title: The Detection Rate of Enteric Viruses and Clostridium difficile in a Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent.
abstract: Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is considered as an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens. In this study, we describe the occurrence of enteric viruses (group A rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus) and Clostridium difficile in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant during a 1-year period. Enteric viruses were simultaneously and efficiently concentrated in a single step using methacrylate monolithic chromatographic support. Rotaviruses, noroviruses (genogroup I and II), and sapoviruses were detected in all 12 concentrated samples, whereas astroviruses were not detected in August and September and hepatitis A and E viruses were not detected at all. Clostridium difficile was detected in all samples and altogether 121 strains were isolated and grouped into 32 different ribotypes of which 014/020 and 010 were most prevalent. Pathogens detected in WWTP effluent partially reflect the epidemiological situation of enteric viruses and C. difficile in human population and open the discussion on implementation of possible techniques for virus and bacteria removal from WWTP effluent prior to release into the surface water system.
authors: Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia, andrej.steyer@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors: Andrej
authors: A
authors: Steyer
authors: Ion
authors: I
authors: Gutiérrez-Aguirre
authors: Nejc
authors: N
authors: Rački
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Beigot Glaser
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Brajer Humar
authors: Marjeta
authors: M
authors: Stražar
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Škrjanc
authors: Mateja
authors: M
authors: Poljšak-Prijatelj
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Ravnikar
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Rupnik