title: Long-lasting effects of affective disorders and childhood trauma on dispositional optimism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dispositional optimism, a personality trait characterized by generalized positive expectations towards the future, is thought to remain rather stable over time. It is however largely unknown to what extent affective disorders and its risk factors affect dispositional optimism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between (lifetime) affective disorders and childhood trauma with dispositional optimism in a sample of 2104 subjects (aged 18-65 years) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Dispositional optimism was measured with the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R). Diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders were based on the Composite Interview diagnostic Instrument (CIDI).Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Interview (CTI) and life-events with the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire (LTQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2104 participants were on average 46.0 (SD 13.1) years old and 65.8% were female. Multivariate analyses showed that dispositional optimism was inversely associated with current affective disorders (depression: B=-1.089 and anxiety: B=-1.066, both p<0.001), but also with remitted affective disorders (depression: B=-0.822 and anxiety: B=-0.558, both p<0.001) and severity of depression (B=-4.230; p<0.001). A history of childhood emotional maltreatment (B=-0.905, p<0.001) was related to lower optimism, whilst positive life-events were associated with higher levels of optimism (B=0.235, p>0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional design hampers inferences about causality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower levels of dispositional optimism are associated with stage of affective disorders, even after remission, and a history of childhood emotional maltreatment. Identification of the risk factors contributes to understand fluctuations in dispositional optimism.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Rosalie
authors: R
authors: Broekhof
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Nathaly
authors: N
authors: Rius-Ottenheim
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Spinhoven
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Roos C
authors: RC
authors: van der Mast
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Brenda W J H
authors: BW
authors: Penninx
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Frans G
authors: FG
authors: Zitman
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: E.J.Giltay@lumc.nl.
authors: Erik J
authors: EJ
authors: Giltay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D010551:Personality; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; Childhood trauma; Depression; Dispositional optimism; Remitted