title: Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus, polyomaviruses, and oncogenic viruses in glioblastoma among Japanese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is becoming a new concept. However, information on the geographic variability of HCMV prevalence in GBM remains scarce. Moreover, the potential roles of various viruses, such as polyomaviruses and oncogenic viruses, in gliomagenesis remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of HCMV in GBM among Japanese patients. Furthermore, this was the first study that evaluated infection with four new human polyomaviruses in GBMs. This study also provided the first data on the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in GBM in the Eastern world.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the number of various viral genomes in GBM samples from 39 Japanese patients using real-time quantitative PCR. The tested viruses included HCMV, Merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomavirus (HPyV) 6, HPyV7, HPyV9, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 8, and HPV. Our quantitative PCR analysis led to the detection of eight copies of the HCMV DNA mixed with DNA extracted from 10(4) HCMV-negative cells. The presence of HCMV and HPV genomes was also assessed by nested PCR. Immunohistochemical study was also carried out to detect HPV-derived protein in GBM tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The viral DNAs were not detectable, with the exception of HPV, which was present in eight out of 39 (21%) GBMs. All HPV-positive cases harbored high-risk-type HPV (HPV16 and HPV18). Moreover, the HPV major capsid protein was detected in GBM tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast with previous reports from Caucasian patients, we did not obtain direct evidence in support of the association between HCMV and GBM. However, high-risk-type HPV infection may play a potential etiological role in gliomagenesis in a subset of patients. These findings should prompt further worldwide epidemiological studies aimed at defining the pathogenicity of virus-associated GBM.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Hashida
authors: Division of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Ayuko
authors: A
authors: Taniguchi
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Toshio
authors: T
authors: Yawata
authors: Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Sena
authors: S
authors: Hosokawa
authors: Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Masanao
authors: M
authors: Murakami
authors: Laboratory of Diagnostic Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Hiroi
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Ueba
authors: Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan.
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Daibata
keywords: Epidemiology; Glioblastoma; HCMV; HPV; Oncogenic viruses; Polyomaviruses