title: Increased use in propofol and reported patterns of adverse events among anesthetics in Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol is an addictive drug, and the problem of its abuse and dependence has occurred. To compare the safety profiles of propofol and other similar anesthetics such as diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam, we evaluated their uses and related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using Korean Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The domestic consumption data and the ADR reports of four anesthetics from 2008 to 2012 were retrieved. ADR proportions were calculated using defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants/day (DID) for the denominator. The patient's characteristics were compared among the four drugs statistically, and the types of ADRs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consumption and ADR reports increased during the study period, particularly in the cases of propofol and midazolam. Lorazepam showed the highest overall and serious ADR proportions (220.81 reports/DID, 58.47 reports/DID, respectively); however, with respect to death proportion, propofol was the first (19.21 reports/DID). Also, ADRs related to drug addiction were mainly observed in the propofol group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four anesthetics were different with regard to the consumption and proportion or the type of ADRs. The use of propofol increased more than 2 times, and propofol showed the highest ADR proportions in death and drug addiction cases among the four anesthetics.
authors: Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management, Seoul 110-750, South Korea.
authors: Hyo-Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Park
authors: Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management, Seoul 110-750, South Korea.
authors: Ju-Young
authors: JY
authors: Shin
authors: Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management, Seoul 110-750, South Korea.
authors: Mi-Hee
authors: MH
authors: Kim
authors: Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management, Seoul 110-750, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea. Electronic address: bjpark@drugsafe.or.kr.
authors: Byung-Joo
authors: BJ
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs); Anesthetic; Consumption; Propofol