title: The effect of a 12-week moderate intensity interval training program on the antioxidant defense capability and lipid profile in men smoking cigarettes or hookah: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of interval training program on the antioxidant defense capability and lipid profile in men smoking cigarettes or hookah unable or unwilling to quit smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five participants performed an interval training (2 : 1 work : rest ratio) 3 times a week for 12 weeks at an intensity of 70% of VO2max. All subjects were subjected to a biochemical test session before and after the training program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase of total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and α-tocopherol, is significant only for cigarette smokers (CS) and hookah smokers (HS) groups. The decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the increase of glutathione reductase (GR) are more pronounced in smokers groups compared to those of nonsmokers (NS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increases in NS, CS, and HS groups by 10.1%, 19.5%, and 13.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). Likewise, a significant improvement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C ratio was observed in CS and HS groups (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the interval training program does not have a significant effect on blood lipid levels, it seems to be very beneficial in the defense and prevention programs of oxidative stress.
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia ; Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Ibn El Jazzar Medicine Faculty, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.
authors: Abdessalem
authors: A
authors: Koubaa
authors: Research Unit (EM2S), Sfax Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Airport Road, P.O. Box 384, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Moez
authors: M
authors: Triki
authors: Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Ibn El Jazzar Medicine Faculty, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.
authors: Hajer
authors: H
authors: Trabelsi
authors: Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Ibn El Jazzar Medicine Faculty, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.
authors: Hamza
authors: H
authors: Baati
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Zouhair
authors: Z
authors: Sahnoun
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Sfax Medicine Faculty SMF, Avenue Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol