title: Predicting in vivo phospholipidosis-inducing potential of drugs by a combined high content screening and in silico modelling approach.
abstract: Drug induced phospholipidosis (PLD) is an adverse side effect which can affect registration of new drug entities. Phospholipids can accumulate in lysosomes, organelles essential in cellular biogenesis and if compromised can lead to cellular toxicity. Drug accumulation in lysosomes (lysosomotropism) is a known mechanism leading to PLD, however phospholipidosis can also occur indirectly by altering synthesis and processing of phospholipids. Drug induced PLD can be measured in vitro using High Content Screening (HCS) approaches, by either determining accumulation of phospholipids conjugated to dyes in cells or by determining accumulation of drugs within lysosomes, by competitive loss of lysosomal dye uptake. In this study we validate two in vitro assays using HepG2 and H9c2 cells in conjunction with in silico models based on physico-chemical properties using 56 compounds (28 phospholipidogenic, 25 non-phospholipidogenic and three kidney specific). Using HCS to determine PLD and lysosomal trapping in HepG2 cells in combination with in silico modelling increase the overall prediction of PLD in vivo with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 92% and overall accuracy of 94%. The findings of this study demonstrate the applicability of in vitro and in silico approaches to understand the mechanism underlying PLD and the utility of these approaches as a screening strategy in the pharmaceutical industry to select drug candidates with a low in vivo PLD liability.
authors: Cyprotex Discovery Limited, 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK102DR, UK.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Bauch
authors: Cyprotex Discovery Limited, 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK102DR, UK.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Bevan
authors: Cyprotex Discovery Limited, 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK102DR, UK.
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Woodhouse
authors: Cyprotex Discovery Limited, 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK102DR, UK.
authors: Clive
authors: C
authors: Dilworth
authors: Cyprotex Discovery Limited, 15 Beech Lane, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK102DR, UK. Electronic address: p.walker@cyprotex.com.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Walker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D008064:Lipidoses / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010743:Phospholipids
keywords: Combined screening strategy; High content screening; In silico models; In vitro; Lysosomal trapping; Phospholipidosis