title: Computer-animated model of accommodation and presbyopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand, demonstrate, and further research the mechanisms of accommodation and presbyopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private practice, Little Silver, New Jersey, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CAMA 2.0 computer-animated model of accommodation and presbyopia was produced in collaboration with an experienced medical animator using Autodesk Maya animation software and Adobe After Effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computer-animated model demonstrates the configuration and synchronous movements of all accommodative elements. A new classification of the zonular apparatus based on structure and function is proposed. There are 3 divisions of zonular fibers; that is, anterior, crossing, and posterior. The crossing zonular fibers form a scaffolding to support the lens; the anterior and posterior zonular fibers work reciprocally to achieve focused vision. The model demonstrates the important support function of Weiger ligament. Dynamic movement of the ora serrata demonstrates that the forces of ciliary muscle contraction store energy for disaccommodation in the elastic choroid. The flow of aqueous and vitreous provides strong evidence for our understanding of the hydrodynamic interactions during the accommodative cycle. The interaction may result from the elastic stretch in the choroid transmitted to the vitreous rather than from vitreous pressue. The model supports the concept that presbyopia results from loss of elasticity and increasing ocular rigidity in both the lenticular and extralenticular structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The computer-animated model demonstrates the structures of accommodation moving in synchrony and might enhance understanding of the mechanisms of accommodation and presbyopia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dr. Goldberg is a consultant to Acevision, Inc., and Bausch & Lomb.
authors: From Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic Eye Physicians, Little Silver, New Jersey, USA. Electronic address: goldbergeye@gmail.com.
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000503:physiopathology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*