title: Toxicity of aristolochic acids isolated from Aristolochia indica Linn (Aristolochiaceae) against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: With the growth of resistance to overused insecticides, vector management has become highly problematic. Hence more concentration has been focused on botanicals. Therefore our present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity of compounds, aristolochic acid I and aristolochic acid II from the methanol extract of Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae) leaves on larvae of Anopheles stephensi L. (Diptera: Culicidae) employing World Health Organization standard larvicide testing procedures. The soxhlet extraction was carried out using polar solvent, methanol. The isolated toxic compounds were purified through RP-HPLC. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed different peak values with functional groups in the mixed compounds (AA-I and AA- II). These two aristolochic acids were further studied through (13)C and (1)HNMR analysis with confirmed by structures. Bioassay-guided fractionation through flash chromatography lead to the isolation of two larvicidal compounds namely aristolochic acid I and II. In these bioassays, the larvae were exposed to concentrations of 100, 250, 500,750 and 1000 ppm for each compound. Between the two, AA-I exerted no significant toxicity difference (P < 0.05) on mosquito larvae with LC₅₀- 171.3, 209.8, 269.1, 502.3 ppm and LC₉₀-751.6, 963.8, 972.7, 990.8 ppm compared to AA-II with LC₅₀-134.8, 166.7, 240.4,543.2 ppm and LC₉₀- 636.7, 792.5, 990.8, 986.2 ppm against first, second, third and fourth instars, respectively. Further, the isolated compounds were severely affecting the mosquito gut. From the results, A. indica toxic compounds could be considered as one of the influential applicant to bring about useful botanicals so as to prevent the resurrection of mosquito vectors.
authors: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors: Venkatraman
authors: V
authors: Pradeepa
authors: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors: Subbiah
authors: S
authors: Sathish-Narayanan
authors: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors: Suyambulingam Arunachalam
authors: SA
authors: Kirubakaran
authors: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors: Annamalai
authors: A
authors: Thanigaivel
authors: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tamil-Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors: Sengottayan
authors: S
authors: Senthil-Nathan
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D030022:Aristolochia / Q000737:chemistry*; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C000228:aristolochic acid I; C042310:aristolochic acid II
keywords: Aristolochic acid; FTIR NMR; Histology; Mortality; Mosquito vector; RP-HPLC; Secondary metabolites