title: Flow measurement in mechanical ventilation: a review.
abstract: Accurate monitoring of flow rate and volume exchanges is essential to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. Mechanical ventilators employ flowmeters to estimate the amount of gases delivered to patients and use the flow signal as a feedback to adjust the desired amount of gas to be delivered. Since flowmeters play a crucial role in this field, they are required to fulfill strict criteria in terms of dynamic and static characteristics. Therefore, mechanical ventilators are equipped with only the following kinds of flowmeters: linear pneumotachographs, fixed and variable orifice meters, hot wire anemometers, and ultrasonic flowmeters. This paper provides an overview of these sensors. Their working principles are described together with their relevant advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the most promising emerging approaches for flowmeters design (i.e., fiber optic technology and three dimensional micro-fabrication) are briefly reviewed showing their potential for this application.
authors: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: e.schena@unicampus.it.
authors: Emiliano
authors: E
authors: Schena
authors: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Massaroni
authors: Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Saccomandi
authors: HAMILTON Medical AG, Via Crusch 8, 7402 Bonaduz, Switzerland.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Cecchini
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
keywords: Artificial ventilation; Fiber optic sensor; Fleisch pneumotachograph; Flowmeter; Hot wire anemometry; Micromachined sensor; Orifice meter; Ultrasonic flowmeter