title: Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae among children younger than 5 years of age in Beijing, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemophilus influenzae is one of the main pathogens that cause community-acquired respiratory infections in children. Our previous study showed that H. influenzae is the second most common pathogen causing pneumonia and accounts for 30-50% of bacterial meningitis among Chinese children. H. influenzae carriage in children and its resistance to commonly used antimicrobials varies widely both geographically and over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys of the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae in children younger than 5 years of age with acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) were conducted in Beijing Children's Hospital, China in 2000, 2002, 2010, and 2012. The overall annual carriage rates of H. influenzae among children younger than 5 years of age with ARI were 35.5%, 20.6%, 14.4%, and 18.7%, and the percentages of H. influenzae isolates producing β-lactamase were 4%, 13%, 27.1%, and 31%, respectively. The percentages of susceptibility to ampicillin progressively decreased from 96% (2000) to 87% (2002) to 63% (2010) to 61% (2012). All of the ampicillin-resistant isolates were found to be beta-lactamase producers. The susceptibility to tetracycline increased from 54% (2000) to 60% (2002) to 91.5% (2010) to 94.5% (2012). No statistically significant differences were observed in the susceptibility to cefaclor, cefuroxime, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone were the most effective antimicrobials for the isolates of H. influenzae across the 10-year period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report on the H. influenzae carriage rates in children and the susceptibility of these bacteria to commonly used antibiotics showed that H. influenzae carriage decreased from 2000 to 2012. Additionally, the percentage of β-lactamase-producing isolates increased while their susceptibility to ampicillin progressively decreased during this time. These results indicate that the appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy should be changed for pediatric patients in China.
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. doctorzhuhongbin@126.com.|Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China. doctorzhuhongbin@126.com.
authors: Hongbin
authors: H
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China. aihua970@163.com.
authors: Aihua
authors: A
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. tongjingjing1128@163.com.
authors: Jingjing
authors: J
authors: Tong
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. yuanlin7086@sina.com.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Yuan
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. weigw2000@sina.com.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Gao
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. shiwei613115@126.com.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Shi
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. yusangjie@hotmail.com.
authors: Sangjie
authors: S
authors: Yu
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. jiuhu2655@sina.com.
authors: Kaihu
authors: K
authors: Yao
authors: Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Li Shi Road 56, Beijing, 100045, China. yyh628628@sina.com.
authors: Yonghong
authors: Y
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068476:Beijing / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
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