title: Comparison of the effects of adding dexmedetomidine versus midazolam to intrathecal bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dexmedetomidine and midazolam both modulate spinal analgesia by different mechanisms, and yet, no human studies are available to compare them for postoperative analgesia after neuraxial administration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the addition of dexmedetomidine or midazolam to intrathecal bupivacaine on the duration of effective analgesia and clinical safety profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort included a consecutive and prospective series of patients, referred for endourological procedures. The patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups (20 patients each) to receive intrathecally 3 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in combination with 5 mcg of dexmedetomidine (dexmedetomidine group), 1 mg of midazolam (midazolam group) or 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline (control group). The groups were compared to the regression time of sensory block, duration of effective analgesia (defined as the time interval between administration of intrathecal drug to the time of first analgesic request or a numeric rating scale = 4.0), sedation score, and side effects in the first 24 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  One way-ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis test, and Chi-square test (χ²), significance level: P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of effective analgesia (time to first analgesic request) was significantly prolonged in the dexmedetomidine group (286 ± 64 minutes, P < 0.01) when compared with midazolam group (236.9 ± 64.9 minutes) and the control group (212.7 ± 70.2 minutes). Pairwise comparisons among the 3 groups with Bonferroni adjustment revealed that patients from the dexmedetomidine group were more sedated in comparison to the midazolam and control groups at the end of the first 15 minutes after intrathecal injection [χ² (2) = 7.157, P = 0.028], with a mean rank sedation score of 35.58 for dexmedetomidine, 25.00 for midazolam, and 30.93 for control. No significant differences in the side effects were observed during the study period. Midazolam did not lengthen the time of the two segment sensory regression or the time to first request analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study cannot be extrapolated to muscle cutting surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of dexmedetomidine (5 mcg) to 3 mL of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) significantly prolongs the duration of effective analgesia in comparison to 1 mg midazolam or placebo (0.9% normal saline) with a comparable incidences of side effects.
authors: Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Sri Venkataswara Institute of Medical Sciences, SVIMS University, Tirupati, AP, PIN 517507 India.
authors: Aloka
authors: A
authors: Samantaray
authors: Natham
authors: N
authors: Hemanth
authors: Karunakar
authors: K
authors: Gunnampati
authors: Hemalatha
authors: H
authors: Pasupuleti
authors: Madhusudan
authors: M
authors: Mukkara
authors: Mangu Hanumantha
authors: MH
authors: Rao
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000700:Analgesics; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D002045:Bupivacaine