title: Vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and zinc status in a cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their uninfected infants.
abstract: Introduction: We hypothesized that nutritional deficiency would be common in a cohort of postpartum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and their infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight and height, as well as blood concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, ferritin, hemoglobin, and zinc, were measured in mothers after delivery and in their infants at birth and at 6-12 weeks and six months of age. Retinol and α-tocopherol levels were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, and zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maternal body mass index during pregnancy was adjusted for gestational age (adjBMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 97 women 19.6% were underweight. Laboratory abnormalities were most frequently observed for the hemoglobin (46.4%), zinc (41.1%), retinol (12.5%) and ferritin (6.5%) levels. Five percent of the women had mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations < 31g/dL. The most common deficiency in the infants was α-tocopherol (81%) at birth; however, only 18.5% of infants had deficient levels at six months of age. Large percentages of infants had zinc (36.8%) and retinol (29.5%) deficiencies at birth; however, these percentages decreased to 17.5% and 18.5%, respectively, by six months of age. No associations between infant micronutrient deficiencies and either the maternal adjBMI category or maternal micronutrient deficiencies were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Micronutrient deficiencies were common in HIV-infected women and their infants. Micronutrient deficiencies were less prevalent in the infants at six months of age. Neither underweight women nor their infants at birth were at increased risk for micronutrient deficiencies.
authors: Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors: Jacqueline Pontes
authors: JP
authors: Monteiro
authors: Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors: Maria Letícia Santos
authors: ML
authors: Cruz
authors: Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors: Marisa Márcia
authors: MM
authors: Mussi-Pinhata
authors: Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors: Roberta Garcia
authors: RG
authors: Salomão
authors: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Alceu
authors: A
authors: Jordão Junior
authors: Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Jennifer Suzanne
authors: JS
authors: Read
authors: Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brasil.
authors: José Henrique da Silva
authors: JH
authors: Pilotto
authors: Rockville, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors: Rachel Ann
authors: RA
authors: Cohen
authors: Rockville, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors: Sonia Karolina
authors: SK
authors: Stoszek
authors: Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: George Kelly
authors: GK
authors: Siberry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D009752:Nutritional Status; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014801:Vitamin A; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D015032:Zinc