title: Molecular phylogeny of Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
abstract: Panorpidae are the largest family in Mecoptera, covering approximately 70% species of the order. However, the phylogenetic relationship within Panorpidae has not been adequately explored. Here we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among 70 species of five genera in Panorpidae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on two mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2) and one nuclear (28S rRNA) gene fragments with Panorpodes kuandianensis and Brachypanorpa carolinensis in Panorpodidae as outgroups. The results show that the genera Neopanorpa, Sinopanorpa and Dicerapanorpa are monophyletic, while the widespread genus Panorpa is reconfirmed to be a paraphyletic group. The P. centralis group is monophyletic and may merit a generic status, while the P. davidi and P. amurensis groups are paraphyletic. The divergence time estimated from BEAST analysis indicates that the Panorpidae may originate in the period from early Paleogene (63.6mya) to middle Eocene (41.2mya), and most diversification within Panorpidae occurred in the Cenozoic. The phylogeny and biogeography of Panorpidae are briefly discussed.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors: Gui-Lin
authors: GL
authors: Hu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Yan
authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Xu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Institute of Entomology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. Electronic address: huabzh@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors: Bao-Zhen
authors: BZ
authors: Hua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007313:Insecta / Q000145:classification*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
keywords: Biogeography; Divergence time; Panorpidae; Phylogenetics; Systematics