title: Mechanism involved in Danshen-induced fluid secretion in salivary glands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Danshen's capability to induce salivary fluid secretion and its mechanisms were studied to determine if it could improve xerostomia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Submandibular glands were isolated from male Wistar rats under systemic anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium. The artery was cannulated and vascularly perfused at a constant rate. The excretory duct was also cannulated and the secreted saliva was weighed in a cup on an electronic balance. The weight of the accumulated saliva was measured every 3 s and the salivary flow rate was calculated. In addition, the arterio-venous difference in the partial oxygen pressure was measured as an indicator of oxygen consumption. In order to assess the mechanism involved in Danshen-induced fluid secretion, either ouabain (an inhibitor of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase) or bumetanide (an inhibitor of NKCC1) was additionally applied during the Danshen stimulation. In order to examine the involvement of the main membrane receptors, atropine was added to block the M₃ muscarinic receptors, or phentolamine was added to block the α₁ adrenergic receptors. In order to examine the requirement for extracellular Ca(2+), Danshen was applied during the perfusion with nominal Ca(2+) free solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although Danshen induced salivary fluid secretion, 88.7 ± 12.8 μL/g-min, n = 9, (the highest value around 20 min from start of DS perfusion was significantly high vs 32.5 ± 5.3 μL/g-min by carbamylcholine, P = 0.00093 by t-test) in the submandibular glands, the time course of that secretion differed from that induced by carbamylcholine. There was a latency associated with the fluid secretion induced by Danshen, followed by a gradual increase in the secretion to its highest value, which was in turn followed by a slow decline to a near zero level. The application of either ouabain or bumetanide inhibited the fluid secretion by 85% or 93%, and suppressed the oxygen consumption by 49% or 66%, respectively. These results indicated that Danshen activates Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and NKCC1 to maintain Cl(-) release and K(+) release for fluid secretion. Neither atropine or phentolamine inhibited the fluid secretion induced by Danshen (263% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%, 227% ± 63% vs 309% ± 45%, P = 0.899, 0.626 > 0.05 respectively, by ANOVA). Accordingly, Danshen does not bind with M₃ or α₁ receptors. These characteristics suggested that the mechanism involved in DS-induced salivary fluid secretion could be different from that induced by carbamylcholine. Carbamylcholine activates the M₃ receptor to release inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and quickly releases Ca(2+) from the calcium stores. The elevation of [Ca(2+)]i induces chloride release and quick osmosis, resulting in an onset of fluid secretion. An increase in [Ca(2+)]i is essential for the activation of the luminal Cl(-) and basolateral K(+) channels. The nominal removal of extracellular Ca(2+) totally abolished the fluid secretion induced by Danshen (1.8 ± 0.8 μL/g-min vs 101.9 ± 17.2 μL/g-min, P = 0.00023 < 0.01, by t-test), suggesting the involvement of Ca(2+) in the activation of these channels. Therefore, IP₃-store Ca(2+) release signalling may not be involved in the secretion induced by Danshen, but rather, there may be a distinct signalling process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that Danshen can be used in the treatment of xerostomia, to avoid the systemic side effects associated with muscarinic drugs.
authors: Fei Wei, Division of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Wei
authors: Fei Wei, Division of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors: Mu-Xin
authors: MX
authors: Wei
authors: Fei Wei, Division of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors: Masataka
authors: M
authors: Murakami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects*; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D064506:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C578879:Slc12a2 protein, rat; D064506:Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2; C028972:dan-shen root extract; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Chinese herb; Danshen; Extracellular Ca2+; Oxygen consumption; Salivary fluid secretion; Submandibular gland; Xerostomia