title: Influence of Temperature on the Biomechanical Stability of Titanium, PEEK, Poly-L-Lactic Acid, and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Poly-L-Lactic Acid Suture Anchors Tested on Human Humeri In Vitro in a Wet Environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical integrity of suture anchors of different materials (titanium, PEEK [polyether ether ketone], poly-L-lactic acid [PLLA], and β-tricalcium phosphate PLLA) and almost identical design for rotator cuff repair in human humeri positioned in a water bath at room and body temperature undergoing cyclic loading rather than single-pull or static tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different anchor models (n = 6) were tested using healthy human cadaveric humeri in a water bath thermostatically regulated at 20°C and 37°C. A cyclic testing protocol was used. The maximum failure load, the system displacement, and the respective mode of failure were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences regarding the maximum failure load values between the 20°C groups and 37°C groups for the 4 different anchor materials. The displacement values for the 20°C groups and 37°C groups also were not statistically significant. Anchor and suture dislocations were the predominant modes of failure; suture ruptures were observed in few cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that there are no significantly relevant differences regarding the maximum failure loads and the displacement values of the tested suture anchor systems in a wet environment at 20°C or 37°C. The temperature differences do not seem to affect the modes of failure either.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Titanium, PEEK, PLLA, and β-tricalcium phosphate PLLA suture anchors for rotator cuff repair can be expected-on the basis of this investigation comparing laboratory temperature with body temperature and a wet environment-to perform in vivo similar to in vitro testing.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany. Electronic address: mehmet.guelecyuez@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors: Mehmet F
authors: MF
authors: Güleçyüz
authors: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Experimental Orthopaedics, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Mazur
authors: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Experimental Orthopaedics, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Schröder
authors: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Braun
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Ficklscherer
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Björn P
authors: BP
authors: Roßbach
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Peter E
authors: PE
authors: Müller
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Munich (Ludwig Maximilian University), Munich, Germany.
authors: Matthias F
authors: MF
authors: Pietschmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011091:Polyesters; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D007659:Ketones; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C033616:poly(lactide); D014025:Titanium