title: Inhalable nanoparticulate powders for respiratory delivery.
abstract: Nanoparticles are extensively studied for drug delivery and are proving to be effective in drug delivery and the diagnostic field. Drug delivery to lungs has its advantages over other routes of administration. Inhalable powders consisting of nanoparticles are gaining much interest in respiratory research and clinical therapy. Particle engineering technique is a key factor to develop inhalable formulations that can successfully deliver drug with improved therapeutic effect and enhanced targeting. Inhalable nanoparticles in the solid-state dry powders for targeted pulmonary delivery offer unique advantages and are an exciting new area of research. Nasal delivery of inhalable nanoparticulate powders is gaining research attention recently, particularly in vaccine applications, systemic drug delivery in the treatment of pain, and non-invasive brain targeting. Fundamental aspects and recent advancements along with future prospects of inhalable powders consisting of nanoparticles in the solid-state for respiratory delivery are presented.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The advance in nanotechnology has enabled the design of new drug delivery systems through inhalation, which has many advantages over traditional delivery systems. This comprehensive review describes and discusses the current status, drug design and modification for targeted delivery and challenges of the use of nanoparticles in the respiratory tract.
authors: The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Priya
authors: P
authors: Muralidharan
authors: The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Malapit
authors: The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Evan
authors: E
authors: Mallory
authors: The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Programs, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors: Don
authors: D
authors: Hayes
authors: The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona, The BIO5 Research Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona, Institute of the Environment, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona, National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: mansour@pharmacy.arizona.edu.
authors: Heidi M
authors: HM
authors: Mansour
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D008081:Liposomes; D011108:Polymers; D011208:Powders
keywords: Dry powder inhaler; Inhalation powders; Lung/nasal; Particle engineering design; Pulmonary nanomedicine; Solid-state