title: Influence of mouth breathing on the dentofacial growth of children: a cephalometric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The involvement of mouth breathing, facial, and structural growth alterations, especially during childhood has been discussed in medical and dental literature. The relevance of airway obstruction and its assumed effect on facial growth continues to be debated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was aimed at assessing the dental and soft tissue abnormalities in mouth breathing children with and without adenoid hypertrophy. Fifty children aged between 6 and 12 years following otolaryngological examination were divided into three groups: Group I (MBA): Twenty mouth breathing children with enlarged adenoids and 60% of nasopharynx obstruction; Group II (MB): Twenty mouth breathing children without any nasal obstruction; Group III (nasal breathers [NB]): Ten nose breathing healthy individuals (control group). Digital lateral cephalograms were obtained and the dental and soft tissue parameters were assessed using the cephalometric software, Dolphin Imaging 11.5 version. Comparison was done using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in IMPA (P = 0.001 and 0.007 respectively), interlabial gap (P = 0.007 and 0.002 respectively) and facial convexity (P < 0.001 and 0.001 respectively) in both MBA and MB groups when compared to NB. The upper incisor proclination (P = 0.012) and facial convexity (P = 0.003) were significantly higher in mouthbreathers with adenoid hypertrophy. However, upper incisor proclination (P = 0.009) was statistically signifi cant only in group MB when compared to NB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All subjects with mouth-breathing habit exhibited a significant increase in lower incisor proclination, lip incompetency and convex facial profile. The presence of adenoids accentuated the facial convexity and mentolabial sulcus depth.
authors: Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Bahija
authors: B
authors: Basheer
authors: Professor, Department of Paedodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors: K Sundeep
authors: KS
authors: Hegde
authors: Vice Principal, Professor and Head, Department of Paedodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Sham S
authors: SS
authors: Bhat
authors: Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Century International Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Institute, Poinachi, Kasargod, Kerala, India.
authors: Dilshad
authors: D
authors: Umar
authors: Faculty, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Kusai
authors: K
authors: Baroudi
keywords: Cephalometric; dentofacial growth; mouth breathing
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