title: Temporal changes in the prevalence and associates of foot ulceration in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess temporal changes in foot ulceration and its risk factors in community-based people with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study collected from 1993 to 1996 (Phase I) and 2008 to 2011 (Phase II) were analyzed. Generalized linear modeling was used to examine changes in foot ulcer prevalence and its associates between phases. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine associates of prevalent foot ulceration in individual and pooled phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 16 foot ulcers among 1296 patients in Phase I (1.2%) and 23 in 1509 Phase II patients (1.5%; P=0.86 after age, sex and race/ethnicity adjustment). Glycemic and non-glycemic cardiovascular risk factors were better in Phase II, but diabetes duration was longer, peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) was more prevalent and more patients were Aboriginal (P<0.001) than in Phase I. In multivariable analysis of both phases and pooled data, diabetes duration and peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) were independent associates of foot ulceration (P≤0.026). Prior hospitalization for ulcer, intermittent claudication, any absent pedal pulse and Aboriginality were also significant in the pooled model (P≤0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong associations between foot ulcer and diabetes duration, PSN, symptomatic and clinically-detectable peripheral vascular disease were observed. Aboriginality also proved an independent risk factor. Since all these risk factors apart from intermittent claudication and impalpable foot pulses were more prevalent in Phase II, improved community- and hospital-based foot care between phases are likely to have attenuated the risk of foot ulcers in Phase II patients.
authors: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia; Podiatric Medicine Unit, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Mendel
authors: M
authors: Baba
authors: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Wendy A
authors: WA
authors: Davis
authors: School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Paul E
authors: PE
authors: Norman
authors: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: tim.davis@uwa.edu.au.
authors: Timothy M E
authors: TM
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Community-based; Foot ulcer; Risk factors; Temporal change; Type 2 diabetes