title: Facial arterial depth and relationship with the facial musculature layer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have revealed a variation in the origin and distribution patterns of the facial artery. However, the relationship between the facial artery and the facial muscles has not been well described. The purpose of this study was to determine the facial artery depth and relationship with the facial musculature layer, which represents critical information for dermal filler injection and oral and maxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four embalmed adult faces from Korean cadavers (36 male and 18 female cadavers; mean age, 73.3 years) were used in this study. A detailed dissection was performed, with great care being taken to avoid damaging the facial artery underlying the facial skin and muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The facial artery was first categorized according to the patterns of its final arterial branches. The branching pattern was classified simply into three types: type I, nasolabial pattern (51.8 percent); type II, nasolabial pattern with an infraorbital trunk (29.6 percent); and type III, forehead pattern (18.6 percent). Each type was further subdivided according to the facial artery depth and relationship with the facial musculature layer as types Ia (37.0 percent), Ib (14.8 percent), IIa (16.7 percent), IIb (12.9 percent), IIIa (16.7 percent), and IIIb (1.9 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new anatomical insight into the relationships between the facial artery branches and the facial muscles, including providing useful information for clinical applications in the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
authors: Cheonan and Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Verona, Italy From the Department of Dental Hygiene, School of Health and Medicine, Namseoul University; the Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University; the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the Section of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Verona; and the Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine.
authors: Jae-Gi
authors: JG
authors: Lee
authors: Hun-Mu
authors: HM
authors: Yang
authors: You-Jin
authors: YJ
authors: Choi
authors: Vittorio
authors: V
authors: Favero
authors: Yi-Suk
authors: YS
authors: Kim
authors: Kyung-Seok
authors: KS
authors: Hu
authors: Hee-Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D044466:Asian People; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D056910:Republic of Korea; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control
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