title: Bryozoans are returning home: recolonization of freshwater ecosystems inferred from phylogenetic relationships.
abstract: Bryozoans are aquatic invertebrates that inhabit all types of aquatic ecosystems. They are small animals that form large colonies by asexual budding. Colonies can reach the size of several tens of centimeters, while individual units within a colony are the size of a few millimeters. Each individual within a colony works as a separate zooid and is genetically identical to each other individual within the same colony. Most freshwater species of bryozoans belong to the Phylactolaemata class, while several species that tolerate brackish water belong to the Gymnolaemata class. Tissue samples for this study were collected in the rivers of Adriatic and Danube basin and in the wetland areas in the continental part of Croatia (Europe). Freshwater and brackish taxons of bryozoans were genetically analyzed for the purpose of creating phylogenetic relationships between freshwater and brackish taxons of the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata classes and determining the role of brackish species in colonizing freshwater and marine ecosystems. Phylogenetic relationships inferred on the genes for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COI, and ITS2 region confirmed Phylactolaemata bryozoans as radix bryozoan group. Phylogenetic analysis proved Phylactolaemata bryozoan's close relations with taxons from Phoronida phylum as well as the separation of the Lophopodidae family from other families within the Plumatellida genus. Comparative analysis of existing knowledge about the phylogeny of bryozoans and the expansion of known evolutionary hypotheses is proposed with the model of settlement of marine and freshwater ecosystems by the bryozoans group during their evolutionary past. In this case study, brackish bryozoan taxons represent a link for this ecological phylogenetic hypothesis. Comparison of brackish bryozoan species Lophopus crystallinus and Conopeum seurati confirmed a dual colonization of freshwater ecosystems throughout evolution of this group of animals.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research and Development of Sustainable Ecosystems Jagodno 100a, 10410, Velika Gorica, Croatia.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koletić
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novosel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Nives
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajević
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Damjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franjević
keywords: COI; Gymnolaemata; ITS2; Phylactolaemata; rRNA genes