title: APE1/Ref-1 as a Serological Biomarker for the Detection of Bladder Cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein that shows elevated expression in a number of cancers. We attempted to determine whether serum APE1/Ref-1 is elevated in patients with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum APE1/Ref-1 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum from patients with bladder cancer who had not received chemotherapy or radiotherapy (n=51) and non-tumor controls (n=55). The area under the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was applied to determine the correlation between clinical factors and the serum levels of APE1/Ref-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of APE1/Ref-1 in bladder cancer patients were significantly elevated compared to those of the control group (3.548 ± 0.333 ng/100 μL [n=51] for bladder cancer vs. 1.547 ± 0.319 ng/100 μL [n=55] for the control group), with a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 59%, respectively. Serum APE1/Ref-1 levels are associated with tumor stage, grade, muscle invasion, and recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum APE1/Ref-1 might be useful as a potential serologic biomarker for bladder cancer.
authors: Department of Urology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Ju Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Shin
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Sunga
authors: S
authors: Choi
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Yu Ran
authors: YR
authors: Lee
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Myoung Soo
authors: MS
authors: Park
authors: Department of Urology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Yong Gil
authors: YG
authors: Na
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Kaikobad
authors: K
authors: Irani
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Sang Do
authors: SD
authors: Lee
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Jin Bong
authors: JB
authors: Park
authors: Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Jin Man
authors: JM
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Urology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Jae Sung
authors: JS
authors: Lim
authors: Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Byeong Hwa
authors: BH
authors: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012698:Serologic Tests; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C085108:APEX1 protein, human; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase
keywords: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1; Biological markers; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Urinary bladder neoplasms