title: Natural hot spots for gain of multiple resistances: arsenic and antibiotic resistances in heterotrophic, aerobic bacteria from marine hydrothermal vent fields.
abstract: Microorganisms are responsible for multiple antibiotic resistances that have been associated with resistance/tolerance to heavy metals, with consequences to public health. Many genes conferring these resistances are located on mobile genetic elements, easily exchanged among phylogenetically distant bacteria. The objective of the present work was to isolate arsenic-, antimonite-, and antibiotic-resistant strains and to determine the existence of plasmids harboring antibiotic/arsenic/antimonite resistance traits in phenotypically resistant strains, in a nonanthropogenically impacted environment. The hydrothermal Lucky Strike field in the Azores archipelago (North Atlantic, between 11°N and 38°N), at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, protected under the OSPAR Convention, was sampled as a metal-rich pristine environment. A total of 35 strains from 8 different species were isolated in the presence of arsenate, arsenite, and antimonite. ACR3 and arsB genes were amplified from the sediment's total DNA, and 4 isolates also carried ACR3 genes. Phenotypic multiple resistances were found in all strains, and 7 strains had recoverable plasmids. Purified plasmids were sequenced by Illumina and assembled by EDENA V3, and contig annotation was performed using the "Rapid Annotation using the Subsystems Technology" server. Determinants of resistance to copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and chromium as well as to the antibiotics β-lactams and fluoroquinolones were found in the 3 sequenced plasmids. Genes coding for heavy metal resistance and antibiotic resistance in the same mobile element were found, suggesting the possibility of horizontal gene transfer and distribution of theses resistances in the bacterial population.
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal Instituto Piaget, Silves, Portugal.
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Farias
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Espírito Santo
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Branco
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Romeu
authors: R
authors: Francisco
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Santos
authors: Department of Biology, Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Hansen
authors: Department of Biology, Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Soren
authors: S
authors: Sorensen
authors: IMAR-CMA and CEMUC, Coimbra, Portugal Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal pvmorais@ci.uc.pt.
authors: Paula V
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-6389
authors: PV
authors: Morais
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000965:Antimony / Q000494:pharmacology; D001151:Arsenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001394:Azores; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D060086:Hydrothermal Vents / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000965:Antimony; D001151:Arsenic
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