title: Effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation in improving clinical outcomes in the upper arm following stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different therapeutic methods are being used to prevent or decrease long-term impairments of the upper arm in stroke patients. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is one of these methods, which aims to stimulate the nerves of the weakened muscles so that the resulting muscle contractions resemble those of a functional task.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to review the evidence for the effect of FES on (1) shoulder subluxation, (2) pain, and (3) upper arm motor function in stroke patients, when added to conventional therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the 727 retrieved articles, 10 (9 RCTs, 1 quasi-RCT) were selected for final analysis and were rated based on the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scores and the Sackett's levels of evidence. A meta-analysis was performed for all three considered outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the meta-analyses showed a significant difference in shoulder subluxation in experimental groups compared to control groups, only if FES was applied early after stroke. No effects were found on pain or motor function outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FES can be used to prevent or reduce shoulder subluxation early after stroke. However, it should not be used to reduce pain or improve upper arm motor function after stroke.
authors: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University and Interdisciplinary Research Center in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3654 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y5.
authors: Amir K
authors: AK
authors: Vafadar
authors: Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University and Interdisciplinary Research Center in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1S4.
authors: Julie N
authors: JN
authors: Côté
authors: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University and Interdisciplinary Research Center in Rehabilitation (CRIR), 3654 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y5.
authors: Philippe S
authors: PS
authors: Archambault
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation