title: Review of the dental implications of X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets (XLHR).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to review the dental implications of X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets (XLHR) and to provide suggestions regarding the dental treatment of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following search items "x-linked hypophosphataemia, hypophosphataemic rickets, vitamin D-resistant rickets" were used for literature search. Only full-text articles were analysed and summarized to get an overview of the different treatments and outcomes of hypophosphataemic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographically, very large pulp chambers with an abnormally high pulp volume/tooth volume ratio, suggesting taurodontism, are often evident. The affected teeth are characterised by a thin enamel layer and dentinal defects. The gender distribution of hypophosphataemic patients is almost equal, but postpubertary males seem to show a trend to develop more severe dental symptoms of the disease. Abscesses without any signs of dental caries or trauma are frequent findings. The most often affected teeth are incisors followed by molars and premolars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment options include frequent dental examination, application of topical fluoride varnish and sealing of pits and fissures to prevent microbial invasion that may result in pulpitis and further endodontic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with marked structural alterations of dental hard tissues and the development of multiple abscesses and sinus tracts of dental origin. Therefore, profound knowledge of the various dental implications of XLHR is required to provide these patients with the best possible treatment options.
authors: Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, building W30, Waldeyerstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany, martin.sabandal@ukmuenster.de.
authors: Martin M I
authors: MM
authors: Sabandal
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Robotta
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Bürklein
authors: Edgar
authors: E
authors: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D053098:Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult