title: Undernutrition and the incidence of tuberculosis in India: national and subnational estimates of the population-attributable fraction related to undernutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India has the largest global burden of tuberculosis (TB)-related morbidity and mortality as well as undernutrition. Undernutrition impairs cell-mediated immunity, is a risk factor for the development of TB, and has the largest potential impact on the incidence of TB in countries with a high burden of TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  We refined the national estimate of the population-attributable fraction (PAF) for undernutrition in India to report the first subnational estimates, and stratified these further for age, gender, residence, caste and socioeconomic status. We also compared the PAF related to undernutrition in India with that in 15 other countries with a high burden of TB. We used data on body mass index (BMI) from the National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3), as well as risk estimates for a low BMI from a recently published population-based study which had controlled for several confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of undernutrition in the age group of 15-49 years was 35.6% among women and 34.2% among men. About half (55.4%; 95% CI 27.4- 75.9) of all cases of active TB among women and 54.4% (95% CI 26.5-75.2) of all cases among men were attributable to undernutrition. In the age group of 15-19 years, the PAFs for undernutrition were 62% and 67% among women and men, respectively. The PAF of undernutrition was higher in rural areas, in scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes, and in the lower quintiles of the wealth index. The PAF of undernutrition exceeded 50% in most states, and the largest PAFs were seen among women of scheduled tribes in central India. Among countries with a high burden of TB, India had the highest PAF related to undernutrition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing the problem of endemic undernutrition among adolescents and adults in India could complement the current TB control strategy based on case management, and help reduce the incidence of TB in India in line with global targets.
authors: Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, Uttarakhand, India, anuragb17@gmail.com.
authors: Anurag
authors: A
authors: Bhargava
authors: Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada- Respiratory Epidemiology Unit.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Benedetti
authors: Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada- Respiratory Epidemiology Unit.
authors: Olivia
authors: O
authors: Oxlade
authors: Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada- Respiratory Epidemiology Unit.
authors: Madhukar
authors: M
authors: Pai
authors: Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada- Department of Epidemiology.
authors: Dick
authors: D
authors: Menzies
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult