title: Levels of bisphenol-A in different paper products in Guangzhou, China, and assessment of human exposure via dermal contact.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical widely used both in plastics production as a food and beverage container and in thermal papers as a color developer. Dietary consumption is the main route of human exposure to BPA, but dermal absorption through handling different papers might be underestimated or ignored. In this study, BPA in different paper products, including different types of papers, receipts and Chinese currencies, were investigated. BPA was detected in receipts (n = 87) and Chinese currencies (n = 46) with concentrations of 0.17-2.675 × 10(4) μg per g paper and 0.09-288.55 μg per g paper, respectively. Except for parchment papers (n = 3), copy papers (n = 3) and food contact papers (n = 3), BPA was measured in all of the other paper products, with levels of 0.01-6.67 μg per g paper. BPA transferred from thermal papers to common papers increased with the increasing contact pressure. Compared with that in water, the migration speed of BPA was doubled in the synthetic sweat. Washing hands could reduce BPA dermal exposure, and washing hands with lotion was the most efficient way. However, about 19-47% of BPA was still found on hands after different washing methods. Dermal absorption via handling of receipts and papers was estimated to be 36.45 ng per day for the general population and 1.54 × 10(-3) to 248.73 μg per day for a cashier. These values are below the maximum doses recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. However, due to its uncertain adverse effects on human beings, long-term BPA exposure through dermal absorption should be paid more attention, particularly for some occupational populations.
authors: Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. 20001047@m.scnu.edu.cn.
authors: Ruifang
authors: R
authors: Fan
authors: Biyan
authors: B
authors: Zeng
authors: Xiaosu
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Qinwei
authors: Q
authors: Zhuang
authors: Yongjun
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Mingli
authors: M
authors: Hu
authors: Yanshan
authors: Y
authors: Lv
authors: Junnan
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Yuanxiu
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Zhi Yuan William
authors: ZY
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D010209:Paper; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds