title: The neuropsychology of cluster headache: cognition, mood, disability, and quality of life of patients with chronic and episodic cluster headache.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cluster headache (CH) is commonly regarded as one of the most disabling headache conditions, and referred to as one of the most painful conditions known to humankind. Although there has been some research indicating the severe impact of CH, there is little comprehensive evidence of its impact on quality of life, disability, mood, and cognitive function in both its episodic (ECH) and chronic (CCH) variants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study investigates various aspects of cognitive function including intelligence, executive function, and memory, and mood, disability, and quality of life in 22 patients with ECH and CCH compared with age-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that intelligence and executive functions are intact in patients with CH, but that patients with CH perform significantly worse than healthy controls on tests of working memory and (all P < .05) report greater cognitive failures (P < .05). Around one third of both the ECH and CCH groups achieved "caseness" for depression, while self-reported anxiety was higher in those with CCH than the ECH patients, with 75% of the former compared with 38% of the latter groups achieving "caseness" on the measure of anxiety. Patients with CH reported high levels of disability, which was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P > .05). The patients with CH reported poor quality of life compared with healthy controls; however, this difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CH show worse working memory, disturbance of mood, and poorer quality of life compared with healthy controls. The differences between patients with ECH and CCH, and the implications of these findings for the management of CH are discussed.
authors: Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Group, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors: Mariam
authors: M
authors: Torkamani
authors: Lea
authors: L
authors: Ernst
authors: Lok Sze
authors: LS
authors: Cheung
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Lambru
authors: Manjit
authors: M
authors: Matharu
authors: Marjan
authors: M
authors: Jahanshahi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
keywords: chronic cluster headache; cognition; disability; episodic cluster headache; mood; quality of life