title: Repeated electrical stimulations as a tool to evoke temporal summation of nociceptive inputs in healthy, non-medicated experimental sheep.
abstract: The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) model is used in animal pain research to quantify nociception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the NWR evoked by repeated stimulations in healthy, non-medicated standing sheep. Repeated electrical stimulations were applied at 5 Hz for 2s to the digital nerves of the right thoracic and the pelvic limbs of 25 standing sheep. The stimulation intensities applied were fractions (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1) of the individual previously determined nociceptive threshold (It) after single stimulation. Surface-electromyographic activity (EMG) was recorded from the deltoid, the femoral biceps or the peroneus tertius muscles. The repeated stimulation threshold (RS It) was reached if at least one stimulus in the train was followed by a reflex with a minimal root-mean-square-amplitude (RMSA) of 20 μV. The behavioural reaction following each series of stimulations was scored on a scale from 0 (no reaction) to 5 (vigorous whole-body reaction). For the deltoid muscle, RS It was 2.3 mA (1.6-3 mA) with a reaction score of 2 (1-2) and at a fraction of 0.6 (0.5-0.8)×It. For the biceps femoris muscle, RS It was 2.9 mA (2.6-4 mA) with a reaction score of 1 (1-2) at a fraction of and 0.55 (0.4-0.7)×It while for the peroneus tertius muscle RS It was 3 mA (2.8-3.5 mA) with a reaction score of 1 (1-2) and at a fraction of 0.8 (0.8-0.95)×It. Both, RMSA and reaction scores increased significantly with increasing stimulation intensities in all muscles (p<0.001). The repeated application of electrical stimuli led to temporal summation of nociceptive inputs and therefore a reduction of the stimulus intensity evoking a withdrawal reaction in healthy, standing sheep. Data achieved in this study can now serve as reference for further clinical or experimental applications of the model in this species.
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology Division, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: helene.rohrbach@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors: Helene
authors: H
authors: Rohrbach
authors: Integrative Neuroscience Group, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors: Ole K
authors: OK
authors: Andersen
authors: AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Zeiter
authors: Icotec, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Wieling
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology Division, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Spadavecchia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Electromyogram; Nociceptive withdrawal reflex; Repeated stimulations; Sheep