title: Ecological momentary assessment of tinnitus using smartphone technology: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the feasibility of ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) as a tool to more accurately assess the level of bother from tinnitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Washington University Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery faculty practice plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty participants with moderately to severely bothersome tinnitus were enrolled. All participants owned a smartphone device, and all communications were conducted via email, phone, and text messaging. Participants received 4 EMAs per day for 2 weeks via text message and a final survey on the 15th day. In each survey, participants recorded their level of tinnitus bother, their location at the time of response, their stress level, how they were feeling, and what they were doing. Response rates as a proxy for the feasibility of the program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 1120 surveys sent to 20 participants (56 surveys per participant), and 889 (79.4%) of the surveys were completed and returned. The median time to response from the moment of receiving the text message was 7 minutes. The distribution of responses to the EMA question, "In the last 5 minutes, how bothered have you been by your tinnitus?" displayed both high between- and within-subject variability. At the end of 2 weeks, the median score on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory was 37, with a range of 10 to 82 points; the median Tinnitus Functional Index score was 43, with a range of 10 to 82 points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests bothered tinnitus patients will use smartphones as part of EMA.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Wilson
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Dorina
authors: D
authors: Kallogjeri
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors: Conor N
authors: CN
authors: Joplin
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors: Mitchell D
authors: MD
authors: Gorman
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Krings
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Lenze
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Joyce E
authors: JE
authors: Nicklaus
authors: Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Edward E
authors: EE
authors: Spitznagel
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA piccirilloj@ent.wustl.edu.
authors: Jay F
authors: JF
authors: Piccirillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D040421:Cell Phone; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: ecological momentary assessment; outcome measure; tinnitus