title: Intermediate-Term Risk of Prostate Cancer is Directly Related to Baseline Prostate Specific Antigen: Implications for Reducing the Burden of Prostate Specific Antigen Screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate specific antigen screening is controversial, as a large number of men must be screened annually to achieve a benefit. We sought to determine whether baseline prostate specific antigen could reliably predict subsequent risk of prostate cancer and risk of consequential prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiethnic cohort of 2,923 prostate cancer-free men was recruited between 2000 and 2012, and followed for a median of 7.5 years. Baseline prostate specific antigen was stratified into 6 strata and relative hazards of prostate cancer detection for each prostate specific antigen stratum were estimated, adjusting for ethnicity, family history and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During followup 289 patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Men with baseline prostate specific antigen in the lowest stratum (0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml) were at greatly reduced risk for prostate cancer during followup. This half of the cohort with prostate specific antigen 1.0 ng/ml or less were at 3.4% (95% CI 2.1, 4.5) 10-year risk of prostate cancer and 90% of the cancers were low risk. By comparison the other half were at 15% to 39% risk of cancer detection with a 39% risk in the highest stratum (3 to 10 ng/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal prostate specific antigen screening frequency for men with a prostate specific antigen level of 0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml may be up to every 10 years. This approach has the potential to dramatically reduce the cost of screening, decreasing over detection of inconsequential tumors, while maintaining detection of tumors for which treatment has been proven to reduce prostate cancer mortality.
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Gelfond
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors: Kara
authors: K
authors: Choate
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors: Donna P
authors: DP
authors: Ankerst
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Hernandez
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors: Robin J
authors: RJ
authors: Leach
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: thompsoni@uthscsa.edu.
authors: Ian M
authors: IM
authors: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: mass screening; prognosis; prostate-specific antigen; prostatic neoplasms; risk