title: Psychological factors determine depressive symptomatology after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify psychological factors related to poststroke depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study, with patients assessed at 2 months poststroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with stroke from 6 general hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke patients (N=344; mean age ± SD, 66.9±12.3y).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of clinical depressive symptoms was determined with the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 2 months poststroke. Psychological factors assessed were extraversion, neuroticism, optimism, pessimism, self-efficacy, helplessness, acceptance, perceiving benefits, proactive coping, and passive coping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate correlations and multivariate backward logistic regression were used to analyze associations between psychological factors and poststroke depressive symptoms, accounting for demographic and stroke-related factors. More neuroticism, pessimism, passive coping, and helplessness, and less extraversion, optimism, self-efficacy, acceptance, perceived benefits, and proactive coping were bivariately associated with the presence of depressive symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that more helplessness (odds ratio [OR]=1.17) and passive coping (OR=1.19) and less acceptance (OR=.89) and perceived benefits (OR=.89) were independently significantly associated with the presence of poststroke depressive symptoms (Nagelkerke R(2)=.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a relationship between psychological variables and the presence of depressive symptoms 2 months poststroke. It is important to take these factors into account during poststroke rehabilitation.
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Maria L
authors: ML
authors: van Mierlo
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Caroline M
authors: CM
authors: van Heugten
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Marcel W
authors: MW
authors: Post
authors: Department of Neurology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: de Kort
authors: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.a.visser-meily@umcutrecht.nl.
authors: Johanna M
authors: JM
authors: Visser-Meily
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Depression; Mental health; Psychology; Rehabilitation; Stroke