title: Tocopherol and tocotrienol homologs in parenteral lipid emulsions.
abstract: Parenteral lipid emulsions, which are made of oils from plant and fish sources, contain different types of tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E homologs). The amount and types of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions vary considerably and are not completely known. The objective of this analysis was to develop a quantitative method to determine levels of all vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions. An HPLC system was used to measure vitamin E homologs using a Pinnacle DB Silica normal phase column and an isocratic, n-hexane:1,4 dioxane (98:2) mobile phase. An optimized protocol was used to report vitamin E homolog concentrations in soybean oil-based (Intralipid®, Ivelip®, Lipofundin® N, Liposyn® III, and Liposyn® II), medium- and long-chain fatty acid-based (Lipofundin®, MCT and Structolipid®), olive oil-based (ClinOleic®),and fish oil-based (Omegaven®) and mixture of these oils-based (SMOFlipid®, Lipidem®) commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. Total content of all vitamin E homologs varied greatly between different emulsions, ranging from 57.9 to 383.9 µg/mL. Tocopherols (α, β, γ, δ) were the predominant vitamin E homologs for all emulsions, with tocotrienol content < 0.3%. In all of the soybean emulsions, except for Lipofundin® N, the predominant vitamin E homolog was γ-tocopherol, which ranged from 57-156 µg/mL. ClinOleic® predominantly contained α-tocopherol (32 µg/mL), whereas α-tocopherol content in Omegaven® was higher than most of the other lipid emulsions (230 µg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information on the types and quantity of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions will be extremely useful to physicians and healthcare personnel in selecting appropriate lipid emulsions that are exclusively used in patients with inadequate gastrointestinal function, including hospitalized and critically ill patients. Some emulsions may require vitamin E supplementation in order to meet minimal human requirements.
authors: Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health.
authors: Zhidong
authors: Z
authors: Xu
authors: Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health.
authors: Kevin A
authors: KA
authors: Harvey
authors: Baxter Healthcare Corporation Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Pavlina
authors: Baxter Healthcare Corporation Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
authors: Gary P
authors: GP
authors: Zaloga
authors: Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health ; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors: Rafat A
authors: RA
authors: Siddiqui
keywords: HPLC; Lipid emulsions; Tocopherol; Tocotrienol; Vitamin E