title: The influence of varnish and high fluoride on erosion and abrasion in a laboratory investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of concentrated fluoride varnishes to reduce enamel loss from repeated cycles of citric acid erosion and toothbrush abrasion in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polished human enamel samples were exposed to fluoride varnishes: Bifluorid10® (NaF&CaF2- 45,200 ppmF), Duraphat® (NaF 22,600 ppmF), Fluor-Protector® (difluorsilane 1000 ppmF) and a control coating of copal ether varnish (0 ppmF) group and a deionized water group. For each group of 16 samples, nine cycles of erosion and nine cycles of erosion-abrasion [1 cycle=erosion (0.3% citric acid, pH 3.2, 5 min)+artificial saliva (1 h, pH 7.0)+abrasion (120 linear strokes in artificial saliva from Oral B medium soft brushes 300 g loading]. The change in the enamel surface was evaluated using optical profilometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duraphat® and Bifluorid10® applications had a median (IQR) step height of 4.21 um (1.59) and 5.01 um (1.02). This was statistically significantly less than Fluor-Protector® 6.83 um (1.25), copal ether 7.22 um (1.97) and water 7.39 um (1.96) (p<0.001). For erosion-abrasion, both Duraphat® and Bifluorid® had statistically lower step heights than the other products (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The action of fluoride in a range of single-application topical varnishes was effective in reducing enamel wear from erosion and erosion-abrasion in this laboratory study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sar Sancakli
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Saqabi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moazzez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartlett
mesh_terms: D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012116:Resins, Plant; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C094502:Bifluorid 12; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D010710:Phosphates; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012116:Resins, Plant; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D012821:Silanes; C023807:sodium fluoride topical preparation; D014867:Water; C012980:fluorophosphate; D019343:Citric Acid; C022599:Fluor Protector; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C041292:copal rosin varnish; D002124:Calcium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Erosion; erosion-abrasion; fluoride varnishes; surface profilometry