title: Fumigation efficacy and emission reduction using low-permeability film in orchard soil fumigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many orchards use fumigation to control soilborne pests prior to replanting. Controlling emissions is mandatory to reduce air pollution in California. This research evaluated the effects of plastic film type [polyethylene (PE) or totally impermeable film (TIF)], application rate of Telone C35 [full (610 kg ha(-1) ), 2/3 or 1/3 rates] and carbonation at 207 kPa on fumigant transport (emission and in soil) and efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While increasing fumigant concentrations under the tarp, TIF reduced emissions >95% (∼2% and <1% of total applied 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin respectively) relative to bare soil, compared with ∼30% reduction by PE. All fumigation treatments, regardless of film type, provided good nematode control above 100 cm soil depth; however, nematode survival was high at deeper depths. Weed emergence was mostly affected by tarping and fumigant rate, with no effects from the carbonation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIF can effectively reduce fumigant emissions. Carbonation under the studied conditions did not improve fumigant dispersion and pest control. The 2/3 rate with TIF controlled nematodes as effectively as the full rate in bare soil or under the PE film to 100 cm soil depth. However, control of nematodes in deeper soil remains a challenge for perennial crops.
authors: USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA.
authors: Suduan
authors: S
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Lynn M
authors: LM
authors: Sosnoskie
authors: Bayer CropScience, Fresno, CA, USA.
authors: Jose Alfonso
authors: JA
authors: Cabrera
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Ruijun
authors: R
authors: Qin
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Bradley D
authors: BD
authors: Hanson
authors: USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA.
authors: James S
authors: JS
authors: Gerik
authors: USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA.
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Wang
authors: Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Greg T
authors: GT
authors: Browne
authors: Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010539:Permeability; D010571:Pest Control; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010969:Plastics; D020959:Polyethylene; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D010969:Plastics; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D020959:Polyethylene; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C100187:chloropicrin
keywords: 1,3-dichloropropene; Phytophthora; chloropicrin; fumigant application; methyl bromide; nematode; shank injection; soil fumigation; weed