title: Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breakfast skipping has been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the results are inconsistent. No meta-analyses have applied quantitative techniques to compute summary risk estimates. The present study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of observational studies summarizing the evidence on the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and SINOMED up to 9 August 2014. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. We included studies that reported risk estimates (including relative risks, odds ratios and hazard ratios) with 95% confidence intervals for the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight studies involving 106,935 participants and 7419 patients with T2D were included in the meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pooled adjusted relative risk for the association between exposure to breakfast skipping and T2D risk was 1·21 (95% CI 1·12, 1·31; P=0·984; I² =0·0%) in cohort studies and the pooled OR was 1·15 (95% CI, 1·05, 1·24; P=0·770; I² =0·0%) in cross-sectional studies. Visual inspection of a funnel plot and Begg's test indicated no evidence of publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breakfast skipping is associated with a significantly increased risk of T2D. Regular breakfast consumption is potentially important for the prevention of T2D.
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Huashan
authors: H
authors: Bi
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Gan
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Yang
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Yawen
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Xinyue
authors: X
authors: Tong
authors: School of Public Health,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,No. 13 Hangkong Road,Wuhan 430030,Hubei,People's Republic of China.
authors: Zuxun
authors: Z
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062408:Breakfast; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Breakfast skipping; Meta-analysis; Type 2 diabetes