title: Difficult airway consultation service for children: steps to implement and preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failed airway management remains one of the most common causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population. Practice guidelines addressing the difficult airway (DAW) in adults provide anesthesiologists a framework for managing the airway during the perioperative period; however, similar consensus guidelines are lacking in the pediatric population. Many of the adverse events associated with difficult pediatric airway management occur outside the perioperative setting and often result in worse outcomes. The lower frequency of DAW management required in children, lesser awareness of pediatric health care professionals about DAW management, and the need for guiding principles led us to develop a DAW consultative service. This report outlines the steps to establish the Difficult Airway Service (DAS) and the initial experiences with this new consultation service.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mission of the DAS is to identify children with known or anticipated DAWs, communicate the diagnosis and collaborate with referring medical and surgical services, and to manage children in those settings that airway management might be required in the context of the patient's ongoing medical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial 3-month experience confirmed that a majority of pediatric DAW events are associated with congenital or acquired abnormalities. Through appropriate consultation and leadership, the DAS was able to physically and electronically identify pediatric patients with a DAW and provide management. Hospital-wide participation was instrumental in the success and exponential growth of DAS: planned preoperative tracheostomy in complicated posterior spinal fusion candidates, participation in EXIT procedures, standardization of airway carts, and implementation of education forums.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In developing the DAS, our goal was to provide a more comprehensive approach to caring for a child with a DAW that included their entire hospital stay and follow-up care. We believe this approach has improved health care professional awareness as well as the safe management of routine and difficult pediatric airway. Additional studies are needed to determine whether measurable changes in morbidity and mortality are observed over time.
authors: Anesthesiology, Pediatric Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors: Sydney M
authors: SM
authors: Nykiel-Bailey
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: McAllister
authors: Charles R
authors: CR
authors: Schrock
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Molter
authors: Jennifer K
authors: JK
authors: Marsh
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Murray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058109:Airway Management / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007857:Leadership; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D014139:Tracheostomy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: airway; airway management; difficult; intubation; pediatric; quality improvement