title: The chronic care model and technological research and innovation: a scoping review at the crossroads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information and communication technologies (ICT) are key to optimizing the outcomes of the Chronic Care Model (CCM), currently acknowledged as the best synthesis of available evidence for chronic illness prevention and management. At the same time, CCM can offer a needed framework for increasing the relevance and feasibility of ICT innovation and research in health care. Little is known about how and to what extent CCM and ICT research inform each other to leverage mutual strengths. The current study examines: What characterizes work being done at the crossroads of CCM and ICT research and innovation?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim is identify the gaps and potential that lie between the research domains CCM and ICT, thus enabling more substantive questions and opportunities for accelerating improvements in ICT-supported chronic care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a scoping study approach, we developed a search strategy applied to medical and technical databases resulting in 1054 titles and abstracts that address CCM and ICT. After iteratively adapting our inclusion/exclusion criteria to balance between breadth and feasibility, 26 publications from 20 studies were found to fulfill our criteria. Following initial coding of each article according to predefined categories (eg, type of article, CCM component, ICT, health issue), a 1st level analysis was conducted resulting in a broad range of categories. These were gradually reduced by constantly comparing them for underlying commonalities and discrepancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the studies included were from technical databases and interventions relied mostly on "old-fashioned" technologies. Technologies supporting "productive interactions" were often one-way (provider to patient), and it was sometimes difficult to decipher how CCM was guiding intervention design. In particular, the major focus on ICT to support providers did not appear unique to the challenges of chronic care. Challenges in facilitating CCM components through ICT included poorly designed user interfaces, digital divide issues, and lack of integration with existing infrastructure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CCM is a highly influential guide for health care development, which recognizes the need for alignment of system tools such as ICT. Yet, there seem to be alarmingly few touch points between the subject fields of "health service development" and "ICT-innovation". Bridging these gaps needs explicit and urgent attention as the synergies between these domains have enormous potential. Policy makers and funding agencies need to facilitate the joining of forces between high-tech innovative expertise and experts in the chronic care system redesign that is required for tackling the current epidemic of long-term multiple conditions.
authors: Norwegian Center for Integrated Care and Telemedicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsoe, Norway. deede.gammon@telemed.no.
authors: Deede
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9676-2442
authors: D
authors: Gammon
authors: Gro Karine Rosvold
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-4263
authors: GK
authors: Berntsen
authors: Absera Teshome
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-000X
authors: AT
authors: Koricho
authors: Karin
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3487-4585
authors: K
authors: Sygna
authors: Cornelia
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-4884
authors: C
authors: Ruland
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D020811:Biomedical Technology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: chronic care model; chronic disease management; computer science; ehealth; information and communication technology; medical informatics; scoping review; telemedicine