title: Association between periodontal disease and overweight and obesity: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis and obesity are among the most common chronic disorders affecting the world's populations, and recent reviews suggest a potential link between overweight/obesity and periodontitis. However, because of the scarcity of prospective evidence, previous reviews were primarily based on cross-sectional studies, with only a few longitudinal or intervention studies included. This study's objective is to examine the time-dependent association between obesity and periodontitis and how weight changes may affect the development of periodontitis in the general population. Therefore, longitudinal and experimental studies that assessed the association among overweight, obesity, weight gain, waist circumference, and periodontitis are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention and longitudinal studies with overweight or obesity as exposure and periodontitis as outcome were searched through the platforms PubMed/Medline and Web of Knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight longitudinal and five intervention studies were included. Two of the longitudinal studies found a direct association between degree of overweight at baseline and subsequent risk of developing periodontitis, and a further three studies found a direct association between obesity and development of periodontitis among adults. Two intervention studies on the influence of obesity on periodontal treatment effects found that the response to non-surgical periodontal treatment was better among lean than obese patients; the remaining three studies did not report treatment differences between obese and lean participants. Among the eight longitudinal studies, one study adjusted for C-reactive protein (CRP) and biologic markers of inflammation such as CRP, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and inflammation markers were analyzed separately in three of the five intervention studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review suggests that overweight, obesity, weight gain, and increased waist circumference may be risk factors for development of periodontitis or worsening of periodontal measures.
authors: *Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|†Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals.
authors: Amélie
authors: A
authors: Keller
authors: *Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|†Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals.|‡Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Jeanett F
authors: JF
authors: Rohde
authors: *Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|†Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals.
authors: Kyle
authors: K
authors: Raymond
authors: *Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|†Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals.|‡Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.|§The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Berit L
authors: BL
authors: Heitmann
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Adiposity; body mass index; inflammation; obesity; oral health; periodontitis