title: Inverted nipple repair revisited: a 7-year experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nipple inversion in females can be congenital or acquired. Women who desire treatment for this condition often report difficulty with breastfeeding and interference with their sexuality. However, data are limited on the demographics of patients who undergo surgery to repair inverted nipples and the associated recurrence rates and complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors assessed outcomes of a 7-year experience with an integrated approach to the correction of nipple inversion that minimizes ductal disruption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed for 103 consecutive patients who underwent correction of nipple inversion. (The correction technique was initially reported in 2004 and entailed an integrated approach.) Complication rates, breastfeeding status, and patient demographics were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 103 patients, 191 nipple corrections were performed. Nine patients had undergone previous nipple-correction surgery. Recurrence was experienced by 12.6% of patients, 3 of whom had bilateral recurrence. Other complications were partial nipple necrosis (1.05%), breast cellulitis (1.57%), and delayed healing (0.5%). The overall complication rate was 15.74%. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had a B-cup breast size, and 59% were 21 to 30 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the authors' 7-year experience demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of their technique to correct inverted nipples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4: Therapeutic.
authors: Dr Gould is a Resident in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dr Nadeau is an Aesthetic Surgery Fellow, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles. Dr Macias is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Marina del Rey, California. Dr Stevens is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Surgery and the Director of the Aesthetics Division of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, USC, and the Director of the Marina del Rey-USC Aesthetic Surgery Fellowship, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Gould
authors: Dr Gould is a Resident in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dr Nadeau is an Aesthetic Surgery Fellow, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles. Dr Macias is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Marina del Rey, California. Dr Stevens is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Surgery and the Director of the Aesthetics Division of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, USC, and the Director of the Marina del Rey-USC Aesthetic Surgery Fellowship, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Meghan H
authors: MH
authors: Nadeau
authors: Dr Gould is a Resident in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dr Nadeau is an Aesthetic Surgery Fellow, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles. Dr Macias is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Marina del Rey, California. Dr Stevens is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Surgery and the Director of the Aesthetics Division of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, USC, and the Director of the Marina del Rey-USC Aesthetic Surgery Fellowship, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Luis H
authors: LH
authors: Macias
authors: Dr Gould is a Resident in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dr Nadeau is an Aesthetic Surgery Fellow, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles. Dr Macias is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Marina del Rey, California. Dr Stevens is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Surgery and the Director of the Aesthetics Division of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, USC, and the Director of the Marina del Rey-USC Aesthetic Surgery Fellowship, Los Angeles, California.
authors: W Grant
authors: WG
authors: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult