title: A Cross-Sectional Relationship Between Social Capital, Self-Compassion, and Perceived HIV Symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individual resources of social capital and self-compassion are associated with health behaviors and perceived symptoms, suggesting that both are positive resources that can be modified to improve a person's symptom experience.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and social capital and its impact on current HIV symptom experience in adult people living with HIV (PLWH). We further explored the impact of age on this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2182 PLWH at 20 sites in five countries. Social capital, self-compassion, and HIV symptom experience were evaluated using valid and reliable scales. To account for inflated significance associated with a large sample size, we took a random sample of 28% of subjects (n = 615) and conducted correlation analyses and zero-inflated Poisson regression, controlling for known medical and demographic variables impacting HIV symptom experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for age, sex at birth, year of HIV diagnosis, comorbid health conditions, employment, and income, our model significantly predicted HIV symptom experience (overall model z = 5.77, P < 0.001). Employment status and social capital were consistent, negative, and significant predictors of HIV symptom experience. Self-compassion did not significantly predict HIV symptom experience. For those reporting symptoms, an increase in age was significantly associated with an increase in symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employment and social capital modestly predicted current HIV symptom experience. Social capital can be incorporated into symptom management interventions, possibly as a way to reframe a person's symptom appraisal. This may be increasingly important as PLWH age. The relationship between employment status and HIV symptom experience was significant and should be explored further.
authors: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: allison.webel@case.edu.
authors: Allison R
authors: AR
authors: Webel
authors: Rutgers School of Nursing, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Wantland
authors: Community Health Systems, University of California School of Nursing at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Carol Dawson
authors: CD
authors: Rose
authors: University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Jeanne
authors: J
authors: Kemppainen
authors: Rutgers School of Nursing, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors: William L
authors: WL
authors: Holzemer
authors: Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors: Wei-Ti
authors: WT
authors: Chen
authors: University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Mallory O
authors: MO
authors: Johnson
authors: Global Health and Academic Partnerships, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Patrice
authors: P
authors: Nicholas
authors: Rutgers School of Nursing, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors: Lucille Sanzero
authors: LS
authors: Eller
authors: Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Puangtip
authors: P
authors: Chaiphibalsarisdi
authors: Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Sefcik
authors: Hunter College, City University of New York, and Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Nokes
authors: Global Health and Academic Partnerships, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Inge B
authors: IB
authors: Corless
authors: Global Health and Academic Partnerships, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Lynda
authors: L
authors: Tyer-Viola
authors: Center for Nursing Research, Seton Family of Hospitals, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors: Kenn
authors: K
authors: Kirksey
authors: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Voss
authors: School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Sullivan
authors: University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Rivero-Méndez
authors: Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Brion
authors: University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
authors: Scholastika
authors: S
authors: Iipinge
authors: University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors: J Craig
authors: JC
authors: Phillips
authors: Community Health Systems, University of California School of Nursing at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Portillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008875:Middle Aged; D009276:Namibia; D010465:Perception; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D066270:Social Capital; D013785:Thailand; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV; Symptom; self-compassion; social capital