title: Comparison of Levels of Salivary Cytokines in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Puerto Rican Children: A Case-control Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The oral health status of children with type 1 diabetes and its relationship to salivary cytokines have been researched in only one known study. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between levels of salivary cytokines and gingival disease in diabetic and nondiabetic Puerto Rican children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched case-control study with a convenience sample of 25 children with type 1 diabetes (cases) and 25 nondiabetic children (controls) were evaluated by a calibrated dentist for oral health indices. A five-ml stimulated saliva sample was taken from each subject and analyzed to determine cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-17, IP-10, TNF-alpha, MMP-2, MMP-9, CRP). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t tests were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic children are observed to have more plaque than control children (P=.007), more calculus (P=.06), and more bleeding on probing (P=.001). Only the level of the mediator IL-17 (P=.002) was higher in diabetic children than in nondiabetic children, but no significant differences were observed in the levels of other cytokines between the two groups. However, for each salivary mediator evaluated, diabetic children had higher levels of the respective mediator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary cytokines levels were higher in diabetic type 1 children than in nondiabetic children.
authors: Surgical Sciences Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico. Lydia.lopez1@upr.edu.
authors: Lydia M
authors: LM
authors: López del Valle
authors: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Puerto Rico Pediatric Hospital, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Ocasio-López
authors: The Center For Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., USA.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Steffen
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000145:classification; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9