title: Management of shoulder pain after a cerebrovascular accident or traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder pain after a cerebrovascular accident or traumatic brain injury is a common but often under-recognized problem. It is due to a number of causes including inferior subluxation, spasticity, adhesive capsulitis, and heterotopic ossification. Many of these are amenable to surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review of current evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article shows that there are multiple treatment options in this group of patients, and it is important to understand these as clinicians in delivering quality care to this complex group of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review article describes how careful clinical assessment can differentiate between causes of shoulder pain and guide best management.
authors: Mersey Deanery, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: jonathanmanara@doctors.org.uk.
authors: Jonathan R
authors: JR
authors: Manara
authors: Mersey Deanery, Liverpool, UK.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Taylor
authors: Countess of Chester Hospital, Cheshire, UK.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Nixon
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002062:Bursitis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*
keywords: CVA; Shoulder pain; inferior glenohumeral subluxation; spasticity; traumatic brain injury