title: Thermal conditions in freezing chambers and prediction of the thermophysiological responses of workers.
abstract: The present work is dedicated to the assessment of the cold thermal strain of human beings working within freezing chambers. To obtain the present results, both field measurements and a numerical procedure based on a modified version of the Stolwijk thermoregulation model were used. Eighteen freezing chambers were considered. A wide range of physical parameters of the cold stores, the workers clothing insulation, and the working and recovering periods were observed. The combination of these environmental and individual parameters lead to different levels of thermal stress, which were grouped under three categories. Some good practices were observed in the field evaluations, namely situations with appropriate level of clothing protection and limited duration of exposure to cold avoiding unacceptable level of hypothermia. However, the clothing ensembles normally used by the workers do not provide the minimum required insulation, which suggests the possibility of the whole body cooling for levels higher than admissible. The numerical predictions corroborate the main conclusions of the field survey. The results obtained with both methodologies clearly show that, for the low temperature of the freezing chambers, the clothing insulation is insufficient, the exposure periods are too long, and the recovering periods are inadequate. Thus, high levels of physiological strain can indeed be reached by human beings under such working environments.
authors.affiliation: ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal. antonio.raimundo@dem.uc.pt.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.affiliation: ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A V M
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Quintela
mesh_terms: D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D019649:Food Industry; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011481:Protective Clothing; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Cold stress; Cold workplaces; Field measurements; Freezing chambers; Human thermoregulation model; Required clothing insulation