title: Pulmonary Function in HIV-Infected Recreational Drug Users in the Era of Anti-Retroviral Therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with HIV infection commonly have pulmonary function abnormalities, including airflow obstruction and diffusion impairment, which may be more prevalent among recreational drug users. To date, the relationship between drug use and pulmonary function abnormalities among those with HIV remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine associations between recreational drug use and airflow obstruction, diffusion impairment, and radiographic emphysema in men and women with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of pulmonary function and self-reported recreational drug use data from a cohort of 121 men and 63 women with HIV. Primary outcomes were the presence (yes/no) of: 1) airflow obstruction, (pre- or post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity<0.70); 2) moderate diffusion impairment (diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide <60% predicted); and 3) radiographic emphysema (>1% of lung voxels <-950 Hounsfield units). Exposures of interest were frequency of recreational drug use, recent (since last study visit) drug use, and any lifetime drug use. We used logistic regression to determine associations between recreational drug use and the primary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected men and women reported recent recreational drug use at 56.0% and 31.0% of their study visits, respectively, and 48.8% of men and 39.7% of women reported drug use since their last study visit. Drug use was not associated with airway obstruction or radiographic emphysema in men or women. Recent crack cocaine use was independently associated with moderate diffusion impairment in women (odds ratio 17.6; 95% confidence interval 1.3-249.6, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cross-sectional analysis, we found that recreational drug use was common among HIV-infected men and women and recent crack cocaine use was associated with moderate diffusion impairment in women. Given the increasing prevalence of HIV infection, any relationship between drug use and prevalence or severity of chronic pulmonary diseases could have a significant impact on HIV and chronic disease management.
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Simonetti
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Gingo
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Kingsley
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: Kessinger
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Lorrie
authors: L
authors: Lucht
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Gk
authors: G
authors: Balasubramani
authors: Imaging Research Division, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Joseph K
authors: JK
authors: Leader
authors: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Ruth M
authors: RM
authors: Greenblatt
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Dermand
authors: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Eric C
authors: EC
authors: Kleerup
authors: Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Morris
keywords: COPD; Cocaine; Diffusion impairment; Drug use; Emphysema; HIV; Pulmonary function