title: Resting-state regional cerebral blood flow during adolescence: associations with initiation of substance use and prediction of future use disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescence is a period of developmental flux when brain systems are vulnerable to influences of early substance use, which in turn relays increased risk for substance use disorders. Our study intent was to assess adolescent regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as it relates to current and future alcohol use. The aim was to identify brain-based predictors for initiation of alcohol use and onset of future substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative rCBF was assessed in 100 adolescents (age 12-15). Prospective behavioral assessments were conducted annually over a three-year follow-up period to characterize onset of alcohol initiation, future drinking patterns and use disorders. Comparisons amongst use groups (i.e., current-, future-, and non-alcohol using adolescents) identified rCBF associated with initiation of alcohol use. Regression by future drinking patterns identified rCBF predictive of heavier drinking. Survival analysis determined whether or not baseline rCBF predicted later development of use disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline rCBF was decreased to the parietal cortex and increased to mesolimbic regions in adolescents currently using alcohol as well as those who would use alcohol in the future. Higher baseline rCBF to the left fusiform gyrus and lower rCBF to the right inferior parietal cortex and left cerebellum was associated with future drinking patterns as well as predicted the onset of alcohol and substance use disorders in this cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in resting rCBF to regions within reward and default mode or control networks appear to represent trait markers of alcohol use initiation and are predictive of future development of use disorders.
authors: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States. Electronic address: ramagea@uthscsa.edu.
authors: Amy E
authors: AE
authors: Ramage
authors: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
authors: Ai-Ling
authors: AL
authors: Lin
authors: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
authors: Rene L
authors: RL
authors: Olvera
authors: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Departments of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Departments of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Departments of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
authors: Peter T
authors: PT
authors: Fox
authors: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
authors: Douglas E
authors: DE
authors: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: ASL MRI; Adolescence; Alcohol use; Regional cerebral blood flow; Substance use