title: Transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in Vitis vinifera cv. Trincadeira berries upon infection with Botrytis cinerea.
abstract: Vitis vinifera berries are sensitive towards infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, leading to important economic losses worldwide. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome associated with fungal infection has not been performed previously in grapes or in another fleshy fruit. In an attempt to identify the molecular and metabolic mechanisms associated with the infection, peppercorn-sized fruits were infected in the field. Green and veraison berries were collected following infection for microarray analysis complemented with metabolic profiling of primary and other soluble metabolites and of volatile emissions. The results provided evidence of a reprogramming of carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms towards increased synthesis of secondary metabolites involved in plant defence, such as trans-resveratrol and gallic acid. This response was already activated in infected green berries with the putative involvement of jasmonic acid, ethylene, polyamines, and auxins, whereas salicylic acid did not seem to be involved. Genes encoding WRKY transcription factors, pathogenesis-related proteins, glutathione S-transferase, stilbene synthase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were upregulated in infected berries. However, salicylic acid signalling was activated in healthy ripening berries along with the expression of proteins of the NBS-LRR superfamily and protein kinases, suggesting that the pathogen is able to shut down defences existing in healthy ripening berries. Furthermore, this study provided metabolic biomarkers of infection such as azelaic acid, a substance known to prime plant defence responses, arabitol, ribitol, 4-amino butanoic acid, 1-O-methyl- glucopyranoside, and several fatty acids that alone or in combination can be used to monitor Botrytis infection early in the vineyard.
authors: Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Agudelo-Romero
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Erban
authors: Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Cecília
authors: C
authors: Rego
authors: Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Carbonell-Bejerano
authors: Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Nascimento
authors: Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da UL, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Lisete
authors: L
authors: Sousa
authors: Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Martínez-Zapater
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Kopka
authors: Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal amfortes@fc.ul.pt.
authors: Ana Margarida
authors: AM
authors: Fortes
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D055442:Metabolome; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011073:Polyamines; D013267:Stilbenes; D014157:Transcription Factors; C053376:pathogenesis-related proteins, plant; D005707:Gallic Acid; D000217:Acyltransferases; C022674:stilbene synthase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D000077185:Resveratrol
keywords: Botrytis cinerea; grape ripening; grapevine; metabolome; plant defence; transcriptome.