title: Germline TYMS genotype is highly predictive in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal malignancies receiving capecitabine-based chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work was initiated to extend data on the effect of pharmacogenetics and chemotherapy pharmacokinetics (PK) on clinical outcome in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 44 gene polymorphisms in 16 genes (TYMS, MTHFR, GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1, DPYD, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, ERCC1, RECQ1, RAD54L, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2 and UGT2B7) in 64 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) receiving capecitabine/oxaliplatin and 76 patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancer (GEC) receiving epirubicin/cisplatin/capecitabine, respectively. Plasma concentrations of anticancer drugs were measured for up to 24 h, and results were submitted to population PK analysis. We calculated the association between gene polymorphisms, chemotherapy exposure, tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and chemotherapy-related toxicity using appropriate statistical tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a low clearance of 5FU were at increased risk of neutropenia (P < 0.05) and hand-foot syndrome (P = 0.002). DPYD T85C, T1896C and A2846T mutant variants were associated with diarrhea (P < 0.05) and HFS (P < 0.02), and IVS14+1G>A additionally with diarrhea (P < 0.001). The TYMS 2R/3G, 3C/3G or 3G/3G promoter variants were associated with worse PFS in the CRC (HR = 2.0, P < 0.01) and GEC group (HR = 5.4, P < 0.001) and worse OS in the GEC group (HR = 4.7, P < 0.001). The GSTP1 A313G mutant variant was associated with a higher PFS (HR = 0.55, P = 0.001) and OS (HR = 0.60, P = 0.002) in the CRC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Germline polymorphisms of DPYD, TYMS and GSTP1 have a significant effect on toxicity and clinical outcome in patients receiving capecitabine-based chemotherapy for advanced colorectal or gastroesophageal cancer. These data should further be validated in prospective clinical studies.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, Rorschacherstr. 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland, markus.joerger@kssg.ch.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Joerger
authors: A D R
authors: AD
authors: Huitema
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Boot
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cats
authors: V D
authors: VD
authors: Doodeman
authors: P H M
authors: PH
authors: Smits
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Vainchtein
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Rosing
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Meijerman
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Zueger
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Meulendijks
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: Cerny
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Beijnen
authors: J H M
authors: JH
authors: Schellens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) / Q000235:genetics*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005838:Genotype; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005472:Fluorouracil