title: A new method to derive fetal heart rate from maternal abdominal electrocardiogram: monitoring fetal heart rate during cesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring of fetal heart rate (FHR) is important during labor since it is a sensitive marker to obtain significant information about fetal condition. To take immediate response during cesarean section (CS), we noninvasively derive FHR from maternal abdominal ECG.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 17 pregnant women delivered by elective cesarean section, with abdominal ECG obtained before and during the entire CS. First, a QRS-template is created by averaging all the maternal ECG heart beats. Then, Hilbert transform was applied to QRS-template to generate the other basis which is orthogonal to the QRS-template. Second, maternal QRS, P and T waves were adaptively subtracted from the composited ECG. Third, Gabor transformation was applied to obtain time-frequency spectrogram of FHR. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), 0V, 1V, 2V derived from symbolic dynamics of HRV and SD1, SD2 derived from Poincareé plot. Three emphasized stages includes: (1) before anesthesia, (2) 5 minutes after anesthesia and (3) 5 minutes before CS delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FHRs were successfully derived from all maternal abdominal ECGs. FHR increased 5 minutes after anesthesia and 5 minutes before delivery. As for HRV parameters, SDNN increased both 5 minutes after anesthesia and 5 minutes before delivery (21.30±9.05 vs. 13.01±6.89, P < 0.001 and 22.88±12.01 vs. 13.01±6.89, P < 0.05). SD1 did not change during anesthesia, while SD2 increased significantly 5 minutes after anesthesia (27.92±12.28 vs. 16.18±10.01, P < 0.001) and both SD2 and 0V percentage increased significantly 5 minutes before delivery (30.54±15.88 vs. 16.18±10.01, P < 0.05; 0.39±0.14 vs. 0.30±0.13, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed a novel method to automatically derive FHR from maternal abdominal ECGs and proved that it is feasible during CS.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Huei-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Yeh
authors: Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Chung
authors: YC
authors: Chang
authors: Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Lin
authors: Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Chien-Hung
authors: CH
authors: Yeh
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chien-Nan
authors: CN
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ming-Kwang
authors: MK
authors: Shyu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ming-Hui
authors: MH
authors: Hung
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Po-Ni
authors: PN
authors: Hsiao
authors: Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Yung-Hung
authors: YH
authors: Wang
authors: Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Hsin
authors: YH
authors: Tseng
authors: Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jenho
authors: J
authors: Tsao
authors: Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ling-Ping
authors: LP
authors: Lai
authors: Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Lian-Yu
authors: LY
authors: Lin
authors: Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis & Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Men-Tzung
authors: MT
authors: Lo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy