title: Increased T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) is negatively correlated with serum concentrations of interleukin-1β in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4), a novel immune regulator, is selectively expressed on antigen-presenting cells, especially macrophages and mature dendritic cells. Although TIM-4 plays key roles in mutiple immune diseases, whether it is involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of TIM-4 in T2D and determine its significance in disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from T2D patients and healthy controls to measure TIM-4 mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sera were collected to determine interleukin (IL)-1β concentrations and other clinical indicators (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, HbA1c, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of TIM-4 mRNA was increased significantly in PBMCs from T2D patients compared with healthy controls. There was a positive correlation between TIM-4 mRNA expression and serum concentrations of hsCRP. However, there was a negative correlation between TIM-4 mRNA expression and IL-1β concentrations, indicating the potential role for TIM-4 to negatively regulate IL-1β production. In addition, TIM-4 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with lowLDL-C, and there was a tendency for a negative relationship between TIM-4 mRNA expression and HbA1c.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that TIM-4 contributes, at least in part, to the pathogenesis of T2D, possibly by regulating IL-1β.
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.|Department of Central Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China.
authors: Peiqing
authors: P
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Hongxing
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Central Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Department of Central Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China.
authors: Chengbin
authors: C
authors: Lei
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Liang
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Chunhong
authors: C
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
authors: Lifen
authors: L
authors: Gao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C512411:TIMD4 protein, human
keywords: 2型糖尿病; IL-1β; T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4); TIM-4; interleukin-1β; type 2 diabetes