title: Optical stimulation for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury.
abstract: Spinal cord injury can be defined as a loss of communication between the brain and the body due to disrupted pathways within the spinal cord. Although many promising molecular strategies have emerged to reduce secondary injury and promote axonal regrowth, there is still no effective cure, and recovery of function remains limited. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) represents a strategy developed to restore motor function without the need for regenerating severed spinal pathways. Despite its technological success, however, FES has not been widely integrated into the lives of spinal cord injury survivors. In this review, we briefly discuss the limitations of existing FES technologies. Additionally, we discuss how optogenetics, a rapidly evolving technique used primarily to investigate select neuronal populations within the brain, may eventually be used to replace FES as a form of therapy for functional restoration after spinal cord injury.
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Grant W
authors: GW
authors: Mallory
authors: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Grahn
authors: School of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer Feld, Bergheim, Germany.
authors: Jan T
authors: JT
authors: Hachmann
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: J Luis
authors: JL
authors: Lujan
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: lee.kendall@mayo.edu.
authors: Kendall H
authors: KH
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy*