title: Relationships among Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Intake, and Stress in Breastfeeding Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As breastfeeding duration increases, it is important to understand diets of breastfeeding women and other factors salient to maternal/offspring health, including stress. It is important to further consider sociodemographic factors, given their associations with nutritional deficiencies and perceived stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We cross-sectionally compared breastfeeding women's dietary intakes from a food frequency questionnaire (assessing from pregnancy through 3 months postpartum) with Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). We hypothesized that dietary intake was related to sociodemographic variables and parenting stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a cohort of predominately breastfeeding women. Food frequency questionnaire results were compared with EARs, the Parenting Stress Index: Short Form, and a demographic questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 101 women (of 289 recruited) who breastfed singleton, full-term infants for the first 3 months while using <28 oz formula/wk. The study included community recruitment in rural Oklahoma from 2008 to 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean and standard deviation or frequencies were reported. One-sample t tests compared EARs with mean dietary intakes over the past 12 months. Pearson correlations and one-way analyses of variance explored relationships among dietary, sociodemographic, and stress variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two percent of women did not meet EAR minimum energy recommendations and >40% did not meet protein recommendations. Despite widespread supplement use, some consumed less than the EAR for vitamin E (35%), calcium (22%), and vitamin C (19%). Carbohydrate consumption was positively related to the difficult child scale (r=0.19; P=0.05). Dietary riboflavin (r=-0.19; P=0.05) and vitamin D intake (r=-0.19; P=0.05) were negatively related to the parent-child dysfunction scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite efforts to enhance education and counseling regarding adequate perinatal nutrition-related practices, even well-educated women may not meet EARs. This poor dietary intake may be associated with parenting stress and have potential long-term implications for child health.
authors: Nicki L
authors: NL
authors: Aubuchon-Endsley
authors: Tay S
authors: TS
authors: Kennedy
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Gilchrist
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Thomas
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009825:Oklahoma; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Diet; Nutrition; Perinatal; Socioeconomic status; Stress