title: The long-term variability of cosmic ray protons in the heliosphere: A modeling approach.
abstract: Galactic cosmic rays are charged particles created in our galaxy and beyond. They propagate through interstellar space to eventually reach the heliosphere and Earth. Their transport in the heliosphere is subjected to four modulation processes: diffusion, convection, adiabatic energy changes and particle drifts. Time-dependent changes, caused by solar activity which varies from minimum to maximum every ∼11 years, are reflected in cosmic ray observations at and near Earth and along spacecraft trajectories. Using a time-dependent compound numerical model, the time variation of cosmic ray protons in the heliosphere is studied. It is shown that the modeling approach is successful and can be used to study long-term modulation cycles.
authors: Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Potgieter
authors: Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa ; Department of Physics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Mwiinga
authors: Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: S E S
authors: SE
authors: Ferreira
authors: Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Manuel
authors: Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Ndiitwani
keywords: Cosmic rays; Heliosphere; Solar cycles; Solar modulation