title: Exercise-induced seizures and lateral asymmetry in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this case report is to better characterize the clinical features and potential pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case series of ten patients from a tertiary epilepsy center, where a clear history was obtained of physical exercise as a reproducible trigger for seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The precipitating type of exercise was quite specific for each patient, and various forms of exercise are described including running, swimming, playing netball, dancing, cycling, weight lifting, and martial arts. The level of physical exertion also correlated with the likelihood of seizure occurrence. All ten patients had temporal lobe abnormalities, with nine of the ten patients having isolated temporal lobe epilepsies, as supported by seizure semiology, EEG recordings, and both structural and functional imaging. Nine of the ten patients had seizures that were lateralized to the left (dominant) hemisphere. Five patients underwent surgical resection, with no successful long-term postoperative outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise may be an underrecognized form of reflex epilepsy, which tended to be refractory to both medical and surgical interventions in our patients. Almost all patients in our cohort had seizures localizing to the left temporal lobe. We discuss potential mechanisms by which exercise may precipitate seizures, and its relevance regarding our understanding of temporal lobe epilepsy and lateralization of seizures. Recognition of, as well as advice regarding avoidance of, known triggers forms an important part of management of these patients.
authors: St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Department of Neurology & Neurological Research, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Jordan T
authors: JT
authors: Kamel
authors: St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Department of Neurology & Neurological Research, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Radwa A B
authors: RA
authors: Badawy
authors: St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Department of Neurology & Neurological Research, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Cook
keywords: Cortical localization; Exercise; Reflex epilepsy; Seizure triggers