title: NanoCluster Itraconazole Formulations Provide a Potential Engineered Drug Particle Approach to Generate Effective Dry Powder Aerosols.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Itraconazole (ITZ), a triazole antifungal agent, is a poorly water-soluble drug that is orally administered for treatment of fungal infections such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and invasive aspergillosis (IA). ABPA is relatively well controlled but IA can be fatal, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Aerosolized ITZ delivered to the lung may provide a local treatment and prophylaxis against IA at the primary site of infection in the lungs. Variations of the percent fine particle fraction (FPF), the percent emitted dose, and the physical properties of the aerosol (e.g., crystallinity) can confound consistent delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  ITZ NanoClusters were formulated via milling (top-down process) or precipitation (bottom-up process) without using any excipients. Itraconazole formulations (ITZ) were prepared by milling 1 gram of micronized itraconazole in 300 mL of fluid. The suspension was collected at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours milling time. Milled ITZ was compared to ITZ prepared by anti-solvent precipitation and to the stock micronized itraconazole. The aerosolization performance of ITZ formulations was determined using an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of different ITZ NanoClusters suggested an optimized wet milling was the preferred process compared to precipitation. ITZ NanoClusters prepared by wet milling showed better aerosol performance compared to micronized ITZ as received and ITZ NanoClusters prepared by precipitation. ITZ NanoClusters prepared by precipitation methods also showed an amorphous state, while ITZ milled in 10% EtOH maintained the crystalline character of ITZ throughout a 2 hour milling time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aerosol performance of milled ITZ NanoClusters was dramatically improved compared to micronized ITZ as received due to the difference of drug particle structures. ITZ NanoCluster formulations represent a potential engineered drug particle approach for inhalation therapy, providing effective aerosol properties and stability due to the crystalline state of the drug powders.
authors: 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas.|3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineer, Mahidol University, Thailand .
authors: Warangkana
authors: W
authors: Pornputtapitak
authors: 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas.|4 Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-suef University , Beni-suef, Egypt .
authors: Nashwa
authors: N
authors: El-Gendy
authors: 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas.|2 Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas.
authors: Cory
authors: C
authors: Berkland
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole
keywords: NanoClusters; dry powders; inhalation; itraconazole; wet milling