title: Consumption of fruit and vegetable and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies suggest that an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship of fruit and vegetable consumption with CHD risk and quality the dose-response relationship between them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant prospective studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases to July 2014. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three studies involving 937,665 participants and 18,047 patients with CHD were included. Compared with the lowest consumption levels of total fruit and vegetable, fruit and vegetable, the RR of CHD was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.79-0.90), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.82-0.91), 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.93), respectively. The dose-response analysis indicated that, the RR of CHD was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) per 477 g/day of total fruit and vegetable consumption, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75-0.93) per 300 g/day of fruit intake and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73-0.92) per 400 g/day of vegetable consumption. A nonlinear association of CHD risk with fruit or vegetable consumption separately was found (P for nonlinearity <0.001). In the subgroup analysis of location, a significant inverse association was observed in Western populations, but not in Asian populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis indicates that total fruit and vegetable, fruit and vegetable consumption, are significantly associated with a lower risk of CHD. The significant inverse association was found in Western populations, but not in Asian populations, which warrants further research.
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Gan
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Xinyue
authors: X
authors: Tong
authors: Department of Management, School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
authors: Liqing
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Shiyi
authors: S
authors: Cao
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Xiaoxv
authors: X
authors: Yin
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Chulani
authors: C
authors: Herath
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Wenzhen
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors: Zhe
authors: Z
authors: Jin
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors: Yawen
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Electronic address: zuxunlu@yahoo.com.
authors: Zuxun
authors: Z
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Coronary heart disease; Fruit; Meta-analysis; Vegetable