title: The effects on bronchial epithelial mucociliary cultures of coarse, fine, and ultrafine particulate matter from an underground railway station.
abstract: We have previously shown that underground railway particulate matter (PM) is rich in iron and other transition metals across coarse (PM10-2.5), fine (PM2.5), and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.18) fractions and is able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, there is little knowledge of whether the metal-rich nature of such particles exerts toxic effects in mucus-covered airway epithelial cell cultures or whether there is an increased risk posed by the ultrafine fraction. Monolayer and mucociliary air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) were exposed to size-fractionated underground railway PM (1.1-11.1 µg/cm(2)) and release of lactate dehydrogenase and IL-8 was assayed. ROS generation was measured, and the mechanism of generation studied using desferrioxamine (DFX) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was determined by RT-qPCR. Particle uptake was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Underground PM increased IL-8 release from PBECs, but this was diminished in mucus-secreting ALI cultures. Fine and ultrafine PM generated a greater level of ROS than coarse PM. ROS generation by ultrafine PM was ameliorated by DFX and NAC, suggesting an iron-dependent mechanism. Despite the presence of mucus, ALI cultures displayed increased HO-1 expression. Intracellular PM was observed within vesicles, mitochondria, and free in the cytosol. The results indicate that, although the mucous layer appears to confer some protection against underground PM, ALI PBECs nonetheless detect PM and mount an antioxidant response. The combination of increased ROS-generating ability of the metal-rich ultrafine fraction and ability of PM to penetrate the mucous layer merits further research.
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands m.loxham@soton.ac.uk.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Loxham
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: Morgan-Walsh
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Cooper
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Cornelia
authors: C
authors: Blume
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Emily J
authors: EJ
authors: Swindle
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Patrick W
authors: PW
authors: Dennison
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter H
authors: PH
authors: Howarth
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Flemming R
authors: FR
authors: Cassee
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Damon A H
authors: DA
authors: Teagle
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Martin R
authors: MR
authors: Palmer
authors: *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508TC Utrecht, The Netherlands *Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United K
authors: Donna E
authors: DE
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: bronchial epithelium; environmental exposure; metals; particulate matter; primary cell culture; underground railway