title: Electroacupuncture activates enteric glial cells and protects the gut barrier in hemorrhaged rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether electroacupuncture ST36 activates enteric glial cells, and alleviates gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to approximately 45% total blood loss and randomly divided into seven groups: (1) sham: cannulation, but no hemorrhage; (2) subjected to hemorrhagic shock (HS); (3) electroacupuncture (EA) ST36 after hemorrhage; (4) vagotomy (VGX)/EA: VGX before hemorrhage, then EA ST36; (5) VGX: VGX before hemorrhage; (6) α-bungarotoxin (BGT)/EA: intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before hemorrhage, then EA ST36; and (7) α-BGT group: α-BGT injection before hemorrhage. Morphological changes in enteric glial cells (EGCs) were observed by immunofluorescence, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a protein marker of enteric glial activation) was evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Intestinal cytokine levels, gut permeability to 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the expression and distribution of tight junction protein zona occludens (ZO)-1 were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGCs were distorted following hemorrhage and showed morphological abnormalities. EA ST36 attenuated the morphological changes in EGCs at 6 h, as compared with the VGX, α-BGT and HS groups. EA ST36 increased GFAP expression to a greater degree than in the other groups. EA ST36 decreased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran (760.5 ± 96.43 ng/mL vs 2466.7 ± 131.60 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and preserved ZO-1 protein expression and localization at 6 h after hemorrhage compared with the HS group. However, abdominal VGX and α-BGT treatment weakened or eliminated the effects of EA ST36. EA ST36 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α levels in intestinal homogenates after blood loss, while vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA ST36 abolished its anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EA ST36 attenuates hemorrhage-induced intestinal inflammatory insult, and protects the intestinal barrier integrity, partly via activation of EGCs.
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Sen
authors: S
authors: Hu
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Zeng-Kai
authors: ZK
authors: Zhao
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Liu
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Hai-Bin
authors: HB
authors: Wang
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Chun-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Gu
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Hong-Min
authors: HM
authors: Luo
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Huan
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Ming-Hua
authors: MH
authors: Du
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Lv
authors: Sen Hu, Zeng-Kai Zhao, Hong-Min Luo, Huan Wang, Ming-Hua Du, Yi Lv, Laboratory for Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors: Xian
authors: X
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002038:Bungarotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003911:Dextrans / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015671:Electroacupuncture; D017615:Enteric Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010539:Permeability; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014628:Vagotomy; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002038:Bungarotoxins; D003911:Dextrans; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; C569044:Tjp1 protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
keywords: Cytokines; Electroacupuncture; Enteric glial cells; Hemorrhagic shock; Intestinal barrier; ST36