title: The Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 +49A/G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Association With Visceral Leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several lines of evidence approve that innate and adaptive immunity play key roles in the defense against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The polymorphism within the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene alters its expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism within the +49 position of the CTLA-4 gene of Iranian patients with VL in comparison with healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 88 patients with clinical presentations of VL, who were seropositive for Leishmania (group 1), 86 patients without clinical presentations but seropositive (group 2), and 115 healthy controls (group 3) were assessed with respect to the CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The anti-Leishmania antibody titration was evaluated using an immunofluorescence method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that both CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphisms were significantly associated with VL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results, the polymorphisms within the +49 position of CTLA-4 can be associated with VL and may be considered as risk factors for the disease.
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors: Mehrdad
authors: M
authors: Hajilooi
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors: Pegah
authors: P
authors: Lotfi
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran.
authors: Farhad
authors: F
authors: Seif
authors: Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran.
authors: Ahad
authors: A
authors: Bazmani
authors: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Momeni
authors: Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Ravary
authors: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Kazemi Arababadi
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran.
authors: Ali Reza
authors: AR
authors: Khalilian
keywords: CTLA-4; Polymorphism; Visceral Leishmaniasis
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Oct;81(4):572-7
references: 19815868
references: J Immunol. 2000 Feb 15;164(4):2001-8
references: 10657651
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e20817
references: 21857899
references: East Mediterr Health J. 2004 Jul-Sep;10(4-5):591-9
references: 16335651
references: Pediatrics. 1999 Nov;104(5):e65
references: 10545591
references: Eur J Immunol. 2004 May;34(5):1433-40
references: 15114677
references: J Immunol. 1998 Oct 15;161(8):4153-60
references: 9780188
references: West Indian Med J. 2010 Jun;59(3):235-40
references: 21291098
references: Mol Immunol. 2007 Feb;44(5):1011-4
references: 16620985
references: Eur J Immunol. 2001 Feb;31(2):450-8
references: 11180109
references: Infect Immun. 2003 Nov;71(11):6453-62
references: 14573667
references: Microb Pathog. 2005 Apr;38(4):147-60
references: 15797810
references: Eur J Immunol. 1998 Dec;28(12):4213-20
references: 9862358
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Jun;133(6):1533-40
references: 23321919
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 29;277(48):46478-86
references: 12244107
references: Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Oct;4(10):757-9
references: 22014727
references: Exp Parasitol. 2009 Nov;123(3):218-25
references: 19631209
references: Dermatol Online J. 2012 Dec 15;18(12):32
references: 23286822
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(5):e1171
references: 21655313
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Mar;48(3):313-23
references: 8097080
references: J Intern Med. 2008 Jan;263(1):61-9
references: 18088253
references: J Trop Med. 2012;2012:780809
references: 22253634
references: J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):561-9
references: 1714933
references: Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Nov;38(8):5125-32
references: 21161390
references: Liver Int. 2012 May;32(5):803-8
references: 22136395
references: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Apr;37(4):615-23
references: 15064826