title: Continuous glucose monitoring in people with diabetes: the randomized controlled Glucose Level Awareness in Diabetes Study (GLADIS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the best glucose monitoring strategy for maintaining euglycaemia by comparing self-monitoring of blood glucose with continuous glucose monitoring, with or without an alarm function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 100-day, randomized controlled study was conducted at four European centres, enrolling 160 patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, on multiple daily insulin injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Participants were randomized to continuous glucose monitoring without alarms (n = 48), continuous glucose monitoring with alarms (n = 49) or self-monitoring of blood glucose (n = 48).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time spent outside the glucose target during days 80-100 was 9.9 h/day for the continuous glucose monitoring without alarms group, 9.7 h/day for the continuous glucose monitoring with alarms group and 10.6 h/day for the self-monitoring of blood glucose group (P = 0.18 and 0.08 compared with continuous glucose monitoring without and with alarms, respectively).The continuous glucose monitoring with alarms group spent less time in hypoglycaemia compared with the self-monitoring of blood glucose group (1.0 h/day and 1.6 h/day, respectively; 95% CI -1.2 to -0.1; P = 0.030). Among those treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, time spent outside the glucose target was significantly different when comparing continuous glucose monitoring without alarms and self-monitoring of blood glucose (-1.9 h/day; 95% CI -3.8 to 0.0; P = 0.0461) and when comparing continuous glucose monitoring with alarms and self-monitoring of blood glucose (-2.4 h/day; 95% CI -4.1 to -0.5; P = 0.0134). There was no difference in HbA1c reduction from baseline in the three groups; however, the proportion of participants with a reduction of ≥ 6 mmol/mol (≥ 0.5%) was higher in the continuous glucose monitoring without alarms (27%) and continuous glucose monitoring with alarms groups (25%) than in the self-monitoring of blood glucose group (10.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the use of continuous glucose monitoring reduces time spent outside glucose targets compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose, especially among users of insulin pumps.
authors: Department of Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: New
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ajjan
authors: A F H
authors: AF
authors: Pfeiffer
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Freckmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin