title: Exposure of the surgeon's hands to radiation during hand surgery procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the study was to assess the time of exposure of the surgeon's hands to radiation and calculate of the equivalent dose absorbed during surgery of hand and wrist fractures with C-arm fluoroscope guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The necessary data specified by the objective of the study were acquired from operations of 287 patients with fractures of fingers, metacarpals, wrist bones and distal radius. 218 operations (78%) were percutaneous procedures and 60 (22%) were performed by open method. Data on the time of exposure and dose of radiation were acquired from the display of the fluoroscope, where they were automatically generated. These data were assigned to the individual patient, type of fracture, method of surgery and the operating surgeon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fixations of distal radial fractures required longer times of radiation exposure (mean 61 sec.) than fractures of the wrist/metacarpals and fingers (38 and 32 sec., respectively), which was associated with absorption of significantly higher equivalent doses. Fixations of distal radial fractures by open method were associated with statistically significantly higher equivalent doses (0.41 mSv) than percutaneous procedures (0.3 mSv). Fixations of wrist and metacarpal bone fractures by open method were associated with lower equivalent doses (0.34 mSv) than percutaneous procedures (0.37 mSv),but the difference was not significant. Fixations of finger fractures by open method were associated with lower equivalent doses (0.13 mSv) than percutaneous procedures (0.24 mSv), the difference being statistically non-significant. Statistically significant differences in exposure time and equivalent doses were noted between 4 surgeons participating in the study, but no definitive relationship was found between these parameters and surgeons' employment time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Hand surgery procedures under fluoroscopic guidance are associated with mild exposure of the surgeons' hands to radiation. 2. The equivalent dose was related to the type of fracture, operative technique and - to some degree - to the time of employment of the surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Hand Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Żyluk
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Hand Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puchalski
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Hand Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szlosser
authors.affiliation: Student Scientific Club at the Department of General and Hand Surgery, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dec
authors.affiliation: Student Scientific Club at the Department of General and Hand Surgery, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chrąchol
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066231:Surgeons; D013997:Time Factors; D014953:Wrist / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult