title: Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study.
abstract: There is evidence for health benefits from 'Palaeolithic' diets; however, there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally designed Palaeolithic-type meals. In the present study, we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients: fish and a variety of plants, selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients. We investigated the acute effects of two Palaeolithic-type meals (PAL 1 and PAL 2) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines (REF), on blood glucose control, gut hormone responses and appetite regulation. Using a randomised cross-over trial design, healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions. PAL2 and REF were matched for energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates; PAL1 contained more protein and energy. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min. Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale (EVAS) scores. GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 (P= 0·001 and P< 0·001) and PAL2 (P= 0·011 and P= 0·003) compared with the REF. Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety. By contrast, GIP concentration was significantly suppressed. Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals. Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles resulted in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety. Surprisingly, this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity.
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: H Frances J
authors: HF
authors: Bligh
authors: Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place,LondonW2 1PG,UK.
authors: Ian F
authors: IF
authors: Godsland
authors: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London,DuCane Road,LondonW12 ONN,UK.
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Frost
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Karl J
authors: KJ
authors: Hunter
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Murray
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Katrina
authors: K
authors: MacAulay
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Della
authors: D
authors: Hyliands
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Duncan C S
authors: DC
authors: Talbot
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Casey
authors: Unilever R&D, Clinicals,Olivier van Noortlaan 121,Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors: Theo P J
authors: TP
authors: Mulder
authors: Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook,BedfordshireMK44 1LQ,UK.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Berry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D066046:Diet, Paleolithic / Q000009:adverse effects; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D054795:Incretins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Glucose homeostasis