title: Translational research: precision medicine, personalized medicine, targeted therapies: marketing or science?
abstract: Personalized medicine is based on: 1) improved clinical or non-clinical methods (including biomarkers) for a more discriminating and precise diagnosis of diseases; 2) targeted therapies of the choice or the best drug for each patient among those available; 3) dose adjustment methods to optimize the benefit-risk ratio of the drugs chosen; 4) biomarkers of efficacy, toxicity, treatment discontinuation, relapse, etc. Unfortunately, it is still too often a theoretical concept because of the lack of convenient diagnostic methods or treatments, particularly of drugs corresponding to each subtype of pathology, hence to each patient. Stratified medicine is a component of personalized medicine employing biomarkers and companion diagnostics to target the patients likely to present the best benefit-risk balance for a given active compound. The concept of targeted therapy, mostly used in cancer treatment, relies on the existence of a defined molecular target, involved or not in the pathological process, and/or on the existence of a biomarker able to identify the target population, which should logically be small as compared to the population presenting the disease considered. Targeted therapies and biomarkers represent important stakes for the pharmaceutical industry, in terms of market access, of return on investment and of image among the prescribers. At the same time, they probably represent only the first generation of products resulting from the combination of clinical, pathophysiological and molecular research, i.e. of translational research.
authors: UMR 850 INSERM, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Marquet
authors: Laboratoire Merck Serono SAS, Lyon, France.
authors: Pierre-Henry
authors: PH
authors: Longeray
authors: Aix Marseille Université; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service d'Oncologie Multidisciplinaire et Innovations Thérapeutiques, Marseille, France.
authors: Fabrice
authors: F
authors: Barlesi
authors: Laboratore Novartis Pharma SAS, Rueil Malmaison, France.
authors: Véronique
authors: V
authors: Ameye
authors: Inserm-Transfert, Paris, France.
authors: Pascale
authors: P
authors: Augé
authors: Laboratoire Lilly France, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
authors: Béatrice
authors: B
authors: Cazeneuve
authors: Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Toulouse, France.
authors: Etienne
authors: E
authors: Chatelut
authors: LEEM, Paris, France - ARIIS, Paris, France.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Diaz
authors: Laboratoire Amgen, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
authors: Marine
authors: M
authors: Diviné
authors: Imperial College, London, Royaume-Uni - Institut Pasteur, Lille, France.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Froguel
authors: Laboratoire Lundbeck SASIssy-les-MoulineauxFrance.
authors: Sylvia
authors: S
authors: Goni
authors: Université Lyon 1, HCL, Lyon, France.
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Gueyffier
authors: Institut National du Cancer, Boulogne Billancourt, France.
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Hoog-Labouret
authors: Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France - Université Paris 7, Paris, France - Inserm, Paris, France.
authors: Samia
authors: S
authors: Mourah
authors: HAS, Saint Denis la Plaine, France.
authors: Michèle
authors: M
authors: Morin-Surroca
authors: Laboratoire Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France.
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Perche
authors: ANSM, Saint Denis, France.
authors: Florent
authors: F
authors: Perin-Dureau
authors: CNAMTS, Paris, France.
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Pigeon
authors: Laboratoire Merck Serono SAS, Lyon, France.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Tisseau
authors: Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France - Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors: Céline
authors: C
authors: Verstuyft
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015195:Drug Design; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000639:trends; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers