title: Roles of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on sex difference in insulin resistance in late elementary years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the potential role of lifestyle factors in sex differences in insulin resistance in late elementary school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we compared sex differences in Tanner scales, body fat, physical activity (PA) and fitness, and insulin resistance markers in elementary school children (boys, n = 69 and girls, n = 81) aged 12-13 years. Body composition was assessed with a standardized protocol. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as oxygen consumption during an incremental treadmill exercise. Fasting blood samples were collected for blood chemistry assays including lipids, glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, and adiponectin. Daily PA was measured with an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days, and they were classified as low-, moderate-, and vigorous-PA. Independent t-tests were used to compare mean differences in the measured variables between boys and girls. There were significant sex differences in Tanner scales, body mass index, percent body fat, and waist circumference (WC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls had significantly higher values in Tanner scales (p < 0.001) and percent body fat (p < 0.001) than boys. Boys had significantly higher values in body mass index (p = 0.019) and waist circumference (p < 0.001) than girls. Boys also had significantly higher values in VO2max (p < 0.001) and low (p < 0.001), moderate (p < 0.001), and vigorous (p < 0.001) PAs. With respect to metabolic risk factors, girls had significantly higher serum levels of triglycerides (p = 0.005), insulin (p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001) and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.015) than boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, the current findings of the study showed that the increased risk for insulin resistance in girls over boys is associated with higher Tanner scale and percent body fat in conjunction with poor cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity, suggesting that exercise intervention to promote physical activity and fitness is imperative for general health promotion of school children, with a special focus on girls.
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Hye-Ryun
authors: HR
authors: Hong
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Chang-Duk
authors: CD
authors: Ha
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Ji-Young
authors: JY
authors: Kong
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Sang-Hee
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Moon-Goo
authors: MG
authors: Song
authors: College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors: Hyun-Sik
authors: HS
authors: Kang
keywords: body composition; children; insulin resistance; physical activity; physical fitness