title: Digitization and visualization of greenhouse tomato plants in indoor environments.
abstract: This paper is concerned with the digitization and visualization of potted greenhouse tomato plants in indoor environments. For the digitization, an inexpensive and efficient commercial stereo sensor-a Microsoft Kinect-is used to separate visual information about tomato plants from background. Based on the Kinect, a 4-step approach that can automatically detect and segment stems of tomato plants is proposed, including acquisition and preprocessing of image data, detection of stem segments, removing false detections and automatic segmentation of stem segments. Correctly segmented texture samples including stems and leaves are then stored in a texture database for further usage. Two types of tomato plants-the cherry tomato variety and the ordinary variety are studied in this paper. The stem detection accuracy (under a simulated greenhouse environment) for the cherry tomato variety is 98.4% at a true positive rate of 78.0%, whereas the detection accuracy for the ordinary variety is 94.5% at a true positive of 72.5%. In visualization, we combine L-system theory and digitized tomato organ texture data to build realistic 3D virtual tomato plant models that are capable of exhibiting various structures and poses in real time. In particular, we also simulate the growth process on virtual tomato plants by exerting controls on two L-systems via parameters concerning the age and the form of lateral branches. This research may provide useful visual cues for improving intelligent greenhouse control systems and meanwhile may facilitate research on artificial organisms.
authors: College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Rd., Zhixin Building, Shanghai 201804, China. ldwei1986@163.com.
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Rd., Zhixin Building, Shanghai 201804, China. xulhk@163.com.
authors: Lihong
authors: L
authors: Xu
authors: College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Rd., Zhixin Building, Shanghai 201804, China. Jerrytan@tongji.edu.cn.
authors: Chengxiang
authors: C
authors: Tan
authors: BEACON Center, 567 Wilson Rd., Biomedical and Physical Science Building, Room 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. goodman@egr.msu.edu.
authors: Erik D
authors: ED
authors: Goodman
authors: College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Rd., Zhixin Building, Shanghai 201804, China. fudaic1988@163.com.
authors: Daichang
authors: D
authors: Fu
authors: College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Rd., Zhixin Building, Shanghai 201804, China. ljxin@163.com.
authors: Longjiao
authors: L
authors: Xin
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000254:growth & development*; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology