title: Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration.
abstract: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of low back pain, a problem with a heavy economic burden, which has been increasing in prevalence as populations age. Deeper knowledge of the complex spatial and temporal orchestration of cellular interactions and extracellular matrix remodelling is critical to improve current IVD therapies, which have so far proved unsatisfactory. Inflammation has been correlated with degenerative disc disease but its role in discogenic pain and hernia regression remains controversial. The inflammatory response may be involved in the onset of disease, but it is also crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, if properly balanced it may contribute to tissue repair/regeneration as has already been demonstrated in other tissues. In this review, we focus on how inflammation has been associated with IVD degeneration by describing observational and in vitro studies as well as in vivo animal models. Finally, we provide an overview of IVD regenerative therapies that target key inflammatory players.
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Molinos
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Catarina R
authors: CR
authors: Almeida
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia-IPATIMUP, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Joana
authors: J
authors: Caldeira
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Cunha
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: Raquel M
authors: RM
authors: Gonçalves
authors: Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal mbarbosa@ineb.up.pt.
authors: Mário A
authors: MA
authors: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008024:Ligands; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008024:Ligands
keywords: degenerative disc disease; inflammation; intervertebral disc; intervertebral disc homeostasis; regeneration