title: Soft drink consumption is positively associated with increased waist circumference and 10-year incidence of abdominal obesity in Spanish adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death. There is a dearth of prospective data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages, including soft drinks, fruit juice, whole milk, and skim and low-fat milk, and changes in waist circumference (WC) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, population-based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25-74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009. We measured weight, height, and WC, and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with the use of validated questionnaires. We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC (P = 0.018) after 10 y of follow-up. Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 2.4) and 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.2) decrease in WC, respectively. Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption. Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated (P = 0.029) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity. This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models.
authors: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and Food and Nutrition PhD program, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
authors: Anna N
authors: AN
authors: Funtikova
authors: Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and.
authors: Isaac
authors: I
authors: Subirana
authors: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and Thao Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; and.
authors: Santiago F
authors: SF
authors: Gomez
authors: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain;
authors: Montserrat
authors: M
authors: Fitó
authors: Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain;
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Elosua
authors: School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Mexico State, Toluca, Mexico.
authors: Alejandra A
authors: AA
authors: Benítez-Arciniega
authors: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and hschroeder@imim.es.
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference
keywords: Mediterranean diet; abdominal obesity; beverages; diet quality; soft drinks; waist circumference