title: Development of a hybrid proximal sensing method for rapid identification of petroleum contaminated soils.
abstract: Using 108 petroleum contaminated soil samples, this pilot study proposed a new analytical approach of combining visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VisNIR DRS) and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (PXRF) for rapid and improved quantification of soil petroleum contamination. Results indicated that an advanced fused model where VisNIR DRS spectra-based penalized spline regression (PSR) was used to predict total petroleum hydrocarbon followed by PXRF elemental data-based random forest regression was used to model the PSR residuals, it outperformed (R(2)=0.78, residual prediction deviation (RPD)=2.19) all other models tested, even producing better generalization than using VisNIR DRS alone (RPD's of 1.64, 1.86, and 1.96 for random forest, penalized spline regression, and partial least squares regression, respectively). Additionally, unsupervised principal component analysis using the PXRF+VisNIR DRS system qualitatively separated contaminated soils from control samples.
  Fusion of PXRF elemental data and VisNIR derivative spectra produced an optimized model for total petroleum hydrocarbon quantification in soils.
authors: Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata, India.
authors: Somsubhra
authors: S
authors: Chakraborty
authors: Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA. Electronic address: david.weindorf@ttu.edu.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Weindorf
authors: Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Li
authors: Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Abdalsamad Abdalsatar
authors: AA
authors: Ali Aldabaa
authors: National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata, India.
authors: Rakesh Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Ghosh
authors: Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata, India.
authors: Sathi
authors: S
authors: Paul
authors: Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata, India.
authors: Md
authors: M
authors: Nasim Ali
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Penalized spline model; Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; Random forest; Soil petroleum contamination; Visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy