title: Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Outcomes of Classical Homocystinuria: Experience from Qatar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Classical homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency (OMIM 236200) is a recessively inherited condition caused by mutations in the CBS gene. The founder mutation p.R336C accounts for almost all CBS deficiency in Qatar, affecting approximately 1 in 1,800 births, making it the most prevalent monogenic disease among the Qatari population. Untreated patients can have severe intellectual disability (ID), devastating multisystem complications and premature death. Current treatment is based on pharmacology therapy and life-long methionine-restricted diet, which is difficult to maintain particularly in late diagnosed individuals. Data on the neurodevelopmental and psychological impact of the disease on outcomes among Qatari patients are generally lacking and have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cognitive, educational and psychological outcomes of classical homocystinuria on Qatari patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two cases with classical homocystinuria and 25 sibling controls were recruited to evaluate the neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes. We reviewed the subjects' medical record and collected pertinent clinical and educational data from parents. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (Arabic translation - 4th ed.) was used for cognitive (IQ) testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age for the subjects was 11.2 years (range 0.6-29) with 56% males. The majority of cases (93%) carried the mutation (p.R336C), and parental consanguinity was 84%. There were no differences between the two groups in the fine motor, expressive language, behavioural and visual skills. However, cases have much lower total IQ particularly in the domains of short memory, quantitative reasoning and visual-spatial domains. A significant number of adolescents and adult cases had medical co-morbidities as well as behavioural and emotional problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with classical homocystinuria have many developmental and cognitive difficulties with significant number of cases having learning disability and lower IQs (cf. sibling controls) with adolescents and adults more affected. Those diagnosed by newborn screening have better developmental and cognitive outcomes compared to late diagnosed cases. Psychological and psychiatric referrals should be part of the standard of care for those cases.
authors.affiliation: Children Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050, Doha, Qatar, helbashir@hmc.org.qa.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Bashir
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dekair
authors.forename: Yasmeen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Tawfeg
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ben-Omran