title: Characterization of ANFO explosive by high accuracy ESI(±)-FTMS with forensic identification on real samples by EASI(-)-MS.
abstract: Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) is an explosive used in many civil applications. In Brazil, ANFO has unfortunately also been used in criminal attacks, mainly in automated teller machine (ATM) explosions. In this paper, we describe a detailed characterization of the ANFO composition and its two main constituents (diesel and a nitrate explosive) using high resolution and accuracy mass spectrometry performed on an FT-ICR-mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI(±)-FTMS) in both the positive and negative ion modes. Via ESI(-)-MS, an ion marker for ANFO was characterized. Using a direct and simple ambient desorption/ionization technique, i.e., easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), in a simpler, lower accuracy but robust single quadrupole mass spectrometer, the ANFO ion marker was directly detected from the surface of banknotes collected from ATM explosion theft.
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinicius Veri
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Hernandes
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fernado
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jandyson Machado
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Melendez-Perez
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Damila Rodrigues
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology-INMETRO, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Werickson Fortunato de Carvalho
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology-INMETRO, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology-INMETRO, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanderley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Federal Police-PF, 70037.900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge Jardim
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zacca
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Federal Police-PF, 70037.900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucio Paulo Lima
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Logrado
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Nogueira
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Eberlin
authors.affiliation: ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency, Criminalistic Institute Dr. Octávio Eduardo de Brito Alvarenga-IC-SPTC-SP, 05507-06 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: deleon.correa@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Deleon Nascimento
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Correa
keywords: ANFO; ATM; EASI–MS; ESI–MS; Forensic science