title: Small-for-gestational-age birth and maternal plasma antioxidant levels in mid-gestation: a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether maternal plasma antioxidant levels in mid-pregnancy are associated with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study nested within a population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hospitals in Montreal, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women recruited before 24 weeks of gestation, whose pregnancies were not complicated by pre-eclampsia or preterm delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained at 24-26 weeks and assayed for nutritionally derived antioxidant levels in SGA cases (n = 324) and randomly selected controls with birthweights between the 25th and 75th centiles (n = 672). We performed logistic regression analyses using the standardised z-score of each antioxidant as the main independent variable, after summing highly correlated antioxidants or combining via principle component analysis. We adjusted for risk factors for SGA that were associated with antioxidant levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  SGA, birthweight <10th centile for gestational age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinol was positively associated with risk of SGA (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.22-1.63, per SD increase). Carotenoids (log of the sum of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin) were negatively associated with SGA (adjusted OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.54-0.78, per SD increase). We found no significant associations between SGA and lycopene or any of the forms of vitamin E assessed, including α-tocopherol, corrected α-tocopherol (per nmol/l of low-density lipoprotein articles), or γ-tocopherol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated retinol may be associated with an increased risk of SGA, whereas elevated carotenoid levels may reduce the risk. A better understanding of the nature of these associations is required, however, before recommending specific nutritional interventions in an attempt to prevent SGA birth.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Cohen
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Kahn
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Platt
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Basso
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Evans
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Antioxidants; carotenoids; retinol; small for gestational age; vitamin E