title: Impulsivity and cigarette craving among adolescent daily and occasional smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct that is robustly related to cigarette smoking. While underlying factors that account for this relation are not well understood, craving has been proposed as a central mechanism linking impulsivity to smoking. In order to further refine our understanding of associations between impulsivity and cigarette craving, the current study examined the association between impulsivity and tonic and cue-elicited craving among a sample of adolescent smokers. We expected trait impulsivity would be positively associated with both tonic and cue-elicited craving, and that this relationship would be stronger among daily vs. occasional smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  106 smokers (ages 16-20) completed the questionnaires and reported their cigarette craving prior to and immediately following presentation of each of three counterbalanced cue types: (a) in vivo smoking, (b) alcohol, and (c) neutral cue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impulsivity was positively associated with tonic craving for daily smokers (β=.38; p=.005), but not occasional smokers (β=.01; p=.95), with a significant impulsivity x smoker group interaction (β=1.31; p=.03). Impulsivity was unrelated to craving following smoking or alcohol cue, regardless of smoker group (all p's>.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a moderated effect in which impulsivity is positively associated with tonic craving for daily smokers, but not occasional smokers. Tonic craving may serve as a mechanism linking impulsivity, smoking persistence, and nicotine dependence among daily smokers.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States. Electronic address: mathea@musc.edu.
authors: Amanda R
authors: AR
authors: Mathew
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, United States.
authors: Jessica L
authors: JL
authors: Burris
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors: Brett
authors: B
authors: Froeliger
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Saladin
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D066249:Craving; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Craving; Cue reactivity; Impulsivity; Smoking