title: Robotic voltammetry with carbon nanotube-based sensors: a superb blend for convenient high-quality antimicrobial trace analysis.
abstract: A new automated pharmacoanalytical technique for convenient quantification of redox-active antibiotics has been established by combining the benefits of a carbon nanotube (CNT) sensor modification with electrocatalytic activity for analyte detection with the merits of a robotic electrochemical device that is capable of sequential nonmanual sample measurements in 24-well microtiter plates. Norfloxacin (NFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX), two standard fluoroquinolone antibiotics, were used in automated calibration measurements by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and accomplished were linear ranges of 1-10 μM and 2-100 μM for NFX and CFX, respectively. The lowest detectable levels were estimated to be 0.3±0.1 μM (n=7) for NFX and 1.6±0.1 μM (n=7) for CFX. In standard solutions or tablet samples of known content, both analytes could be quantified with the robotic DPV microtiter plate assay, with recoveries within ±4% of 100%. And recoveries were as good when NFX was evaluated in human serum samples with added NFX. The use of simple instrumentation, convenience in execution, and high effectiveness in analyte quantitation suggest the merger between automated microtiter plate voltammetry and CNT-supported electrochemical drug detection as a novel methodology for antibiotic testing in pharmaceutical and clinical research and quality control laboratories.
authors: School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ; Biochemistry- Electrochemistry Research Unit, Institute of Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
authors: Somjai
authors: S
authors: Theanponkrang
authors: Biochemistry- Electrochemistry Research Unit, Institute of Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ; School of Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
authors: Wipa
authors: W
authors: Suginta
authors: Life Sciences, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Helge
authors: H
authors: Weingart
authors: Life Sciences, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Winterhalter
authors: School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ; Biochemistry- Electrochemistry Research Unit, Institute of Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Schulte
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001681:Biological Assay; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002138:Calibration; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012371:Robotics; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D013607:Tablets
keywords: antibiotics; automation; electroanalysis; microtiter plates; pharmaceutical screening; pharmacoanalytics