title: Anti-HIV-1 Integrase Activity and Molecular Docking Study of Compounds from Caesalpinia  sappan L.
abstract: Caesalpinia sappan L. (Caesalpiniaceae) has been traditionally used as blood tonic, expectorant, and astringent by boiling with water. Searching for HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors from this plant is a promising approach. The EtOH extract of C. sappan and its isolated compounds were tested for their anti-HIV-1 IN effect using the multiplate integration assay, and the active compounds were determined for their mechanisms by molecular docking technique. Extraction from the heartwoods and roots of C. sappan led to the isolation of nine compounds. Among the compounds tested, sappanchalcone (2) displayed the strongest effect against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM followed by protosappanin A (9, IC50  = 12.6 μM). Structure-activity relationships of compounds from C. sappan were found, in which the vicinal hydroxyl moiety were essential for anti-HIV-1 IN effect of compounds 2 and 9 by binding with the amino acid residues Gln148 and Thr66 in the core domain of the HIV- 1 IN enzyme, respectively.
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Excellent Research Laboratory, Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla Univesity, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
authors: Supinya
authors: S
authors: Tewtrakul
authors: Prapaporn
authors: P
authors: Chaniad
authors: Somsak
authors: S
authors: Pianwanit
authors: Chatchanok
authors: C
authors: Karalai
authors: Chanita
authors: C
authors: Ponglimanont
authors: Orapun
authors: O
authors: Yodsaoue
mesh_terms: D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D047188:Chalcones / Q000494:pharmacology; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000378:metabolism; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D047188:Chalcones; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C090723:protosappanin A; C044363:sappanchalcone; D019427:HIV Integrase; C514801:p31 integrase protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1
keywords: Caesalpinia sappan; Caesalpiniaceae; anti-HIV-1 IN activity; molecular docking