Hum Biol. 2011 Jul-Aug;23(4):563-6
references: 21544893
references: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 May;130(1):123-34
references: 16353217
references: Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2014 Sep;12:12-23
references: 24854874
references: Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):757-62
references: 20148029
references: Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2007 Dec;1(3-4):223-31
references: 19083766
references: Eur J Hum Genet. 2015 Feb;23(2):245-51
references: 24801759
references: Genetics. 2006 Apr;172(4):2431-9
references: 16489223
references: Mol Ecol Resour. 2010 May;10(3):564-7
references: 21565059