title: Temperature modulation with an esophageal heat transfer device - a pediatric swine model study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of conditions appear to benefit from control and modulation of temperature, but available techniques to control temperature often have limitations, particularly in smaller patients with high surface to mass ratios. We aimed to evaluate a new method of temperature modulation with an esophageal heat transfer device in a pediatric swine model, hypothesizing that clinically significant modulation in temperature (both increases and decreases of more than 1°C) would be possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three female Yorkshire swine averaging 23 kg were anesthetized with inhalational isoflurane prior to placement of the esophageal device, which was powered by a commercially available heat exchanger. Swine temperature was measured rectally and cooling and warming were performed by selecting the appropriate external heat exchanger mode. Temperature was recorded over time in order to calculate rates of temperature change. Histopathology of esophageal tissue was performed after study completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average swine baseline temperature was 38.3°C. Swine #1 exhibited a cooling rate of 3.5°C/hr; however, passive cooling may have contributed to this rate. External warming blankets maintained thermal equilibrium in swine #2 and #3, demonstrating maximum temperature decrease of 1.7°C/hr. Warming rates averaged 0.29°C/hr. Histopathologic analysis of esophageal tissue showed no adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An esophageal heat transfer device successfully modulated the temperature in a pediatric swine model. This approach to temperature modulation may offer a useful new modality to control temperature in conditions warranting temperature management (such as maintenance of normothermia, induction of hypothermia, fever control, or malignant hyperthermia).
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, IL 60453 USA ; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
authors: Erik B
authors: EB
authors: Kulstad
authors: Center for Advanced Design, Research, and Exploration (CADRE), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1737 W. Polk Street, Suite B14, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Naiman
authors: Advanced Cooling Therapy, 3440 S. Dearborn Street, #215-S, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Shanley
authors: Garrett Technologies, 1955 Techny Road, Suite #1, Northbrook, IL 60062 USA.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Garrett
authors: PreLabs, LLC, 33 Chicago Avenue, Oak Park, IL 60302 USA.
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Haryu
authors: PreLabs, LLC, 33 Chicago Avenue, Oak Park, IL 60302 USA.
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Waller
authors: Department of Comparative Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
authors: Farshid
authors: F
authors: Azarafrooz
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 211 E. Ontario suite 200, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
authors: Daniel Mark
authors: DM
authors: Courtney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D023421:Models, Animal; D017694:Rewarming / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine