title: Investigating the relationship between ethnic consciousness, racial discrimination and self-rated health in New Zealand.
abstract: In this study, we examine race/ethnic consciousness and its associations with experiences of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Racism is an important determinant of health and cause of ethnic inequities. However, conceptualising the mechanisms by which racism impacts on health requires racism to be contextualised within the broader social environment. Race/ethnic consciousness (how often people think about their race or ethnicity) is understood as part of a broader assessment of the 'racial climate'. Higher race/ethnic consciousness has been demonstrated among non-dominant racial/ethnic groups and linked to adverse health outcomes in a limited number of studies. We analysed data from the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey, a national population-based survey of New Zealand adults, to examine the distribution of ethnic consciousness by ethnicity, and its association with individual experiences of racial discrimination and self-rated health. Findings showed that European respondents were least likely to report thinking about their ethnicity, with people from non-European ethnic groupings all reporting relatively higher ethnic consciousness. Higher ethnic consciousness was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting experience of racial discrimination for all ethnic groupings and was also associated with fair/poor self-rated health after adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity. However, this difference in health was no longer evident after further adjustment for socioeconomic position and individual experience of racial discrimination. Our study suggests different experiences of racialised social environments by ethnicity in New Zealand and that, at an individual level, ethnic consciousness is related to experiences of racial discrimination. However, the relationship with health is less clear and needs further investigation with research to better understand the racialised social relations that create and maintain ethnic inequities in health in attempts to better address the impacts of racism on health.
authors.affiliation: Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ricci
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cormack
authors.affiliation: Dean's Department, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ruruhira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rameka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003243:Consciousness; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D063505:Racism; D055815:Young Adult