title: Activities of different types of Thai honey on pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases, tyrosinase enzyme and generating free radicals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Honey is a natural product obtained from the nectar that is collected from flowers by bees. It has several properties, including those of being food and supplementary diet, and it can be used in cosmetic products. Honey imparts pharmaceutical properties since it has antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Thai honey were investigated in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The honey from longan flower (source No. 1) gave the highest activity on MRSA when compared to the other types of honey, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5% (v/v) and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25% (v/v). Moreover, it was found that MRSA isolate 49 and S. aureus were completely inhibited by the 50% (v/v) longan honey (source No. 1) at 8 and 20 hours of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the honey from coffee pollen (source No. 4) showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid compounds by 734.76 mg gallic/kg of honey and 178.31 mg quercetin/kg of honey, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the honey obtained from coffee pollen was also found to be the highest, when investigated using FRAP and DPPH assay, with 1781.77 mg FeSO4•7H2O/kg of honey and 86.20 mg gallic/kg of honey, respectively. Additionally, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme was found that honey from coffee flower showed highest inhibition by 63.46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Honey demonstrates tremendous potential as a useful source that provides anti-free radicals, anti-tyrosinase and anti-bacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases.
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. kanyaluckjan@gmail.com.
authors: Kanyaluck
authors: K
authors: Jantakee
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. yingmanee.t@cmu.ac.th.
authors: Yingmanee
authors: Y
authors: Tragoolpua
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D056705:Apitherapy; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D036681:Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010851:Picrates; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003069:Coffee; D005419:Flavonoids; D005609:Free Radicals; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
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