title: Covariation of the incidence of type 1 diabetes with country characteristics available in public databases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in children varies dramatically between countries. Part of the explanation must be sought in environmental factors. Increasingly, public databases provide information on country-to-country environmental differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the incidence of T1D and country characteristics were searched for in the 194 World Health Organization (WHO) member countries. T1D incidence was extracted from a systematic literature review of all papers published between 1975 and 2014, including the 2013 update from the International Diabetes Federation. The information on country characteristics was searched in public databases. We considered all indicators with a plausible relation with T1D and those previously reported as correlated with T1D, and for which there was less than 5% missing values. This yielded 77 indicators. Four domains were explored: Climate and environment, Demography, Economy, and Health Conditions. Bonferroni correction to correct false discovery rate (FDR) was used in bivariate analyses. Stepwise multiple regressions, served to identify independent predictors of the geographical variation of T1D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T1D incidence was estimated for 80 WHO countries. Forty-one significant correlations between T1D and the selected indicators were found. Stepwise Multiple Linear Regressions performed in the four explored domains indicated that the percentages of variance explained by the indicators were respectively 35% for Climate and environment, 33% for Demography, 45% for Economy, and 46% for Health conditions, and 51% in the Final model, where all variables selected by domain were considered. Significant environmental predictors of the country-to-country variation of T1D incidence included UV radiation, number of mobile cellular subscriptions in the country, health expenditure per capita, hepatitis B immunization and mean body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing availability of public databases providing information in all global environmental domains should allow new analyses to identify further geographical, behavioral, social and economic factors, or indicators that point to latent causal factors of T1D.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Unité-1169, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Doctorale 393, F-75012, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Paula Andrea
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Diaz-Valencia
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Unité-1169, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Kremlin Bicêtre, Service Endocrinologie, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bougnères
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Unité-1169, F-94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Doctorale 393, F-75012, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alain-Jacques
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Valleron
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D014944:World Health Organization