title: Nanoparticle diffusion within intestinal mucus: Three-dimensional response analysis dissecting the impact of particle surface charge, size and heterogeneity across polyelectrolyte, pegylated and viral particles.
abstract: Multiple particle tracking (MPT) methodology was used to dissect the impact of nanoparticle surface charge and size upon particle diffusion through freshly harvested porcine jejunum mucus. The mucus was characterised rheologically and by atomic force microscopy. To vary nanoparticle surface charge we used a series of self-assembly polyelectrolyte particles composed of varying ratios of the negatively charged polyacrylic acid polymer and the positively charged chitosan polymer. This series included a neutral or near-neutral particle to correspond to highly charged but near-neutral viral particles that appear to effectively permeate mucus. In order to negate the confounding issue of self-aggregation of such neutral synthetic particles a sonication step effectively reduced particle size (to less than 340 nm) for a sufficient period to conduct the tracking experiments. Across the polyelectrolyte particles a broad and meaningful relationship was observed between particle diffusion in mucus (×1000 difference between slowest and fastest particle types), particle size (104-373 nm) and particle surface charge (-29 mV to +19.5 mV), where the beneficial characteristic promoting diffusion was a neutral or near-neutral charge. The diffusion of the neutral polyelectrolyte particle (0.02887 cm S(-1)×10(-9)) compared favourably with that of a highly diffusive PEGylated-PLGA particle (0.03182 cm(2) S(-1)×10(-9)), despite the size of the latter (54 nm diameter) accommodating a reduced steric hindrance with the mucin network. Heterogeneity of particle diffusion within a given particle type revealed the most diffusive 10% sub-population for the neutral polyelectrolyte formulation (5.809 cm(2) S(-1)×10(-9)) to be faster than that of the most diffusive 10% sub-populations obtained either for the PEGylated-PLGA particle (4.061 cm(2) S(-1)×10(-9)) or for a capsid adenovirus particle (1.922 cm(2) S(-1)×10(-9)). While this study has used a simple self-assembly polyelectrolyte system it has substantiated the pursuance of other polymer synthesis approaches (such as living free-radical polymerisation) to deliver stable, size-controlled nanoparticles possessing a uniform high density charge distribution and yielding a net neutral surface potential. Such particles will provide an additional strategy to that of PEGylated systems where the interactions of mucosally delivered nanoparticles with the mucus barrier are to be minimised.
authors: School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors: Muthanna
authors: M
authors: Abdulkarim
authors: Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Nuria
authors: N
authors: Agulló
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, UK.
authors: Beatrice
authors: B
authors: Cattoz
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, UK.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Griffiths
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Bernkop-Schnürch
authors: Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Salvador Gómez
authors: SG
authors: Borros
authors: School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: gumbleton@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Gumbleton
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D004573:Electrolytes; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C006903:carbopol 940; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Diffusion; Mucus; Multiple particle tracking; Nanoparticles; Polyelectrolyte; Virus