title: [Convergence insufficiency with unilateral exophoria at near in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a preliminary study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study describes an abnormal convergence symptom, i.e. unilateral exophoria at near, in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this paper is to present the symptom and discuss its possible explanations.
  
  
  METHODS
  29 patients with SZ, 15 patients with BD and 20 healthy controls (HC) took part in the study. The neurological assessment was done with International Co-operative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The abnormal vergence pattern was observed in 12 patients with SZ, 1 patient with BD and 0 HC. Symptom appeared statistically more often in SZ patients than in BD patients and HC. SZ patients with vergence symptom performed significantly worst in oculomotor and dysarthia subscores of ICARS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The symptom can be linked to disruptions in cortico-ponto-cerebellar network and midbrain. It was the only neurological symptom that differed SZ and BD groups, thus it might be used in differential diagnosis. Further research is needed to obtain a full clinical description of the symptom.
authors.affiliation: Koło Naukowe Chorób Afektywnych UJ CM.
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chrobak
authors.affiliation: Koło Naukowe Chorób Afektywnych UJ CM.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siuda
authors.affiliation: Koło Naukowe Chorób Afektywnych UJ CM.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biela
authors.affiliation: Koło Naukowe Chorób Afektywnych CM UJ.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arciszewska
authors.affiliation: Zakład Zaburzeń Afektywnych Katedry Psychiatrii UJ CM.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siwek
authors.affiliation: Oddział Kliniczny Kliniki Psychiatrii Dorosłych Szpitala Uniwersyteckiego w Krakowie.
authors.forename: Maciej W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pilecki
authors.affiliation: Zakład Zaburzeń Afektywnych Katedry Psychiatrii UJ CM.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005099:Exotropia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cerebellum; convergence insufficiency; eye movement disorders