title: Reduced immune cell responses on nano and submicron rough titanium.
abstract: Current bare metal stents can be improved by nanotechnology to support the simultaneous acceleration of endothelialization and consequent reduction of immune cell responses after implantation. In our prior study, electron beam deposition was utilized to create different scales of roughness on titanium stents including flat (F-Ti), a mixture of nanometer and submicron (S-Ti), and nanometer (N-Ti). Enhanced endothelial responses (adhesion, migration, and nitric acid/endothelin-1 secretion) on nanometer to submicron rough titanium were observed compared to flat titanium. The present study aimed to further investigate the influence of nano and submicron titanium surface features on immune cells. Initial monocyte adhesion was found to be reduced on nano and submicron surface features compared to a flat surface. In a model including both endothelial cells and monocytes, it was proven that the submicron surface gave rise to an endothelial cell monolayer which generated the highest amount of NOx and subsequently led to decreased adhesiveness of endothelial cells to monocytes. The analysis of monocyte morphology gave hints to less differentiated monocytes on a submicron surface. Furthermore, the adhesion of and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages were all reduced on nano and submicron titanium surface features compared to a flat surface. This study, thus, suggests that nano and submicron titanium surfaces should be further studied for improved vascular stent performance.
authors: School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: th.webster@neu.edu.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Webster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D016207:Cytokines; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Immune response; Macrophages; Monocytes; Thrombosis formation; Titanium