title: The Incidence of Antihypertensive Drug-induced Side Effects in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine types and frequency of side effects of antihypertensive drugs in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study of 79 patients with DM type 2 and hypertension, randomly selected by systematic sampling, who were followed over a period of six months. Patients were assessed at baseline and once a month measuring following parameters: types of used antihypertensive drugs and frequency of side effects, the values (mmHg) of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 79 patients, 48/79 (60.8%) were males and 31/79 (39.2%) were females. The median age in males was 53 years (IQR=48 to 55 years), in females was 53 years (IQR=49 to 56 years). There was no statistically significant difference in median age between males and females (P=0.368). There is a statistically significant difference in the values of SBP [χ2(5)=312.296, P<0.001] and DBP [χ2(5)=216.051, P<0.001] over a period of six months follow-up. The drug side effects were noted in 9/79 (11.4%) patients between 1-2 months, in 6/79 (7.6%) between 2-3 months, in 1/79 (1,3%) between 3-4 months. The most common side effect was cough (11/79 or 13.9%) associated with the combination of ACE inhibitor and thiazide diuretics. In 5/79 (6.3%) patients there were reports of: flushing, palpitations, headache, dizziness and leg edema associated with Ca blockers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common side effect of antihypertensive treatment was cough (13.9%) associated with the combination of ACE inhibitor and thiazide diuretic.
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors: Svjetlana
authors: S
authors: Loga-Zec
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors: Mensura
authors: M
authors: Asceric
authors: Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors: Natasa
authors: N
authors: Loga-Andrijic
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors: Berina
authors: B
authors: Kapetanovic
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors: Enver
authors: E
authors: Zerem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003005:Clopamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D003005:Clopamide
keywords: antihypertensive drugs; diabetes mellitus type 2; hypertension; side effects
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