title: Ubiquitous transcription factors display structural plasticity and diverse functions: NusG proteins - Shifting shapes and paradigms.
abstract: Numerous accessory factors modulate RNA polymerase response to regulatory signals and cellular cues and establish communications with co-transcriptional RNA processing. Transcription regulators are astonishingly diverse, with similar mechanisms arising via convergent evolution. NusG/Spt5 elongation factors comprise the only universally conserved and ancient family of regulators. They bind to the conserved clamp helices domain of RNA polymerase, which also interacts with non-homologous initiation factors in all domains of life, and reach across the DNA channel to form processivity clamps that enable uninterrupted RNA chain synthesis. In addition to this ubiquitous function, NusG homologs exert diverse, and sometimes opposite, effects on gene expression by competing with each other and other regulators for binding to the clamp helices and by recruiting auxiliary factors that facilitate termination, antitermination, splicing, translation, etc. This surprisingly diverse range of activities and the underlying unprecedented structural changes make studies of these "transformer" proteins both challenging and rewarding.
authors: Department of Microbiology and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors: Monali
authors: M
authors: NandyMazumdar
authors: Irina
authors: I
authors: Artsimovitch
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010445:Peptide Elongation Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C070291:NusG protein, E coli; D010445:Peptide Elongation Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: NusG; RfaH; antitermination; refolding; transcription; translation
references: J Bacteriol. 1997 Jun;179(11):3519-27
references: 9171395
references: Mol Cell. 2013 May 9;50(3):309-21
references: 23664375
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Mar 4;94(5):1755-60
references: 9050851
references: Mol Microbiol. 1999 Jan;31(2):651-63
references: 10027981
references: DNA Repair (Amst). 2014 Jul;19:64-70
references: 24751236
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb 19;285(8):5317-26
references: 20042611
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 15;267(2):1093-8
references: 1309760
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013 Apr;16(2):118-24
references: 23347833
references: Structure. 2013 Mar 5;21(3):365-75
references: 23415559
references: Genes Dev. 2000 Oct 15;14(20):2635-49
references: 11040217
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 May;270(1):42-8
references: 17263838
references: Nature. 2014 Jan 16;505(7483):372-7
references: 24402227
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1099-103
references: 11257021
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 1;90(3):970-4
references: 8430111
references: J Bacteriol. 1999 Jan;181(2):359-67
references: 9882646
references: Mol Cell. 2005 Nov 11;20(3):335-45
references: 16285916
references: J Mol Biol. 1997 Apr 25;268(1):54-68
references: 9149141
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 7;282(49):35482-90
references: 17921145
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jan;57(1):269-76
references: 23114770
references: Chem Rev. 2013 Nov 13;113(11):8604-19
references: 23638618
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 22;105(3):865-70
references: 18195372
references: Nature. 2002 Jun 13;417(6890):712-9
references: 12000971
references: Genes Dev. 2014 Jun 15;28(12):1323-36
references: 24939935
references: Nature. 2007 Jul 12;448(7150):157-62
references: 17581590
references: Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):905-20
references: 10937989
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Dec;41(22):10077-85
references: 23990324
references: Cell. 2011 Dec 9;147(6):1257-69
references: 22136875
references: RNA Biol. 2010 May-Jun;7(3):272-5
references: 20458190
references: Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):851-60
references: 6091902
references: EMBO J. 2009 Jan 21;28(2):112-22
references: 19096362
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Oct 21;105(42):16131-6
references: 18852477
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1829(1):105-15
references: 22982195
references: Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):885-99
references: 3040263
references: Trends Biochem Sci. 1996 Nov;21(11):425-6
references: 8987397
references: J Mol Biol. 2011 Jan 7;405(1):49-64
references: 21040729
references: Mol Cell. 2011 Jul 22;43(2):253-62
references: 21777814
references: Cell. 1996 Nov 29;87(5):893-903
references: 8945516
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Feb;9(2):85-98
references: 21233849
references: J Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 13;355(2):196-210
references: 16305799
references: Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1577-80
references: 23812715
references: Microbiol Rev. 1995 Dec;59(4):623-45
references: 8531889
references: Plasmid. 2013 Jul;70(1):18-32
references: 23632276
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jul;38(12):4040-51
references: 20197319
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014 Apr;18:68-71
references: 24632072
references: Mol Microbiol. 2005 Mar;55(5):1315-24
references: 15720542
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Sep 1;30(17):3643-52
references: 12202748
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1829(1):39-54
references: 23022618
references: Science. 2012 Nov 23;338(6110):1076-80
references: 23086998
references: J Bacteriol. 1991 Aug;173(16):5188-93
references: 1860828
references: Cell. 2002 Apr 19;109(2):193-203
references: 12007406
references: J Bacteriol. 1979 Sep;139(3):730-7
references: 383690
references: Cell. 2010 Oct 1;143(1):122-33
references: 20887897
references: Science. 2010 Apr 23;328(5977):501-4
references: 20413501
references: Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):437-40
references: 23151482
references: J Mol Biol. 2012 Mar 16;417(1-2):13-27
references: 22306403
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jun 20;97(13):7090-5
references: 10860976
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 23;92(11):4738-42
references: 7761393
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 May;72(5):1725-8
references: 1098042
references: Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1285-9
references: 24926020
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Apr;24(4):893-5
references: 17237472
references: Mol Microbiol. 2010 Apr;76(2):286-301
references: 20132437
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Nov;38(21):7432-45
references: 20639538
references: Mol Cell. 2011 Jul 22;43(2):263-74
references: 21777815
references: Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):935-8
references: 18487194
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1272-8
references: 20818391
references: Genes Dev. 2012 Dec 1;26(23):2621-33
references: 23207917
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Oct;33(19):3805-16
references: 23878398
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Nov;41(20):9266-73
references: 23939621
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 28;106(17):6956-61
references: 19365074
references: EMBO J. 2011 Apr 6;30(7):1302-10
references: 21386817
references: Cell. 2012 Jun 22;149(7):1438-45
references: 22726433
references: Genes Dev. 2009 Dec 1;23(23):2765-77
references: 19952111
references: Biochem Soc Trans. 2013 Feb 1;41(1):362-7
references: 23356312
references: EMBO J. 2011 Apr 6;30(7):1190-1
references: 21468097
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Apr 13;26(1):117-29
references: 17434131
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 8;106(36):15406-11
references: 19706412
references: Cell. 2012 Jul 20;150(2):291-303
references: 22817892
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2014;68:357-76
references: 25002089
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 25;267(9):6012-9
references: 1532577
references: Mol Cell. 2011 Jul 22;43(2):161-3
references: 21777806
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011 Jun;14(3):328-34
references: 21596617
references: EMBO J. 2001 Jul 16;20(14):3811-20
references: 11447122
references: Cell Cycle. 2012 Dec 1;11(23):4289-90
references: 23095672
references: J Bacteriol. 2009 Dec;191(23):7288-95
references: 19801412
references: Transcription. 2014;5(1):e27639
references: 25764110
references: Science. 2010 Apr 23;328(5977):436-7
references: 20413480
references: J Mol Biol. 2009 Aug 14;391(2):341-58
references: 19500594
references: J Mol Biol. 1998 May 1;278(2):307-16
references: 9571053
references: Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jun;24(6):1157-68
references: 9218765
references: Nature. 2002 Dec 19-26;420(6917):837-41
references: 12490954
references: J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 19;274(8):5245-51
references: 9988775
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Apr;32(7):1321-31
references: 22290438
references: Mol Microbiol. 2010 May;76(3):690-705
references: 20384694
references: Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1139-43
references: 17110577
references: J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 29;288(13):9126-34
references: 23389035
references: Biochem J. 2011 May 1;435(3):783-9
references: 21345171
references: Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jun;24(5):1001-12
references: 9220007
references: Science. 2010 Apr 23;328(5977):504-8
references: 20413502
references: Transcription. 2011 May;2(3):130-134
references: 21922055
references: Nat Commun. 2014;5:4310
references: 25007739
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Nov;23(21):4297-312
references: 22973055
references: J Mol Biol. 2011 Oct 7;412(5):793-813
references: 21439297
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Jan 1;170(1):221-7
references: 9919671
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jan 9;93(1):342-6
references: 8552635
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 25;105(47):18159-64
references: 19017803
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 May;9(5):319-29
references: 21478900
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 11;108(2):546-50
references: 21187417
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1972 May;70(3):527-54
references: 4556257
references: J Mol Biol. 2010 May 28;399(1):17-30
references: 20381500
references: Mol Cell. 2009 Jan 16;33(1):97-108
references: 19150431
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(17):5694-705
references: 17711918
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Nov 15;34(22):4078-87
references: 25154419
references: Mol Microbiol. 1997 Dec;26(5):845-51
references: 9426123
references: Cell. 1992 Mar 6;68(5):989-94
references: 1547498
references: J Mol Biol. 1991 Jul 20;220(2):307-24
references: 1856861
references: J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 25;259(18):11550-5
references: 6206069