title: Prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonates: screening by fetal biometry at 19-24 weeks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the value of fetal biometry at 19-24 weeks' gestation in the prediction of delivery of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates, in the absence of pre-eclampsia (PE), and examine the potential value of such assessment in deciding whether the third-trimester scan should be at 32 and/or 36 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a screening study in 88,187 singleton pregnancies, including 5003 (5.7%) that delivered SGA neonates with birth weight < 5(th) percentile (SGA < 5(th)). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine if screening by a combination of maternal characteristics and medical history and Z-scores of fetal head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) had significant contribution in predicting SGA neonates. A model was developed for selecting the gestational age for third-trimester assessment, at 32 and/or 36 weeks, based on the results of screening at 19-24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined screening by maternal factors and fetal biometry at 19-24 weeks, predicted 76%, 58% and 44% of SGA < 5(th) delivering < 32, 32-36 and ≥ 37 weeks' gestation, respectively, at a false-positive rate (FPR) of 10%. The detection rate (DR) of SGA < 5(th) delivering at 32-36 weeks improved from 58% to 82% with screening at 32 weeks rather than at 19-24 weeks. Similarly, the DR of SGA < 5(th) delivering ≥ 37 weeks improved from 44% with screening at 19-24 weeks to 61% and 76% with screening at 32 and 36 weeks, respectively. In a hypothetical model, it was estimated that if the desired objective of prenatal screening is to predict about 80% of the cases of SGA < 5(th), it would be necessary to select 28% of the population at the 19-24-week assessment to be reassessed at 32 weeks and 41% to be reassessed at 36 weeks; in 59% of pregnancies there would be no need for a third-trimester scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal prediction of a high proportion of SGA neonates necessitates the undertaking of screening in the third trimester of pregnancy, in addition to assessment in the second trimester, and the timing of such screening, either at 32 and/or 36 weeks, should be contingent on the results of the assessment at 19-24 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lesmes
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panaiotova
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods
keywords: abdominal circumference; fetal biometry; pre-eclampsia; pyramid of antenatal care; second-trimester screening; small-for-gestational age