title: Characterization and comparison of bacterial communities in benign vocal fold lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benign vocal fold lesions, including cysts, nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema, are common causes of hoarseness and subsequent voice disorders. Given the prevalence of these lesions, disease etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear and their microbiota has not been studied to date secondary to the paucity of available biopsies for investigation. We sought to characterize and compare the bacterial communities in biopsies of cysts, nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema collected from patients in Germany and Wisconsin. These samples were then compared to the communities found in healthy saliva and throat samples from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  454 pyrosequencing of the V3-V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene revealed five phyla that explained most of the bacterial diversity, including Firmicutes (73.8%), Proteobacteria (12.7%), Bacteroidetes (9.2%), Actinobacteria (2.1%), and Fusobacteria (1.9%). Every lesion sample, regardless of diagnosis, had operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified as Streptococcus, with a mean abundance of 68.7%. Most of the lesions, 31 out of 44, were indistinguishable in a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) due to dominance by OTUs phylogenetically similar to Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae. Thirteen lesions not dominated by S. pseudopneumoniae were more similar to HMP throat and saliva samples, though 12 of them contained Pseudomonas, which was not present in any of the HMP samples. Community structure and abundance could not be correlated with lesion diagnosis or any other documented patient factor, including age, sex, or country of origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dominance by S. pseudopneumoniae could be a factor in disease etiology, as could the presence of Pseudomonas in some samples. Likewise, decreased diversity, as compared to healthy saliva and throat samples, may be associated with disease, similar to disease models in other mucosal sites.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA.
authors: Alissa S
authors: AS
authors: Hanshew
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA.
authors: Marie E
authors: ME
authors: Jetté
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA.
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Thibeault
keywords: Benign lesions; Larynx; Microbiota; Streptococcus; Voice disorders