title: Effects of graphene oxides on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass.
abstract: Due to recent developments in nanotechnology, nanomaterials (NMs) such as graphene oxide (GO) may enter the soil environment with mostly unknown consequences. We investigated the effects of GO on soil microbial activity in a 59-day soil incubation study. For this, high-purity GO was prepared and characterized. Soils were treated with up to 1 mg GO g(-1) soil, and the changes in the activities of 1,4-β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylosidase, 1,4-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, and phosphatase and microbial biomass were determined. 0.5-1 mg GO g(-1) soil lowered the activity of xylosidase, 1,4-β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, and phosphatase by up to 50% when compared to that in the control soils up to 21 days of incubation. Microbial biomass in soils treated with GO was not significantly different from that in control soils throughout the incubation period, and the soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated in this study. Our results indicate that soil enzyme activity can be lowered by the entry of GO into soils in short term but it can be recovered afterwards.
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hchung@konkuk.ac.kr.
authors: Haegeun
authors: H
authors: Chung
authors: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors: Min Ji
authors: MJ
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kwanyoung
authors: K
authors: Ko
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae Hyeuk
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun-Ah
authors: HA
authors: Kwon
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Inpyo
authors: I
authors: Hong
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Nari
authors: N
authors: Park
authors: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung-Wook
authors: SW
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors: Woong
authors: W
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D010087:Oxides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Extracellular enzymes; Microbial biomass; Nanomaterial; Soil incubation; Soil microorganisms