title: The visual system in migraine: from the bench side to the office.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Throughout history, migraine-associated visual symptoms have puzzled patients, doctors, and neuroscientists. The visual aspects of migraine extend far beyond the aura phenomena, and have several clinical implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A narrative review was conducted, beginning with migraine mechanisms, then followed by pertinent aspects of the anatomy of visual pathways, clinical features, implications of the visual system on therapy, migraine on visually impaired populations, treatment of visual auras and ocular (retinal) migraine, effect of prophylactic migraine treatments on visual aura, visual symptoms induced by anti-migraine or anti-headache drugs, and differential diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive narrative review from both basic and clinical standpoints on the visual aspects of migraine was attained; however, the results were biased to provide any useful information for the clinician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper achieved its goals of addressing and condensing information on the pathophysiology of the visual aspects of migraine and its clinical aspects, especially with regards to therapy, making it useful not only for those unfamiliar to the theme but to experienced physicians as well.
authors: Neurological Institute of Curitiba (INC), Curitiba, Brazil; Neurology Section, Hospital Clinics of the Federal University at Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
authors: Pedro A
authors: PA
authors: Kowacs
authors: Marco A
authors: MA
authors: Utiumi
authors: Elcio J
authors: EJ
authors: Piovesan
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: migraine; migraine aura; migraine treatment; migraine with aura; visual system