title: Imaging assessment of gunshot wounds.
abstract: Gunshot injuries occur when someone is shot by a bullet or other sort of projectile from a firearm. Wounds are generally classified as low velocity (less than 609.6m/s) or high velocity (more than 609.6m/s). Those with higher velocity may be expected, on this basis, to dissipate more energy into surrounding tissue as they are slow and cause more tissue damage, but this is only a very approximate guide. However, these terms can be misleading; more important than velocity is the efficiency of energy transfer, which is dependent on the physical characteristics of the projectile, as well as the kinetic energy, stability, entrance profile and path traveled through the body, and the biological characteristics of the tissues injured. Hemodynamically stable patients and patients who stabilized after simple immediate resuscitation were evaluated with a careful history and physical examination. A routine x-ray is performed in patients with gunshot wounds. Indication for total body computed tomography (CT) is based on the presence of signs and symptoms of vascular damage at clinical examination. Patients are immediately transferred in the operating room for surgery if more serious injuries that require immediate surgical care are not diagnosed, or hemostasis may be preliminary reached in the emergency room. Hemodynamically stable patients with no history and clinical examination showing suspected vascular damage are allowed in the radiology department for obtaining a total body CT scan with intravenous contrast medium and then transferred to the surgical ward trauma for observation. After 24 hours without the complications, patient can be discharged. CT is the procedure of choice to identify hemorrhage, air, bullet, bone fragments, hemothorax, nerve lesion, musculoskeletal lesions, and vessels injuries and is useful for assessing medicolegal aspects as trajectory and the anatomical structures at risk.
authors: Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, Magrassi-Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Electronic address: alfonso.reginelli@unina2.it.
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: Reginelli
authors: Department of Radiology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Aversa, Italy.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Russo
authors: Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, Magrassi-Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Duilia
authors: D
authors: Maresca
authors: Department of Radiology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Aversa, Italy.
authors: Ciro
authors: C
authors: Martiniello
authors: Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, Magrassi-Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Cappabianca
authors: Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, Magrassi-Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Brunese
mesh_terms: D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*