title: Functional evolution of phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins in soybean and Arabidopsis.
abstract: Gene duplication provides resources for novel gene functions. Identification of the amino acids responsible for functional conservation and divergence of duplicated genes will strengthen our understanding of their evolutionary course. Here, we conducted a systemic functional investigation of phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins (PEBPs) in soybean (Glycine max) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results demonstrated that after the ancestral duplication, the lineage of the common ancestor of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) subfamilies functionally diverged from the MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT) subfamily to activate flowering and repress flowering, respectively. They also underwent further specialization after subsequent duplications. Although the functional divergence increased with duplication age, we observed rapid functional divergence for a few pairs of young duplicates in soybean. Association analysis between amino acids and functional variations identified critical amino acid residues that led to functional differences in PEBP members. Using transgenic analysis, we validated a subset of these differences. We report clear experimental evidence for the functional evolution of the PEBPs in the MFT, FT, and TFL1 subfamilies, which predate the origin of angiosperms. Our results highlight the role of amino acid divergence in driving evolutionary novelty after duplication.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors: Zhengkui
authors: Z
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors: Yunfeng
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Tengfei
authors: T
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Yuanyuan
authors: Y
authors: Ji
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Congcong
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Fang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Wang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors: Mian
authors: M
authors: Wu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors: Yanting
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Grant School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China lsstt@mail.sysu.edu.cn maj@purdue.edu zxtian@genetics.ac.cn.
authors: Tian
authors: T
authors: Tang
authors: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 lsstt@mail.sysu.edu.cn maj@purdue.edu zxtian@genetics.ac.cn.
authors: Jianxin
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China lsstt@mail.sysu.edu.cn maj@purdue.edu zxtian@genetics.ac.cn.
authors: Zhixi
authors: Z
authors: Tian
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein; D010940:Plant Proteins