title: Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a burgeoning and varied literature examining the associations between parental factors and depression or anxiety disorders in children. However, there is hitherto no systematic review of this complex literature with a focus on the 5-11 years age range, when there is a steep increase in onset of these disorders. Furthermore, to facilitate the application of the evidence in prevention, a focus on modifiable factors is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Employing the PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review of parental factors associated with anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems in children which parents can potentially modify.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 141 articles altogether, with 53 examining anxiety, 50 examining depression, and 70 examining internalizing outcomes. Stouffer׳s method of combining p-values was used to determine whether associations between variables were reliable, and meta-analyses were conducted with a subset of eligible studies to estimate the mean effect sizes of associations between each parental factor and outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations include sacrificing micro-level detail for a macro-level synthesis of the literature, the lack of generalizability across cultures, and the inability to conduct a meta-analysis on all included studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental factors with a sound evidence base indicating increased risk for both depression and internalizing problems include more inter-parental conflict and aversiveness; and for internalizing outcomes additionally, they include less warmth and more abusive parenting and over-involvement. No sound evidence linking any parental factor with anxiety outcomes was found.
authors: School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: marie.yap@monash.edu.
authors: Marie Bee Hui
authors: MB
authors: Yap
authors: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Anthony Francis
authors: AF
authors: Jorm
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Emotional problems; Family; Mental disorders; Prevention; Research translation