title: Magnetic resonance signal moment determination using the Earth's magnetic field.
abstract: We demonstrate a method to manipulate magnetic resonance data such that the moments of the signal spatial distribution are readily accessible. Usually, magnetic resonance imaging relies on data acquired in so-called k-space which is subsequently Fourier transformed to render an image. Here, via analysis of the complex signal in the vicinity of the centre of k-space we are able to access the first three moments of the signal spatial distribution, ultimately in multiple directions. This is demonstrated for biofouling of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane module, rendering unique information and an early warning of the onset of fouling. The analysis is particularly applicable for the use of mobile magnetic resonance spectrometers; here we demonstrate it using an Earth's magnetic field system.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Fridjonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, PO Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Creber
authors.affiliation: Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence of Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Vrouwenvelder
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Electronic address: michael.johns@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Johns
keywords: Earth’s magnetic field; Signal moment analysis; Under-sampling; k-space