title: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipid indices vs elevated glucose risk in Arab adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) has been identified as a significant predictor of various cardiovascular events in adults. Limited studies have been conducted in the pediatric population with diverse results, depending on ethnic origin. None has been conducted in the Arabic adolescent population so far; this study aims to fill this gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 1690 Saudi school adolescents (968 boys [mean age 14.8 ± 1.7] and 722 girls [mean age 14.6 ± 1.7]) were recruited. Anthropometrics were obtained. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles were quantified routinely. Non-HDL-C was calculated and screening was done for dyslipidemia using cutoffs obtained from the cohort and elevated fasting glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the 90th percentile cutoff obtained, the overall prevalence of high non-HDL-C (≥4.26 mmol/L) was 10.1%. Prevalence was slightly higher in girls (10.5%) than boys (9.9%). Non-HDL-C was similar to other lipids in terms of significant associations with anthropometric measures and glucose in both boys and girls. Elevated triglycerides was most predictive of elevated glucose in both girls (odds ratio 2.41; confidence interval 1.43-4.08; P = .001) and boys (odds ratio 2.61; confidence interval 1.70-4.0); P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-HDL-C appears to be gender-specific and is cardiometabolically more associated with Saudi boys, despite higher levels in girls. It is inferior compared with triglycerides in assessing elevated glucose risk. Further investigations may provide a more definite value for non-HDL-C use as a biomarker in assessing cardiometabolic risk in the Arab adolescent population.
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: aldaghri2011@gmail.com.
authors: Nasser M
authors: NM
authors: Al-Daghri
authors: Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Specialized Diabetes and Endocrine Center, College of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Naji J
authors: NJ
authors: Aljohani
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Omar S
authors: OS
authors: Al-Attas
authors: Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Yousef
authors: Y
authors: Al-Saleh
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Kaiser
authors: K
authors: Wani
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdullah M
authors: AM
authors: Alnaami
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hanan
authors: H
authors: Alfawaz
authors: Clinical Laboratory Department, Riyadh College of Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdulrahman S M
authors: AS
authors: Al-Ajlan
authors: Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire Trust, Walsgrave, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors: Sudhesh
authors: S
authors: Kumar
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors: George P
authors: GP
authors: Chrousos
authors: Biomarkers Research Program Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Majed S
authors: MS
authors: Alokail
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D018912:Arabs; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Arab adolescents; Lipids; Non-HDL cholesterol; Prevalence