title: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs repress breakpoint cluster region protein expression, enhance Rac1 activity, and increase in vitro angiogenesis.
abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ∼ 22-nucleotide-long RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 12 pre-miRNAs during latency, and the functional significance of these microRNAs during KSHV infection and their cellular targets have been emerging recently. Using a previously reported microarray profiling analysis, we identified breakpoint cluster region mRNA (Bcr) as a cellular target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K12-6-5p (miR-K6-5). Bcr protein levels were repressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon transfection with miR-K6-5 and during KSHV infection. Luciferase assays wherein the Bcr 3' untranslated region (UTR) was cloned downstream of a luciferase reporter showed repression in the presence of miR-K6-5, and mutation of one of the two predicted miR-K6-5 binding sites relieved this repression. Furthermore, inhibition or deletion of miR-K6-5 in KSHV-infected cells showed increased Bcr protein levels. Together, these results show that Bcr is a direct target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K6-5. To understand the functional significance of Bcr knockdown in the context of KSHV-associated disease, we hypothesized that the knockdown of Bcr, a negative regulator of Rac1, might enhance Rac1-mediated angiogenesis. We found that HUVECs transfected with miR-K6-5 had increased Rac1-GTP levels and tube formation compared to HUVECs transfected with control miRNAs. Knockdown of Bcr in latently KSHV-infected BCBL-1 cells increased the levels of viral RTA, suggesting that Bcr repression by KSHV might aid lytic reactivation. Together, our results reveal a new function for both KSHV miRNAs and Bcr in KSHV infection and suggest that KSHV miRNAs, in part, promote angiogenesis and lytic reactivation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is linked to multiple human cancers and lymphomas. KSHV encodes small nucleic acids (microRNAs) that can repress the expression of specific human genes, the biological functions of which are still emerging. This report uses a variety of approaches to show that a KSHV microRNA represses the expression of the human gene called breakpoint cluster region (Bcr). Repression of Bcr correlated with the activation of a protein previously shown to cause KS-like lesions in mice (Rac1), an increase in KS-associated phenotypes (tube formation in endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] synthesis), and modification of the life cycle of the virus (lytic replication). Our results suggest that KSHV microRNAs suppress host proteins and contribute to KS-associated pathogenesis.
authors: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Dhivya
authors: D
authors: Ramalingam
authors: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Happel
authors: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA ziegelbauerjm@mail.nih.gov.
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Ziegelbauer
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051562:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D035683:MicroRNAs; C107953:RAC1 protein, human; D008156:Luciferases; C496613:BCR protein, human; D051562:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
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