title: Crude extract of maggots: antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, underlying mechanisms, separation and purification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the underlying mechanisms, and to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E. coli (O157:H7) and cultured. The optical density (OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots. The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis, and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/mL were significant. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/mL did not differ significantly. Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/mL of the crude extract, and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E. coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. A low molecular weight protein band (about 15 kDa) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent, but not in eluant, from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant, with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots. Of 24 tubes of filtrates, the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control. The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 was about 15 kDa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious, dose-dependent antibacterial effects. The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication. The protein that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 kDa.
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Quan-Sheng
authors: QS
authors: Ge
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Hui-Min
authors: HM
authors: Zhang
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Shou-Yu
authors: SY
authors: Wang
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: De-Cheng
authors: DC
authors: Lv
authors: Quan-Sheng Ge, Hui-Min Zhang, Xia Liu, Shou-Yu Wang, De-Cheng Lv, Xu-Dong Li, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Xu-Dong
authors: XD
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004175:Diptera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000196:embryology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013997:Time Factors; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D019476:Insect Proteins; D014020:Tissue Extracts
keywords: Antibacterial mechanism; Antibacterial peptide; Colorectal; Escherichia coli; Maggots