title: Hypertension outcomes in metabolically unhealthy normal-weight and metabolically healthy obese children and adolescents.
abstract: Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. However, the association between MHO and the risk of developing hypertension remains controversial. A prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the risk of hypertension in MHO and metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUNW) Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 1183 participants, 6-18 years old at baseline with normal blood pressure values, were studied using follow-up data from the cohort of the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study. The participants were classified according to the body mass index and the presence/absence of metabolic abnormality, which was defined by metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance (IR). During the 6-year follow-up period, 239 (20.2%) participants developed incident hypertension. After adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, pubertal stage, dietary habits and family history of hypertension, an increased risk for hypertension was observed in the MHO individuals (risk ratio, RRMetS 5.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.19-9.22 and RRIR 7.59; 95% CI 1.64-35.20) compared with their metabolically healthy normal-weight counterparts. Independent of the definition of metabolic abnormality, the MUNW subjects did not have an elevated incidence of hypertension. These results suggest that the risk of developing hypertension is increased in the MHO but not in the MUNW individuals.
authors: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China [2] Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China [3] Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors: W Q
authors: WQ
authors: Ding
authors: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China [2] Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors: Y K
authors: YK
authors: Yan
authors: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China [2] Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors: M X
authors: MX
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Cheng
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors: X Y
authors: XY
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors: D Q
authors: DQ
authors: Hou
authors: 1] Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China [2] Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Mi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000067329:Obesity, Metabolically Benign / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
references: Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013 Nov 15;5(1):71
references: 24228769
references: Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):210-5
references: 20937689
references: J Hypertens. 2014 Apr;32(4):834-9
references: 24370898
references: Diabetologia. 2008 Sep;51(9):1752-4
references: 18504546
references: Int J Cardiol. 2013 May 25;165(3):577-9
references: 23031288
references: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2008 Oct 1;3 Suppl 2:3-8
references: 18850405
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1020-5
references: 11238480
references: PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53069
references: 23308137
references: Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2007 Jun;45(6):417-21
references: 17880785
references: Eur J Intern Med. 2009 May;20(3):289-95
references: 19393496
references: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Aug;157(8):821-7
references: 12912790
references: Eur Heart J. 2015 Mar 1;36(9):551-9
references: 24670711
references: Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):860-7
references: 17167474
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jun;75(6):971-7
references: 12036801
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jul;97(7):2482-8
references: 22508708
references: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010 Oct;5(5):383-9
references: 20233154
references: J Hypertens. 2013 Jan;31(1):145-51
references: 23079679
references: Atherosclerosis. 2009 Dec;207(2):530-3
references: 19524243
references: Biomed Environ Sci. 2005 Dec;18(6):390-400
references: 16544521
references: PLoS One. 2013 Oct 17;8(10):e76188
references: 24146838
references: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011 Oct;75(4):475-81
references: 21521351
references: Diabetes Care. 2014 May;37(5):1462-8
references: 24574347
references: Obes Rev. 2014 Oct;15(10):781-90
references: 25040597
references: Diabetes Care. 2013 Aug;36(8):2388-94
references: 23491523
references: J Hypertens. 2006 Mar;24(3):413-22
references: 16467639
references: Ann Intern Med. 2013 Dec 3;159(11):758-69
references: 24297192
references: Circulation. 2005 Sep 20;112(12):1719-27
references: 16157770
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Oct 1;176 Suppl 7:S142-9
references: 23035138
references: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Jul;164(7):598-607
references: 20603458
references: Diabetes Care. 2013 Aug;36(8):2294-300
references: 23637352
references: Diabetologia. 1985 Jul;28(7):412-9
references: 3899825