title: Breast cancer screening among women in Thailand: analyses of population-based household surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of breast cancer is the highest among female cancers in Thailand and has been steadily increasing during the past few decades. The present study aimed to determine uptake rates of breast cancer screening including breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE), and mammography screening, and to identify enabling factors and barriers associated with screening uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from two population-based household surveys were used, the 2007 Health and Welfare Survey that comprised 18,474 women aged 20 years and older and the 2009 Reproductive Health Survey that comprised 26,951 women aged 30 to 59 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2007, the uptake rate ofBSE was 40.1% (18.4% for monthly BSE), 29.0%for CBE, and 5.9%for mammography In 2009, the uptake rate of any type of breast examination was 57.9%, while the mammography rate among women who had breast examinations was 29.6% (10.1% of all women in 2009). Frequency of CBE wasfound to be positively associated with BSE and mammography screening. Factors independently associated with screening uptake were having education at the bachelor's level or higher being in the richest wealth quintile based on household asset index, and being covered by the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme. Women living in Bangkok metropolis and in the municipal areas ofother provinces had higher rates of mammography, while women living in the north and northeast regions and non-municipal areas were more likely to perform BSE and have CBE performed than those living in Bangkok and municipal areas, respectively. Common factors associated with less screening across the two surveys were age 55 and over being single or widowed, being Muslim or Christian, and having no health insurance. Lack of knowledge and awareness of breast cancer screening were found to be barriers for screening among all women, especially those with low educational levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low uptake of monthly BSE and mammography was observed. Early detection and awareness should be encouraged through proper BSE technique and effective CBE. Increased uptake of CBE should lead to a higher rate of mammography Increased knowledge, awareness, and participation in screening activities for selected groups, such as older women, those who are not married, non-Buddhists, and those with low education are recommended.
authors: Suwanna
authors: S
authors: Mukem
authors: Hutcha
authors: H
authors: Sriplung
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: McNeil
authors: Viroj
authors: V
authors: Tangcharoensathien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult