title: Impact of kidney function and urinary protein excretion on intima-media thickness in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid echo indexes [intima-media thickness (IMT)] are commonly used surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease; however, the impacts of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on changes in IMT are unclear. We examined associations between CKD and IMT in participants with and without type 2 diabetes through longitudinal analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 424 subjects were enrolled in this study. IMT was measured as per carotid echo indexes. Relationships between IMT and risk factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, in which we defined IMT as the dependent variable and atherosclerosis-related factors (age, sex, systolic pressure, total cholesterol, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), uric acid, smoking index, number of antihypertensive drugs, statin use, urinary protein levels, past cardiovascular event, glycated hemoglobin, and diabetes duration) as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population was composed of 70.3 % male subjects. Participants with diabetes accounted for 64.4 % of the total population. The mean follow-up duration was 2.2 ± 1.5 years. Alterations in IMT tended to be associated with systolic blood pressure (+10 mmHg) (β = -0.0084, p = 0.09) and eGFR (+10 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (β = -0.0049, p = 0.06) in all participants. In participants without diabetes, alterations in IMT were associated with eGFR (+10 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (β = -0.0104, p = 0.03) and tended to be associated with systolic blood pressure (+10 mmHg) (β = 0.0094, p = 0.06). No significant relationships were found in participants with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low eGFR was associated with progression of carotid thickness independent of common cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetic participants.
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Nakade
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Toyama
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan. kfuruichi@m-kanazawa.jp.
authors: Kengo
authors: K
authors: Furuichi
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Kitajima
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Yoshiyasu
authors: Y
authors: Miyajima
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Mihiro
authors: M
authors: Fukamachi
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Sagara
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Yasuyuki
authors: Y
authors: Shinozaki
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Akinori
authors: A
authors: Hara
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Shimizu
authors: Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Yasunori
authors: Y
authors: Iwata
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Hiroyasu
authors: H
authors: Oe
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Mikio
authors: M
authors: Nagahara
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Horita
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Sakai
authors: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Shuichi
authors: S
authors: Kaneko
authors: Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.|Division of Nephrology, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Wada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Carotid ultrasonography; Chronic kidney disease; Intima–media thickness; Type 2 diabetes
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