title: An outbreak of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii dermatophytosis at a veterinary school associated with an infected horse.
abstract: We report a case of an outbreak of inflammatory dermatophytoses caused by Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (formally Trichophyton mentagrophytes pro parte) that involved an infected horse, the owner and at least 20 students, staff and stablemen at a veterinary school in Bern (Switzerland) that presented highly inflammatory dermatitis of the body and the face. Transmission from human to human was also recorded as one patient was the partner of an infected person. Both the phenotypic characteristics and ITS sequence of the dermatophytes isolated from the horse and patients were identical, consistent with the conclusion that the fungus originated from the horse. Three infected persons had not been in direct contact with the horse. Although direct transmission from human to human cannot be ruled out, fomites were most likely the source of infection for these three patients. Inspection of the literature at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century revealed that this dermatophyte was frequently transmitted from horses to humans in contact with horses (stablemen, coachmen, carters and artillery soldiers). The rarity of the present case report at the present time is likely related to the transformation of civilisation from the nineteenth century to nowadays in Europe with the change of horse husbandry. In addition, the inadequate immune response of the horse and the high number of people in contact with it at the equine clinic may explain the exceptional aspect of this case report.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Annemay
authors: A
authors: Chollet
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Wespi
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Roosje
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Unger
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Venner
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Goepfert
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Monod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003883:Arthrodermataceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D012582:Schools, Veterinary; D013334:Students; D013557:Switzerland; D014005:Tinea / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii; Horse; Trichophyton mentagrophytes; dermatophytosis; epidemiology; outbreak