title: Elephant (Elephas maximus) Health and Management in Asia: Variations in Veterinary Perspectives.
abstract: There is a need to identify strategic investments in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) health that will yield maximal benefits for overall elephant health and conservation. As an exploratory first step, a survey was administered to veterinarians from Asian elephant range countries at a workshop and via email to help prioritize health-related concerns that will mostly benefit elephants. Responses were received from 45 veterinarians from eight countries that had a range of experience with captive and wild elephants. The occurrence of medical conditions and responses to treatment varied among responses. However, injuries, parasitism, and gastrointestinal disease were reported as the most common syndromes responsible for elephant morbidity, whereas injury and infectious disease not due to parasitism were the most commonly reported sources of elephant mortality. Substandard nutrition, water quality and quantity deficiencies, and inadequate or absent shelter were among the factors listed as barriers to optimal elephant health. While this survey's results do not support definitive conclusions, they can be used to identify where and how subsequent investigations should be directed. Rigorous assessment of the relative costs and benefits of available options is required to ensure that investments in individual and population health yield the maximal benefits for elephants.
authors: P.O. Box 2786, Loveland, CO 80539-2786, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Miller
authors: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors: Bradford
authors: B
authors: Jackson
authors: Riddle's Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary, AR, USA.
authors: Heidi S
authors: HS
authors: Riddle
authors: Elephant Health Care Program (EHCP) of the Veterinary Society for Sumatran Wildlife Conservation (Vesswic), Sumatra, Indonesia.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Stremme
authors: William H. Darr School of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA ; Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL, USA.
authors: Dennis
authors: 0000-0003-0023-5427
authors: D
authors: Schmitt
authors: University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors: Thaddeus
authors: T
authors: Miller