title: Aberrant gastrocnemius muscle innervation by tibial nerve afferents after implantation of chitosan tubes impregnated with progesterone favored locomotion recovery in rats with transected sciatic nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transection of peripheral nerves produces loss of sensory and/or motor function. After complete nerve cutting, the distal and proximal segment ends retract, but if both ends are bridged with unaltered chitosan, progesterone-impregnated chitosan, or silicone tubes, an axonal repair process begins. Progesterone promotes nerve repair and has neuroprotective effects thwarting regulation of neuron survival, inflammation, and edema. It also modulates aberrant axonal sprouting and demyelination. The authors compared the efficacy of nerve recovery after implantation of progesterone-loaded chitosan, unaltered chitosan, or silicone tubes after sciatic nerve transection in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgical removal of a 5-mm segment of the proximal sciatic nerve, rats were implanted with progesterone-loaded chitosan, unaltered chitosan, or silicone tubes in the transected nerve for evaluating progesterone and chitosan effects on sciatic nerve repair and ipsilateral hindlimb kinematic function, as well as on gastrocnemius electro-myographic responses. In some experiments, tube implantation was performed 90 minutes after nerve transection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 90 days after sciatic nerve transection and tube implantation, rats with progesterone-loaded chitosan tubes showed knee angular displacement recovery and better outcomes for step length, velocity of locomotion, and normal hindlimb raising above the ground. In contrast, rats with chitosan-only tubes showed reduced normal raising and pendulum-like hindlimb movements. Aberrant fibers coming from the tibial nerve innervated the gastrocnemius muscle, producing electromyographic responses. Electrical responses in the gastrocnemius muscle produced by sciatic nerve stimulation occurred only when the distal nerve segment was stimulated; they were absent when the proximal or intratubular segment was stimulated. A clear sciatic nerve morphology with some myelinated fiber fascicles appeared in the tube section in rats with progesterone-impregnated chitosan tubes. Some gastrocnemius efferent fibers were partially repaired 90 days after nerve resection. The better outcome in knee angle displacement may be partially attributable to the aberrant neuromuscular synaptic effects, since nerve conduction in the gastrocnemius muscle could be blocked in the progesterone-impregnated chitosan tubes. In addition, in the region of the gap produced by the nerve resection, the number of axons and amount of myelination were reduced in the sciatic nerve implanted with chitosan, progesterone-loaded chitosan, and silicone tubes. At 180 days after sciatic nerve sectioning, the knee kinematic function recovered to a level observed in control rats of a similar age. In rats with progesterone-loaded chitosan tubes, stimulation of the proximal and intratubular sciatic nerve segments produced an electromyographic response. The axon morphology of the proximal and intratubular segments of the sciatic nerve resembled that of the contralateral nontransected nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progesterone-impregnated chitosan tubes produced aberrant innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle, which allowed partial recovery of gait locomotion and could be adequate for reinnervating synergistic denervated muscles while a parent innervation is reestablished. Hindlimb kinematic parameters differed between younger (those at 90 days) and older (those at 180 days) rats.
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; 
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Sarabia-Estrada
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; 
authors: Jacinto
authors: J
authors: Bañuelos-Pineda
authors: Departments of 2 Neuroscience and.
authors: Laura P
authors: LP
authors: Osuna Carrasco
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; 
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Jiménez-Vallejo
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV, IPN, México City D.F., México.
authors: Ismael
authors: I
authors: Jiménez-Estrada
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; 
authors: Efrain
authors: E
authors: Rivas-Celis
authors: Physiology, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco; and.
authors: Judith M
authors: JM
authors: Dueñas-Jiménez
authors: Departments of 2 Neuroscience and.
authors: Sergio H
authors: SH
authors: Dueñas-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan; D004576:Electromyography; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D012828:Silicones; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones; D011374:Progesterone; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: EMG = electromyographic; chitosan tubes; peripheral nerve; progesterone; sciatic nerve