title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of brief and expanded evidence-based risk reduction interventions for HIV-infected people who inject drugs in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two behavioral HIV prevention interventions for people who inject drugs (PWID) infected with HIV include the Holistic Health Recovery Program for HIV+ (HHRP+), a comprehensive evidence-based CDC-supported program, and an abbreviated Holistic Health for HIV (3H+) Program, an adapted HHRP+ version in treatment settings. We compared the projected health benefits and cost-effectiveness of both programs, in addition to opioid substitution therapy (OST), to the status quo in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dynamic HIV transmission model calibrated to epidemic data of current US populations was created. Projected outcomes include future HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained under alternative strategies. Total medical costs were estimated to compare the cost-effectiveness of each strategy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 10 years, expanding HHRP+ access to 80% of PWID could avert up to 29,000 HIV infections, or 6% of the projected total, at a cost of $7,777/QALY gained. Alternatively, 3H+ could avert 19,000 infections, but is slightly more cost-effective ($7,707/QALY), and remains so under widely varying effectiveness and cost assumptions. Nearly two-thirds of infections averted with either program are among non-PWIDs, due to reduced sexual transmission from PWID to their partners. Expanding these programs with broader OST coverage could avert up to 74,000 HIV infections over 10 years and reduce HIV prevalence from 16.5% to 14.1%, but is substantially more expensive than HHRP+ or 3H+ alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both behavioral interventions were effective and cost-effective at reducing HIV incidence among both PWID and the general adult population; however, 3H+, the economical HHRP+ version, was slightly more cost-effective than HHRP+.
authors: PhD Program in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors: Dahye L
authors: DL
authors: Song
authors: AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors: Frederick L
authors: FL
authors: Altice
authors: Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America; Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: Copenhaver
authors: UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors: Elisa F
authors: EF
authors: Long
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology