title: Beyond pairs: definition and interpretation of third-order structure in spatial point patterns.
abstract: Spatial distributions of biological species are an important source of information for understanding local interactions at the scale of individuals. Technological advances have made it easier to measure these distributions as spatial point patterns, specifying the locations of individuals. Extensive attention has been devoted to analyzing the second-order structure of such point patterns by focusing on pairs of individuals, and it is well known that the local crowdedness of individuals can thus be quantified. Statistical measures such as a point pattern׳s pair correlation function or Ripley׳s K function show whether a given point pattern is clustered (excess of short-distance pairs) or overdispersed (shortage of short-distance pairs). These notions are naturally defined in comparison with control patterns exhibiting complete spatial randomness, i.e., an absence of any spatial structure. However, there is no rational reason why the analysis of point patterns should stop at the second order. In this paper, we focus on triplets of individuals in an attempt to quantify and interpret the third-order structure of a point pattern. We demonstrate that point patterns with "bandedness", in which individuals are primarily distributed within bands, can be detected by an excess of thinner triplets at a characteristic spatial scale linked to the band׳s width. In this context, we show how the generation of control patterns as a reference for gauging a test pattern׳s triplet frequencies is critical for defining and interpreting the third-order structure of point patterns. Since perfect information on a point pattern׳s second-order structure typically suffices for its unique reconstruction (up to translation, rotation, and reflection), we conjecture that it is essential to minimally coarse-grain such second-order information before using it to generate control patterns for identifying a point pattern׳s third-order structure. We recommend the further exploration of this conjecture for future studies.
authors: Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria; Department of Evolutionary Study of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Nara Women׳s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
authors: Chiho
authors: C
authors: Kaito
authors: Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Dieckmann
authors: Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria; Department of Evolutionary Study of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Sasaki
authors: Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Nara Women׳s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan. Electronic address: takasu@ics.nara-wu.ac.jp.
authors: Fugo
authors: F
authors: Takasu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004463:Ecology; D065928:Forests; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Mapped point data; Pair correlations; Spatial configuration; Spatial ecology; Triplets