title: The antimicrobial activity of prototype modified honeys that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a global issue in healthcare organisations. Honey has long been shown to possess wound healing and antimicrobial properties that are dependent on a number of physical and chemical properties of the honey. We tested the antimicrobial activity of a medicinal honey, Surgihoney® (SH) and two prototype modified honeys made by Apis mellifera (honeybee) against Staphylococcus aureus (NCIMB 9518). We also examined the modified honey prototypes for the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by changing the level of production of hydrogen peroxide from the samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgihoney® (SH) was compared with two modified honeys, Prototype 1 (PT1) and Prototype 2 (PT2) using a bioassay method against a standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Further work studied the rate of generation of ROS hydrogen peroxide from these preparations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgihoney® antimicrobial activity was shown to be largely due to ROS hydrogen peroxide production. By modification of Surgihoney®, two more potent honey prototypes were shown to generate between a two- and three-fold greater antibacterial activity and up to ten times greater ROS peroxide activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgihoney® is a clinically available wound antiseptic dressing that shows good antimicrobial activity. Two further honey prototypes have been shown to have antimicrobial activity that is possible to be enhanced due to demonstrated increases in ROS peroxide activity.
authors: Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK. j.cooke@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Cooke
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Dryden
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Patton
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Brennan
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001516:Bees / Q000378:metabolism; D006722:Honey; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
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