title: Depression, anxiety, stress and demographic determinants of hypertension disease.
abstract: Background and Objective : Research evidence supports the relationship of psychological and demographic factors with hypertension and these variables are strongest predictors of hypertension which are scarcely studied in Pakistan. The present study was carried out to explore the correlation of depression, anxiety, stress and demographic factors with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used correlation research design and a sample of (N = 237), hypertensive patients (N = 137) and their age matched healthy controls (N = 100) was taken from hospitals. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) was used to assess depression, anxiety and stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESULTS indicated significant positive correlation between depression (χ (2) MH = 104.18, p < .001), anxiety (χ (2) MH = 78.48, p < .001), stress (χ (2) MH = 110.95, p < .001) and overall negative states (χ (2) MH = 97.43, p < .001) with hypertension. Depression (OR = 1.44, p < .01), anxiety (OR = 1. 76, p < .01) stress (OR = 1.37, p < .01), job and dependents, working hours and weight turned out as predictors of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension has significant positive relationship with depression, anxiety, stress and with demographic variables. The findings of the present study will contribute in the existing knowledge of health professionals to enhance public awareness regarding the harmful outcomes of depression, anxiety and stress upon human health.
authors: Mamoona Mushtaq, PhD, Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Mamoona
authors: M
authors: Mushtaq
authors: Najma Najam, PhD, Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Najma
authors: N
authors: Najam
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Stress