title: Animal models for cutaneous vaccine delivery.
abstract: Main challenges in skin vaccination are overcoming the stratum corneum (SC) barrier and targeting the antigen presenting cells (APC) in the epidermis and the dermis. For this purpose many delivery techniques are being developed. In vivo immunogenicity and safety studies in animals are mandatory before moving to clinical trials. However, the results obtained in animals may or may not be predictive for humans. Knowledge about differences and similarities in skin architecture and immunology within a species and between species is crucial. In this review, we discuss variables, including skin morphology, skin barrier function, mechanical properties, site of application and immunology, which should be taken into account when designing animal studies for vaccination via the skin in order to support the translation to clinical trial outcomes.
authors: Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Hoang.Hirschberg@rivm.nl.
authors: Hoang J H B
authors: HJ
authors: Hirschberg
authors: Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Elly.van.Riet@Intravacc.nl.
authors: Elly
authors: E
authors: van Riet
authors: Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Dinja.Oosterhoff@intravacc.nl.
authors: Dinja
authors: D
authors: Oosterhoff
authors: Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: bouwstra@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl.
authors: Joke A
authors: JA
authors: Bouwstra
authors: Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Gideon.Kersten@Intravacc.nl.
authors: Gideon F A
authors: GF
authors: Kersten
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D004423:Ear; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Animal models; Cutaneous; Intradermal; Skin barrier; Topical; Vaccine delivery