title: Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study.
abstract: A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot and- mouth disease (FMD) in Karnataka, India between the years 1977 and 2012-13 based on the data collected through passive and active surveillance was undertaken. A total of 11,159 outbreaks with 0.271 million cases of FMD were recorded from 30 different revenue districts of Karnataka. There was a significant difference between the years for the annual incidence of FMD (P = <0.001, F = 19.10) and also between the months (P = <0.001, F = 4.22). Cattle and buffaloes were the predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. A significant correlation was observed between livestock density and the number of outbreaks reported (r = 0.70, p < 0.02), and number of cases (r = 0.76, p < 0.01) for all the agro-climatic zones. The Central dry zone (n = 2257, 19.89 %) reported the highest number of outbreaks followed by the Northern dry zone (n = 1881, 16.58 %) and the Southern transition zone (n = 1761, 15.52 %), and attack rates were concentrated in the North/Northeastern/Central dry and transition zones. A large majority of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O (64.04 %), followed by Asia 1 (19.87 %) and A (12.27 %). Serotype C was not reported since 1993 in the state. In recent years, serotype O has dominated (82.59 %), with the rest of the outbreaks being almost equally caused by A (9.01 %) and Asia 1 (8.40 %). The study highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Karnataka, India. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological data for further research to identify endemic and epidemic areas for the development of a sustainable programme for the progressive control of FMD in the state of Karnataka as well as other endemic settings.
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: Raveendra
authors: R
authors: Hegde
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: Amitha R
authors: AR
authors: Gomes
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Giridhar
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: Srikanth
authors: S
authors: Kowalli
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: B P
authors: BP
authors: Shivashankar
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Sudharshana
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nagaraj
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sesharao
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: K C
authors: KC
authors: Mallinath
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: B P
authors: BP
authors: Shankar
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Nagaraj
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Seema
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: Tanveer Ahmed
authors: TA
authors: Khan
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: G V
authors: GV
authors: Nagaraj
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Srikala
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: N K
authors: NK
authors: Dharanesh
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Venkatesha
authors: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore India 560 024.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Renukaprasad
keywords: Agroclimatic zones; Epidemiology; Foot and mouth disease; Species; Temporal and Spatial distribution