title: Serum bicarbonate may independently predict acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: An observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether serum bicarbonate at admission to intensive care unit (ICU) predicted development of acute kidney injury (AKI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied all patients admitted to our ICU over a 2 year period (February 2010 to 2012). The ICU has a case mix of medical and surgical patients excluding cardiac surgical, trauma and neurosurgical patients. We analysed 2035 consecutive patients admitted to ICU during the study period. Data were collected by two investigators independently and in duplicate using a standardised spread sheet to ensure accuracy. Ambiguous data were checked for accuracy where indicated. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients were divided into two groups; patients who developed AKI or those who did not, in order to compare the baseline characteristics, and laboratory and physiologic data of the two cohorts. Regression analysis was used to identify if serum bicarbonate on admission predicted the development of AKI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2036 patients 152 (7.5%) were excluded due to missing data. AKI developed in 43.1% of the patients. The AKI group, compared to the non-AKI group, was sicker based on their lower systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures and a higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III and SAPS II scores. Moreover, patients who developed AKI had more co-morbidities and a higher proportion of patients who developed AKI required mechanical ventilation. The multi-regression analysis of independent variables showed that serum bicarbonate on admission (OR = 0.821; 95%CI: 0.796-0.846; P < 0.0001), APACHE III (OR = 1.011; 95%CI: 1.007-1.015; P < 0.0001), age (OR = 1.016; 95%CI: 1.008-1.024; P < 0.0001) and presence of sepsis at ICU admission (OR = 2.819; 95%CI: 2.122-23.744; P = 0.004) were each significant independent predictors of AKI. The area under the ROC curve was 0.8 (95%CI: 0.78-0.83), thereby demonstrating that the predictive model has relatively good discriminating power for predicting AKI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum bicarbonate on admission may independently be used to make a diagnosis of AKI.
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Anuksha
authors: A
authors: Gujadhur
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Ravindranath
authors: R
authors: Tiruvoipati
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Cole
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Saada
authors: S
authors: Malouf
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Erum Sahid
authors: ES
authors: Ansari
authors: Anuksha Gujadhur, Kim Wong, Department of Renal Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Frankston VIC 3199, Australia.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Wong
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Bicarbonate; Mortality; Sepsis