title: The prevalence of vertebral deformities is increased with  higher egg incubation temperatures and triploidy in  Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.
abstract: Suboptimal egg incubation temperature is a risk factor for the development of skeletal deformities in teleosts. Triplicate diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., egg batches were incubated at 6, 8 and 10 °C up until first feeding, whereupon fish were reared on a natural temperature before examination for externally visible skeletal deformities (jaw and spine) and radiographed for vertebral deformities and morphology at the parr stage. Increasing incubation temperatures and triploidy increased the number of fish showing one or more deformed vertebrae. Triploids had significantly higher mean vertebrae cranio-caudal length (L) and dorsal-ventral height (H) ratio at 6 and 10 °C than diploids, but triploidy had no effect on mean vertebrae centra area. Triploids demonstrated an increase in lower jaw deformities with increased incubation temperature, whereas jaw deformities were rare in diploids. Fish incubated at 10 °C had a significantly lower mean vertebral number than fish incubated at 6 °C, and triploids had lower mean vertebral numbers than diploids. Diploid fish with 58 vertebrae had a significantly higher mean vertebral centra area than fish with 59 vertebrae, but vertebral number did not affect the mean vertebral L/H ratio. The results are discussed with respect to the welfare and production of farmed salmonids.
authors: T W K
authors: TW
authors: Fraser
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Hansen
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Fleming
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Fjelldal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D015995:Prevalence; D020317:Salmo salar; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities*; D057885:Triploidy; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology