title: Shiraz wines made from grape berries (Vitis vinifera) delayed in ripening by plant growth regulator treatment have elevated rotundone concentrations and "pepper" flavor and aroma.
abstract: Preveraison treatment of Shiraz berries with either 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or Ethrel delayed the onset of ripening and harvest. NAA was more effective than Ethrel, delaying harvest by 23 days, compared to 6 days for Ethrel. Sensory analysis of wines from NAA-treated fruit showed significant differences in 10 attributes, including higher "pepper" flavor and aroma compared to those of the control wines. A nontargeted analysis of headspace volatiles revealed modest differences between wines made from control and NAA- or Ethrel-treated berries. However, the concentration of rotundone, the metabolite responsible for the pepper character, was below the level of detection by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in control wines, low in Ethrel wines (2 ng/L), and much higher in NAA wines (29 ng/L). Thus, NAA, and to a lesser extent Ethrel, treatment of grapes during the preveraison period can delay ripening and enhance rotundone concentrations in Shiraz fruit, thereby enhancing wine "peppery" attributes.
authors: CSIRO Agriculture Flagship , Waite Campus, PMB2, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Davies
authors: Emily L
authors: EL
authors: Nicholson
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Böttcher
authors: Crista A
authors: CA
authors: Burbidge
authors: Susan E P
authors: SE
authors: Bastian
authors: Katie E
authors: KE
authors: Harvey
authors: An-Cheng
authors: AC
authors: Huang
authors: Dennis K
authors: DK
authors: Taylor
authors: Paul K
authors: PK
authors: Boss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009280:Naphthaleneacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012903:Smell; D013649:Taste; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents; D009280:Naphthaleneacetic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C034182:1-naphthaleneacetic acid
keywords: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; Ethrel; aroma; berry ripening; flavor; rotundone; wine