title: Ski regulates Hippo and TAZ signaling to suppress breast cancer progression.
abstract: Ski, the transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus, inhibits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and displays both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities in human cancer. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling is likely responsible for the pro-oncogenic activity of Ski. We investigated the mechanism(s) underlying the tumor suppressor activity of Ski and found that Ski suppressed the activity of the Hippo signaling effectors TAZ and YAP to inhibit breast cancer progression. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional coactivators that can contribute to cancer by promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and cancer stem cell expansion. Hippo signaling activates the the Lats family of kinases, which phosphorylate TAZ and YAP, resulting in cytoplasmic retention and degradation and inhibition of their transcriptional activity. We showed that Ski interacted with multiple components of the Hippo pathway to facilitate activation of Lats2, resulting in increased phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of TAZ. Ski also promoted the degradation of a constitutively active TAZ mutant that is not phosphorylated by Lats, suggesting the existence of a Lats2-independent degradation pathway. Finally, we showed that Ski repressed the transcriptional activity of TAZ by binding to the TAZ partner TEAD and recruiting the transcriptional co-repressor NCoR1 to the TEAD-TAZ complex. Ski effectively reversed transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition in cultured breast cancer cells and metastasis in TAZ-expressing xenografted tumors. Thus, Ski inhibited the function of TAZ through multiple mechanisms in human cancer cells.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Juliet
authors: J
authors: Rashidian
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Erwan
authors: E
authors: Le Scolan
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Xiaodan
authors: X
authors: Ji
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Qingwei
authors: Q
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Melinda M
authors: MM
authors: Mulvihill
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Nomura
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. kluo@berkeley.edu.
authors: Kunxin
authors: K
authors: Luo
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D000090683:Hippo Signaling Pathway; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008156:Luciferases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000091262:TEA Domain Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054875:Ubiquitination; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000091262:TEA Domain Transcription Factors; C057182:TEAD1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; C088374:YAP1 protein, human; C060614:SKI protein, human; D008156:Luciferases; D000217:Acyltransferases; C108675:TAFAZZIN protein, human; C406449:LATS2 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases