title: Control beliefs level and change as predictors of subjective memory complaints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low control beliefs (CB) are related to objective cognitive functions, but the link between CB and subjective memory complaints (SMC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between CB (level and change) and SMC over a 10-year span.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study utilized a large national sample of participants (N = 3272, M = 56.52, SD = 11.84) from the Midlife in the US Study (MIDUS) to examine if both level (mean of Time 1 and Time 2) and change (Time 2 minus Time 1) of CB (personal mastery and perceived constraints) longitudinally predict SMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the level of personal mastery and perceived constraints predicted SMC. Long-term changes in perceived constraints, but not in personal mastery, also predicted SMC. No age difference was found for the effects of CB (age × CB) on SMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the notion that the risk of SMC is related to low CB, and full consideration of CB level and change is needed for intervention development to combat memory loss.
authors: a Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling , National Pingtung University , Pingtung County , Taiwan.
authors: Pai-Lin
authors: PL
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012647:Self-Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: MIDUS; cognition; control beliefs; memory complaints; memory loss