title: Chromium released from leather - I: exposure conditions that govern the release of chromium(III) and chromium(VI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 1-3% of the adult population in Europe is allergic to chromium (Cr). A new restriction in REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) based on the ISO 17075 standard has recently been adopted in the EU to limit Cr(VI) in consumer and occupational leather products.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to critically assess key experimental parameters in this standard on the release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) and their relevance for skin exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four differently tanned, unfinished, leather samples were systematically investigated for their release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in relation to surface area, key exposure parameters, temperature, ultraviolet irradiation, and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the total release of Cr was largely unaffected by all investigated parameters, except exposure duration and temperature, the Cr oxidation state was highly dynamic, with reduced amounts of released Cr(VI) with time, owing to the simultaneous release of reducing agents from the leather. Significantly more Cr(III) than Cr(VI) was released from the Cr-tanned leather for all conditions tested, and it continued to be released in artificial sweat up to at least 1 week of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several parameters were identified that influenced the outcome of the ISO 17075 test.
authors: Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Yolanda S
authors: YS
authors: Hedberg
authors: Carola
authors: C
authors: Lidén
authors: Inger
authors: I
authors: Odnevall Wallinder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D007700:Kinetics; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013633:Tanning; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium
keywords: ISO 17075; allergic contact dermatitis; chromium(III); chromium(VI); leather; metals; occupational; restriction
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