title: Applicability and safety of dual-frequency ultrasonic treatment for the transdermal delivery of drugs.
abstract: Low-frequency ultrasound presents an attractive method for transdermal drug delivery. The controlled, yet non-specific nature of enhancement broadens the range of therapeutics that can be delivered, while minimizing necessary reformulation efforts for differing compounds. Long and inconsistent treatment times, however, have partially limited the attractiveness of this method. Building on recent advances made in this area, the simultaneous use of low- and high-frequency ultrasound is explored in a physiologically relevant experimental setup to enable the translation of this treatment to testing in vivo. Dual-frequency ultrasound, utilizing 20kHz and 1MHz wavelengths simultaneously, was found to significantly enhance the size of localized transport regions (LTRs) in both in vitro and in vivo models while decreasing the necessary treatment time compared to 20kHz alone. Additionally, LTRs generated by treatment with 20kHz+1MHz were found to be more permeable than those generated with 20kHz alone. This was further corroborated with pore-size estimates utilizing hindered-transport theory, in which the pores in skin treated with 20kHz+1MHz were calculated to be significantly larger than the pores in skin treated with 20kHz alone. This demonstrates for the first time that LTRs generated with 20kHz+1MHz are also more permeable than those generated with 20kHz alone, which could broaden the range of therapeutics and doses administered transdermally. With regard to safety, treatment with 20kHz+1MHz both in vitro and in vivo appeared to result in no greater skin disruption than that observed in skin treated with 20kHz alone, an FDA-approved modality. This study demonstrates that dual-frequency ultrasound is more efficient and effective than single-frequency ultrasound and is well-tolerated in vivo.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Carl M
authors: CM
authors: Schoellhammer
authors: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Sharanya
authors: S
authors: Srinivasan
authors: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Barman
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Stacy H
authors: SH
authors: Mo
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Baris E
authors: BE
authors: Polat
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: rlanger@mit.edu.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Langer
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: dblank@mit.edu.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Blankschtein
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Cavitation; Dual-frequency; Skin; Sonophoresis; Transdermal drug delivery; Ultrasound