title: Host-derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess a selection of host-derived biomarkers in peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adjacent teeth 10 years following implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peri-implant sulcus fluid and GCF samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and 493 adjacent teeth were analysed for levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-8, MMP-1, and MMP-1 bound to tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 (MMP-1/TIMP-1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, MMP-8 was detected in 90% of the sites. In more than 50% of the sites, IL-1β was identified while in 30% of the sites MMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-1 and MMP-3 were found over the detection level. Increased biomarkers levels from PISF and GCF were positively correlated (r = 0.375-0.702; P < 0.001). However, no qualitative and quantitative differences were found between PISF and GCF. The levels of MMP-1 were negatively correlated with those of MMP-1/TIMP-1 at implants (r = -0.644; P < 0.001). Median MMP-1 levels at implants were high (5.17 pg/site) in subjects with severe chronic periodontitis and low in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic periodontitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.026) or gingivitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.034). Levels of IL-1β were found to be different in GCF according to the periodontal conditions (P = 0.001) with the highest level found in mild-to-moderate periodontitis (6.2 pg/site). Clinical attachment levels at implants demonstrated an inverse correlation with MMP-1/TIMP-1 (r = -0.147; P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β in PISF or GCF may be associated with inflammation around teeth and implants while lower levels of MMP-1/TIMP-1 may be an indicator of disease progression around implants.
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Christoph A
authors: CA
authors: Ramseier
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Sigrun
authors: S
authors: Eick
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Brönnimann
authors: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Buser
authors: Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Urs
authors: U
authors: Brägger
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Giovanni E
authors: GE
authors: Salvi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015921:Dental Implants; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000032:analysis; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015921:Dental Implants; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
keywords: biomarkers; dental implants; gingival crevicular fluid; host response; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implant sulcus fluid; peri-implantitis