title: Presupplementary Motor Area Contributes to Altered Error Monitoring in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
abstract: Hyperactive performance monitoring, as measured by the error-related negativity (ERN) in the event-related potential, is a reliable finding in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) research and may be an endophenotype of the disorder. Imaging studies revealed inconsistent results as to which brain regions are involved in altered performance monitoring in OCD. We investigated performance monitoring in OCD with simultaneous recording of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals to determine the neural source of the enhanced ERN.
  
  
  
  Concurrent EEG and fMRI data were collected from 20 patients with OCD and 22 healthy control subjects during a flanker task. Independent component analysis was used separately on EEG and fMRI to segment the data functionally and focus on processes of interest. The ERN, hemodynamic responses following errors, and intraindividual correlation of the ERN and blood oxygen level-dependent activity were compared between groups.
  
  
  
  Patients with OCD showed significantly increased ERN amplitudes. Blood oxygen level-dependent activity in midcingulate cortex was not significantly different between groups. Increased activation of the right amygdala and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex following errors was observed in patients with OCD. Increased intraindividual correlation of the ERN and activity of the presupplementary motor area was found in patients with OCD compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  
  Higher error-related activity was found in the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting a stronger affective response toward errors in patients with OCD. Additionally, increased correlation of the ERN and presupplementary motor area may indicate stronger recruitment of proactive control in OCD.
authors: Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin. Electronic address: gruetzmr@psychologie.hu-berlin.de.
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Grützmann
authors: Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Endrass
authors: Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Kaufmann
authors: K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Allen
authors: K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen; Section for Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Eichele
authors: Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin.
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Kathmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACC; EEG-fMRI; ERN; Error monitoring; OCD; Obsessive-compulsive disorder