title: The effect of astaxanthin on the aging rat brain: gender-related differences in modulating inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Astaxanthin (Ax) is a ketocarotenoid of the xanthophyll family with activities such as antioxidation, preservation of the integrity of cell membranes and protection of the redox state and functional integrity of mitochondria. The aim of this study was to investigate potential gender-related differences in the effect of Ax on the aging rat brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In females, interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) was significantly lower in treated rats in both cerebral areas, and in the cerebellum, treated animals also had significantly higher IL10. In males, no differences were found in the cerebellum, but in the hippocampus, IL1β and IL10 were significantly higher in treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are the first results to show gender-related differences in the effect of Ax on the aging brain, emphasizing the necessity to carefully analyze female and male peculiarities when the anti-aging potentialities of this ketocarotenoid are evaluated. The observations lead to the hypothesis that Ax exerts different anti-inflammatory effects in female and male brains.
authors: Neurobiology of Aging Centre, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.|Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Balietti
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salesi Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Stefano R
authors: SR
authors: Giannubilo
authors: Neurobiology of Aging Centre, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Belinda
authors: B
authors: Giorgetti
authors: Neurobiology of Aging Centre, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Moreno
authors: M
authors: Solazzi
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salesi Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Turi
authors: Neurobiology of Aging Centre, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Tiziana
authors: T
authors: Casoli
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salesi Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Ciavattini
authors: Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Fattorettia
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D024341:Xanthophylls; D016753:Interleukin-10; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: aging; astaxanthin; brain; gender; inflammation