title: Toward sophisticated basal ganglia neuromodulation: Review on basal ganglia deep brain stimulation.
abstract: This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge about the roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in action-selection, cognition, and motivation, and how this knowledge has been used to improve deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Such pathological conditions include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The first section presents evidence supporting current hypotheses of how the cortico-BG circuitry works to select motor and emotional actions, and how defects in this circuitry can cause symptoms of the BG diseases. Emphasis is given to the role of striatal dopamine on motor performance, motivated behaviors and learning of procedural memories. Next, the use of cutting-edge electrochemical techniques in animal and human studies of BG functioning under normal and disease conditions is discussed. Finally, functional neuroimaging studies are reviewed; these works have shown the relationship between cortico-BG structures activated during DBS and improvement of disease symptoms.
authors: Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Da Cunha
authors: Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Suelen L
authors: SL
authors: Boschen
authors: Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Gómez-A
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Erika K
authors: EK
authors: Ross
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: William S J
authors: WS
authors: Gibson
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Hoon-Ki
authors: HK
authors: Min
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors: Kendall H
authors: KH
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA. Electronic address: cblaha@memphis.edu.
authors: Charles D
authors: CD
authors: Blaha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006801:Humans
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Electrochemistry; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Globus pallidus; Human; Pig; Striatum; Substantia nigra; Subthalamic nucleus; Voltammetry