title: Effects of hyperglycemia on lonidamine-induced acidification and de-energization of human melanoma xenografts and sensitization to melphalan.
abstract: We seek to exploit the natural tendency of melanomas and other tumors to convert glucose to lactate as a method for the selective intracellular acidification of cancer cells and for the potentiation of the activity of nitrogen-mustard antineoplastic agents. We performed this study to evaluate whether the induction of hyperglycemia (26 mM) could enhance the effects of lonidamine (LND, 100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) on the induction of intracellular acidification, bioenergetic decline and potentiation of the activity of melphalan (LPAM) against DB-1 melanoma xenografts in mice. Intracellular pH (pHi ), extracellular pH (pHe ) and bioenergetics (β-nucleoside triphosphate to inorganic phosphate ratio, β-NTP/Pi) were reduced by 0.7 units (p < 0.001), 0.3 units (p > 0.05) and 51.4% (p < 0.05), respectively. The therapeutic response to LPAM (7.5 mg/kg; intravenously) + LND (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) was reduced by about a factor of three under hyperglycemic conditions relative to normoglycemia, producing a growth delay of 7.76 days (tumor doubling time, 5.31 days; cell kill, 64%) compared with LND alone of 1.70 days and LPAM alone of 0.29 days. Under normoglycemic conditions, LND plus LPAM produced a growth delay of 17.75 days, corresponding to a cell kill of 90% at the same dose for each of these agents. The decrease in tumor cell kill under hyperglycemic conditions correlates with an increase in tumor ATP levels resulting from increased glycolytic activity. However, hyperglycemia substantially increases lactic acid production in tumors by a factor of approximately six (p < 0.05), but hyperglycemia did not increase the effects of LND on acidification of the tumor, most probably because of the strong buffering action of carbon dioxide (the pKa of carbonic acid is 6.4). Therefore, this study demonstrates that the addition of glucose during treatment with LND diminishes the activity of this agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kavindra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Heitjan
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Dennis B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Leeper
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Glickson
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008558:Melphalan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009928:Organ Specificity; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D007191:Indazoles; D008558:Melphalan; C016371:lonidamine
keywords: MRS; lonidamine; melphalan; monocarboxylate transport inhibitor; tumor acidification; tumor de-energization