title: A Critical Review of the Effects of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine on the Eye.
abstract: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine have been used for more than 50 years to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other rheumatic diseases. In general, these drugs are well tolerated and rarely need to be discontinued because of an adverse systemic reaction. However, both medications can be irreversibly toxic to the retina. A new study indicates that toxicity is not as rare as once believed, but depends critically on daily dosage and duration of use, as well as other risk factors. With attention to dosage and other factors, and with proper screening for early signs of toxicity, HCQ can be prescribed with relative safety even over long periods of time.
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France. nathalie.costedoat@gmail.com.|Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares, Service de Médecine Interne Pôle Médecine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France. nathalie.costedoat@gmail.com.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Costedoat-Chalumeau
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.|Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares, Service de Médecine Interne Pôle Médecine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors: Bertrand
authors: B
authors: Dunogué
authors: AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France.
authors: Gaëlle
authors: G
authors: Leroux
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.|Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares, Service de Médecine Interne Pôle Médecine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Morel
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.|Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares, Service de Médecine Interne Pôle Médecine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors: Moez
authors: M
authors: Jallouli
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.|Centre de Référence Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares, Service de Médecine Interne Pôle Médecine, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors: Véronique
authors: V
authors: Le Guern
authors: Centre de Référence Pour le Lupus Systémique et le Syndrome des Antiphospholipides, Service de Médecine Interne, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France.
authors: Jean-Charles
authors: JC
authors: Piette
authors: Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.|Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors: Antoine P
authors: AP
authors: Brézin
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA.
authors: Ronald B
authors: RB
authors: Melles
authors: Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA, 94303-3216, USA. marmor@stanford.edu.
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Marmor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002738:Chloroquine
keywords: Antimalarials; Chloroquine; Drug toxicity; Hydroxychloroquine; Retinopathy; Systemic lupus erythematosus