title: Mechanisms of group A Streptococcus resistance to reactive oxygen species.
abstract: Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), is an exclusively human Gram-positive bacterial pathogen ranked among the 'top 10' causes of infection-related deaths worldwide. GAS commonly causes benign and self-limiting epithelial infections (pharyngitis and impetigo), and less frequent severe invasive diseases (bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis). Annually, GAS causes 700 million infections, including 1.8 million invasive infections with a mortality rate of 25%. In order to establish an infection, GAS must counteract the oxidative stress conditions generated by the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the infection site by host immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes. ROS are the highly reactive and toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2•(-)), hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and singlet oxygen (O2*), which can damage bacterial nucleic acids, proteins and cell membranes. This review summarizes the enzymatic and regulatory mechanisms utilized by GAS to thwart ROS and survive under conditions of oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia The Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Henningham
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Döhrmann
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Nizet
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia The Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia jncole@ucsd.edu.
authors: Jason N
authors: JN
authors: Cole
mesh_terms: D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Group A Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; innate immunity; oxidative stress resistance; reactive oxygen species; virulence