title: Utility of different glycemic control metrics for optimizing management of diabetes.
abstract: The benchmark for assessing quality of long-term glycemic control and adjustment of therapy is currently glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Despite its importance as an indicator for the development of diabetic complications, recent studies have revealed that this metric has some limitations; it conveys a rather complex message, which has to be taken into consideration for diabetes screening and treatment. On the basis of recent clinical trials, the relationship between HbA1c and cardiovascular outcomes in long-standing diabetes has been called into question. It becomes obvious that other surrogate and biomarkers are needed to better predict cardiovascular diabetes complications and assess efficiency of therapy. Glycated albumin, fructosamin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol have received growing interest as alternative markers of glycemic control. In addition to measures of hyperglycemia, advanced glucose monitoring methods became available. An indispensible adjunct to HbA1c in routine diabetes care is self-monitoring of blood glucose. This monitoring method is now widely used, as it provides immediate feedback to patients on short-term changes, involving fasting, preprandial, and postprandial glucose levels. Beyond the traditional metrics, glycemic variability has been identified as a predictor of hypoglycemia, and it might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diabetes complications. Assessment of glycemic variability is thus important, but exact quantification requires frequently sampled glucose measurements. In order to optimize diabetes treatment, there is a need for both key metrics of glycemic control on a day-to-day basis and for more advanced, user-friendly monitoring methods. In addition to traditional discontinuous glucose testing, continuous glucose sensing has become a useful tool to reveal insufficient glycemic management. This new technology is particularly effective in patients with complicated diabetes and provides the opportunity to characterize glucose dynamics. Several continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, which have shown usefulness in clinical practice, are presently on the market. They can broadly be divided into systems providing retrospective or real-time information on glucose patterns. The widespread clinical application of CGM is still hampered by the lack of generally accepted measures for assessment of glucose profiles and standardized reporting of glucose data. In this article, we will discuss advantages and limitations of various metrics for glycemic control as well as possibilities for evaluation of glucose data with the special focus on glycemic variability and application of CGM to improve individual diabetes management.
authors: Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Peter Heinke, Eckhard Salzsieder, Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch", D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.
authors: Klaus-Dieter
authors: KD
authors: Kohnert
authors: Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Peter Heinke, Eckhard Salzsieder, Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch", D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Heinke
authors: Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Peter Heinke, Eckhard Salzsieder, Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch", D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.
authors: Lutz
authors: L
authors: Vogt
authors: Klaus-Dieter Kohnert, Peter Heinke, Eckhard Salzsieder, Institute of Diabetes "Gerhardt Katsch", D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.
authors: Eckhard
authors: E
authors: Salzsieder
keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes mellitus; Glucose dynamics; Glycemic variability; Hemoglobin A1c; Markers of glycemic control; Postprandial glucose; Risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia; Standardization