title: Metabolomics of the bio-degradation process of aflatoxin B1 by actinomycetes at an initial pH of 6.0.
abstract: Contamination of food and feed by Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a cause of serious economic and health problems. Different processes have been used to degrade AFB1. In this study, biological degradation of AFB1 was carried out using three Actinomycete species, Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277, Streptomyces lividans TK 24, and S. aureofaciens ATCC 10762, in liquid cultures. Biodegradation of AFB1 was optimised under a range of temperatures from 25 to 40 °C and pH values of 4.0 to 8.0. An initial concentration of 20 µg/mL of AFB1 was used in this study. The amount of AFB1 remaining was measured against time by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with UV and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). All species were able to degrade the AFB1, and no significant difference was found between them. AFB1 remained in the liquid culture for R. erythropolis, S. lividans and S. aureofaciens were 0.81 µg/mL, 2.41 µg/mL and 2.78 µg/mL respectively, at the end of the first 24 h. Degradation occurred at all incubation temperatures and the pH with the optimal conditions for R. erythropolis was achieved at 30 °C and pH 6, whereas for S. lividans and S. aureofaciens the optimum conditions for degradation were 30 °C and pH 5. Analysis of the degradative route indicated that each microorganism has a different way of degrading AFB1. The metabolites produced by R. erythropolis were significantly different from the other two microorganisms. Products of degradation were identified through metabolomic studies by utilizing high-resolution mass spectral data. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the degradation of AFB1 was associated with the appearance of a range of lower molecular weight compounds. The pathway of degradation or chemical alteration of AFB1 was followed by means of high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HR-FTMS) analysis as well as through the MS2 fragmentation to unravel the degradative pathway for AFB1. AFB1 bio-degradation was coupled with the accumulation of intermediates of fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis. A plausible mechanism of degradation of AFB1 by Rhodococcus was hypothesized.
authors: Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya. m.eshelli@hotmail.com.
authors: Manal
authors: M
authors: Eshelli
authors: Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. L.M.Harvey@strath.ac.uk.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Harvey
authors: Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. ruangelie.edrada-ebel@strath.ac.uk.
authors: RuAngelie
authors: R
authors: Edrada-Ebel
authors: Fermentation Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. b.mcneil@strath.ac.uk.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: McNeil
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013304:Streptomyces aureofaciens / Q000378:metabolism*; D048170:Streptomyces lividans / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016604:Aflatoxin B1