title: Daphnid life cycle responses to the insecticide chlorantraniliprole and its transformation products.
abstract: Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a newly developed, widely applied insecticide. In the aquatic environment, several transformation products are formed under natural conditions, one by dehydration and others by photoinduced degradation. Data on aquatic ecotoxicity of CAP can mainly be found in registration and regulatory evaluation reports. Moreover, the toxicity of its transformation products and especially effects upon chronic exposure remain completely unknown. Hence, our aim was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of CAP and its transformation products to the daphnid Daphnia magna. The results showed that CAP is extremely toxic to D. magna, with an acute and chronic LC50 of 9.4 and 3.7 μg/L, respectively. No effects on daphnid reproduction were observed, but the impact on daphnid survival also affected population growth rate, with an EC50 of 3.5 μg/L. In contrast, no negative effects of the two main degradation products were observed. The present study demonstrated a high sensitivity of nontarget microcrustaceans to CAP. However, the actual risk of CAP in water diminishes with its spontaneous or light-induced degradation into two transformation products, showing no toxicity to the daphnids in the present study.
authors: †Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, P.O. Box 301, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Lavtižar
authors: ‡Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Rick
authors: R
authors: Helmus
authors: §KWR Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors: Stefan A E
authors: SA
authors: Kools
authors: ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: Darko
authors: D
authors: Dolenc
authors: ⊥Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Cornelis A M
authors: CA
authors: van Gestel
authors: †Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, P.O. Box 301, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.|¶Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: Polonca
authors: P
authors: Trebše
authors: #RIVM, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Susanne L
authors: SL
authors: Waaijers
authors: ‡Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Michiel H S
authors: MH
authors: Kraak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D010782:Photolysis; D011158:Population Growth; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C517733:chlorantranilipole