title: Prevalence and determinants of resistance to use drugs among adolescents who had an opportunity to use drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As drugs remain ubiquitous and their use increasingly viewed as socially normative, vulnerable population groups such as adolescents face continued and growing risk. A better understanding of the factors that discourage individuals from initiating drug use, particularly in enabling scenarios, is therefore needed. This study aims to identify individual, interpersonal and school-contextual factors associated with resistance to using drugs in the presence of a drug use opportunity among adolescents in Bogotá, Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are analyzed from 724 school-attending adolescents (15.1 years, SD=1.3) who have had an opportunity to use drugs. Schools were selected in a multistage probability cluster sample. Random intercept multilevel logistic regression models were implemented to estimate the effect of individual, interpersonal and school-contextual level variables on the likelihood of resisting using drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug use resistance was observed in less than half (41.4%) of those students who experienced an opportunity to use drugs. Drug use resistance was strongly associated with having experienced a passive drug use opportunity (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.0, 4.9), the number of drugs offered (AOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6, 0.8) and family factors such as not having a drug-using first-degree relative (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI=1.2, 4.3) and a high degree of parental supervision (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of students who experienced a drug-use opportunity did not initiate drug use despite living in a context of high drug availability and social disorganization. The findings highlight the need for effective family-based drug use prevention interventions within the Colombian context.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 49924, USA. Electronic address: clopez@msu.edu.
authors: Catalina
authors: C
authors: Lopez-Quintero
authors: Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. Electronic address: yehudan@ekmd.huji.ac.il.
authors: Yehuda
authors: Y
authors: Neumark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cannabis; Colombia; Drug use resistance; Multilevel analyses; Transition to drug use