title: Integrating retrogenesis theory to Alzheimer's disease pathology: insight from DTI-TBSS investigation of the white matter microstructural integrity.
abstract: Microstructural abnormalities in white matter (WM) are often reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may reflect primary or secondary circuitry degeneration (i.e., due to cortical atrophy). The interpretation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) eigenvectors, known as multiple indices, may provide new insights into the main pathological models supporting primary or secondary patterns of WM disruption in AD, the retrogenesis, and Wallerian degeneration models, respectively. The aim of this review is to analyze the current literature on the contribution of DTI multiple indices to the understanding of AD neuropathology, taking the retrogenesis model as a reference for discussion. A systematic review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PUBMED was performed. Evidence suggests that AD evolves through distinct patterns of WM disruption, in which retrogenesis or, alternatively, the Wallerian degeneration may prevail. Distinct patterns of WM atrophy may be influenced by complex interactions which comprise disease status and progression, fiber localization, concurrent risk factors (i.e., vascular disease, gender), and cognitive reserve. The use of DTI multiple indices in addition to other standard multimodal methods in dementia research may help to determine the contribution of retrogenesis hypothesis to the understanding of neuropathological hallmarks that lead to AD.
authors: Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Professor Costa Mendes 1608, 4° Andar, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil ; Institute for General Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Gilberto Sousa
authors: GS
authors: Alves
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Viola
authors: V
authors: Oertel Knöchel
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Knöchel
authors: Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Professor Costa Mendes 1608, 4° Andar, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: André Férrer
authors: AF
authors: Carvalho
authors: Institute for General Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Pantel
authors: Alzheimer's Disease Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 22290140 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Department of Cognitive and Behavior Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 22290140 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Eliasz
authors: E
authors: Engelhardt
authors: Alzheimer's Disease Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 22290140 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Centre for Study and Research on Aging, Instituto Vital Brazil, 22451000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Jerson
authors: J
authors: Laks
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*