title: Fluoride release and uptake of five dental restoratives from mouthwashes and dentifrices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the fluoride release and uptake of five common dental restoratives mainly glass ionomer formulations, including a conventional glass ionomer, a relatively new caries stabilization glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II, Fuji VII and Fuji II LC); one compomer (F2000); and one fluoride releasing composite resin (tetric ceram).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 cylindrical specimens for each of the five materials were prepared following manufacturer's instructions for manipulation and immersed independently in 25 ml of artificial saliva and stored as five groups Group I-V. Each group was further divided into three sub Groups A, B, C. The saliva was changed every day in all the specimens. No treatment was carried out for the specimens in subgroup A. The specimens were immersed in 2% sodium fluoride for 1 min before changing saliva in sub group B and the specimens were treated by brushing with a fluoridated dentifrice for 2 min before changing saliva in sub Group C. The fluoride release was evaluated on the 1(st), 7(th) and 28(th) day using a fluoride ion specific electrode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that the conventional glass ionomer and the recently introduced caries stabilizing glass ionomer showed similar patterns and quantity of fluoride release, which was significantly higher than the resin-modified glass ionomer, the compomer and the composite resin. The resin-modified glass ionomer showed higher fluoride release than the compomer and the composite resin. All the formulations of glass ionomers showed fluoride uptake from the neutral sodium fluoride and the fluoridated dentifrice, by releasing increased amounts of fluoride after treatment, in comparison with the untreated group. However, the compomer and the composite resin showed no fluoride uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fluoride released by the glass ionomer cements (GICs) was found to be highest during the first 24 h and decreased significantly over the 1(st) week with lower levels obtained on the 7(th) and 28(th) day, thus demonstrating the phenomenon of "initial burst." The composite resin and compomer used in this study did not show this phenomenon of the initial burst. The resin-modified GICs released more fluoride than the compomer, and the composite resin.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: B Saketh Rama
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, G Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gopi Krishna Reddy
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Moosani
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics,, Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangal, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Muthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanmugaraj
authors.affiliation: Reader,Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, GSL Dental College & Hospital, Rajamundry, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: Balamurugan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kannapan
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology & Implantology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhrapradesh, India.
authors.forename: B Shiva
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, IBN Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Prabu Mahin Syed
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ismail
keywords: Compomer; composite resin; fluoride release; glass ionomer