title: Piecewise power laws in individual learning curves.
abstract: The notion that human learning follows a smooth power law (PL) of diminishing gains is well-established in psychology. This characteristic is observed when multiple curves are averaged, potentially masking more complex dynamics underpinning the curves of individual learners. Here, we analyzed 25,280 individual learning curves, each comprising 500 measurements of cognitive performance taken from four cognitive tasks. A piecewise PL (PPL) model explained the individual learning curves significantly better than a single PL, controlling for model complexity. The PPL model allows for multiple PLs connected at different points in the learning process. We also explored the transition dynamics between PL curve component pieces. Performance in later pieces typically surpassed that in earlier pieces, after a brief drop in performance at the transition point. The transition rate was negatively associated with age, even after controlling for overall performance. Our results suggest at least two processes at work in individual learning curves: locally, a gradual, smooth improvement, with diminishing gains within a specific strategy, which is modeled well as a PL; and globally, a discrete sequence of strategy shifts, in which each strategy is better in the long term than the ones preceding it. The piecewise extension of the classic PL of practice has implications for both individual skill acquisition and theories of learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA. yonid@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Yoni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Lumos Labs, San Francisco, CA, 94108, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003071:Cognition; D003118:Color Perception; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive training; Computational models; Individual learning curves; Power law; Skill acquisition; Skill learning; Strategy shifts