title: INVESTIGATE-I (INVasive Evaluation before Surgical Treatment of Incontinence Gives Added Therapeutic Effect?): a mixed-methods study to assess the feasibility of a future randomised controlled trial of invasive urodynamic testing prior to surgery for stress urinary incontinence in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The position of invasive urodynamic testing in the diagnostic pathway for urinary incontinence (UI) is unclear. Systematic reviews have called for further trials evaluating clinical utility, although a preliminary feasibility study was considered appropriate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To inform the decision whether or not to proceed to a definitive randomised trial of invasive urodynamic testing compared with clinical assessment with non-invasive tests, prior to surgery in women with stress UI (SUI) or stress predominant mixed UI (MUI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods study comprising a pragmatic multicentre randomised pilot trial; economic evaluation; survey of clinicians' views about invasive urodynamic testing; qualitative interviews with clinicians and trial participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urogynaecology, female urology and general gynaecology units in Newcastle, Leicester, Swansea, Sheffield, Northumberland, Gateshead and South Tees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trial recruits were women with SUI or stress predominant MUI who were considering surgery after unsuccessful conservative treatment. Relevant clinicians completed two online surveys. Subsets of survey respondents and trial participants took part in separate qualitative interview studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot trial participants were randomised to undergo clinical assessment with non-invasive tests (control arm); or assessment as controls, plus invasive urodynamic testing (intervention arm).
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmation that units can identify and recruit eligible women; acceptability of investigation strategies and data collection tools; acquisition of outcome data to determine the sample size for a definitive trial. The proposed primary outcome for the definitive trial was International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire (ICIQ) Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) (total score) 6 months after surgery or the start of non-surgical treatment; secondary outcomes included: ICIQ-FLUTS (subscales); ICIQ Urinary Incontinence Short Form; ICIQ Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life; Urogenital Distress Inventory; EuroQol-5D; costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost per QALY, Short Form 12; 3-day bladder diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 284 eligible women, 222 (78%) were recruited; 165/219 (75%) returned questionnaires at baseline and 125/200 (63%) who were sent questionnaires at follow-up. There were few missing data items in returned questionnaires, with individual outcome scales calculable for 81%-94%. Most women underwent surgery; management plans were changed in 19 (19%) participants following invasive urodynamic testing. Participant Costs Questionnaires were returned by 53% 6 months after treatment; complete data to undertake cost-utility analysis were available in 27% (intervention) and 47% (control). While insufficient to recommend changes in practice, the results suggest further research would be valuable. All clinicians responding to the survey had access to invasive urodynamic testing, and most saw it as essential prior to surgery in women with SUI with or without other symptoms; nevertheless, 70% considered the research question underlying INVESTIGATE important and most were willing to randomise patients in a definitive trial. Participants interviewed were positive about the trial and associated documentation; the desire of some women to avoid invasive urodynamic testing contrasted with opinions expressed by clinicians through both survey and interview responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All elements of a definitive trial and economic evaluation were rehearsed; several areas for protocol modification were identified. Such a trial would require to 400-900 participants, depending on the difference in primary outcome sought.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A definitive trial of invasive urodynamic testing versus clinical assessment prior to surgery for SUI or stress predominant MUI should be undertaken.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN71327395.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brennand
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tincello
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Homer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McColl
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014563:Urodynamics