title: Proficiency performance benchmarks for removal of simulated brain tumors using a virtual reality simulator NeuroTouch.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of neurosurgical technical skills involved in the resection of cerebral tumors in operative environments is complex. Educators emphasize the need to develop and use objective and meaningful assessment tools that are reliable and valid for assessing trainees' progress in acquiring surgical skills. The purpose of this study was to develop proficiency performance benchmarks for a newly proposed set of objective measures (metrics) of neurosurgical technical skills performance during simulated brain tumor resection using a new virtual reality simulator (NeuroTouch).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant performed the resection of 18 simulated brain tumors of different complexity using the NeuroTouch platform. Surgical performance was computed using Tier 1 and Tier 2 metrics derived from NeuroTouch simulator data consisting of (1) safety metrics, including (a) volume of surrounding simulated normal brain tissue removed, (b) sum of forces utilized, and (c) maximum force applied during tumor resection; (2) quality of operation metric, which involved the percentage of tumor removed; and (3) efficiency metrics, including (a) instrument total tip path lengths and (b) frequency of pedal activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies were conducted in the Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 participants were recruited, including 17 experts (board-certified neurosurgeons) and 16 novices (7 senior and 9 junior neurosurgery residents).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that "expert" neurosurgeons resected less surrounding simulated normal brain tissue and less tumor tissue than residents. These data are consistent with the concept that "experts" focused more on safety of the surgical procedure compared with novices. By analyzing experts' neurosurgical technical skills performance on these different metrics, we were able to establish benchmarks for goal proficiency performance training of neurosurgery residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study furthers our understanding of expert neurosurgical performance during the resection of simulated virtual reality tumors and provides neurosurgical trainees with predefined proficiency performance benchmarks designed to maximize the learning of specific surgical technical skills.
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: gmaan.al-zhrani@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors: Gmaan
authors: G
authors: AlZhrani
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Fahad
authors: F
authors: Alotaibi
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tehran Polytechnic, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hamed
authors: H
authors: Azarnoush
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Winkler-Schwartz
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdulrahman
authors: A
authors: Sabbagh
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Bajunaid
authors: Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Susanne P
authors: SP
authors: Lajoie
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Rolando F
authors: RF
authors: Del Maestro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019985:Benchmarking; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D000066908:Simulation Training; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Medical Knowledge; NeuroTouch; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; brain tumor resection; neurosurgical oncology; performance metrics; proficiency performance benchmarks; virtual reality neurosurgical simulation