title: Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and eradication regimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Campylobacter spp. are zoonotic pathogens, however, knowledge about their presence and antimicrobial resistance in nonhuman primates is limited. Our animal facility purchased cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) from various Asian countries: China, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonization by Campylobacter spp. was investigated in 238 of the monkeys from 2009 to 2012 and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out for these isolates. Furthermore, we eradicated these pathogens from these monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 47 monkeys from three specific countries: China, Cambodia, and Indonesia, with respective isolation rates of 15%, 36%, and 67%. Two monkeys, which were each infected with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, showed clinical symptoms of diarrhea and bloody feces. In total, 41 isolates of C. coli and 17 isolates of C. jejuni were detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility varied: in the monkeys from China, erythromycin (ERY)-, tetracycline (TET)-, and ciprofloxacin-resistant C. coli, in the monkeys from Cambodia, amoxicillin-intermediate, TET- and ciprofloxacin-resistant C. coli and amoxicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni, and in the monkeys from Indonesia, ciprofloxacin-resistant C. coli and TET- and ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni were common (>75%). Multiresistant isolates of C. coli were found in monkeys from all countries and multiresistant isolates of C. jejuni were found in monkeys from Indonesia. The eradication rate with azithromycin was comparable to that with gentamicin (GEN) by oral administration, and was higher than those with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) and chloramphenicol (CHL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the perspective of zoonosis, we should acknowledge multiresistant Campylobacter spp. isolated from the monkeys as a serious warning.
authors: Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: koga.tetsufumi.zj@daiichisankyo.co.jp.
authors: Tetsufumi
authors: T
authors: Koga
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Wataru
authors: W
authors: Aoki
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Mizuno
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kuniko
authors: K
authors: Wakazono
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Junki
authors: J
authors: Ohno
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Tsunehiro
authors: T
authors: Nakai
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takao
authors: T
authors: Nomiya
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Miki
authors: M
authors: Fujii
authors: Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Keiichi
authors: K
authors: Fusegawa
authors: Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kazuya
authors: K
authors: Kinoshita
authors: Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takakazu
authors: T
authors: Hamada
authors: KAC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yoshinori
authors: Y
authors: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017000:Campylobacter coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018419:Primate Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Campylobacter spp. cynomolgus monkey; antimicrobial resistance; eradication