title: In vivo evaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time- and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain normative data for the canine cornea and conjunctiva using high-resolution time- and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT and FD-OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-eight eyes of 133 healthy young intact laboratory beagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cornea and conjunctiva of 16 eyes of 8 healthy young intact female beagles were imaged using FD-OCT. Corneal thickness was measured with FD-OCT and USP, while corneal epithelial thickness and conjunctival epithelial thickness were measured with FD-OCT. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined in 152 eyes of 125 healthy young adult intact female (35) and male (90) beagles using TD-OCT. Mixed effects linear regression was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CCT was (mean ± standard deviation) 497.54 ± 29.76, 555.49 ± 17.19, and 594.81 ± 33.02 μm as measured by FD-OCT, USP, and TD-OCT, respectively. The central, superior paraxial, superior perilimbal corneal epithelial thickness and superior bulbar conjunctival epithelial thickness were 52.38 ± 7.27, 56.96 ± 6.47, 69.06 ± 8.84 and 42.98 ± 6.17 μm, respectively. When comparing techniques used for measuring CCT (USP vs. FD-OCT and FD-OCT vs. TD-OCT), USP and TD-OCT generated significantly greater values in comparison with FD-OCT (both P < 0.001). For all dogs, CCT increased with increasing age and body weight (both P < 0.001) and was higher in intact males vs. females using TD-OCT (P = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-resolution FD-OCT and TD-OCT provide detailed noninvasive evaluation of in vivo canine anterior segment structures. Normative values of the canine cornea and conjunctiva are reported.
authors: Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors: Ann R
authors: AR
authors: Strom
authors: Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA.|Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Avenida Libertador Bernado O. Higgins 340, Chile.
authors: Dennis E
authors: DE
authors: Cortés
authors: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2828 Marshall Court Suite 200, WI 53705, USA.
authors: Carol A
authors: CA
authors: Rasmussen
authors: Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors: Sara M
authors: SM
authors: Thomasy
authors: Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2828 Marshall Court Suite 200, WI 53705, USA.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: McIntyre
authors: Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, WI 53704, USA.
authors: Shwu-Fei
authors: SF
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: Philip H
authors: PH
authors: Kass
authors: Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Mannis
authors: Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.|Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D063171:Corneal Pachymetry / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: canine; conjunctiva; cornea; laboratory beagle; optical coherence tomography; ultrasound pachymetry