title: A Comparative Study of Distinct Ocular Symptoms After Performing Laparoscopic Surgical Tasks Using a Three-Dimensional Surgical Imaging System and a Conventional Two-Dimensional Surgical Imaging System.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereoscopic imaging systems have improved the surgical accuracy and patient safety but have induced unwanted visual disturbance, nausea, and ocular symptoms simultaneously. We measured and compared visual discomfort and visual fatigue induced by three-dimensional (3D) surgical imaging system and two-dimentional (2D) surgical imaging system, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared ocular symptoms and visual functions immediately after four laparoscopic tasks including pick beans, paper cut, pass the curved needle, and knot tying. Ten participants started with 3D laparoscopy, 9 participants with 2D laparoscopy on the first day, and reversed the laparoscopy for the participants on the second day. Before performing the tasks and immediately after performing the tasks for 1 hour, the participants underwent an interview with questions on ocular symptoms, and then received the systematic measurements of the visual functions objectively. The ocular symptoms were compared between the two groups, and the visual functions were compared in each group and between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the 3D laparoscopy group with the 2D laparoscopy group, symptom scores showed statistically significant differences in blurred vision during the task (z=-3.64, P=0.00), irritated or burning eyes (z=-2.17, P=0.03), dry eyes (z=-2.72, P=0.01), eyestrain (z=-3.11, P=0.00), headache (z=-3.20, P=0.00), discomfort in eyes (z=-3.74, P=0.00). The objective visual functional parameters such as distance exophoria (P=0.83), near exophoria (P=0.88), distance esophoria (P=0.93), near esophoria (P=0.80), the fusion range (P=0.09), the accommodative convergence/accommodation (P=0.56), and the tear film breakup time (P=0.48) had no significant difference between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the passively polarized 3D surgical imaging system was compared with the 2D surgical imaging system, although subjective feelings were uncomfortable, there was no objective evidence to indicate that the 3D surgical imaging system resulted in an increment of visual fatigue. The visual fatigue and discomforts were moderate and could be tolerated by the surgeons.
authors: 1 Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: 1 Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Han-jiang
authors: HJ
authors: Xu
authors: 1 Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Chao-zhao
authors: CZ
authors: Liang
authors: 1 Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: 1 Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Zong-yao
authors: ZY
authors: Hao
authors: 2 Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China .
authors: Li-xia
authors: LX
authors: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000209:etiology; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000209:etiology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology