title: Choreography of the Mycobacterium replication machinery during the cell cycle.
abstract: It has recently been demonstrated that bacterial chromosomes are highly organized, with specific positioning of the replication initiation region. Moreover, the positioning of the replication machinery (replisome) has been shown to be variable and dependent on species-specific cell cycle features. Here, we analyzed replisome positions in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a slow-growing bacterium that exhibits characteristic asymmetric polar cell extension. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy analyses revealed that the replisome is slightly off-center in mycobacterial cells, a feature that is likely correlated with the asymmetric growth of Mycobacterium cell poles. Estimates of the timing of chromosome replication in relation to the cell cycle, as well as cell division and chromosome segregation events, revealed that chromosomal origin-of-replication (oriC) regions segregate soon after the start of replication. Moreover, our data demonstrate that organization of the chromosome by ParB determines the replisome choreography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Despite significant progress in elucidating the basic processes of bacterial chromosome replication and segregation, understanding of chromosome dynamics during the mycobacterial cell cycle remains incomplete. Here, we provide in vivo experimental evidence that replisomes in Mycobacterium smegmatis are highly dynamic, frequently splitting into two distinct replication forks. However, unlike in Escherichia coli, the forks do not segregate toward opposite cell poles but remain in relatively close proximity. In addition, we show that replication cycles do not overlap. Finally, our data suggest that ParB participates in the positioning of newly born replisomes in M. smegmatis cells. The present results broaden our understanding of chromosome segregation in slow-growing bacteria. In view of the complexity of the mycobacterial cell cycle, especially for pathogenic representatives of the genus, understanding the mechanisms and factors that affect chromosome dynamics will facilitate the identification of novel antimicrobial factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trojanowski
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ginda
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pióro
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hołówka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Partycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skut
authors.forename: Dagmara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jakimowicz
authors.affiliation: jolanta.zakrzewska@uni.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska-Czerwińska
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020102:Mycobacterium smegmatis / Q000502:physiology*; D018741:Replication Origin; D013995:Time; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging