title: Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging for real-time monitoring of Li-ion batteries.
abstract: Batteries for electrical storage are central to any future alternative energy paradigm. The ability to probe the redox mechanisms occurring at electrodes during their operation is essential to improve battery performances. Here we present the first report on Electron Paramagnetic Resonance operando spectroscopy and in situ imaging of a Li-ion battery using Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3, a high-capacity (>270 mAh g(-1)) Li-rich layered oxide, as positive electrode. By monitoring operando the electron paramagnetic resonance signals of Ru(5+) and paramagnetic oxygen species, we unambiguously prove the formation of reversible (O2)(n-) species that contribute to their high capacity. In addition, we visualize by imaging with micrometric resolution the plating/stripping of Li at the negative electrode and highlight the zones of nucleation and growth of Ru(5+)/oxygen species at the positive electrode. This efficient way to locate 'electron'-related phenomena opens a new area in the field of battery characterization that should enable future breakthroughs in battery research.
authors: 1] Collège de France, 11 Rue, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sathiya
authors: LRCS, CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
authors: J-B
authors: JB
authors: Leriche
authors: 1] CNRS, CEMHTI (UPR3079), Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orleans, France [2] Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Salager
authors: PSL Research University Chimie Paristech, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris, France.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gourier
authors: 1] Collège de France, 11 Rue, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France [3] Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France.
authors: J-M
authors: JM
authors: Tarascon
authors: University Lille Nord de France, CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIR, University Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Vezin