title: Regional flaps in head and neck reconstruction: a reappraisal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Starting from our experience with 45 consecutive cases of regional pedicled flaps, we have underlined the effectiveness and reliability of a variety of flaps. The marketing laws as applied to surgical innovations are reviewed to help in the understanding of why regional flaps are regaining wide popularity in head and neck reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2009 to January 2014, 45 regional flaps were harvested at San Paolo Hospital to reconstruct head and neck defects. These included 35 pectoralis major muscular and myocutaneous flaps, 4 lower trapezius island or pedicled flaps, 3 supraclavicular flaps, 2 latissimus dorsi pedicled flaps, and 1 fasciocutaneous temporal flap. The basic literature of marketing regarding the diffusion of new products was also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two myocutaneous pectoralis major flaps were complicated by necrosis of the cutaneous paddle (one complete and one partial). No complete loss of any of the 45 flaps was observed. At 6 months of follow-up, 2 patients had died of multiple organ failure after prolonged sepsis. The 43 remaining patients had acceptable morphologic and functional results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional and free flaps appear to compete in many cases for the same indications. From the results of the present case series, regional flaps can be considered reliable reconstructive choices that are less expensive than their free flap alternatives. The "resurrection" of regional flaps can be partially justified by the changes in the global economy and the required adaptation of developed and developing countries.
authors: Assistant, Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: giacomo.colletti@gmail.com.
authors: Giacomo
authors: G
authors: Colletti
authors: Resident, Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Tewfik
authors: Resident, Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Bardazzi
authors: Resident, Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Fabiana
authors: F
authors: Allevi
authors: Head, Division of Oral Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Chiapasco
authors: Assistant, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Mandalà
authors: Assistant, Division of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Dimitri
authors: D
authors: Rabbiosi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery; D002423:Cause of Death; D005205:Fascia / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006085:Graft Survival; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation; D064827:Myocutaneous Flap / Q000637:transplantation; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000637:transplantation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012535:Scalp / Q000601:surgery; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000191:economics / Q000637:transplantation*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000637:transplantation; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery