title: Effect of electron donating groups on polyphenol-based antioxidant dendrimers.
abstract: Numerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of antioxidants in human diseases. Among their biological effects, a majority of antioxidants scavenge reactive radicals in the body, thereby reducing oxidative stress that is associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases. Antioxidant dendrimers are a new class of potent antioxidant compounds reported recently. In this study, six polyphenol-based antioxidant dendrimers with or without electron donating groups (methoxy group) were synthesized in order to elucidate the influence of electron donating groups (EDG) on their antioxidant activities. Syringaldehyde (2 ortho methoxy groups), vanillin (1 ortho methoxy group), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0 methoxy group) were derivatized with propargylamine to form building blocks for the dendrimers. All the six dendrimers contain polyether cores, which were synthesized by attaching pentaerythritol and methyl α-d-glucopyranoside to in-house prepared spacer units. To prepare generation 1 antioxidant dendrimers, microwave energy and granulated metallic copper catalyst were used to link the cores and building blocks together via alkyne-azide 1,3-cycloaddition click chemistry. These reaction conditions resulted in high yields of the target dendrimers that were free from copper contamination. Based on DPPH antioxidant assay, antioxidant dendrimers decorated with syringaldehyde and vanillin exhibited over 70- and 170-fold increase in antioxidant activity compared to syringaldehyde and vanillin, respectively. The antioxidant activity of dendrimers increased with increasing number of EDG groups. Similar results were obtained when the dendrimers were used to protect DNA and human LDL against organic carbon and nitrogen-based free radicals. In addition, the antioxidant dendrimers did not show any pro-oxidant activity on DNA in the presence of physiological amounts of copper. Although the dendrimers showed potent antioxidant activities against carbon and nitrogen free radicals, EPR and DNA protection studies revealed lack of effectiveness of these dendrimers against hydroxyl radicals. The dendrimers were not cytotoxic to CHO-K1 cells.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA. Electronic address: lee1cy@cmich.edu.
authors: Choon Young
authors: CY
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Cyprien N
authors: CN
authors: Nanah
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Rich A
authors: RA
authors: Held
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Amanda R
authors: AR
authors: Clark
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Uyen G T
authors: UG
authors: Huynh
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Marina C
authors: MC
authors: Maraskine
authors: Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
authors: Rebecca L
authors: RL
authors: Uzarski
authors: Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: McCracken
authors: Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA. Electronic address: sharm1a@cmich.edu.
authors: Ajit
authors: A
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D050091:Dendrimers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA
keywords: Antioxidant; Dendrimer; Electron donating group; Polyphenol; Pro-oxidant