title: Relationships between chronotypes and affective temperaments in healthy young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronotype, an individual׳s preferred time for activity and sleep, has been known to be associated with affective disorders. Affective temperaments may be subclinical manifestations that represent a biological diathesis for affective disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between circadian preferences and affective temperaments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and forty one healthy young adults (376 male, 265 female) completed the Korean Translation of Composite Scale of Morningness to measure diurnal preferences and the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego - Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) to measure cyclothymic, depressive, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious affective temperaments. Multivariate analyses of covariance were computed with the five affective temperaments as dependent variables, chronotype and gender as an independent variable, and age as a covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixteen subjects were classified as having morning-type (18.1%), 402 as intermediate-type (62.7%), and 123 as evening-type (19.2%) circadian preferences. Evening-type was significantly associated with greater depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments, while morning-type was significantly associated with hyperthymic temperament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study only used self-report questionnaires to measure diurnal preference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evening-type subjects were more likely to have depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments, whereas morning-types were more likely to have hyperthymic temperament. This relationship between chronotype and affective temperament might be important for vulnerability to affective disorders.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Chun Il
authors: CI
authors: Park
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Suk Kyoon
authors: SK
authors: An
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Hae Won
authors: HW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Min Jung
authors: MJ
authors: Koh
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Kee
authors: K
authors: Namkoong
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: jeeinkang@yuhs.ac.
authors: Jee In
authors: JI
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: kimsejoo@yuhs.ac.
authors: Se Joo
authors: SJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D057566:Self Report; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Affective temperaments; Chronotype; Evening-type; Morning-type; TEMPS-A