title: Inflammatory characteristics of distinct abdominal adipose tissue depots relate differently to metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease: distinct fat depots and vascular risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. However, specific contributions of distinct adipose tissue (AT) depots to metabolic complications of obesity are still unclear. In this study, the inflammatory profile of four distinct abdominal AT-depots and the relation between AT-characteristics and obesity-induced metabolic complications was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 28 men undergoing abdominal aortic surgery, biopsies were collected from subcutaneous fat (SAT), and 3 visceral AT-depots: mesenteric (MAT), omental (OAT) and periaortic (PAT). The AT biopsies were characterized morphologically (adipocyte size, capillary density, CD68 + macrophages and crown-like-structures (CLS)) and the ex vivo adipokine secretion profile was determined by multiplex-immunoassay. The relation between depot-specific inflammatory characteristics and clinical parameters (waist circumference, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome) was assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAT contained the smallest adipocytes, highest capillary density and secreted abundant amounts of adipokines. SAT contained the lowest amount of macrophages and adipokines, while MAT and OAT displayed a similar inflammatory profile. In contrast to the other depots, MAT inflammation was most strongly related to metabolic complications of obesity, as adipocyte size and CLS were related to insulin resistance (β2.0; 95%CI1.15-2.85 and β0.24; 95%CI0.06-0.43) and MAT adipocyte size was associated with 79% higher odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR1.79; 95% CI1.13-2.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant differences in the inflammatory profile of distinct abdominal fat depots, of which MAT characteristics were mostly associated with metabolic complications of obesity. These findings suggest a differential contribution of AT-depots to systemic metabolic dysfunction which precedes type 2 diabetes and vascular diseases.
authors: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Metabolic Diseases, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Mariëtte E G
authors: ME
authors: Kranendonk
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Joost A
authors: JA
authors: van Herwaarden
authors: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Tereza
authors: T
authors: Stupkova
authors: Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Wilco
authors: W
authors: de Jager
authors: Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Aryan
authors: A
authors: Vink
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Frans L
authors: FL
authors: Moll
authors: Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Metabolic Diseases, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Kalkhoven
authors: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.l.j.visseren@umcutrecht.nl.
authors: Frank L J
authors: FL
authors: Visseren
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology*; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001706:Biopsy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines
keywords: Abdominal fat; Adipokines; Adipose tissue; Crown-like structures; Insulin resistance; Mesenteric; Metabolic syndrome; Omental; Periaortic; Subcutaneous