title: Glucose-regulated insulin production in the liver improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta-cells in the pancreas. Our objective is to reconstitute a glucose-responsive system in the liver to regulate hepatic insulin production for improving glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have cloned the glucose-responsive element (GRE) from the promoter of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis in the liver in response to glucose. To increase the amplitude of glucose induction, we quadruplicated the GRE DNA by gene duplication. The resulting GRE multimer (4×GRE) was tested for its ability to drive rat proinsulin cDNA expression in hepatocytes and insulin-deficient diabetic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that this GRE multimer-directed glucose-responsive system produced insulin in hepatocytes in a glucose-dependent manner. When delivered into the liver by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, this glucose-responsive insulin production system was able to reverse hyperglycemia to a normal range without causing hypoglycemia after glucose challenge or overnight fasting. Insulin vector-treated diabetic mice exhibited significantly improved blood glucose profiles in response to glucose tolerance, correlating with insulin production in the liver. We recapitulated these findings in streptozotocin-induced diabetic CD1 mice and autoimmune non-obese diabetic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data characterized the GRE motif from the ACC promoter as a potent glucose-responsive element, and provided proof-of-concept that the 4×GRE-mediated hepatic insulin production is capable of correcting insulin deficiency and improving glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
authors: Ting
authors: T
authors: Zhang
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
authors: H Henry
authors: HH
authors: Dong
keywords: Diabetes; Insulin; Liver; NOD mice