title: Effect of dietary glutamine on growth performance, non-specific immunity, expression of cytokine genes, phosphorylation of target of rapamycin (TOR), and anti-oxidative system in spleen and head kidney of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).
abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine on the growth performance, cytokines, target of rapamycin (TOR), and antioxidant-related parameters in the spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish were fed the basal (control) and glutamine-supplemented (12.0 g glutamine kg(-1) diet) diets for 6 weeks. Results indicated that the dietary glutamine supplementation improved the growth performance, spleen protein content, serum complement 3 content, and lysozyme activity in fish. In the spleen, glutamine down-regulated the expression of the interleukin 1 and interleukin 10 genes, and increased the level of phosphorylation of TOR protein. In the head kidney, glutamine down-regulated the tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 gene expressions, phosphorylated and total TOR protein levels, while up-regulated the transforming growth factor β2 gene expression. Furthermore, the protein carbonyl content was decreased in the spleen of fish fed glutamine-supplemented diet; conversely, the anti-hydroxyl radical capacity and glutathione content in the spleen were increased by glutamine. However, diet supplemented with glutamine did not affect the lipid peroxidation, anti-superoxide anion capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the spleen. Moreover, all of these antioxidant parameters in the head kidney were not affected by glutamine. Results from the present experiment showed the importance of dietary supplementation of glutamine in benefaction of the growth performance and several components of the innate immune system, and the deferential role in cytokine gene expression, TOR kinase activity, and antioxidant status between the spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp.
authors: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Hu
authors: Jing-Xiu
authors: JX
authors: Zhang
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Feng
authors: Wei-Dan
authors: WD
authors: Jiang
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Wu
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Jiang
authors: Xiao-Qiu
authors: XQ
authors: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D016753:Interleukin-10; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D009113:Muramidase