title: Prolonged release melatonin for improving sleep in totally blind subjects: a pilot placebo-controlled multicenter trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland during the night phase, is a regulator of the biological clock and sleep tendency. Totally blind subjects frequently report severe, periodic sleep problems, with 50%-75% of cases displaying non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (N24HSWD) due to inability to synchronize with the environmental day-night cycle. Melatonin immediate-release preparations are reportedly effective in N24HSWD. Here, we studied the efficacy and safety of prolonged-release melatonin (PRM), a registered drug for insomnia, for sleep disorders in totally blind subjects living in normal social environments. The primary endpoint was demonstration of clinically meaningful effects on sleep duration (upper confidence interval [CI] limit >20 minutes whether significant or not) to allow early decision-making on further drug development in this indication.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov registry - NCT00972075.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-principle study, 13 totally blind subjects had 2 weeks' placebo run-in, 6 weeks' randomized (1:1) PRM (Circadin(®)) or placebo nightly, and 2 weeks' placebo run-out. Outcome measures included daily voice recorded sleep diary, Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), WHO-Five Well-being Index (WHO-5), and safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean nightly sleep duration improved by 43 minutes in the PRM and 16 minutes in the placebo group (mean difference: 27 minutes, 95% CI: -14.4 to 69 minutes; P=0.18; effect size: 0.82) meeting the primary endpoint. Mean sleep latency decreased by 29 minutes with PRM over placebo (P=0.13; effect size: 0.92) and nap duration decreased in the PRM but not placebo group. The variability in sleep onset/offset and latency tended to decrease during PRM but not placebo treatment. The potentially beneficial effects of PRM persisted during the 2 weeks of discontinuation period, consistent with clock stabilizing effects. PRM was well-tolerated, adverse events were of mild or moderate severity and similar between PRM and placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nightly use of PRM may potentially improve patient-reported sleep difficulties in totally blind individuals trying to adhere to normal social lifestyle. A larger study powered to demonstrate a statistically significant effect is warranted.
authors: Henry Ford Sleep Disorders Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Roth
authors: Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors: Tali
authors: T
authors: Nir
authors: Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel ; Department of Neurobiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors: Nava
authors: N
authors: Zisapel
keywords: biological clock; melatonin; non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder; sleep