title: Effects of raw milk and starter feed on intake and body composition of Holstein × Gyr male calves up to 64 days of age.
abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of supplying different levels of raw milk, alone or in combination, with access to a starter feed, on the intake, digestibility, daily gain, N balance, and body composition of Holstein × Gyr crossbred suckling calves until 64 d of age. Thirty-nine male calves aged 4 d with an average initial live weight of 36 ± 1.0 kg were used. Five calves were defined as a reference group and slaughtered at 4 d of age to estimate the initial body composition of the animals. The other calves were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of 3 levels of milk (2, 4, or 8 L/d) and 2 levels of starter feed (presence or absence in diet). At 15 and 45 d of age, 4 animals from each treatment were subjected to digestibility trials with total collection of feces and urine and sampling of feeds. At 64 d of age, all animals were slaughtered and their body tissues were sampled for analyses. Total dry matter and nutrient intake increased linearly and starter intake decreased linearly in response to the supply of increasing amounts of milk. The digestibility coefficient of organic matter was not affected by the inclusion of starter feed and increased linearly as milk supply was elevated. Daily gain was greater at increased milk supply levels and also greater when starter was supplied, without any interaction between milk supply level and the presence or absence of starter. Fecal N excretion and N retention were higher in the animals fed starter feed. Fecal N excretion was not affected by milk levels, whereas N retention was affected. Body protein and ash contents decreased linearly according to increased milk allowance. In contrast, fat body content increased linearly according to milk supply. The presence of starter feed in the diet was responsible for the increased body fat content, but had no effect on protein or ash content. In conclusion, weight gain and N retention in calves up to 64 d of age increased with milk supply. Ad libitum access to starter further increased weight gain and N retention and no interaction with milk allowance level occurred. However, greater levels of milk are also associated with reduced starter feed intake, in addition to increased body fat content.
authors: Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: alex.lopes@ufv.br.
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Silva
authors: Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Marcondes
authors: Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Detmann
authors: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: F S
authors: FS
authors: Machado
authors: Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Valadares Filho
authors: Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Trece
authors: Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004063:Digestion; D004435:Eating; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: fat deposition; performance; protein deposition