title: Are personality disorder dimensions related over time? An examination over the course of ten years using multivariate growth modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the well-documented literature on cross-sectional comorbidity, there is a paucity of data on the associations between personality disorders (PDs) over time. Using multivariate growth modeling, the present study examined the inter-relationships between pairs of PD disorder dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested these associations in a sample of 142 depressed outpatients followed-up five times over the course of 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found cross-sectional associations between the initial levels of severity of many pairs of PD dimensions. However, there was limited support for longitudinal associations between PD dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the course of PD dimensions is fairly independent of each other, and that initial levels of PD dimensions have relatively little prognostic value for predicting the course of other PD dimensions.
authors: VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center at Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: rhersh@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Hershenberg
authors: Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: thomas.olino@temple.edu.
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Olino
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: mdyson@ucsd.edu.
authors: Margaret W
authors: MW
authors: Dyson
authors: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Electronic address: joanne.davila@stonybrook.edu.
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Davila
authors: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Electronic address: Daniel.klein@stonybrook.edu.
authors: Daniel N
authors: DN
authors: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult