title: Bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the northwestern region of the United States.
abstract: In late summer/early fall of 2013, 2 South American camelids from central Washington were diagnosed with fatal bluetongue viral disease, an event which is rarely reported. A 9-year-old intact male llama (Lama glama), with a 1-day history of anorexia, recumbency, and dyspnea before death. Abundant foam discharged from the mouth and nostrils, and the lungs were severely edematous on postmortem examination. Histologically, there was abundant intra-alveolar edema with fibrin. Hemorrhage and edema disrupted several other organs. Bluetongue viral RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and serotype 11 was identified by sequencing a segment of the VP2 outer capsid gene. Approximately 1 month later, at a site 150 miles north of the index case, a 2-year-old female alpaca with similar, acutely progressive clinical signs was reported. A postmortem examination was performed, and histologic lesions from the alpaca were similar to those of the llama, and again serotype 11 was detected by PCR. The occurrence of bluetongue viral infection and disease is described in the context of seasonal Bluetongue virus activity within the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada.
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry) aja@vetmed.wsu.edu.
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Allen
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry).
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Stanton
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry).
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: Evermann
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry).
authors: Lindsay M
authors: LM
authors: Fry
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry).
authors: Melissa G
authors: MG
authors: Ackerman
authors: Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Allen, Evermann, Ackerman, Barrington), Washington State University, Pullman, WAVeterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Stanton, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAWashington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Stanton, Evermann, Fry), Washington State University, Pullman, WAAnimal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA (Fry).
authors: George M
authors: GM
authors: Barrington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002161:Camelids, New World; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015205:Northwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
keywords: Alpacas; Bluetongue virus; camelids; dyspnea; llamas; pulmonary edema