title: Effects of chronic smoking on color vision in young subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of chronic smoking on color vision in young subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 91 smokers and 88 non-smokers (a total of 179 volunteers) without any ophthalmologic and systemical disorders. The subjects were between 18-40 years of age with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/20, normal anterior and posterior segment examinations and normal intraocular pressure. The color vision of the subjects were evaluated with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FMHT). The total error scores and axis calculation were performed for each subject and the results correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age and the standard deviation was 28±5y in the smokers group, and 26.7±5.5y in the control group (P=0.101). Sex distribution was similar in the two groups (P=0.365). There was no significant correlation between age and FMHT total error scores (P=0.069). Median of FMHT total error scores of smokers and non-smokers were 65 and 50.50, respectively. FMHT total error scores was found significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (P=0.004). There was no statisticaly significant difference between smoker and non-smoker groups with respect to axis ratio calculation (P=0.611). There was no significant correlation with FMHT total error scores with neither smoking duration nor number of cigarettes smoked per day (P=0.405, P=0.454, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that chronic smoking affects the color vision of young smokers but this may not be sector selective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: G Ertugrul
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sarper
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karakucuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oner
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
authors.forename: Koray
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gumus
keywords: cigarette smoking; color vision defect; vision test