title: Blubber cortisol: a potential tool for assessing stress response in free-ranging dolphins without effects due to sampling.
abstract: When paired with dart biopsying, quantifying cortisol in blubber tissue may provide an index of relative stress levels (i.e., activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) in free-ranging cetacean populations while minimizing the effects of the act of sampling. To validate this approach, cortisol was extracted from blubber samples collected from beach-stranded and bycaught short-beaked common dolphins using a modified blubber steroid isolation technique and measured via commercially available enzyme immunoassays. The measurements exhibited appropriate quality characteristics when analyzed via a bootstraped stepwise parallelism analysis (observed/expected = 1.03, 95%CI: 99.6 - 1.08) and showed no evidence of matrix interference with increasing sample size across typical biopsy tissue masses (75-150 mg; r(2) = 0.012, p = 0.78, slope = 0.022 ng(cortisol deviation)/ul(tissue extract added)). The relationships between blubber cortisol and eight potential cofactors namely, 1) fatality type (e.g., stranded or bycaught), 2) specimen condition (state of decomposition), 3) total body length, 4) sex, 5) sexual maturity state, 6) pregnancy status, 7) lactation state, and 8) adrenal mass, were assessed using a Bayesian generalized linear model averaging technique. Fatality type was the only factor correlated with blubber cortisol, and the magnitude of the effect size was substantial: beach-stranded individuals had on average 6.1-fold higher cortisol levels than those of bycaught individuals. Because of the difference in conditions surrounding these two fatality types, we interpret this relationship as evidence that blubber cortisol is indicative of stress response. We found no evidence of seasonal variation or a relationship between cortisol and the remaining cofactors.
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Nicholas M
authors: NM
authors: Kellar
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America; Ocean Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, United States of America.
authors: Krista N
authors: KN
authors: Catelani
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America; Ocean Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, United States of America.
authors: Michelle N
authors: MN
authors: Robbins
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America; Ocean Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, United States of America.
authors: Marisa L
authors: ML
authors: Trego
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Camryn D
authors: CD
authors: Allen
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Kerri
authors: K
authors: Danil
authors: Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Susan J
authors: SJ
authors: Chivers
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D004289:Dolphins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005398:Fisheries; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D015983:Selection Bias; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
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