title: Raman imaging for determining the sequence of blue pen ink crossings.
abstract: This manuscript presents a preliminary investigation on the applicability of Raman imaging for non-destructive and rapid analysis of blue crossing ink lines. The MCR method was used to facilitate visualization of the distribution of inks of the same colour and the most predominant Raman signature at the crossing was used to interpret the order of application of inks. Different pen ink types, different times separating the application of the two ink lines and different paper substrates were used. From the 90 Raman images examined, the correct order of application was determined in more than 60% by direct observation. The remainder cases were not as clear due to the uneven distribution of inks and the empty spaces similar to a net-like pattern observed at the crossing. This pattern was possibly caused by physical impediments (the first ink applied acting as a physical barrier) or chemical impediments (the two inks did not stick). Such impediments were more strongly observed in the crossings involving the U. Eye pen ink, causing the complete skipping of this ink line. Moreover, most crossings showed some mixing between the two inks and it was more accentuated when the times separating the application of the inks were shorter, since the ink was fresher. The use of white or certificate papers did not seem to influence in the inks distribution nor determining the order of the inks. Although this study provided useful insights regarding crossing ink lines, future statistic studies may be helpful for more objective examinations.
authors: University Institute of Research in Police Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
authors: André
authors: A
authors: Braz
authors: University Institute of Research in Police Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
authors: María
authors: M
authors: López-López
authors: University Institute of Research in Police Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. Electronic address: carmen.gruiz@uah.es.
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: García-Ruiz
keywords: Crossing; Ink; Intersecting lines; Questioned document; Raman imaging; Raman spectroscopy