title: A treelet transform analysis to relate nutrient patterns to the risk of hormonal receptor-defined breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pattern analysis has emerged as a tool to depict the role of multiple nutrients/foods in relation to health outcomes. The present study aimed at extracting nutrient patterns with respect to breast cancer (BC) aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrient patterns were derived with treelet transform (TT) and related to BC risk. TT was applied to twenty-three log-transformed nutrient densities from dietary questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals computed using Cox proportional hazards models quantified the association between quintiles of nutrient pattern scores and risk of overall BC, and by hormonal receptor and menopausal status. Principal component analysis was applied for comparison.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (n 334 850) from the EPIC study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first TT component (TC1) highlighted a pattern rich in nutrients found in animal foods loading on cholesterol, protein, retinol, vitamins B12 and D, while the second TT component (TC2) reflected a diet rich in β-carotene, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamins C and B6, fibre, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, P and folate. While TC1 was not associated with BC risk, TC2 was inversely associated with BC risk overall (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·89, 95 % CI 0·83, 0·95, P trend<0·01) and showed a significantly lower risk in oestrogen receptor-positive (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·89, 95 % CI 0·81, 0·98, P trend=0·02) and progesterone receptor-positive tumours (HRQ5 v. Q1=0·87, 95 % CI 0·77, 0·98, P trend<0·01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TT produces readily interpretable sparse components explaining similar amounts of variation as principal component analysis. Our results suggest that participants with a nutrient pattern high in micronutrients found in vegetables, fruits and cereals had a lower risk of BC.
authors.affiliation: 1International Agency for Research on Cancer,150 Cours Albert Thomas,69372 Lyon Cedex 08,France.
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone
keywords: Breast cancer; European Prospective Investigationinto Cancer and Nutrition; Nutrient patterns; Principal component analysis; Treelet transform