title: Novel bioemulsifier produced by a Paenibacillus strain isolated from crude oil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface active compounds produced by microorganisms are attracting a pronounced interest due to their potential advantages over their synthetic counterparts, and to the fact that they could replace some of the synthetics in many environmental and industrial applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioemulsifier production by a Paenibacillus sp. strain isolated from crude oil was studied. The bioemulsifier was produced using sucrose with and without adding hydrocarbons (paraffin or crude oil) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 40°C. It formed stable emulsions with several hydrocarbons and its emulsifying ability was not affected by exposure to high salinities (up to 300 g/l), high temperatures (100°C-121°C) or a wide range of pH values (2-13). In addition, it presented low toxicity and high biodegradability when compared with chemical surfactants. A preliminary chemical characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C CP-MAS NMR) and size exclusion chromatography indicated that the bioemulsifier is a low molecular weight oligosaccharide-lipid complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The production of a low molecular weight bioemulsifier by a novel Paenibacillus strain isolated from crude oil was reported. To the best of our knowledge, bioemulsifier production by Paenibacillus strains has not been previously reported. The features of this novel bioemulsifier make it an interesting biotechnological product for many environmental and industrial applications. Graphical Abstract Novel bioemulsifier from Paenibacillus sp.
authors: CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. egudina@deb.uminho.pt.
authors: Eduardo J
authors: EJ
authors: Gudiña
authors: CICECO - Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3830-103, Aveiro, Portugal. jfbpereira@ua.pt.
authors: Jorge F B
authors: JF
authors: Pereira
authors: CICECO - Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3830-103, Aveiro, Portugal. ritadiascosta@ua.pt.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Costa
authors: CICECO - Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3830-103, Aveiro, Portugal. dmitrye@ua.pt.
authors: Dmitry V
authors: DV
authors: Evtuguin
authors: CICECO - Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3830-103, Aveiro, Portugal. jcoutinho@ua.pt.
authors: João A P
authors: JA
authors: Coutinho
authors: CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. jateixeira@deb.uminho.pt.
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: Teixeira
authors: CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. lrmr@deb.uminho.pt.
authors: Lígia R
authors: LR
authors: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D054712:Salinity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D008055:Lipids; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010578:Petroleum; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013395:Sucrose
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