title: Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development.
abstract: Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
authors: Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
authors: Kesavan
authors: K
authors: Meganathan
authors: Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
authors: Isaia
authors: I
authors: Sotiriadou
authors: Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
authors: Karthick
authors: K
authors: Natarajan
authors: Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Hescheler
authors: Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: A.Sachinidis@uni-koeln.de.
authors: Agapios
authors: A
authors: Sachinidis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D050980:GATA Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D050980:GATA Transcription Factors; C576906:MIRN1228 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding
keywords: Cardiac development; Embryonic stem cells; Long noncoding RNA; MicroRNA; Small molecules; Transcription factors; Wnt signaling