title: Dissolution thermodynamics and solubility of silymarin in PEG 400-water mixtures at different temperatures.
abstract: An isothermal method was used to measure the solubility of silymarin in binary polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) + water co-solvent mixtures at temperatures T = 298.15-333.15 K and pressure p = 0.1 MPa. Apelblat and Yalkowsky models were used to correlate experimental solubility data. The mole fraction solubility of silymarin was found to increase with increasing the temperature and mass fraction of PEG 400 in co-solvent mixtures. The root mean square deviations were observed in the range of 0.48-5.32% and 1.50-9.65% for the Apelblat equation and Yalkowsky model, respectively. The highest and lowest mole fraction solubility of silymarin was observed in pure PEG 400 (0.243 at 298.15 K) and water (1.46 × 10(-5) at 298.15 K). Finally, thermodynamic parameters were determined by Van't Hoff and Krug analysis, which indicated an endothermic and spontaneous dissolution of silymarin in all co-solvent mixtures.
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .|b Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , and.
authors.forename: Faiyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Md Khalid
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Anwer
mesh_terms: D008956:Models, Chemical; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012838:Silymarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012838:Silymarin; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Apelblat equation; dissolution thermodynamics; silymarin; solubility; yalkowsky model