title: Sensitivity of fNIRS measurement to head motion: an applied use of smartphones in the lab.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Powerful computing capabilities in small, easy to use hand-held devices have made smart technologies such as smartphones and tablets ubiquitous in today's society. The capabilities of these devices provide scientists with many tools that can be used to improve the scientific method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we demonstrate how smartphones may be used to quantify the sensitivity of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal to head motion. By attaching a smartphone to participants' heads during the fNIRS scan, we were able to capture data describing the degree of head motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that data recorded from an off-the-shelf smartphone accelerometer may be used to identify correlations between head-movement and fNIRS signal change. Furthermore, our results identify correlations between the magnitudes of head-movement and signal artifact, as well as a relationship between the direction of head movement and the location of the resulting signal noise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide a valuable proof-of-concept for the use of off-the-shelf smart technologies in neuroimaging applications.
authors: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors: Xu
authors: X
authors: Cui
authors: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Baker
authors: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Liu
authors: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine.|Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors: Allan L
authors: AL
authors: Reiss
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000295:instrumentation; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins
keywords: Accelerometer; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Neuroimaging; Smartphone; Technology; fNIRS