title: Who is the puppet master? Replication of a parasitic wasp-associated virus correlates with host behaviour manipulation.
abstract: Many parasites modify their host behaviour to improve their own transmission and survival, but the proximate mechanisms remain poorly understood. An original model consists of the parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae and its coccinellid host, Coleomegilla maculata; during the behaviour manipulation, the parasitoid is not in contact with its host anymore. We report herein the discovery and characterization of a new RNA virus of the parasitoid (D. coccinellae paralysis virus, DcPV). Using a combination of RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that DcPV is stored in the oviduct of parasitoid females, replicates in parasitoid larvae and is transmitted to the host during larval development. Next, DcPV replication in the host's nervous tissue induces a severe neuropathy and antiviral immune response that correlate with the paralytic symptoms characterizing the behaviour manipulation. Remarkably, virus clearance correlates with recovery of normal coccinellid behaviour. These results provide evidence that changes in ladybeetle behaviour most likely result from DcPV replication in the cerebral ganglia rather than by manipulation by the parasitoid. This offers stimulating prospects for research on parasitic manipulation by suggesting for the first time that behaviour manipulation could be symbiont-mediated.
authors: UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France nolwenn.dheilly@stonybrook.edu.
authors: Nolwenn M
authors: NM
authors: Dheilly
authors: MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2.
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Maure
authors: INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Ravallec
authors: UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Galinier
authors: Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2.
authors: Josée
authors: J
authors: Doyon
authors: UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Duval
authors: MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France.
authors: Lucas
authors: L
authors: Leger
authors: INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France.
authors: Anne-Nathalie
authors: AN
authors: Volkoff
authors: MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France.
authors: Dorothée
authors: D
authors: Missé
authors: Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Nidelet
authors: Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Demolombe
authors: Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2.
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: Brodeur
authors: UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Gourbal
authors: MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Thomas
authors: UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France.
authors: Guillaume
authors: G
authors: Mitta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010057:Oviducts / Q000821:virology; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*
keywords: behavioural manipulation; holobiont; host–parasite interaction; parasitoid wasp; symbiont; virus