title: The influence of parental drinking on offspring's drinking motives and drinking: a mediation analysis on 9 year follow-up data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of parental drinking on offspring's drinking is well-documented. However, longitudinal evidence on the mediating role of drinking motives in this relationship is lacking. This study longitudinally investigates the mediating role of drinking motives in the relationship between parental and offspring's drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a prospective design, 587 Flemish children (response 30.0%) were followed for 9 years. Parental drinking was documented during the offspring's late childhood (10 and 11 years old) through paper-and-pencil questionnaires distributed by schools. The offspring's drinking habits and -motives were documented in early adulthood (18 and 19 year old) through a web-based questionnaire; invitations were sent by letter. Motives were measured using the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised Short-form, and mediation analyses were conducted with the product of coefficient test using bootstrapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half the offspring were female (53.8%) and the mean age was 19.35 (SD = 0.52) years. A significant direct effect of maternal drinking during childhood on offspring drinking nine years later was found (β = 0.091, t = 2.071, p = 0.039). However, the association turned non-significant after stratifying the model for boys and girls. No direct effect was found for paternal drinking on offspring's drinking. Nevertheless, paternal drinking indirectly affected offspring's drinking through offspring's enhancement motives (β = 0.041, 95%CI[0.004, 0.082]) and maternal drinking indirectly affected male offspring's drinking through offspring's social motives (β = 0.067, 95%CI[0.007, 0.148]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that parental drinking during late childhood relates to a high level of those drinking motives among young adults that are known risk factors for heavy drinking in early adulthood.
authors: Unit Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, K3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: joris.vandamme@ugent.be.
authors: Joris
authors: J
authors: Van Damme
authors: Unit Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, K3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: lea.maes@ugent.be.
authors: Lea
authors: L
authors: Maes
authors: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104 NL , 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute, PO Box 870, Av. Ruchonnet 14, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: ekuntsche@suchtschweiz.ch.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Kuntsche
authors: School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: rik.crutzen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Rik
authors: R
authors: Crutzen
authors: Unit Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, K3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: B.DeClercq@UGent.be.
authors: Bart
authors: B
authors: De Clercq
authors: Unit Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, K3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: wendy.vanlippevelde@ugent.be.
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Van Lippevelde
authors: Unit Health Promotion, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, K3, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: anne.hublet@ugent.be.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Hublet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D010290:Parents; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Intergenerational; Longitudinal; Mediation; Motivation; Parent