title: Evaluation of velopharyngeal closure by 4D imaging using 320-detector-row computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current imaging techniques for velopharyngeal closure (VPC) evaluation are two-dimensional, static, or distressing, thus necessitating multiple procedures to understand this three-dimensional and dynamic area. We validated the use of a novel four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) technique for the morphological and kinematic evaluation of VPC in cleft palate patients based on dynamic volume scanning with 320-detector-row CT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients aged 4-10 years (40% males) with persistent velopharyngeal insufficiency post palatoplasty underwent conventional tests (cephalometry and video-nasal endoscopy) and 4D-CT. For each patient, complete multiplanar reconstruction, 4D airway CT, and 4D-CT endoscopy data for all scanning phases were compared with cephalometric and video-nasal endoscopy data. The movements of the velum and posterior pharyngeal walls were graded by each modality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4D airway CT revealed higher anatomical detail than cephalometry, additionally providing dynamic images. 4D-CT endoscopy and video-nasal endoscopy were in agreement for all patients regarding the patterns of VPC, with complete visualization of VPC in five versus one patient, respectively. 4D airway CT and cephalometry showed a discrepancy in one case, wherein grading by cephalometry was overestimated. 4D-CT was also useful in determining the width and length of a proposed pharyngeal flap. The examination time (mean ± standard deviation (SD), seconds), including patient preparation time, was 224 ± 73, 492 ± 145, and 718 ± 123 for cephalometric radiographs, CT, and video-nasal endoscopy, respectively. The mean estimated radiation dose during 4D-CT was 4.44 ± 1.64 mSv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D-CT provides detailed morphological and kinematic analysis of VPC and may offer advantages over conventional procedures.
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Yoshiaki
authors: Y
authors: Sakamoto
authors: Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
authors: Shigeyoshi
authors: S
authors: Soga
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: jinzaki@rad.med.keio.ac.jp.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Jinzaki
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Yoshitake
authors: Y
authors: Yamada
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Hisao
authors: H
authors: Ogata
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Kishi
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery
keywords: 4D-CT; Cleft palate; Velopharyngeal closure; Virtual endoscopy