title: Efficacy of a non-drinking mental simulation intervention for reducing student alcohol consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of a mental simulation intervention designed to reduce student alcohol consumption by asking participants to imagine potential positive outcomes of and/or strategic processes involved in not drinking during social occasions.
  
  
  METHODS
  English university students aged 18-25 years (n = 211, Mage = 20 years) were randomly allocated to one of four intervention conditions. The dependent variables were weekly alcohol consumption, heavy episodic drinking (HED) frequency and frequency of social occasions at which participants did not drink alcohol when others were drinking alcohol ('episodic non-drinking'). Measures of alcohol-related prototypes (i.e., prototypical non-drinker, prototypical regular drinker) were used to compute sociability prototype difference scores as a potential mediator of any intervention effects. All measures were taken at baseline and at 2- and 4-week follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed one of four exercises involving either imagining positive outcomes of non-drinking during a social occasion (outcome condition); imagining strategies required for non-drinking during a social occasion (process condition); imagining both positive outcomes and required strategies (combined condition); or completing a drinks diary task (control condition).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latent growth curve analyses revealed a more substantial rate of decrease in weekly unit consumption and HED frequency among outcome condition and process condition participants, relative to control condition participants. Non-significant differences were found between the combined condition and the control condition. Across the whole sample, an inverted U-shape trend indicated an initial increase in episodic non-drinking before it returned to baseline levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides preliminary evidence that mental simulation interventions focused on non-drinking can successfully promote behaviour change. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? UK drinking recommendations advise two 'dry days' per week (NHS, 2014). Benefits of, and strategies involved in, social non-drinking exist (Conroy & de Visser, 2014). Mental simulation interventions may help reduce student drinking (Hagger, Lonsdale, & Chatzisarantis, 2012; Hagger, Lonsdale, Koka et al., 2012). What does this study add? Demonstrates efficacy of a novel 'non-drinking' mental simulation exercise. Suggests that healthier alcohol prototypes can be encouraged via a health promotion intervention. Shows potential utility of 'episodic non-drinking' as an indicator of health-adherent drinking.
authors: Birkbeck, University of London, UK.
authors: Dominic
authors: D
authors: Conroy
authors: University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Sparks
authors: University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: de Visser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: alcohol; mental simulation; non-drinking; prototypes; student