title: Is schizophrenia associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease? A nationwide matched-cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of schizophrenia on vital diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), has not as yet been verified. This study aims to establish whether there is an association between schizophrenia and CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide matched cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2338 patients with schizophrenia, and 7014 controls without schizophrenia (1:3), matched cohort for sex, age group, geography, urbanisation and monthly income, between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007, based on the International Classifications of Disease Ninth Edition (ICD-9), Clinical Modification codes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After making adjustments for confounding risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of developing CKD during a 3-year follow-up period from the index date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2338-subject case cohort, 163 (6.97%) developed a CKD, as did 365 (5.20%) of the 7014 control participants. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia were more likely to develop CKD (HR=1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.63; p<0.001). After adjusting for gender, age group, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, heart disease and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage, the HR for patients with schizophrenia was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.50; p<0.05). Neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics was associated an increased risk of CKD in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a 25% increase in the risk of developing CKD within only a 3-year follow-up period.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Nian-Sheng
authors: NS
authors: Tzeng
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors: Yung-Ho
authors: YH
authors: Hsu
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Shinn-Ying
authors: SY
authors: Ho
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Ching
authors: YC
authors: Kuo
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Hua-Chin
authors: HC
authors: Lee
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Yun-Ju
authors: YJ
authors: Yin
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Hong-An
authors: HA
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Liang
authors: WL
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: William Cheng-Chung
authors: WC
authors: Chu
authors: Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Hui-Ling
authors: HL
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: National Health Insurance Research Dataset; Schizophrenia; chronic kidney diseases; non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
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