title: Comparison of non-cycloplegic photorefraction, cycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the results of noncycloplegic photorefraction, cycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic refraction in preschool and non-verbal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-six eyes of 98 children (50 females, 48 males) were included in the study. Firstly, non-cycloplegic photorefraction was achieved with Plusoptix A09; secondly, cycloplegic photorefraction was carried out with Plusoptix A09 after 10 min cyclopentolate. Finally, 30min after instillation of twice cyclopentolate, cycloplegic refraction was obtained with autorefraction and/or standard retinoscopy. Spheric equivalent, spheric power, cylindric power and cylindrical axis measurements were statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 28.8±18.5mo (range 12-72mo). The differences in spherical equivalent, spheric power and cylindrical power measured by the three methods were found statistically significant (P<0.05). The spherical equivalent and spheric power measured by cycloplegic photorefraction were statistically higher than the measurements of the other methods (P<0.05). The cylindrical power measured by cycloplegic refraction was statistically lower than the measurements of the photorefraction methods (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in cylindrical axis measurements between three methods (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the determination of refractive errors in children, the Plusoptix A09 measurements give incorrect results after instillation of cyclopentolate. Additionally, the cylindrical power measured by Plusoptix A09 with or without cycloplegia is higher. However, the non-cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 measures spheric equivalent and spheric power similar to cycloplegic refraction measurements in preschool and non-verbal children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozdemir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zuhal
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Özen Tunay
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ikbal Seza
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Petriçli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
authors.forename: Damla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ergintürk Acar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antaly 07125, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammet Kazım
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Erol
keywords: Plusoptix; cyclopentolate; cycloplegia; photorefraction; photoretinoscopy; refraction; retinoscopy