title: Preweaning modulation of intestinal microbiota by oligosaccharides or amoxicillin can contribute to programming of adult microbiota in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing evidence suggests that early nutrition has programming effects on adult health. Identifying mechanisms underlying nutritional programming would aid in the design of new disease prevention strategies. The intestinal microbiota could be a key player in this programming because it affects host metabolic homeostasis, postnatal gut colonization is sensitive to early nutrition, and initial microbial set-up is thought to shape microbiota composition for life. The aim of this study was to determine whether early manipulation of intestinal microbiota actually programs adult microbiota in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suckling rats pups were supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructan mix (GOS/lcF, 9/1), acidic oligosaccharides, amoxicillin, or vehicle from the fifth to the fourteenth day of life, and weaned to standard chow at day 21. Ceco-colonic microbiota was characterized at 14 and 131 d by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 14, all treatments affected microbiota. Amoxicillin had the most significant effect. All oligosaccharides decreased Firmicutes levels, whereas only fructo-oligosaccharides and GOS/lcF increased bifidobacteria. At day 131, most of these effects had faded away but a significant, albeit minor, adult microbiota programming was observed for rats that received GOS/lcF mix before weaning, regarding Roseburia intestinalis cluster, one subdivision of the Erysipelotrichaceae family as well as butyrate kinase gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As revealed by a targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction approach, programming of adult intestinal microbiota seems to vary according to the nature of the preweaning microbiotal modulator. This suggests that intestinal microbiota may, only under specific circumstances, serve as a relay of neonatal nutrition and thus potentially contribute to nutritional programming of host physiology.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Fanny B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oozeer
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France; IMAD, Institut des Maladies Digestives, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piloquet
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France; IMAD, Institut des Maladies Digestives, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moyon
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France; IMAD, Institut des Maladies Digestives, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagniez
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France; IMAD, Institut des Maladies Digestives, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Darmaun
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 Physiologie des adaptations nutritionnelles, Nantes, France; CRNH, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes Cedex, France; IMAD, Institut des Maladies Digestives, Nantes, France. Electronic address: Catherine.Michel@univ-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005630:Fructans / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056692:Prebiotics; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005630:Fructans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Antibiotic; Early nutrition; Intestinal microbiota; Prebiotic; Programming