title: Childhood 25-OH vitamin D levels and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low vitamin D levels in adulthood have been associated with cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if low vitamin D levels in childhood are related with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses included 2148 subjects from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, aged 3-18 years at baseline (in 1980). Subjects were re-examined at age 30-45 years (in 2007). Childhood levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were measured from stored serum in 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  The carotid artery IMT from 2007 was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When adjusted for age, sex, and childhood risk factors, continuous data of childhood 25-OH vitamin was inversely associated with adulthood carotid IMT levels among females (β ± SE -0.006 ± 0.003, P = 0.03), but not among males (0.001 ± 0.004, P = 0.88). Children with 25-OH vitamin D levels in the lowest quartile (<40 nmol/L) had significantly increased odds of having high-risk IMT (highest decile of common carotid or carotid bulb IMT or carotid plaque) as adults, in analyses adjusted for age, sex and either childhood risk factors (odds ratio 1.70 [95 % CI 1.15-2.31], P = 0.0007) or adult risk factors, including adult vitamin D levels (odds ratio 1.80 [1.30-2.48], P = 0.0004). In sex-specific analyses, these associations were significant both in females and males (P always <0.05). In sensitivity analyses, those with childhood vitamin D levels in the lowest quintile (<37 nmol/L), gave similar results to those using a quartile cut-point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low 25-OH vitamin D levels in childhood were associated with increased carotid IMT in adulthood.
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (M.J., A.V., K.P., C.G.M., O.T.R.) and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital (M.J., D.B., M.A.S.), 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health (K.P.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (V.M.) and Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M.K.) and Pediatrics (N.H-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; National Institute of Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention (A.J., J.M., B-M.L.), 20720 Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics (D.B., M.A.S.), University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (D.B.), Monash University, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (L.T.), Vaasa Central Hospital, 65130 Vaasa, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (L.T.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital (T.L.), 70029 Kuopio, Finland; and Menzies Research Institute (C.G.M.), 7000 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Juonala
authors: Atte
authors: A
authors: Voipio
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Pahkala
authors: Jorma S A
authors: JS
authors: Viikari
authors: Vera
authors: V
authors: Mikkilä
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Kähönen
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Hutri-Kähönen
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Jula
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Burgner
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Sabin
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Marniemi
authors: Britt-Marie
authors: BM
authors: Loo
authors: Tomi
authors: T
authors: Laitinen
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Jokinen
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Taittonen
authors: Costan G
authors: CG
authors: Magnussen
authors: Olli T
authors: OT
authors: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D