title: The role of immunomodulators on intestinal barrier homeostasis in experimental models.
abstract: The intestinal epithelium is composed of specialized epithelial cells that form a physical and biochemical barrier to commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. However, dysregulation of the epithelial barrier function can lead to increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation across the intestinal mucosa, which contributes to local and systemic immune activation. The increase in these parameters is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, physical exercise under heat stress, intestinal obstruction, ischemia, and mucositis, among other conditions. Lately, there has been growing interest in immunomodulatory nutrients and probiotics that can regulate host immune and inflammatory responses and possibly restore the intestinal barrier. Immunomodulators such as amino acids (glutamine, arginine, tryptophan, and citrulline), fatty acids (short-chain and omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids), and probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, and Lactobacillus) have been reported in the literature. Here, we review the critical roles of immunomodulatory nutrients in supporting gut barrier integrity and function.
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: me.andrade@hotmail.com.
authors: Maria Emília Rabelo
authors: ME
authors: Andrade
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: raquelaraujo_op@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Raquel Silva
authors: RS
authors: Araújo
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: pattyybarros@gmail.com.
authors: Patrícia Aparecida Vieira
authors: PA
authors: de Barros
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: annedanieli86@hotmail.com.
authors: Anne Danieli Nascimento
authors: AD
authors: Soares
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: falves.abrantes@gmail.com.
authors: Fernanda Alves
authors: FA
authors: Abrantes
authors: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: simonenutufmg@gmail.com.
authors: Simone de Vasconcelos
authors: Sde V
authors: Generoso
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: simoneodilia@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Simone Odília Antunes
authors: SO
authors: Fernandes
authors: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: valbertcardoso@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Valbert Nascimento
authors: VN
authors: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D002956:Citrulline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007778:Lactobacillus; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability; D019936:Probiotics; D012440:Saccharomyces; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D005973:Glutamine; D002956:Citrulline; D014364:Tryptophan; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Amino acids; Fatty acids; Inflammation; Intestinal mucosa; Probiotics