title: Safety assessment of potential food ingredients in canine hepatocytes.
abstract: This research aimed to develop in vitro methods to assess hazard of canine food ingredients. Canine hepatocytes were harvested and cell viability of clove-leaf oil (CLO), eugenol (EUG), lemongrass oil (LGO), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), sorbose, ginger-root extract (GRE), cinnamon-bark oil (CBO), cinnamaldehyde (CINA), thymol oil (TO), thymol (THYM), and citric acid were assessed with positive controls: acetaminophen (APAP), aflatoxin B1 and xylitol. Molecular Toxicology PathwayFinder array (MTPF) analyzed toxicity mechanisms for LGO. LC50 for APAP was similar among human (3.45), rat (2.35), dog (4.26 mg/ml). Aflatoxin B1 had an LC50 of 4.43 (human), 5.78 (rat) and 6.05 (dog) µg/ml; xylitol did not decrease viability. LC50 of CLO (0.185 ± 0.075(SD)), EUG (0.165 ± 0.112), LGO (0.220 ± 0.012), GRE (1.54 ± 0.31) mg/ml; GMP (166.03 ± 41.83), GMP + IMP (208.67 ± 15.27) mM; CBO (0.08 ± 0.03), CINA (0.11 ± 0.01), TO (0.21 ± 0.03), THYM (0.05 ± 0.01), citric acid (1.58 ± 0.08) mg/ml, while sorbose was non-toxic. LGO induced upregulation of 16 and down-regulation of 24 genes, which CYP and heat shock most affected. These results suggest that in vitro assays such as this may be useful for hazard assessment of food ingredients for altered hepatic function.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
authors: Leshuai W
authors: LW
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
authors: Juraj
authors: J
authors: Koci
authors: Mars Global Food Safety Center, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou, Beijing, P.R. China 101407.
authors: Brett
authors: B
authors: Jeffery
authors: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
authors: Jim E
authors: JE
authors: Riviere
authors: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Electronic address: nmonteiro@ksu.edu.
authors: Nancy A
authors: NA
authors: Monteiro-Riviere
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity; D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000633:toxicity; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005054:Eugenol / Q000633:toxicity; D005504:Food Analysis; D059022:Food Safety; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity; D013943:Thymol / Q000633:toxicity; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014993:Xylitol / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; C510046:cinnamon oil, bark; D000082:Acetaminophen; D013943:Thymol; D005054:Eugenol; C052901:lemongrass oil; D000171:Acrolein; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; C012843:cinnamaldehyde; D014993:Xylitol
keywords: Dog; Food ingredient; Hepatocytes; In vitro; PCR array; Toxicity