title: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and two photon excited fluorescence for neurosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is no established method for in vivo imaging during biopsy and surgery of the brain, which is capable to generate competitive images in terms of resolution and contrast comparable with histopathological staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and two photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy are non-invasive all optical imaging techniques that are capable of high resolution, label-free, real-time, nondestructive examination of living cells and tissues. They provide image contrast based on the molecular composition of the specimen which allows the study of large tissue areas of frozen tissue sections ex vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, preliminary data on 55 lesions of the central nervous system are presented. The generated images very nicely demonstrate cytological and architectural features required for pathological tumor typing and grading. Furthermore, information on the molecular content of a probe is provided. The tool will be implemented into a biopsy needle or endoscope in the near future for in vivo studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this promising multimodal imaging approach the neurosurgeon might directly see blood vessels to minimize the risk for biopsy associated hemorrhages. The attending neuropathologist might directly identify the tumor and guide the selection of representative specimens for further studies. Thus, collection of non-representative material could be avoided and the risk to injure eloquent brain tissue minimized.
authors: Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: bernd.romeike@med.uni-jena.de.
authors: Bernd F M
authors: BF
authors: Romeike
authors: Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Meyer
authors: Clinic for Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
authors: Rupert
authors: R
authors: Reichart
authors: Clinic for Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Kalff
authors: Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
authors: Iver
authors: I
authors: Petersen
authors: Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Dietzek
authors: Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Popp
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain tumors; Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS); Intraoperative imaging; Molecular imaging; Two photon excited fluorescence (TPEF)