title: Smart stylet: the development and use of a bedside external ventricular drain image-guidance system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placement accuracy of ventriculostomy catheters is reported in a wide and variable range. Development of an efficient image-guidance system may improve physician performance and patient safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluate the prototype of Smart Stylet, a new electromagnetic image-guidance system for use during bedside ventriculostomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy of the Smart Stylet system was assessed. System operators were evaluated for their ability to successfully target the ipsilateral frontal horn in a phantom model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Target registration error across 15 intracranial targets ranged from 1.3 to 4.6 mm (mean 3.1 mm). Using Smart Stylet guidance, a test operator successfully passed a ventriculostomy catheter to a shifted ipsilateral frontal horn 20/20 (100%) times from the frontal approach in a skull phantom. Without Smart Stylet guidance, the operator was successful 4/10 (40%) times from the right frontal approach and 6/10 (60%) times from the left frontal approach. In a separate experiment, resident operators were successful 2/4 (50%) times when targeting the shifted ipsilateral frontal horn with Smart Stylet guidance and 0/4 (0%) times without image guidance using a skull phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smart Stylet may improve the ability to successfully target the ventricles during frontal ventriculostomy.
authors: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors: Vaibhav
authors: V
authors: Patil
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Gupta
authors: Raúl
authors: R
authors: San José Estépar
authors: Ronilda
authors: R
authors: Lacson
authors: Arnold
authors: A
authors: Cheung
authors: Judith M
authors: JM
authors: Wong
authors: A John
authors: AJ
authors: Popp
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Golby
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Ogilvy
authors: Kirby G
authors: KG
authors: Vosburgh
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D057785:Catheters; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007396:Internship and Residency; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000295:instrumentation*