title: Patient radiation doses in various fluoroscopically guided orthopaedic procedures.
abstract: All orthopaedic fluoroscopic procedures performed using C-arm guidance were monitored for 1 y. The type of procedure, fluoroscopy time (T), kerma-area product (KAP) values and number of radiographs (F) were recorded. The two most often performed techniques were as follows: intramedullary nailing (IMN) of intertrochanteric/peritrochanteric (IP) fractures (101 cases, 49.3 %) and antergrade IMN of femur or tibia shaft (TS) fractures (28 cases, 13.7 %). For the remaining procedures, none accounted for >5 %, categorised as 'various' (76 cases, 37 %). Large variations in T, KAP and F were observed. For IMN of IP fractures, antergrade IMN of femur and TS fractures and for various procedures, respectively, median values were T--2.1, 2.2 and 0.6 min, KAP--6.3, 6.3 and 0.6 Gy cm(-2) and F--21, 2.2 and 6.7. The patient doses during fluoroscopically guided procedures are relatively low compared with other interventional procedures.
authors: Radiology Department and Medical Physics Unit, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Agias Olgas 3-5, Nea Ionia 14233, Greece virginia@otenet.gr.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Tsapaki
authors: Medical Physics Department, Agios Savvas Hospital, 171 Alexandras Av, Athens 11522, Greece.
authors: I A
authors: IA
authors: Tsalafoutas
authors: Radiology Department and Medical Physics Unit, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Agias Olgas 3-5, Nea Ionia 14233, Greece.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Fagkrezos
authors: 2nd Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Lazaretos
authors: 2nd Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: V S
authors: VS
authors: Nikolaou
authors: 2nd Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Efstathopoulos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000592:standards*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000592:standards*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014965:X-Rays