title: Evidence-based interventions to reduce shunt infections: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection is associated with patient morbidity and high cost. We conducted a systematic review of the current evidence of comprehensive surgical protocols or individual interventions designed to reduce shunt infection incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review using PubMed and SCOPUS identified studies evaluating the effect of a particular intervention on shunt infection risk. Systemic prophylactic antibiotic or antibiotic-impregnated shunt efficacy studies were excluded. A total of 7429 articles were screened and 23 articles were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies evaluated the effect of comprehensive surgical protocols. Shunt infection was reduced in all studies (absolute risk reduction 2.2-12.3 %). Level of evidence was low (level 4 in seven studies) due to the use of historical controls. Compliance ranged from 24.6 to 74.5 %. Surgical scrub with antiseptic foam and omission of a 5 % chlorhexidine gluconate preoperative hair wash were both associated with increased shunt infection. Twelve studies evaluated the effect of a single intervention. Only antibiotic-impregnated suture, a no-shave policy, and double gloving with glove change prior to shunt handling, were associated with a significant reduction in shunt infection. In a hospital with high methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence, a randomized controlled trial found that perioperative vancomycin rather than cefazolin significantly reduced shunt infection rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite wide variation in compliance rates, the implementation of comprehensive surgical protocols reduced shunt infection in all published studies. Antibiotic-impregnated suture, a no-shave policy, double gloving with glove change prior to device manipulation, and 5 % chlorhexidine hair wash were associated with significant reductions in shunt infection.
authors: Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors: Nehaw
authors: N
authors: Sarmey
authors: Varun R
authors: VR
authors: Kshettry
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Shriver
authors: Ghaith
authors: G
authors: Habboub
authors: Andre G
authors: AG
authors: Machado
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Weil
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*