title: Pain management at the end of life: A comparative study of cancer, dementia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data exist concerning the unique pain characteristics of patients with non-cancer terminal diseases referred for inpatient hospice care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the unique pain characteristics of patients admitted to an acute inpatient hospice setting with end-stage dementia or chronic obstructive lung disease (or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and to compare them to patients with end-stage cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective patient chart review. Demographic, physiological, pain parameters, and medication utilization data were extracted. Associations between pain characteristics, medication utilization, and admission diagnoses were assessed. Analyses included descriptive statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 146 patients admitted to an acute inpatient hospice between 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2012 with an underlying primary diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 51), dementia (n = 48), or cancer (n = 47).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain was highly prevalent in all diagnostic groups, with cancer patients experiencing more severe pain on admission. Cancer patients received a significantly higher cumulative opioid dose compared with dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Pain control within 24 h of pain onset was achieved in less than half of all patient groups with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients the least likely to achieve pain control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the fact that pain is the most common complaint at the end of life, pain management may be suboptimal for some primary diagnoses. Admission diagnosis is the strongest predictor of pain control. Patient with cancer achieve the best pain control, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are the least likely to have their pain adequately treated.
authors: School of Nursing Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv, Yaffo, Israel.
authors: Anat
authors: A
authors: Romem
authors: Pharmaceutical Health Services Research Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Sarah E
authors: SE
authors: Tom
authors: School of Nursing, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Beauchene
authors: School of Nursing, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA.
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Babington
authors: Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Scharf
authors: Pulmonary Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel pulmoromem@szmc.org.il.
authors: Ayal
authors: A
authors: Romem
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Pain management; cancer; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease dementia; opiates; palliative care