title: Familial expressed emotion among heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment: does it matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expressed emotion (EE) is the quality of the atmosphere between a relative and a family member with mental illness. Substantial research has focused on the relationship between the level of EE and the outcomes of mental illness. However, no prior study has explored the role of EE relative to heroin addicts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of EE on patient outcome in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and the relationship between the EE of heroin addicts and other demographic and psychological variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 heroin addicts who entered MMT were enrolled. Each subject underwent a comprehensive interview to record demographic data and drug use history. The Family Emotional Involvement Scale (FEICS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Depression Inventory (BAI) were used at baseline. All subjects were followed for 12 months. The results of monthly urine tests and the treatment retention were recorded for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived criticism was correlated with depression (r=0.20, P<0.01). The overall retention rate in 12-month MMT was 54.70%. Lower perceived criticism (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.20-3.60, P<0.01) and lower depression (OR=1.24, 95% CI=0.65-1.80, P=0.02) predicted longer retention in MMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EE, especially perceived criticism, has its influences on outcomes among heroin addicts in MMT. This suggested the potential benefits of family therapy among high EE heroin addicts in MMT. Furthermore, the mechanism how EE affects the outcome of MMT needs to be further investigated.
authors: Jianan Psychiatric Centre, MOHW, Taiwan; Addiction Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: yuhsinliu87@gmail.com.
authors: Chun-Hung
authors: CH
authors: Lee
authors: Jianan Psychiatric Centre, MOHW, Taiwan.
authors: Tso-Jen
authors: TJ
authors: Wang
authors: Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, Taiwan.
authors: Hsin-Pei
authors: HP
authors: Tang
authors: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery, King's College London, UK.
authors: Yu-Hsin
authors: YH
authors: Liu
authors: Addiction Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Expressed emotion; Heroin dependence; Methadone maintenance treatment