title: Metabolic abnormalities in Williams-Beuren syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS, OMIM-194050) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with multisystemic manifestations caused by a 1.55-1.83 Mb deletion at 7q11.23 including 26-28 genes. Reported endocrine and metabolic abnormalities include transient hypercalcaemia of infancy, subclinical hypothyroidism in ∼ 30% of children and impaired glucose tolerance in ∼ 75% of adult individuals. The purpose of this study was to further study metabolic alterations in patients with WBS, as well as in several mouse models, to establish potential candidate genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed several metabolic parameters in a cohort of 154 individuals with WBS (data available from 69 to 151 cases per parameter), as well as in several mouse models with complete and partial deletions of the orthologous WBS locus, and searched for causative genes and potential modifiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triglyceride plasma levels were significantly decreased in individuals with WBS while cholesterol levels were slightly decreased compared with controls. Hyperbilirubinemia, mostly unconjugated, was found in 18.3% of WBS cases and correlated with subclinical hypothyroidism and hypotriglyceridemia, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms. Haploinsufficiency at MLXIPL and increased penetrance for hypomorphic alleles at the UGT1A1 gene promoter might underlie the lipid and bilirubin alterations. Other disturbances included increased protein and iron levels, as well as the known subclinical hypothyroidism and glucose intolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that several unreported biochemical alterations, related to haploinsufficiency for specific genes at 7q11.23, are relatively common in WBS. The early diagnosis, follow-up and management of these metabolic disturbances could prevent long-term complications in this disorder.
authors: Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: María Gabriela
authors: MG
authors: Palacios-Verdú
authors: Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universitat zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Segura-Puimedon
authors: Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Borralleras
authors: Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Flores
authors: Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain Area de Medicina Molecular i Genètica, Hospital dew Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Del Campo
authors: Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Campuzano
authors: Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Luis Alberto
authors: LA
authors: Pérez-Jurado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bilirubin; Cholesterol; Metabolic profile; WBS murine models; Williams-Beuren syndrome