title: Hyperventilation-induced respiratory alkalosis falls short of countering fatigue during repeated maximal isokinetic contractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperventilation, implemented during recovery of repeated maximal sprints, has been shown to attenuate performance decrement. This study evaluated the effects of hyperventilation, using strength exercises, on muscle torque output and EMG amplitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen power-trained athletes underwent maximal isokinetic knee extensions consisting of 12 repetitions × 8 sets at 60°/s and 25 repetitions × 8 sets at 300°/s. The inter-set interval was 40 s for both speeds. For the control condition, subjects breathed spontaneously during the interval period. For the hyperventilation condition, subjects hyperventilated for 30 s before each exercise set (50 breaths/min, PETCO2: 20-25 mmHg). EMG was recorded from the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles to calculate the mean amplitude for each contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperventilation increased blood pH by 0.065-0.081 and lowered PCO2 by 8.3-10.3 mmHg from the control values (P < 0.001). Peak torque declined with repetition and set numbers for both speeds (P < 0.001), but the declining patterns were similar between conditions. A significant, but small enhancement in peak torque was observed with hyperventilation at 60°/s during the initial repetition phase of the first (P = 0.032) and fourth sets (P = 0.040). EMG amplitude also declined with set number (P < 0.001) for both speeds and muscles, which was, however, not attenuated by hyperventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a minor ergogenic effect in peak torque at 60°/s, hyperventilation was not effective in attenuating the decrement in torque output at 300°/s and decrement in EMG amplitude at both speeds during repeated sets of maximal isokinetic knee extensions.
authors: Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan, s_akihiro@hotmail.com.
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Sakamoto
authors: Hisashi
authors: H
authors: Naito
authors: Chin Moi
authors: CM
authors: Chow
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000472:Alkalosis, Respiratory / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult