title: Intellectual functioning in relation to autism and ADHD symptomatology in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velo-cardio-facial syndrome) is associated with an increased risk of various disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). With this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between intellectual functioning and severity of ASD and ADHD symptomatology in 22q11DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 102 individuals (62 females) with 22q11DS aged 9 to 18.5 years were assessed using age appropriate Wechsler scales of intelligence as well as psychological and psychiatric assessment to evaluate the presence of ASD and ADHD symptomatology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intelligence profiles were characterised by lower scores on the factor perceptual organisation and higher scores on the factor processing speed, with on subtest level higher scores on digit span and lower scores on arithmetic and vocabulary as compared with the mean factor or subtest score respectively. No differences in intelligence profiles were found between subgroups with and without ASD and/or ADHD. Low scores on coding were associated with higher severity of ASD symptomatology, while lower scores on block design were associated with more severe ADHD symptomatology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On several sub-domains of intelligence, poorer performance was associated with higher severity of ASD and ADHD symptomatology. The impact of developmental disorders in 22q11DS can be traced in specific domains of intellectual functioning as well as in severity of symptomatology.
authors: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hidding
authors: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences and Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Swaab
authors: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences and Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: L M J
authors: LM
authors: de Sonneville
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolph Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: van Engeland
authors: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: M E J
authors: ME
authors: Sijmens-Morcus
authors: Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: P W J
authors: PW
authors: Klaassen
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolph Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Duijff
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolph Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: J A S
authors: JA
authors: Vorstman
mesh_terms: D058165:22q11 Deletion Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014888:Wechsler Scales
keywords: 22q11 deletion syndrome; ADHD; autism; intelligence; velo-cardio-facial syndrome