title: Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report long-term efficacy and safety results of the SANTE trial investigating deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) for treatment of localization-related epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This long-term follow-up is a continuation of a previously reported trial of 5- vs 0-V ANT stimulation. Long-term follow-up began 13 months after device implantation with stimulation parameters adjusted at the investigators' discretion. Seizure frequency was determined using daily seizure diaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median percent seizure reduction from baseline at 1 year was 41%, and 69% at 5 years. The responder rate (≥50% reduction in seizure frequency) at 1 year was 43%, and 68% at 5 years. In the 5 years of follow-up, 16% of subjects were seizure-free for at least 6 months. There were no reported unanticipated adverse device effects or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages. The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale and 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy measure showed statistically significant improvement over baseline by 1 year and at 5 years (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term follow-up of ANT deep brain stimulation showed sustained efficacy and safety in a treatment-resistant population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This long-term follow-up provides Class IV evidence that for patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, anterior thalamic stimulation is associated with a 69% reduction in seizure frequency and a 34% serious device-related adverse event rate at 5 years.
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN. vsalanov@iupui.edu.
authors: Vicenta
authors: V
authors: Salanova
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Witt
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Worth
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Henry
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Gross
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Jules M
authors: JM
authors: Nazzaro
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Labar
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Sperling
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Ashwini
authors: A
authors: Sharan
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Evan
authors: E
authors: Sandok
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Handforth
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Stern
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Chung
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Jaimie M
authors: JM
authors: Henderson
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: French
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Baltuch
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Rosenfeld
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Garcia
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Nicholas M
authors: NM
authors: Barbaro
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Nathan B
authors: NB
authors: Fountain
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: W Jeffrey
authors: WJ
authors: Elias
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Goodman
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Pollard
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Alexander I
authors: AI
authors: Tröster
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Christopher P
authors: CP
authors: Irwin
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Lambrecht
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Graves
authors: From Indiana University (V.S., T.W., R.W., N.M.B.), Indianapolis; University of Minnesota (T.R.H.), Minneapolis; Emory University (R.E.G.), Atlanta, GA; University of Kansas (J.M.N.), Kansas City; Weill Cornell (D.L.), New York, NY; Thomas Jefferson University (M.R.S., A.S.), Philadelphia, PA; Marshfield Clinic (E.S.), WI; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (A.H.); Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.M.S.), Los Angeles, CA; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.C., A.I.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Stanford University (J.M.H., R.F.), CA; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (J.F.), New York, NY; University of Pennsylvania (G.B., J.R.P.), PA; St. Luke's (W.E.R.), St. Louis, MO; University of California San Francisco (P.G.); University of Virginia School of Medicine (N.B.F., W.J.E.), Charlottesville; Mount Sinai (R.R.G.), New York, NY; and Medtronic, Inc. (C.P.I., K.L., N.G.), Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020643:Anterior Thalamic Nuclei / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult