title: Pattern recognition receptors in the gut: analysis of their expression along the intestinal tract and the crypt/villus axis.
abstract: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a critical role in the detection of microorganisms and the induction of inflammatory and immune responses. Using PCR and Western-blot analysis, this study investigated the differential expression in the intestine of 14 PRRs and nine associated cytokines. Thirty-two pigs were used to determine the expression of these markers (1) along the proximal/distal axis of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and (2) between the intestinal segments and their respective lymphoid organs (Peyer's patches [PP] and mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN]). Six additional animals were used to quantify the expression of these genes along the crypt/villus axis of jejunum, using microdissected samples. Most genes showed increased expression (1) in the distal than in the proximal parts of the small intestine (TLR3, 5, RIG-I, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ); (2) in lymphoid organs (TLR1, 2, 6, 9, 10, IL-10, TNF-α), especially the MLN (TLR4, 7, 8, NOD1, NOD2, NALP3, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-12, and TGF-β), than in intestinal segments. The analysis along the crypt/villus identified: (1) genes with higher expression in lamina propria (TLR1, 2, 4, 9, NOD1, NOD2, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α) and (2) genes with higher expression in the villus (TLR3, 5, 6, RIG-I, IL-6). These results highlight the differential expression of PRRs and cytokines along the proximal/distal and the crypt/villus axis of the intestine, contributing to a fine analysis of the complex functional architecture of the small intestine and should be related to the gut microbiota.
authors: INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France.
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Gourbeyre
authors: INRA, UR1282, ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France.
authors: Mustapha
authors: M
authors: Berri
authors: INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France.
authors: Yannick
authors: Y
authors: Lippi
authors: INRA, UR1282, ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Meurens
authors: INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intègrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France CEA, DSV, IRCM, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Vincent-Naulleau
authors: INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France.
authors: Joëlle
authors: J
authors: Laffitte
authors: INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intègrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Rogel-Gaillard
authors: INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Pinton
authors: INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France.
authors: Isabelle P
authors: IP
authors: Oswald
keywords: Immune system; NOD; RIG‐I; TLR; pig; small intestine