title: Does non-smoker identity following quitting predict long-term abstinence? Evidence from a population survey in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  'Categorical self-labels' (e.g. thinking of oneself as a smoker or non-smoker) are important aspects of identity that can have a fundamental influence on behaviour. To explore the role identity aspects relating to smoking can play in smoking cessation and relapse, this study assessed the prospective associations between taking on a non-smoker identity following quitting and long-term abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 574 ex-smokers in England who quit smoking in the past year was followed-up at three (N=179) and six months (N=163). Post-quit identity relating to smoking ('I still think of myself as a smoker' or 'I think of myself as a non-smoker'), and demographic and smoking-related characteristics were assessed at baseline. Self-reported smoking abstinence was assessed at follow-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-smoker identity was reported by 80.3% (95%CI 76.8-83.4) of recent ex-smokers. Younger age (p=0.017) and longer abstinence (p<0.001) were independently associated with a post-quit non-smoker identity. After adjusting for covariates, non-smoker identity (p=0.032) and length of abstinence at baseline (p<0.001) were associated with continued abstinence at three month follow-up, and baseline length of abstinence (p=0.003) predicted continued abstinence at six months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of people who quit smoking recently consider themselves as non-smokers. Younger people and those who have been abstinent for longer are more likely to take on a non-smoker identity. Ex-smokers who make this mental transition following a quit attempt appear more likely to remain abstinent in the medium term than those who still think of themselves as smokers.
authors: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: ildiko.tombor.11@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Ildiko
authors: I
authors: Tombor
authors: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors: Lion
authors: L
authors: Shahab
authors: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Brown
authors: School of Medicine Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors: Caitlin
authors: C
authors: Notley
authors: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: West
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ex-smokers; Representative sample; Smoker identity; Smoking Toolkit Study; Smoking cessation