title: Impulsivity in cocaine-dependent individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI) display increased impulsivity. However, despite its multifactorial nature most studies in CDI have treated impulsivity monolithically. Moreover, the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has often not been taken into account. This study investigates whether CDI with ADHD (CDI+ADHD) differ from CDI without an ADHD diagnosis and healthy controls (HC) on several impulsivity measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four CDI, 25 CDI+ADHD and 28 HC participated in this study. Trait impulsivity was assessed with the motor, attentional and non-planning subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Neurocognitive dimensions of impulsivity were examined with the stop signal task (SST), delay discounting task (DDT) and information sampling task (IST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to HC, both CDI and CDI+ADHD scored higher on all BIS-11 subscales, required more time to inhibit their responses (SST) and sampled less information before making a decision (IST). Greater discounting of delayed rewards (DDT) was only found among CDI+ADHD. Compared to CDI without ADHD, CDI+ADHD scored higher on the BIS-11 non-planning and total scale and showed higher discounting rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDI score higher on several indices of impulsivity relative to HC, regardless of whether they have concomitant ADHD or not. CDI+ADHD are specifically characterized by a lack of future orientation compared to CDI without ADHD. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
authors: Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Stevens
authors: Herbert
authors: H
authors: Roeyers
authors: Geert
authors: G
authors: Dom
authors: Leen
authors: L
authors: Joos
authors: Wouter
authors: W
authors: Vanderplasschen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D065786:Delay Discounting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010551:Personality; D012201:Reward; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult