title: Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profile Among Smokers and Never-Smokers With and Without Prediabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in smokers and never-smokers with prediabetes remains uninvestigated. The aim of this study is to assess the periodontal status and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels among smokers and never-smokers with and without prediabetes (controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five males (45 with prediabetes and 50 systemically healthy controls) were included. Twenty-seven controls and 29 patients with prediabetes were smokers. Periodontal parameters (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and marginal bone loss) were measured, and the number of missing teeth were recorded. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined, and IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FBG (P <0.05) and HbA1c (P <0.05) levels were higher among patients with prediabetes than controls. All patients with prediabetes were hyperglycemic. UWSFR was significantly higher among controls than among patients with prediabetes (P <0.05). Periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were comparable among smokers and never-smokers with prediabetes. Among controls, periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were higher among smokers than never-smokers (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among controls, periodontal inflammation was worse, and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels are higher in smokers than never-smokers. Among patients with prediabetes, periodontal inflammation and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were comparable between smokers and never-smokers.
authors: Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
authors: Fawad
authors: F
authors: Javed
authors: Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdulaziz A
authors: AA
authors: Al-Kheraif
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University.
authors: Mohammad D
authors: MD
authors: Al Amri
authors: Division of Restorative and Implant Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University.
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Alshehri
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University.|Department of Dentistry, Jinah Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Fahim
authors: F
authors: Vohra
authors: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University.
authors: Mansour
authors: M
authors: Al-Askar
authors: Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Malmstrom
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
authors: Georgios E
authors: GE
authors: Romanos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000276:immunology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000276:immunology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; C508600:IL6 protein, human
keywords: Chronic periodontitis; interleukins; prediabetic state; saliva