title: Optimal sensor placement for detecting organophosphate intrusions into water distribution systems.
abstract: Placement of water quality sensors in a water distribution system is a common approach for minimizing contamination intrusion risks. This study incorporates detailed chemistry of organophosphate contaminations into the problem of sensor placement and links quantitative measures of the affected population as a result of such intrusions. The suggested methodology utilizes the stoichiometry and kinetics of the reactions between organophosphate contaminants and free chlorine for predicting the number of affected consumers. This is accomplished through linking a multi-species water quality model and a statistical dose-response model. Three organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, malathion, and parathion) are tested as possible contaminants. Their corresponding by-products were modeled and accounted for in the affected consumers impact calculations. The methodology incorporates a series of randomly generated intrusion events linked to a genetic algorithm for minimizing the contaminants impact through a sensors system. Three example applications are explored for demonstrating the model capabilities through base runs and sensitivity analyses.
authors: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors: Ziv
authors: Z
authors: Ohar
authors: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors: Ori
authors: O
authors: Lahav
authors: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Electronic address: ostfeld@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors: Avi
authors: A
authors: Ostfeld
mesh_terms: D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D008294:Malathion / Q000032:analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010278:Parathion / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010278:Parathion; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D008294:Malathion
keywords: EPANET-MSX; Genetic algorithms; Organophosphates; Sensor placement; Water distribution systems; Water security