title: Prevalence of post-thrombotic syndrome after cardiac catheterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the survival of children with cardiac disease increases, chronic complications of deep venous thrombosis from cardiac catheterization, particularly post-thrombotic syndrome, may be important to monitor for and treat, if needed. We aimed to determine the prevalence of this syndrome in children who underwent cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of children <18 years old at least 1 year from first catheterization through the femoral vein. We used the Manco-Johnson instrument, the only tool validated in children, to diagnose post-thrombotic syndrome. We defined the syndrome as a score ≥ 1. It was considered physically and functionally significant if the score was ≥ 1 in both physical and functional domains of the instrument. We also conducted ultrasonography to assess for thrombosis and valvular insufficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 62 children with a median age of 4 months during catheterization and a median of 5.4 years since catheterization. A total of 40 children had post-thrombotic syndrome (prevalence: 64.5%; 95% confidence interval: 51.3-76.3%), the majority of which were mild. Presence of cyanotic congenital heart disease, total number of catheterizations, use of antithrombotic agents at any time after the first catheterization, age at first catheterization, or time since first catheterization was not associated with the syndrome. A total of seven children (prevalence: 11.3%; 95% confidence interval: 3.2-19.4%) had physically and functionally significant syndrome. None of the children had abnormalities on ultrasonography at the time of enrollment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-thrombotic syndrome is a common complication after cardiac catheterization. Manifestations are usually mild and unlikely to require treatment.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Luceri
authors: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Joana A
authors: JA
authors: Tala
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Constance G
authors: CG
authors: Weismann
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Cicero T
authors: CT
authors: Silva
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: E Vincent S
authors: EV
authors: Faustino
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054070:Postthrombotic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: child; deep venous thrombosis; heart disease; pediatrics; ultrasonography