title: Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal antibiotics in endophthalmitis.
abstract: Intravitreal antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment in the management of infectious endophthalmitis. Basic knowledge of the commonly used intravitreal antibiotics, which includes their pharmacokinetics, half-life, duration of action and clearance, is essential for elimination of intraocular infection without any iatrogenic adverse effect to the ocular tissue. Various drugs have been studied over the past century to achieve this goal. We performed a comprehensive review of the antibiotics which have been used for intravitreal route and the pharmacokinetic factors influencing the drug delivery and safety profile of these antibiotics. Using online resources like PubMed and Google Scholar, articles were reviewed. The articles were confined to the English language only. We present a broad overview of pharmacokinetic concepts fundamental for use of intravitreal antibiotics in endophthalmitis along with a tabulated compendium of the intravitreal antibiotics using available literature. Recent advances for increasing bioavailability of antibiotics to the posterior segment with the development of controlled drug delivery devices are also described.
authors: Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, 11-113/1, Hanumantha waka Junction, Visakhapatnam 530040, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Medikonda
authors: M
authors: Radhika
authors: Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, 11-113/1, Hanumantha waka Junction, Visakhapatnam 530040, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Kopal
authors: K
authors: Mithal
authors: Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, 11-113/1, Hanumantha waka Junction, Visakhapatnam 530040, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Abhishek
authors: A
authors: Bawdekar
authors: Srimati Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, KAR Campus, Hyderabad 500034, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Vivek
authors: V
authors: Dave
authors: Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, 11-113/1, Hanumantha waka Junction, Visakhapatnam 530040, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Animesh
authors: A
authors: Jindal
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami 33136, FL, USA.
authors: Nidhi
authors: N
authors: Relhan
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami 33136, FL, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Albini
authors: Retina and Uveitis Department, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, 11-113/1, Hanumantha waka Junction, Visakhapatnam 530040, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Avinash
authors: A
authors: Pathengay
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami 33136, FL, USA.
authors: Harry W
authors: HW
authors: Flynn
keywords: Antibiotics; Endophthalmitis; Intravitreal; Pharmacokinetics