title: Acute alcohol consumption elevates serum bilirubin: an endogenous antioxidant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with both negative and favorable effects on health. The mechanisms responsible for reported favorable effects remain unclear. Higher (not necessarily elevated) concentrations of serum bilirubin, an antioxidant, have also been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. This study tests the hypothesis that single dose alcohol consumption elevates bilirubin providing a potential link between these observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 healthy individuals (eight cigarette smokers) were administered alcohol, calibrated to achieve blood concentrations of 20, 80 and 120 mg/dL, in random order in three laboratory sessions separated by a week. Each session was preceded by and followed by 5-7 days of alcohol abstinence. Serum bilirubin was measured at 7:45 a.m. prior to drinking, at 2p.m., and at 7:45 the next morning. Mixed effects regression models compared baseline and 24h post-drinking bilirubin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total serum bilirubin (sum of indirect and direct) concentration increased significantly after drinking from baseline to 24h in non-smokers (from M = 0.38, SD = 0.24 to M = 0.51, SD = 0.30, F(1,32.2) = 24.24, p<.0001) but not in smokers (from M = 0.25, SD = 0.12 to M = 0.26, SD = 0.15, F(1,31.1) = 0.04, p = 0.84). In nonsmokers the indirect bilirubin concentration and the ratio of indirect (unconjugated) to direct (conjugated) bilirubin also increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption leads to increases in serum bilirubin in nonsmokers. Considering the antioxidant properties of bilirubin, our findings suggest one possible mechanism for the reported association between alcohol consumption and reduced risk of some disorders that could be tested in future longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: Stephanie.omalley@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Yale Schools of Public Health and Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: ralitza.gueorguieva@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Ralitza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gueorguieva
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: ran.wu@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: peter.jatlow@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Jatlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult; D000099148:UGT1A1 Enzyme
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000975:Antioxidants; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D001663:Bilirubin; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000099148:UGT1A1 Enzyme
keywords: Alcohol; Alcohol metabolism; Bilirubin; Cardiovascular disease; Smoking; UGT1A1