title: Injury prevention by medication among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-only study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of injuries. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is often treated with medication, but the evidence regarding prevention of injuries is inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine via a case-only design whether the use of methylphenidate hydrochloride or atomoxetine hydrochloride reduces the risk of injuries among children and adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database, which includes records from about 17 million insurees (approximately 20% of the population) from 4 statutory health insurance providers in Germany to identify children aged 3 to 17 years with new diagnoses of ADHD in 2005 and 2006. We identified 37,650 children with ADHD based on inpatient and outpatientdiagnostic codes (F90.0, F90.1, and F90.9) from the German modification of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. Among them, we identified those with an inpatient injury diagnosis during follow-up until 2009. A total of 2128 children with any injury diagnosis at hospitalization, 821 of whom had a brain injury diagnosis, were included in the analysis. We applied the self-controlled case series design to control for time-invariant characteristics of the patients and time trends in the exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment with methylphenidate or atomoxetine based on prescription data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalization because of any injury or brain injury according to the injury mortality diagnosis matrix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rate ratios for the periods with medication compared with nonmedicated periods were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.74-1.02) for hospitalization with any injuries and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.48-0.91) for brain injuries only in the full sample. These estimates remained stable in sensitivity analyses restricting the sample to a narrower age range or to patients with a single hospitalization. There was no indication that medication prescriptions are increased after hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant risk reduction for hospitalizations with injury diagnoses was observed during periods of ADHD medication, but there was a preventive effect on the risk of brain injuries (34% risk reduction). The effects were controlled for time-invariant characteristics of the patients by the study design.
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany2Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany3Department of.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Mikolajczyk
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany2Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Horn
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Niklas
authors: N
authors: Schmedt
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Ingo
authors: I
authors: Langner
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany3Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Lindemann
authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany4Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors: Edeltraut
authors: E
authors: Garbe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011437:Propylamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011437:Propylamines; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride