title: Preparation of a Ytterbium-tagged Gunshot Residue Standard for Quality Control in the Forensic Analysis of GSR.
abstract: Preparation of a ytterbium-tagged gunshot residue (GSR) reference standard for scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (SEM-EDS) microanalysis is reported. Two different chemical markers, ytterbium and neodymium, were evaluated by spiking the primers of 38 Special ammunition cartridges (no propellant, no projectile) and discharging them onto 12.7 mm diameter aluminum SEM pin stubs. Following SEM-EDS microanalysis, the majority of tri-component particles containing lead, barium, and antimony (PbBaSb) were successfully tagged with the chemical marker. Results demonstrate a primer spiked with 0.75% weight percent of ytterbium nitrate affords PbBaSb particles characteristic of GSR with a ytterbium inclusion efficiency of between 77% and 100%. Reproducibility of the method was verified, and durability of the ytterbium-tagged tri-component particles under repeated SEM-EDS analysis was also tested. The ytterbium-tagged PbBaSb particles impart synthetic traceability to a GSR reference standard and are suitable for analysis alongside case work samples, as a positive control for quality assurance purposes.
authors: Trace Evidence Services (Ottawa), National Forensic Services of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Science & Identification Services; 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R2, Canada.
authors: Nigel G R
authors: NG
authors: Hearns
authors: Denis N
authors: DN
authors: Laflèche
authors: Mark L
authors: ML
authors: Sandercock
keywords: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; forensic science; gunshot residue; quality assurance; reference standard; scanning electron microscopy; tagged ammunition; ytterbium