title: DMSO efficiently down regulates pluripotency genes in human embryonic stem cells during definitive endoderm derivation and increases the proficiency of hepatic differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Definitive endoderm (DE) is one of the three germ layers which during in vivo vertebrate development gives rise to a variety of organs including liver, lungs, thyroid and pancreas; consequently efficient in vitro initiation of stem cell differentiation to DE cells is a prerequisite for successful cellular specification to subsequent DE-derived cell types [1, 2]. In this study we present a novel approach to rapidly and efficiently down regulate pluripotency genes during initiation of differentiation to DE cells by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to Activin A-based culture medium and report its effects on the downstream differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to DE using standard methods in medium supplemented with 100ng/ml of Activin A and compared to cultures where DE specification was additionally enhanced with different concentrations of DMSO. DE cells were subsequently primed to generate hepatic-like cells to investigate whether the addition of DMSO during formation of DE improved subsequent expression of hepatic markers. A combination of flow cytometry, real-time quantitative reverse PCR and immunofluorescence was applied throughout the differentiation process to monitor expression of pluripotency (POUF5/OCT4 & NANOG), definitive endoderm (SOX17, CXCR4 & GATA4) and hepatic (AFP & ALB) genes to generate differentiation stage-specific signatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of DMSO to the Activin A-based medium during DE specification resulted in rapid down regulation of the pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG, accompanied by an increase expression of the DE genes SOX17, CXCR4 and GATA4. Importantly, the expression level of ALB in DMSO-treated cells was also higher than in cells which were differentiated to the DE stage via standard Activin A treatment.
authors: GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Czysz
authors: GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Minger
authors: GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide