title: Opioid receptor delta as a global modulator of skin differentiation and barrier function repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to confirm the properties of selective agonist peptide (Rubixyl) contained in the spinach towards opioid receptor delta. In fact, agonist properties of both spinach peptides (Rubiscolin-5 and Rubixyl) towards opioid receptor delta were demonstrated by Zang et al., but their effects on the other opioid receptors were not studied [1]. We also studied the expression of opioid receptor delta in epidermis under normal and stress condition (inflammatory) and its role in epidermis homeostasis under stress condition in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agonist properties studies were performed using functional agonist cellular model containing human opioid receptors. Opioid receptor delta expression and epidermis homeostasis were studied on human reconstructed epidermis under normal and stress conditions (inflammatory stress) using gene expression (RT-qPCR) and protein expression analysis (immunohistological analysis). Skin repair properties of opioid receptor delta agonist were based on the following parameters TEWL (trans epidermal water loss, hydration and wrinkle depth at periocular and perilabial area) on human volunteers having either intrinsic ageing (more than 40 years old and non-smoker group) and both intrinsic ageing and extrinsic ageing (more than 40 years old and smoker group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have demonstrated that the Rubixyl peptide is a specific agonist of opioid receptor delta. We have demonstrated that opioid receptor delta expression is modulated under inflammatory condition. The agonist Rubixyl was able to block the depletion of opioid receptor delta seen under inflammatory condition in reconstructed human epidermis. Inflammatory conditions lead to the unbalanced gene and protein expressions of markers involved in epidermis integrity and barrier function properties. The treatment of human reconstructed epidermis with the agonist Rubixyl leads to the normalization of unbalanced gene and protein expressions. In vivo study has confirmed the efficiency of the agonist Rubixyl to repair damaged skin by decreasing TEWL, increasing hydration and decreasing wrinkle depth at the periocular and perilabial area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this research, we have demonstrated in vitro (on inflamed reconstructed human epidermis, RHE) and in vivo (on human aged volunteers) that activation by natural agonist peptide of opioid receptor delta reduces the skin inflammation thus leading to improvement in epidermis differentiation and skin barrier properties.
authors: Induchem, Toulouse, France.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Chajra
authors: Induchem AG, Volketzwil, Switzerland.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Amstutz
authors: Induchem AG, Volketzwil, Switzerland.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Schweikert
authors: Libragen, Toulouse, France.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Auriol
authors: Cosmetic Inventions, Antony, France.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Redziniak
authors: Induchem, Toulouse, France.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Lefèvre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D053612:Janus Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010919:Placebos; D051381:Rats; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000502:physiology*; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D050791:STAT Transcription Factors; D053612:Janus Kinases
keywords: sensitive skin/inflammation/Allergy; skin physiology/structure; skin repair/skin differentiation