title: Biofilms and Physical Deposits on Nasolacrimal Silastic Stents Following Dacryocystorhinostomy: Is There a Difference Between Ocular and Nasal Segments?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine the presence of biofilms and physical deposits on ocular and nasal segments of silastic nasolacrimal duct stents inserted after dacryocystorhinostomy and to document any differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective interventional study was performed on a series of patients undergoing dacryocystorhinostomy with Crawford stent insertion. All the patient samples were retrieved 4 weeks after an endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. None of the patients had any evidence of postoperative infection. The ocular and nasal segments were separated during retrieval. After removal, the stent segments were subjected to biofilm and physical deposit analysis using standard protocols of scanning electron microscopy. These stent segments were compared against sterile stents which acted as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11 stents were studied. Nine were consecutive patient samples and 2 were sterile stents. The ocular and nasal segments of all the stents demonstrated evidence of biofilm formation and physical deposits. However, the deposits and biofilms were thicker and extensive in the ocular segment, although more focal in nature. In contrast, the nasal segments showed thinner biofilms and sparser deposits but were more diffuse in nature. The presence of different-sized organisms within the exopolysaccharide matrix and in between the deposits suggests the existence of polymicrobial communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to report the differences between ocular and nasal segments of lacrimal stents. These differences could propel further studies on stent biomechanics and their interactions with ocular and nasal tissues, following a dacryocystorhinostomy.
authors: *Dacryology Service, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute; †Department of Pathology, Global Hospital; and ‡Ruska Labs, College of Veterinary Sciences, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Mohammad Javed
authors: MJ
authors: Ali
authors: Farhana
authors: F
authors: Baig
authors: Mekala
authors: M
authors: Lakshman
authors: Milind N
authors: MN
authors: Naik
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy; D020878:Device Removal; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000295:instrumentation; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; C013830:baysilon