title: Anthropometric, physical, and age differences by the player position and the performance level in volleyball.
abstract: The purpose of this paper was to study the ranges in height, weight, age, spike reach, and block reach of volleyball players in relation to the player position and the level of their respective teams in peak performance. The analysed sample included 1454 male and 1452 female players who participated in the volleyball competitions of the Olympic Games and World Championships in the 2000-2012 period. A descriptive, correlational, and longitudinal design was used. The variables studied were: the player position, body height, weight, body mass index, spike reach, block reach, age, and team level. The results show differences between body height, spike and block reaches, and the age of the players by their position. These differences are related to the needs of the different positions with regard to the actions they execute. Middle-blockers, outside-hitters, and opposites have the characteristics that are most suitable for blocking and spiking, and the setters and liberos appear to have characteristics conducive to setting and receiving as well as digging, respectively. The differences found in the studied variables with regard to the playing position are related to players' needs regarding the actions they perform. Player's age was a variable that differentiated first teams at this level of competition for males, and physical capacities (body height, weight, spike reach, and block reach) were variables that differentiated first teams at this level of competition for females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science at the University of Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palao
authors.affiliation: Athletic Department, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Policarpo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzanares
authors.affiliation: Department of biomedical sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares. Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valadés
keywords: evaluation; performance; role; team sport