title: The occurrence of anti-retroviral compounds used for HIV treatment in South African surface water.
abstract: The study and quantification of personal care products, such as pharmaceuticals, in surface water has become popular in recent years; yet very little description of these compounds' presence in South African surface water exists in the literature. Antiretrovirals (ARVs), used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are rarely considered within this field. A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 antiretroviral compounds in surface water using the standard addition method is described. Water samples were concentrated by a generic automated solid phase extraction method and analysed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Substantial matrix effect was encountered in the samples with an average method detection limit of 90.4 ng/L. This is the first reported countrywide survey of South African surface water for the quantification of these compounds with average concentrations ranging between 26.5 and 430 ng/L.
authors: Protechnik Laboratories, A Division of ARMSCOR SOC Ltd., 103 Combretum Crescent, Centurion, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: timw@protechnik.co.za.
authors: Timothy Paul
authors: TP
authors: Wood
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, 1 Military Hospital, South African Military Health Services, Voortrekker Street, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: corneliaduv@mtnloaded.co.za.
authors: Cornelia S J
authors: CS
authors: Duvenage
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: egmont.rohwer@up.ac.za.
authors: Egmont
authors: E
authors: Rohwer
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013019:South Africa; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antiretroviral; HIV; LC-MS; Personal care products; Solid phase extraction; Surface water