title: Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
authors: Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
authors: Le
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
authors: Yingli
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Yang
authors: Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
authors: Chunhong
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Zhang
authors: Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China. Electronic address: prof_liminhui@yeah.net.
authors: Minhui
authors: M
authors: Li
authors: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: yzliu@implad.ac.cn.
authors: Yanze
authors: Y
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019448:Ethnobotany; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D031238:Platycodon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D064209:Phytochemicals
keywords: (2R, 3R) taxifolin (Pubchem CID: 439533); 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Pubchem CID: 19); Ethnopharmacology; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Platycodon grandiflorus; and platycodin A (Pubchem CID: 46173910); apigenin (Pubchem CID: 5280443); apigenin-7-O-glucoside (Pubchem CID: 5280704); betulin (Pubchem CID: 72326); caffeic acid (Pubchem CID: 689043); chlorogenic acid (Pubchem CID: 1794427); ferulic acid (Pubchem CID: 445858); homovanillic acid (Pubchem CID: 1738); isoferulic acid (Pubchem CID: 736186); lobetyol (Pubchem CID: 372975); lobetyolin (Pubchem CID: 6369123); lobetyolinin (Pubchem CID: 5459227); luteolin (Pubchem CID: 5280445); luteolin-7-O-glucoside (Pubchem CID: 5280637); m-coumaric acid (Pubchem CID: 71310991); oleic acid (Pubchem CID: 445639); p-coumaric acid (Pubchem CID: 637542); p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Pubchem CID: 176323540); palmitic acid (Pubchem CID: 985); platycodin C (Pubchem CID: 46173919); platycodin D (Pubchem CID: 162859); platycodin D(2) (Pubchem CID: 53317652); quercetin-7-O-glucoside (Pubchem CID: 5282160); spinasterol (Pubchem CID: 5281331); α-resorcylic acid (Pubchem CID: 7424); β-sitosterol (Pubchem CID: 222284); δ-7-stigmastenone-3 (Pubchem CID: 5748344)