title: Gut virome sequencing in children with early islet autoimmunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to characterize the gut virome at the onset of islet autoimmunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study nested within the Finnish Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) cohort. The stool virome in 19 case children, who turned islet autoantibody positive before the age of 2 years and later developed clinical type 1 diabetes, and 19 tightly matched control subjects was analyzed using NGS performed from stool samples collected 3, 6, and 9 months before the onset of islet autoimmunity. Human virus findings were verified using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more human viruses were present in 10.4% and bacteriophages were in 54% of the samples. The virome composition showed no association with islet autoimmunity. NGS was less sensitive and specific than real-time PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest no dramatic changes in the gut virome shortly before the emergence of islet autoimmunity and emphasize the need of verification of mass sequencing results when viral exposure is assessed in association studies.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Lenka
authors: L
authors: Kramná
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Kateřina
authors: K
authors: Kolářová
authors: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Sami
authors: S
authors: Oikarinen
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Juha-Pekka
authors: JP
authors: Pursiheimo
authors: Department of Immunogenetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Jorma
authors: J
authors: Ilonen
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Simell
authors: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Folklhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Knip
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Riitta
authors: R
authors: Veijola
authors: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Heikki
authors: H
authors: Hyöty
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ondrej.cinek@lfmotol.cuni.cz.
authors: Ondrej
authors: O
authors: Cinek
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000821:virology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies