title: Plasma amino acid profiling identifies specific amino acid associations with cardiovascular function in patients with systolic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heart has close interactions with other organs' functions and concomitant systemic factors such as oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO), inflammation, and nutrition in systolic heart failure (HF). Recently, plasma amino acid (AA) profiling as a systemic metabolic indicator has attracted considerable attention in predicting the future risk of human cardiometabolic diseases, but it has been scarcely studied in HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight stable but greater than New York Heart Association class II symptomatic patients with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <45% and 33 asymptomatic individuals with normal B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) value were registered as the HF and control groups, respectively. We analyzed fasting plasma concentrations of 41 AAs using high-performance liquid chromatography, serum NO metabolite concentration, hydroperoxide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements, echocardiography, and flow-mediated dilatation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 17 AAs and two ratios significantly changed in the HF group compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). In the HF group, subsequent univariate and stepwise multivariate analyses with clinical variables revealed that Fischer ratio and five specific AAs, ie, monoethanolamine, methionine, tyrosine, 1-methylhistidine, and histidine have significant correlation with BNP, LV ejection fraction, LV end-diastolic volume index, inferior vena cava diameter, the ratio of early diastolic velocity of the mitral inflow to mitral annulus, and BNP, respectively (p < 0.05). Interestingly, further exploratory factor analysis categorized these AAs into hepatic-related (monoethanolamine, tyrosine, and Fischer ratio) and skeletal muscle-related (histidine, methionine, and 1-methylhistidine) components. Some categorized AAs showed unique correlations with concomitant factors: monoethanolamine, tyrosine, and Fischer ratio with serum NO concentration; histidine with serum albumin; and 1-methylhistidine with flow-mediated dilatation (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma AA profiling identified correlations of specific AAs with cardiac function and concomitant factors, highlighting the cardio-hepatic-skeletal muscle axis in patients with systolic HF.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Daihiko
authors: D
authors: Hakuno
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Yasuhito
authors: Y
authors: Hamba
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Takumi
authors: T
authors: Toya
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Adachi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids