title: An empirical study on the relation between the critical angle for bullet ricochet and the properties of wood.
abstract: The properties of a bullet, an object, and the incidence angle determine whether the bullet will penetrate, perforate, or ricochet. In this study, the critical angle for ricochet was established for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger bullets on Abachi, Southern Yellow Pine, Beech, and Ipe wooden boards. Results show that the critical angle differs depending on caliber and wood type. The critical angle is higher for .32 Auto bullets than for 9 mm Luger bullets and increases with increasing wood density and Janka hardness. The established critical angles for ricochet on the lightest and softest wood (Abachi) are 10.4° and 10.3° for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger, respectively. For the heaviest and hardest wood (Ipe), the angles were 45.0° and 33.4°, respectively. The combined results on the four tested woods show a strong linear relationship between both the density and the hardness and the critical angle for both calibers.
authors: Firearms and Ammunition, Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors: Wim
authors: W
authors: Kerkhoff
authors: Ivo
authors: I
authors: Alberink
authors: Erwin J A T
authors: EJ
authors: Mattijssen
keywords: Janka hardness; critical angle; forensic science; growth rings; properties of wood; ricochet; shooting scene reconstruction; timber