title: Medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding: a comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common complaint among reproductive-aged women, which negatively affects their health as well as their social, professional, and family lives. Modern medical management usually provides effective control of HMB irrespective of the underlying cause. Surgical interventions should be reserved for women with significant pelvic pathology and those unresponsive to medical therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of the efficacy and safety of available medical treatments of HMB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive MEDLINE and EMBASE literature search was undertaken using selected terms associated with HMB to identify clinical studies published before March 20, 2013, that reported changes in menstrual blood loss in women receiving medical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of treatments to reduce HMB due to endometrial dysfunction in descending order was as follows: (1) the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) (initial release rate of 20 μg of LNG per 24 hours), (2) combined hormonal contraceptives (oral or transvaginal), (3) tranexamic acid, and (4) long-course oral progestogens (≥3 weeks per cycle). The LNG-IUS was found to reduce HMB due to some structural causes (leiomyomas and adenomyosis). The reduction in menstrual blood loss achieved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and short-course oral progestogens (≤14 days per cycle) is less impressive but may be sufficient for women who have marginally increased blood loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women not seeking pregnancy, the LNG-IUS is the first-line medical therapy for HMB, with combined hormonal contraceptives as second choice. For other women, fewer effective options exist.
authors: Professor, Chairman of Department, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Bitzer
authors: Professor, University of Helsinki, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Kätilöopisto Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Oskari
authors: O
authors: Heikinheimo
authors: Professor, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA.
authors: Anita L
authors: AL
authors: Nelson
authors: Professor, Head of Department, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Joaquin
authors: J
authors: Calaf-Alsina
authors: Professor in Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Elizabeth II Research Institute for Mothers & Infants, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: Ian S
authors: IS
authors: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D011372:Progestins; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D014148:Tranexamic Acid