title: A study of the ability of bioactive extracts from brewers' spent grain to enhance the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of food formulations following in vitro digestion.
abstract: Bioactivity of a snack-bar, chocolate-drink and yogurt fortified with brewers' spent grain (BSG) phenolic extracts (P2 or B2) or protein hydrolysates (barley protein hydrolysate (BPH), BPH < 3 kDa, BPH < 5 kDa, BPH > 5 kDa) was measured following gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1% (v/v) digestates were chosen for addition to Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells, respectively. Yogurt and B2 digestate protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05), by the comet assay. Snack-bar digestates possessed significant (p < 0.05) immunomodulatory effects, measured by ELISA in concanavalin-A stimulated Jurkat T cells. Addition of BPH enhanced (p < 0.05) the IFN-γ reducing capacity of the snack-bar while addition of BPH < 3 and < 5 kDa reduced IL-2 production to a greater extent than unfortified yogurt (p < 0.05). Selected BSG components can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of foods.
authors: School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland and.
authors: Aoife L
authors: AL
authors: McCarthy
authors: Yvonne C
authors: YC
authors: O'Callaghan
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Connolly
authors: Charles O
authors: CO
authors: Piggott
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: FitzGerald
authors: Nora M
authors: NM
authors: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000276:immunology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062410:Snacks; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007376:Interleukin-2; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D003208:Concanavalin A; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Bioactive; brewers' spent grain; fortified; functional; phenolic extract; protein hydrolysate