title: Evaluation of ISO CRS Envelopes Relative to U.S. Vehicles and Child Restraint Systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to use computer simulation to evaluate the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13216-3:2006(E) child restraint system (CRS) envelopes relative to rear seat compartments from vehicles and CRSs in the U.S. market, investigate the potential compatibility issues of U.S. vehicles and CRSs, and demonstrate whether necessary modifications can be made to introduce such a system into compatibility evaluations between U.S. vehicles and CRSs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional geometry models for 26 vehicles and 16 convertible CRS designs developed previously were used. Geometry models of 3 forward-facing and 3 rear-facing CRS envelopes provided by the ISO were built in the current study. The virtual fit process closely followed the physical procedures described in the ISO standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the current ISO rear-facing envelopes can provide reasonable classifications for CRSs and vehicles, but the forward-facing envelopes do not represent products currently in the U.S. market. In particular, all of the selected vehicles could accommodate the largest forward-facing CRS envelope at the second-row seat location behind the driver seat. In contrast, half of the selected CRSs could not fit within any of the forward-facing ISO CRS envelopes, mainly due to protrusion at the rear-top corner of the envelope. The results also indicate that the rear seat compartment in U.S. vehicles often cannot accommodate a large portion of convertible CRSs in the rear-facing position. The increased demand for vehicle fuel economy and the recommendation to keep children rear-facing longer may lead to smaller cars and larger CRSs, which may increase the potential for fit problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virtual classifications indicated that contact between the forward-facing CRSs and the head restraints in the rear seats as well as that between the rear-facing CRSs and the back of the front seats is a main concern regarding the compatibility between the vehicles and the CRSs. Therefore, modification of the current ISO forward-facing CRS envelopes will likely to be necessary to ensure that they are useful for the U.S. market.
authors: a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan.
authors: Jingwen
authors: J
authors: Hu
authors: a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan.
authors: Miriam A
authors: MA
authors: Manary
authors: a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan.
authors: Kathleen D
authors: KD
authors: Klinich
authors: a University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute , Ann Arbor , Michigan.
authors: Matthew P
authors: MP
authors: Reed
mesh_terms: D057207:Child Restraint Systems / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States
keywords: ISO envelope; child restraint system; computer model