title: Imaging cochlear implantation with round window insertion in human temporal bones and cochlear morphological variation using high-resolution cone beam CT.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The present experimental set-up of high spatial resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed advantages of demonstrating the critical landmarks of the cochlea in identifying the position of intracochlear electrode contacts and has the potential for clinical application in cochlear implant (CI) surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a newly developed CBCT system in defining CI electrode array in human temporal bone and cochlear morphological variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard electrode, flexible tip electrode (Flex28), and an experimental electrode array with 36 contacts from MED-EL were implanted into the cochleae of six human temporal bones through an atraumatic round window membrane insertion. The cochleae were imaged with 900 frames using an experimental set-up based on a CBCT scanner installed with Superior SXR 130-15-0.5 X-ray tube in combination with filtration of copper and aluminum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all temporal bones, the landmarks of the cochlea, modiolus, osseous spiral lamina, round window niche, and stapes were demonstrated at an average level of 3.4-4.5. The contacts of electrode arrays were clearly shown to locate in the scala tympani. There was a linear correlation between the 'A' value and cochlea height, and between the A value and actual electrode insertion length for the first 360° insertion depth.
authors: Hearing and Balance Research Unit, Field of Oto-laryngology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zou
authors: Jaakko
authors: J
authors: Lähelmä
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Koivisto
authors: Anandhan
authors: A
authors: Dhanasingh
authors: Claude
authors: C
authors: Jolly
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Aarnisalo
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Wolff
authors: Ilmari
authors: I
authors: Pyykkö
mesh_terms: D003051:Cochlea / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012405:Round Window, Ear / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Cochlear implant; computed tomography; human anatomy; imaging; surgery