title: Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
authors: Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Rouhier
authors: CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France.
authors: Delphine
authors: D
authors: Cerveau
authors: Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
authors: Jérémy
authors: J
authors: Couturier
authors: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
authors: Jean-Philippe
authors: JP
authors: Reichheld
authors: CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France; CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille F-13284, France. Electronic address: pascal.rey@cea.fr.
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Rey
mesh_terms: D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D063245:Plant Development / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013879:Thioredoxins; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Glutaredoxin; Glutathione; Plant development; Reductase; Thiol group; Thioredoxin