title: Effects of substances on serum zinc levels in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Demographic facts and forecasts about lengthening life expectancy motivate to systematize the knowledge of health problems experienced by women at the age of 50 and older. It refers to the whole health policy including health economics. Longer female life spans cause that an increasing number of women suffer from health problems associated with the perimenopausal period, and become health care recipients. Also a shift of retirement age is the reason to take interdisciplinary actions for women's health and quality of life. This study describes a decline in the levels of many bioelements in hair, urine and blood serum, which progresses with age. It not only correlates with a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of estrogen, but also environmental pollution, unhealthy lifestyle and the use of substances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between serum zinc levels in postmenopausal women and such variables as the use of substances (cigarettes, alcohol) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Material and method: The study was conducted among 152 healthy women being 1-16 years after menopause. The women were divided into study group (MHT users) and control group (MHT non-users). A sub-division criterion was the use of substances (cigarettes, alcohol). Serum zinc levels were determined in all women. Results: The use of substances significantly contributed to the lowering of serum zinc levels in postmenopausal women. MHT users had statistically higher average zinc levels in blood serum, which referred both to smokers and consumers of alcohol and those who did not use these substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) The use-of substances (cigarettes, alcohol) contributes to the lowering of zinc levels in blood serum. (2) MHT positively affects serum zinc levels in postmenopausal women regardless of whether they use substances (cigarettes, alcohol) or not.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Jasińska
authors: Bozena
authors: B
authors: Mroczek
authors: Artur
authors: A
authors: Kotwas
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Baczkowski
authors: Sylwia
authors: S
authors: Wieder-Huszla
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Szkup-Jabłońska
authors: Elzbieta
authors: E
authors: Grochans
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Karakiewicz
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Starczewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc