title: Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in degenerative mitral regurgitation.
abstract: The morphology of mitral valve (MV) prolapse and flail may be extremely variable, with dominant and secondary dynamic lesions. Any pathologic valve appears unique and different from any other. Three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography is a powerful tool to evaluate the geometry, dynamics, and function of the MV apparatus and may be of enormous value in helping surgeons perform valve repair procedures. Indeed, in contrast to the surgical view, 3D transesophageal echocardiography can visualize MV prolapse and flail in motion and from different perspectives. The purpose of this special article is not to provide a comprehensive review of degenerative MV disease but rather to illustrate different types of mitral prolapse and flail as they appear from multiple 3D transesophageal echocardiographic perspectives using a series of clinical scenarios. Because in everyday practice, 3D transesophageal echocardiographic images of MV prolapse and flail are usually observed in motion, each scenario is accompanied by several videos. Finally, the authors provide for each scenario a brief description of the surgical techniques that are usually performed at their institution.
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland. Electronic address: francesco.faletra@cardiocentro.org.
authors: Francesco F
authors: FF
authors: Faletra
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Demertzis
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Pedrazzini
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Romina
authors: R
authors: Murzilli
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Pasotti
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Muzzarelli
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Siclari
authors: Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors: Tiziano
authors: T
authors: Moccetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 3D TEE; Degenerative mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve disease