title: Arterial spin labeled carotid MR angiography: A phantom study examining the impact of technical and hemodynamic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) radial arterial spin labeled (ASL) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using vascular models of carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight vascular models were imaged at 1.5 Tesla using pulsatile flow waveforms at rates found in the internal carotid arteries (100-400 mL/min). The impacts of the 3D ASL imaging readout (fast low angle shot (FLASH) versus balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP)), ultrashort echo time imaging using a pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA), and model stenosis severity on the accuracy of vascular model display at the location of stenosis were quantified. Accuracy was computed vis-à-vis a reference bSSFP volume acquired under no flow. Comparisons were made with standard-of-care contrast-enhanced MRA (CEMRA) and Cartesian time-of-flight (TOF) MRA protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 50% and 70% stenoses, CEMRA was most accurate (respective accuracies of 81.7% and 78.6%), followed by ASL FLASH (75.7% and 71.8%), ASL PETRA (69.6% and 70.6%), 3D TOF (66.6% and 57.1%), ASL bSSFP (68.7% and 51.2%), and 2D TOF (65.1% and 50.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow phantom imaging studies show that ASL MRA can improve the display of hemodynamically significant carotid arterial stenosis compared with TOF MRA, with FLASH and ultrashort echo time readouts being most accurate.
authors: Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.|The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Koktzoglou
authors: Siemens Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Shivraman
authors: S
authors: Giri
authors: Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare IM BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Piccini
authors: Healthcare Sector, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Grodzki
authors: Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.|Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Oisin
authors: O
authors: Flanagan
authors: Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.|Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Ian G
authors: IG
authors: Murphy
authors: The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.|Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
authors: NavYash
authors: N
authors: Gupta
authors: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Jeremy D
authors: JD
authors: Collins
authors: Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA.|Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Edelman
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: angiography; arterial spin labeling; carotid; phantoms; radial