title: Clinical evaluation of zero-echo-time MR imaging for the segmentation of the skull.
abstract: MR-based attenuation correction is instrumental for integrated PET/MR imaging. It is generally achieved by segmenting MR images into a set of tissue classes with known attenuation properties (e.g., air, lung, bone, fat, soft tissue). Bone identification with MR imaging is, however, quite challenging, because of the low proton density and fast decay time of bone tissue. The clinical evaluation of a novel, recently published method for zero-echo-time (ZTE)-based MR bone depiction and segmentation in the head is presented here.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new paradigm for MR imaging bone segmentation, based on proton density-weighted ZTE imaging, was disclosed earlier in 2014. In this study, we reviewed the bone maps obtained with this method on 15 clinical datasets acquired with a PET/CT/MR trimodality setup. The CT scans acquired for PET attenuation-correction purposes were used as reference for the evaluation. Quantitative measurements based on the Jaccard distance between ZTE and CT bone masks and qualitative scoring of anatomic accuracy by an experienced radiologist and nuclear medicine physician were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average Jaccard distance between ZTE and CT bone masks evaluated over the entire head was 52% ± 6% (range, 38%-63%). When only the cranium was considered, the distance was 39% ± 4% (range, 32%-49%). These results surpass previously reported attempts with dual-echo ultrashort echo time, for which the Jaccard distance was in the 47%-79% range (parietal and nasal regions, respectively). Anatomically, the calvaria is consistently well segmented, with frequent but isolated voxel misclassifications. Air cavity walls and bone/fluid interfaces with high anatomic detail, such as the inner ear, remain a challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first, to our knowledge, clinical evaluation of skull bone identification based on a ZTE sequence. The results suggest that proton density-weighted ZTE imaging is an efficient means of obtaining high-resolution maps of bone tissue with sufficient anatomic accuracy for, for example, PET attenuation correction.
authors: MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin gaspar.delso@usz.ch.
authors: Gaspar
authors: G
authors: Delso
authors: GE Global Research, Munich, Germany.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Wiesinger
authors: GE Global Research, Munich, Germany.
authors: Laura I
authors: LI
authors: Sacolick
authors: GE Global Research, Bangalore, India; and.
authors: Sandeep S
authors: SS
authors: Kaushik
authors: GE Global Research, Bangalore, India; and.
authors: Dattesh D
authors: DD
authors: Shanbhag
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Hüllner
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Veit-Haibach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: PET/MR; ZTE; attenuation; bone; skull