title: Breakfast frequency, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors as markers in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relationship between skipping breakfast and haemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out with information from an ongoing cohort study in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample comprised of 120 adolescents (11.7±0.8 years old) who met the following inclusion criteria: age between 11 and 14 years; enrolled in the school unit of elementary education; absence of any known disease; and no drug consumption. The parents or legal guardians of the patients signed a formal informed consent. Skipping breakfast was self-reported through face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure, intima-media thickness, trunk fatness, total and fractional cholesterol levels - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - triacylglycerol levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, 47.5% (95% CI: 38.5-56.4%) of the adolescents reported skipping breakfast at least 1 day/week. Adolescents who skipped breakfast had higher values of trunk fatness and systolic blood pressure. Breakfast frequency was negatively related to systolic blood pressure (β -1.99 [-3.67; -0.31]) and z score dyslipidaemia (β -0.46 [-0.90; -0.01]), but this relationship was mediated by trunk fatness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skipping breakfast is related to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents, and this relationship was mainly mediated by trunk fatness.
authors: 1Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP,Rio Claro,Brazil.
authors: Suziane U
authors: SU
authors: Cayres
authors: 1Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP,Rio Claro,Brazil.
authors: Ismael F F
authors: IF
authors: Júnior
authors: 4Program of Post-Graduate in Radiology,Federal University of Sao Paulo - UNIFESP,Brazil.
authors: Maurício F
authors: MF
authors: Barbosa
authors: 1Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP,Rio Claro,Brazil.
authors: Diego G D
authors: DG
authors: Christofaro
authors: 1Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP,Rio Claro,Brazil.
authors: Rômulo A
authors: RA
authors: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D062408:Breakfast; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adolescent; cardiovascular risk factors; skipping breakfast