title: Sampling and sample processing in pesticide residue analysis.
abstract: Proper sampling and sample processing in pesticide residue analysis of food and soil have always been essential to obtain accurate results, but the subject is becoming a greater concern as approximately 100 mg test portions are being analyzed with automated high-throughput analytical methods by agrochemical industry and contract laboratories. As global food trade and the importance of monitoring increase, the food industry and regulatory laboratories are also considering miniaturized high-throughput methods. In conjunction with a summary of the symposium "Residues in Food and Feed - Going from Macro to Micro: The Future of Sample Processing in Residue Analytical Methods" held at the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, this is an opportune time to review sampling theory and sample processing for pesticide residue analysis. If collected samples and test portions do not adequately represent the actual lot from which they came and provide meaningful results, then all costs, time, and efforts involved in implementing programs using sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques are wasted and can actually yield misleading results. This paper is designed to briefly review the often-neglected but crucial topic of sample collection and processing and put the issue into perspective for the future of pesticide residue analysis. It also emphasizes that analysts should demonstrate the validity of their sample processing approaches for the analytes/matrices of interest and encourages further studies on sampling and sample mass reduction to produce a test portion.
authors: †Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States.
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Lehotay
authors: §Division of Food Safety, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 3125 Conner Boulevard, Tallahassee, Florida 32399, United States.
authors: Jo Marie
authors: JM
authors: Cook
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000592:standards*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018401:Sample Size; D015983:Selection Bias
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: blending; cryomilling; food; grinding; high-throughput analysis; homogenization; milling; pesticide residues; processing; sample comminution; sampling; soil; theory of sampling; validation