title: Transcribed enhancers lead waves of coordinated transcription in transitioning mammalian cells.
abstract: Although it is generally accepted that cellular differentiation requires changes to transcriptional networks, dynamic regulation of promoters and enhancers at specific sets of genes has not been previously studied en masse. Exploiting the fact that active promoters and enhancers are transcribed, we simultaneously measured their activity in 19 human and 14 mouse time courses covering a wide range of cell types and biological stimuli. Enhancer RNAs, then messenger RNAs encoding transcription factors, dominated the earliest responses. Binding sites for key lineage transcription factors were simultaneously overrepresented in enhancers and promoters active in each cellular system. Our data support a highly generalizable model in which enhancer transcription is the earliest event in successive waves of transcriptional change during cellular differentiation or activation.
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authors: E
authors: Arner
authors: Carsten O
authors: CO
authors: Daub
authors: Kristoffer
authors: K
authors: Vitting-Seerup
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Andersson
authors: Berit
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authors: Lilje
authors: Finn
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authors: Drabløs
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authors: Lennartsson
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authors: Rönnerblad
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authors: Hrydziuszko
authors: Morana
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authors: Vitezic
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authors: Arner
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authors: Axton
authors: J Kenneth
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authors: Beckhouse
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authors: Bodega
authors: James
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authors: Briggs
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authors: Brombacher
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authors: Detmar
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authors: Sato
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authors: Savvi
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authors: Schwegmann
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authors: Misako
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authors: Yoneda
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authors: Zabierowski
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authors: Zhang
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authors: I
authors: Abugessaisa
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authors: Shiro
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authors: Fukuda
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authors: Ishikawa-Kato
authors: Yuri
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authors: Ishizu
authors: Masayoshi
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authors: Kawashima
authors: Miki
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authors: Kojima
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authors: Lizio
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authors: Mungall
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authors: Murata
authors: Hiromi
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authors: Nishiyori-Sueki
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authors: Nagao-Sato
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authors: Lassmann
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authors: KM
authors: Summers
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Wells
authors: David A
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authors: Sandelin
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mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors