title: Detoxification of mycotoxin patulin by the yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum.
abstract: Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium species which often contaminates fruit and fruit-derived products. In this work the degradation of patulin by the yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum was studied and the toxicity of the degradation product was determined. Patulin-degrading activity of R. paludigenum was inducible by patulin; it was located within yeast cells and the enzyme did not require a dissociable cofactor. Chromatographic behavior and molecular mass of the degradation product indicated that R. paludigenum transformed patulin into desoxypatulinic acid. The degradation product was significantly less toxic to Arabidopsis thaliana and human liver cells than patulin; it was not toxic to Escherichia coli at the highest concentration tested. The detoxification activity of R. paludigenum toward patulin is a promising tool for the control of patulin contamination in food and feed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruiyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feussner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fujie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: pkarlov@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karlovsky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, 310058 Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: foodbiotech@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010365:Patulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D010365:Patulin
keywords: Acetonitrile (PubChem CID: 6342); Ammonium acetate (PubChem CID: 517165); Ammonium sulfate (PubChem CID: 6097028); Detoxification; Ethyl acetate (PubChem CID: 8857); Mycotoxin; Patulin; Patulin (PubChem CID: 4696); Rhodosporidium paludigenum; Toxicity