title: Fasciola hepatica vaccine: we may not be there yet but we're on the right road.
abstract: Major advances have been made in identifying potential vaccine molecules for the control of fasciolosis in livestock but we have yet to reach the level of efficacy required for commercialisation. The pathogenesis of fasciolosis is associated with liver damage that is inflicted by migrating and feeding immature flukes as well as host inflammatory immune responses to parasite-secreted molecules and tissue damage alarm signals. Immune suppression/modulation by the parasites prevents the development of protective immune responses as evidenced by the lack of immunity observed in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In our opinion, future efforts need to focus on understanding how parasites invade and penetrate the tissues of their hosts and how they potentiate and control the ensuing immune responses, particularly in the first days of infection. Emerging 'omics' data employed in an unbiased approach are helping us understand liver fluke biology and, in parallel with new immunological data, to identify molecules that are essential to parasite development and accessible to vaccine-induced immune responses.
authors: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors: Verónica
authors: V
authors: Molina-Hernández
authors: Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Mulcahy
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Pérez
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Álvaro
authors: Á
authors: Martínez-Moreno
authors: The i3 Institute & School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Sheila
authors: S
authors: Donnelly
authors: School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Ireland.
authors: Sandra M
authors: SM
authors: O'Neill
authors: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Dalton
authors: School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. Electronic address: k.cwiklinski@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Krystyna
authors: K
authors: Cwiklinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000276:immunology; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D012418:Ruminants / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Fasciola hepatica; helminth; hepatic pathology; immune response; vaccines
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