title: Differentiation between single bladder cancer cells using principal component analysis of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
abstract: Time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) mass spectra measurements combined with an appropriate sample preparation protocol are the powerful tools to obtain unique information about the chemical composition of biological materials. In our studies, two questions were addressed, i.e., whether it is possible to develop a fixative-based sample preparation protocol and whether it allows one to distinguish between cells originating from various stages of cancer progression. Therefore, four human bladder cancer cell lines (with distinct malignancy degree) have been investigated. A chemical fixation protocol has been used for TOF-SIMS measurements, and mass spectra were obtained using a Bi3(+) primary ion beam. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to analyze the whole range of mass spectra (without preselection of any particular masses) using two approaches of data preprocessing, namely, mean centering and autoscaling. The PC3 versus PC2 plot has showed significant differences between nonmalignant cancer cells and the cancerous ones for both of preprocessing approaches. The analysis of mass spectra of human bladder cells allows one to find a list of mass peaks with intensities significantly larger in cancerous bladder cells compared to nonmalignant cell cancer of the ureter (HCV29 cells). These findings show that TOF-SIMS in combination with PCA can be used to identify reference, human bladder cells from cancerous ones.
authors: †The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physcis, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Justyna
authors: J
authors: Gostek
authors: ‡The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Kamil
authors: K
authors: Awsiuk
authors: †The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physcis, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Pabijan
authors: ‡The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Jakub
authors: J
authors: Rysz
authors: ‡The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Budkowski
authors: †The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physcis, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland.
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Lekka
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008970:Molecular Weight; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods*; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media