title: Association between socioeconomic and biological factors and infant weight gain: Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey--PNDS-2006/07.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between socioeconomic and biological factors and infant weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants (0-23 months of age) with available birth and postnatal weight data (n = 1763) were selected from the last nationally representative survey with complex probability sampling conducted in Brazil (2006/07). The outcome variable was conditional weight gain (CWG), which represents how much an individual has deviated from his/her expected weight gain, given the birth weight. Associations were estimated using simple and hierarchical multiple linear regression, considering the survey sampling design, and presented in standard deviations of CWG with their respective 95% of confidence intervals. Hierarchical models were designed considering the UNICEF Conceptual Framework for Malnutrition (basic, underlying and immediate causes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The poorest Brazilian regions (-0.14 [-0.25; -0.04]) and rural areas (-0.14 [-0.26;-0.02]) were inversely associated with CWG in the basic causes model. However, this association disappeared after adjusting for maternal and household characteristics. In the final hierarchical model, lower economic status (-0.09 [-0.15; -0.03]), human capital outcomes (maternal education < 4th grade (-0.14[-0.29; 0.01]), higher maternal height (0.02[0.01; 0.03])), and fever in the past 2 weeks (-0.13[-0.26; -0.01]) were associated with postnatal weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that poverty and lower human capital are still key factors associated with poor postnatal weight gain. The approach used in these analyses was sensitive to characterize inequalities among different socioeconomic contexts and to identify factors associated with CWG in different levels of determination.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: jonasnutri@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Jonas Augusto C
authors: JA
authors: Silveira
authors: Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Estudos e Pesquisas em Nefrologia (NIEPEN), Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors: Fernando Antônio B
authors: FA
authors: Colugnati
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Ana Paula
authors: AP
authors: Poblacion
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: José Augusto A C
authors: JA
authors: Taddei
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Brasil; Brazil; Child; Criança; Distúrbios Nutricionais; Ganho de Peso; Inquéritos; Nutritional disorders; Surveys; Weight gain