title: Micro-topography and reactivity of implant surfaces: an in vitro study in simulated body fluid (SBF).
abstract: The creation of micro-textured dental implant surfaces possessing a stimulating activity represents a challenge in implant dentistry; particularly, the formation of a thin, biologically active, calcium-phosphate layer on their surface could help to strengthen the bond to the surrounding bone. The aim of the present study was to characterize in terms of macrostructure, micro-topography and reactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF), the surface of titanium (Ti) implants blasted with TiO2 particles, acid etched with hydrofluoric acid, and activated with Ca and Mg-containing nanoparticles. Sandblasted and acid-etched implants were analyzed by ESEM-EDX (environmental scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray system) to study the micromorphology of the surface and to perform elemental X-ray microanalysis (microchemical analyses) and element mapping. ESEM-EDX analyses were performed at time 0 and after a 28-day soaking period in SBF Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) following ISO 23317 (implants for surgery—in vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of implant materials). Microchemical analyses (weight % and atomic %) and element mapping were carried out to evaluate the relative element content, element distribution, and calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) atomic ratio. Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the possible presence of impurities due to manufacturing and to investigate the phases formed upon HBSS soaking. Micro-morphological analyses showed a micro-textured, highly rough surface with microgrooves. Microchemical analyses showed compositional differences among the apical, middle, and distal thirds. The micro-Raman analyses of the as-received implant showed the presence of amorphous Ti oxide and traces of anatase, calcite, and a carbonaceous material derived from the decomposition of an organic component of lipidic nature (presumably used as lubricant). A uniform layer of Ca-poor calcium phosphates (CaPs) (Ca/P ratio <1.47) was observed after soaking in HBSS; the detection of the 961 cm⁻¹ Raman band confirms this finding. These implants showed a micro-textured surface supporting the formation of CaPs when immersed in SBF. These properties may likely favor bone anchorage and healing by stimulation of mineralizing cells.
authors: 1Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences,University of Bologna - Via San Vitale 59 - 40126,Bologna,Italy.
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Gandolfi
authors: 1Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences,University of Bologna - Via San Vitale 59 - 40126,Bologna,Italy.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Taddei
authors: 1Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences,University of Bologna - Via San Vitale 59 - 40126,Bologna,Italy.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Siboni
authors: 2Department of Medical,Oral and Biotechnological Sciences,University of Chieti-Pescara - Via dei Vestini 1 - 66100,Chieti,Italy.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Perrotti
authors: 2Department of Medical,Oral and Biotechnological Sciences,University of Chieti-Pescara - Via dei Vestini 1 - 66100,Chieti,Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Iezzi
authors: 2Department of Medical,Oral and Biotechnological Sciences,University of Chieti-Pescara - Via dei Vestini 1 - 66100,Chieti,Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Piattelli
authors: 1Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences,University of Bologna - Via San Vitale 59 - 40126,Bologna,Italy.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Prati
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; C009495:titanium dioxide; C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium
keywords: titanium endosseous dental implants