title: The skeletal muscle cross sectional area in long-term bisphosphonate users is smaller than that of bone mineral density-matched controls with increased serum pentosidine concentrations.
abstract: Bisphosphonates are effective in increasing bone mineral density (BMD), but fragility fractures can still occur despite bisphosphonate treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine if long-term bisphosphonate users have characteristic findings in the musculoskeletal system, which could put them at risk of developing typical or atypical femoral fractures. We recruited 40 female patients who had taken bisphosphonates for more than 3 years. The control group included 60 volunteers who were matched by age, body mass index, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived BMDs. We measured the skeletal muscle cross sectional area around the proximal thigh and buckling ratio of the femoral neck using quantitative computed tomography (qCT) and several biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Those parameters were compared between the groups. While no significant differences of buckling ratio derived from qCT were detected, the skeletal muscle cross sectional area was significantly smaller in the long-term bisphosphonate users than in the controls. Furthermore, the serum pentosidine level was significantly higher in the bisphosphonate users than in the controls. To determine if those differences were attributable to bisphosphonate treatment, we further compared those parameters between before and after 3 years of bisphosphonate treatment in 32 patients. After 3 years of bisphosphonate treatment, the BMD of the femoral neck and serum pentosidine level increased but not the skeletal muscle cross sectional area. In the present study, the skeletal muscle mass did not match the bone mass in long-term bisphosphonate users, thus suggesting that increases in BMD by bisphosphonates are unlikely to have secondary positive effects on the surrounding skeletal muscles. Also, serum pentosidine levels were greater in the long-term bisphosphonate users. Further study is necessary to test if such patients are prone to develop typical or atypical femoral fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan. Electronic address: sigeuti@shinshu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shigeharu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.affiliation: Kamimura Clinic, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Azumi General Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Keijiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukaiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Canon Lifecare Solutions Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Bisphosphonate; Bone–muscle interactions; DXA; Pentosidine; QCT; Skeletal muscle