title: Heart rate-corrected QT interval is a novel risk marker for the progression of albuminuria in people with Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A close association between heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) and albuminuria in people with Type 2 diabetes has been reported in cross sectional studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between QTc and change in urine albumin excretion (UAE) or progression of albuminuria in people with Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured QTc in 251 consecutive people at baseline. We performed a 5-year follow-up cohort study to assess the relationship between QTc and change in UAE, defined as an increase of UAE/follow-up duration (year), or progression of albuminuria, defined as an increase in the category of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 23 of 151 people with normoalbuminuria and 13 of 73 people with microalbuminuria at baseline had progression of albuminuria. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that QTc was independently associated with change in UAE (β = 0.176, P = 0.0104). Logistic regression analyses showed that QTc was a risk marker for progression of albuminuria [odds ratio per 0.01-s increase in QTc 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.66, P = 0.0024] after adjusting for confounders. According to the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, the optimal cut-off point of QTc for progression of albuminuria was 0.418 s [area under the ROC curve 0.75 (95% CI 0.66-0.82), sensitivity = 0.86, specificity = 0.56, P < 0.0001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart rate-corrected QT interval could be a novel risk marker for progression of albuminuria in people with Type 2 diabetes.
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8794-0550
authors: Y
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Tanaka
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Senmaru
authors: Division of Metabolism, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Okada
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hamaguchi
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Asano
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Yamazaki
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Oda
authors: Division of Metabolism, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers