title: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a source to detect markers of homeostatic alterations caused by the intake of diets with an unbalanced macronutrient composition.
abstract: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are accessible in humans, and their gene expression pattern was shown to reflect overall physiological response of the body to a specific stimulus, such as diet. We aimed to study the impact of sustained intake (4months) of diets with an unbalanced macronutrient proportion (rich in fat or protein) administered isocalorically to a balanced control diet, as physiological stressors on PBMC whole-genome gene expression in rats, to better understand the effects of these diets on metabolism and health and to identify biomarkers of nutritional imbalance. Dietary macronutrient composition (mainly increased protein content) altered PBMC gene expression, with genes involved in immune response being the most affected. Intake of a high-fat (HF) diet decreased the expression of genes related to antigen recognition/presentation, whereas the high-protein (HP) diet increased the expression of these genes and of genes involved in cytokine signaling and immune system maturation/activation. Key energy homeostasis genes (mainly related to lipid metabolism) were also affected, reflecting an adaptive response to the diets. Moreover, HF diet feeding impaired expression of genes involved in redox balance regulation. Finally, we identified a common gene expression signature of 7 genes whose expression changed in the same direction in response to the intake of both diets. These genes, individually or together, constitute a potential risk marker of diet macronutrient imbalance. In conclusion, we newly show that gene expression analysis in PBMCs allows for detection of diet-induced physiological deviations that distinguish from a diet with a proper and equilibrated macronutrient composition.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors: Rubén
authors: R
authors: Díaz-Rúa
authors: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Jaap
authors: J
authors: Keijer
authors: Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain.
authors: Antoni
authors: A
authors: Caimari
authors: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Evert M
authors: EM
authors: van Schothorst
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Electronic address: andreu.palou@uib.es.
authors: Andreu
authors: A
authors: Palou
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: High-fat diet; High-protein diet; Nutritional markers; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Transcriptomics; Unbalanced diet gene signature