title: HIV is an important risk factor for human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 seropositivity among sexually active men who have sex with men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether HIV infection is a main risk factor for human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and HPV-18 seropositivity in men who have sex with men (MSM), and what other risk factors are associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18 seropositivity in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men who have sex with men visiting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in Amsterdam in 2008 to 2009 answered questions concerning demographics and sexual behavior. Sera were tested for HPV antibodies to the major HPV capsid protein L1 by Luminex-based multiplex serology. As it is known that site of exposure is associated with seropositivity, this analysis was restricted to MSM who reported receptive anal sex during the preceding 6 months. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined whether HIV was associated with HPV serostatus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included in the study were 415 HIV-negative and 205 HIV-positive MSM reporting receptive anal sex. Median age of the study population was 39 years (interquartile range, 31-44). Human papillomavirus seroprevalence differed significantly between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM: 31% versus 65% (P < 0.001) for HPV-16 and 28% versus 51% (P < 0.001) for HPV-18. After adjusting for important risk factors HPV-16 (adjusted odds ratio, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-4.49) and HPV-18 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.85), seropositivity was significantly more common in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative MSM. We could not identify other consistent risk factors for HPV-16 and HPV-18 seropositivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is an important risk factor for HPV-16 and HPV-18 seropositivity among MSM reporting receptive anal sex in the preceding 6 months.
authors: From the *Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Cluster Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, †Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and ‡Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Catharina Johanna
authors: CJ
authors: Alberts
authors: Martijn S
authors: MS
authors: van Rooijen
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Prins
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Pawlita
authors: Maarten F
authors: MF
authors: Schim van der Loeff
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Waterboer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires