title: WT1 immunoenzyme staining using SurePath(™) processed urine cytology helps to detect kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Damage and detachment of podocytes and loss into the urine have been implicated in the progression of kidney diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of urine cytology based on SurePath(™) combined with immunoenzyme staining using Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) antibody as a podocyte marker in the discrimination of normality and non-renal urinary tract disease from kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients with kidney disease, 45 patients with lower urinary tract disease and 30 healthy volunteers were examined. Urine cytology slides were prepared using the SurePath method and immunoenzyme stained with WT1 antibody, and the number of WT1-positive cells was counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In kidney disease, WT1-positive cells were found in 33 (50%) of 66 samples. No WT1-positive cells were found in 45 patients with lower urinary tract disease or in 30 healthy volunteers. The positive rates for WT1 varied with disease type, but not significantly: immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, (14/23); membranous glomerulonephritis, (4/10); Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, (3/5); diabetic glomerulopathy, (5/5); minor glomerular abnormality/minimal change nephrotic syndrome (0/4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that WT1 immunoenzyme staining of urine cytology can be used to detect some types of kidney disease.
authors: Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Ohsaki
authors: Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Sofue
authors: Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kawakami
authors: Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Nishijima
authors: Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Hara
authors: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Matsunaga
authors: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kushida
authors: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Haba
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shigei Medical Research Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Shigematsu
authors: Department of Nursing, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Irino
authors: Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Norimatsu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050199:Podocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D025721:WT1 Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D025721:WT1 Proteins; C583751:WT1 protein, human
keywords: SurePath; WT1; immunocytochemistry; kidney disease; podocytes; urine cytology