title: Successes and future outlook for microfluidics-based cardiovascular drug discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The greatest advantage of using microfluidics as a platform for the assessment of cardiovascular drug action is its ability to finely regulate fluid flow conditions, including flow rate, shear stress and pulsatile flow. At the same time, microfluidics provide means for modifying the vessel geometry (bifurcations, stenoses, complex networks), the type of surface of the vessel walls, and for patterning cells in 3D tissue-like architecture, including generation of lumen walls lined with cells and heart-on-a-chip structures for mimicking ventricular cardiomyocyte physiology. In addition, owing to the small volume of required specimens, microfluidics is ideally suited to clinical situations whereby monitoring of drug dosing or efficacy needs to be coupled with minimal phlebotomy-related drug loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors highlight potential applications for the currently existing and emerging technologies and offer several suggestions on how to close the development cycle of microfluidic devices for cardiovascular drug discovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultimate goal in microfluidics research for drug discovery is to develop 'human-on-a-chip' systems, whereby several organ cultures, including the vasculature and the heart, can mimic complex interactions between the organs and body systems. This would provide in vivo-like pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for drug ADMET assessment. At present, however, the great variety of available designs does not go hand in hand with their use by the pharmaceutical community.
authors: RMIT University, School of Applied Sciences , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Skommer
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Wlodkowic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: cardiovascular; drug discovery; lab-on-a-chip; microfluidics