title: An integrative approach to enhancing small-scale poultry slaughterhouses by addressing regulations and food safety in northern -Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Asian countries, small-scale rural poultry meat production can face challenges due to food safety policies that limit economic growth and hinder improvement of sanitation and disease prevention. In this study, an integrative, participatory research approach was used to elucidate the sanitation and disease prevention practices in small-scale poultry slaughterhouses in rural northern Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial steps included the identification of key stakeholders associated with the meat production chain, development of a research framework, and design of a methodology based on stakeholder consultations. The framework and methodology combine issues in five major areas: (1) public health, (2) socioeconomics, (3) policy, (4) veterinary medicine, and (5) communities and the environment. Methods used include questionnaires, direct observation, focus groups, and in-depth interviews. In addition, a microbiological risk assessment approach was employed to detect Salmonella contamination in meat processing facilities. The microbial risk assessment was combined with stakeholder perceptions to provide an overview of the existing situation, as well as to identify opportunities for upgrading slaughterhouses in order to more effectively address matters of food safety, processing, and government licensing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conceptual framework developed elucidated the complex factors limiting small-scale slaughterhouse improvement including a lack of appropriate enabling policies and an apparent absence of feasible interventions for improvement. Unhygienic slaughterhouse management was reflected in the incidence of Salmonella contamination in both the meat and the surrounding environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is potential for the use of an integrative approach to address critical problems at the interface of rural development and public health. The findings of this study could serve as a model for transdisciplinary studies and interventions related to other similar complex challenges.
authors: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand.
authors: Suwit
authors: S
authors: Chotinun
authors: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand.
authors: Suvichai
authors: S
authors: Rojanasthien
authors: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Unger
authors: Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors: Manat
authors: M
authors: Suwan
authors: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand.
authors: Pakpoom
authors: P
authors: Tadee
authors: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand.
authors: Prapas
authors: P
authors: Patchanee
keywords: Hygienic practices; Integrative approach; Regulation; Small-scale poultry slaughterhouse