title: Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among healthy people in Northern China.
abstract: There is still limited knowledge about the prevalence and risk factors of nasal carriage for Staphylococcus aureus among healthy carriers in China. We investigated 2448 healthy adults (≥18 years of age) from Beijing (n = 1530) and Harbin (n = 918) by nasal screening. Participants were checked for carriage of S. aureus, and health-related and demographic information between 2009 and 2011 was gathered. A total of 403 S. aureus (403/2448, 16.5%) were recovered, 8 of which were methicillin resistant (8/2448, 0.33%). Three factors were independently associated with S. aureus nasal carriage: Harbin as city of residence (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41 to 2.85), age ≤24 years (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.30-2.44) and non-Han ethnicity (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.38). On the basis of population genetic analysis using multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) and spa typing, MLVA complex (MC) 398 and MC5a were the most prevalent clonal lineages in this collection. In multivariate models, residing in Harbin (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.07-2.92) and having household members in the healthcare profession (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.14-11.92) were factors associated with carriage of clonal lineage MC398. On the other hand, female sex (OR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.35-7.33) and a history of chronic liver disease (OR = 16.93, 95% CI = 2.91-98.59) were associated with the clonal lineage MC5a. The three most common spa types were t571 (10.9%), t189 (9.9%) and t701 (7.2%). These findings provide insight into the determinants of nasal carriage and ecology for some of the most successful strains of S. aureus among healthy people in Northern China.
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Yan
authors: Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Song
authors: Heilongjiang provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Yu
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Tao
authors: Heilongjiang provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Yan
authors: Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Luo
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Heilongjiang provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: He
authors: Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Li
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Meng
authors: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: zhangjianzhong@icdc.cn.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: h.grundmann@umcg.nl.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Grundmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiology; Staphylococcus aureus; healthy carriers; nasal carriage; spa typing