title: Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins modulate mechanisms of endothelial function.
abstract: Anthocyanins are reported to have vascular bioactivity, however their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Evidence suggests that anthocyanins modulate endothelial function, potentially by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or enhancing NO bioavailability. This study compared the activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation product protocatechuic acid, and phase II metabolite, vanillic acid. Production of NO and superoxide and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were established in human vascular cell models. Nitric oxide levels were not modulated by the treatments, although eNOS was upregulated by cyanidin-3-glucoside, and superoxide production was decreased by both phenolic acids. Vanillic acid upregulated p22(phox) mRNA but did not alter NOX protein expression, although trends were observed for p47(phox) downregulation and HO-1 upregulation. Anthocyanin metabolites may therefore modulate vascular reactivity by inducing HO-1 and modulating NOX activity, resulting in reduced superoxide production and improved NO bioavailability.
authors: Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Edwards
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Czank
authors: Gary M
authors: GM
authors: Woodward
authors: Aedín
authors: A
authors: Cassidy
authors: Colin D
authors: CD
authors: Kay
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010636:Phenols; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
keywords: HUVEC; NADPH oxidase; cyanidin; eNOS; endothelium