title: Nursing care for the families of the dying child/infant in paediatric and neonatal ICU: nurses' emotional talk and sources of discomfort. A mixed methods study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of in-hospital deaths of children occur in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units. For nurses working in these settings, this can be a source of significant anxiety, discomfort and sense of failure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to explore how NICU/PICU nurses care for families before and after death; to explore the nurses' perspectives on their preparedness/ability to provide family care; and to determine the emotional content of language used by nurse participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus group and individual interviews were conducted with 22 registered nurses from neonatal and paediatric intensive care units of two major metropolitan hospitals in Australia. All data were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were then analysed thematically and using Linguistic Inquiry to examine emotional content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four core themes were identified: preparing for death; communication challenges; the nurse-family relationship and resilience of nurses. Findings suggested that continuing to provide aggressive treatment to a dying child/infant whilst simultaneously caring for the family caused discomfort and frustration for nurses. Nurses sometimes delayed death to allow families to prepare, as evidenced in the Linguistic Inquiry analysis, which enabled differentiation between types of emotional talk such as anger talk, anxiety talk and sadness talk. PICU nurses had significantly more anxiety talk (p=0.018) than NICU nurses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided rich insights into the experiences of nurses who are caring for dying children including the nurses' need to balance the often aggressive treatments with preparation of the family for the possibility of their child's death. There is some room for improvement in nurses' provision of anticipatory guidance, which encompasses effective and open communication, focussed on preparing families for the child's death.
authors: Monash University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Building E, PO Box 527, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia. Electronic address: melissa.bloomer@monash.edu.
authors: Melissa J
authors: MJ
authors: Bloomer
authors: Emeritus Professor of Nursing, Monash University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Building E, PO Box 527, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: O'Connor
authors: Monash University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
authors: Beverley
authors: B
authors: Copnell
authors: Monash University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Plymouth University, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, 8 Portland Villas, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Endacott
mesh_terms: D001293:Attitude to Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064648:Critical Care Nursing; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D013727:Terminal Care
keywords: Death; Dying; Emotional talk; End of life care; Linguistic Inquiry; Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU)