title: Effects of fresh lubricant oils on particle emissions emitted by a modern gasoline direct injection passenger car.
abstract: Particle emissions from a modern turbocharged gasoline direct injection passenger car equipped with a three-way catalyst and an exhaust gas recirculation system were studied while the vehicle was running on low-sulfur gasoline and, consecutively, with five different lubrication oils. Exhaust particle number concentration, size distribution, and volatility were determined both at laboratory and on-road conditions. The results indicated that the choice of lubricant affected particle emissions both during the cold start and warm driving cycles. However, the contribution of engine oil depended on driving conditions being higher during acceleration and steady state driving than during deceleration. The highest emission factors were found with two oils that had the highest metal content. The results indicate that a 10% decrease in the Zn content of engine oils is linked with an 11-13% decrease to the nonvolatile particle number emissions in steady driving conditions and a 5% decrease over the New European Driving Cycle. The effect of lubricant on volatile particles was even higher, on the order of 20%.
authors: †Department of Technology, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4021, FI-00180 Helsinki, Finland.|‡Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Liisa
authors: L
authors: Pirjola
authors: §Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors: Panu
authors: P
authors: Karjalainen
authors: §Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.|#Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Järvikatu 2-4, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland.
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Heikkilä
authors: §Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors: Sampo
authors: S
authors: Saari
authors: ∥Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 458, Thessaloniki GR 54124, Greece.
authors: Theodoros
authors: T
authors: Tzamkiozis
authors: ∥Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 458, Thessaloniki GR 54124, Greece.
authors: Leonidas
authors: L
authors: Ntziachristos
authors: ⊥Neste Oil Oyj, Keilaranta 21, P.O. Box 95, FI-00095 Neste Oil, Finland.
authors: Kari
authors: K
authors: Kulmala
authors: §Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors: Jorma
authors: J
authors: Keskinen
authors: §Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors: Topi
authors: T
authors: Rönkkö
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001336:Automobiles; D005060:Europe; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D054327:Lubricants / Q000032:analysis*; D009821:Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D013997:Time Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D054327:Lubricants; D009821:Oils; D001335:Vehicle Emissions