title: Defibrillator Deactivation against a Patient's Wishes: Perspectives of Electrophysiology Practitioners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unilateral do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders (against patient/family wishes) have been ethically justified in cases of medical futility. We investigated whether electrophysiology practitioners believe medical futility justifies unilateral implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) deactivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Email invitations to take an online survey were sent to 1,894 electrophysiology practitioners. A total of 384 responses were collected (response rate 20.6%). Though the sample included respondents from Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, and Africa, the majority were from North America (78%), were academically affiliated (64%), and practiced in an urban setting (67.8%). Deactivation of ICD shock function in agreement with patient wishes and a preexisting DNR were not considered physician-assisted suicide (93.2%, 358/384). However, a majority of the sample responded that it was not ethical/moral for doctors to deactivate ICDs against patients' wishes (77.1%, 296/384) or against family/surrogates' wishes (72.4%, 278/384), even in the context of medical futility. A majority indicated that deactivating ICD shock function is not ethically/morally different than withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation or external defibrillation in a code (72.7%, 277/381), but was different than deactivating pacing in a pacemaker-dependent patient (82.8%, 318/384). In the classification of interventions, a plurality (43.0%, 165/383) regarded ICDs to be unlike any other intervention. Concerning pacemakers, 50% (191/382) considered them to be like dialysis (a therapy that keeps patients alive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This international sample of electrophysiology practitioners considered ICD and pacemaker deactivation to be ethically distinct. While ICD deactivation was considered appropriate in the setting of patient/family agreement, unilateral deactivation was not.
authors: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Daeschler
authors: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Ralph J
authors: RJ
authors: Verdino
authors: New York University Langone Medical Center.
authors: Arthur L
authors: AL
authors: Caplan
authors: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D054849:Cardiac Electrophysiology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D016079:Refusal to Treat; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ICD; pacemaker; unilateral DNR