title: Critical appraisal of first-generation renal tumor complexity scoring systems: Creation of a second-generation model of tumor complexity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether a combination of variables from each nephrometry system improves performance. There are 3 first-generation systems that quantify tumor complexity: R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score (RNS), preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical (PADUA) classification (PC), and centrality index (CI). Although each has been subjected to validation and comparative analysis, to our knowledge, no work has been done to combine variables from each method to optimize their performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores were assigned to each of 276 patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN). Individual components of all 3 systems were evaluated in multivariable logistic regression analysis of surgery type (PN vs. RN) and combined into a "second-generation model."
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable analysis, each scoring system was a significant predictor of PN vs. RN (P<0.0001). Of the first-generation systems, CI was most highly correlated with surgery type (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.91), followed by RNS (AUC = 0.90) and PC (AUC = 0.88). Each individual component of these scoring systems was also a predictor of surgery type (P<0.0001). In a multivariable model incorporating each component individually, 4 were independent predictors of surgery type (each P<0.005): tumor size (RNS and PC), nearness to the collecting system (RNS), location along the lateral rim (PC), and centrality (CI). A novel model in which these 4 variables were rescaled outperformed each first-generation system (AUC = 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimization of first-generation models of renal tumor complexity results in a novel scoring system, which strongly predicts surgery type. This second-generation model should aid comprehension, but future work is still needed to establish the most clinically useful model.
authors: Urology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI; Urology, Spectrum Health Hospital System, Grand Rapids, MI.
authors: Conrad M
authors: CM
authors: Tobert
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Grand Rapids Medical Education Partners, Grand Rapids, MI.
authors: Allen
authors: A
authors: Shoemaker
authors: Urology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI; Urology, Spectrum Health Hospital System, Grand Rapids, MI.
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Kahnoski
authors: Urology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI; Urology, Spectrum Health Hospital System, Grand Rapids, MI. Electronic address: brian.lane@spectrumhealth.org.
authors: Brian R
authors: BR
authors: Lane
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Centrality index; PADUA classification; R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score