title: PGAM1 is Involved in Spermatogenic Dysfunction and Affects Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlation between PGAM1 and spermatogenic dysfunction and to evaluate the effect of expression of PGAM1 on the function of germ cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of PGAM1 was detected in 40 cases of infertile males with definite pathological diagnosis and 12 cases of mouse models with spermatogenic dysfunction by immunohistochemistry. Then, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were evaluated when expression of PGAM1 was knocked down by a specific small interfering RNA in GC1 and TM4 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive rates of PGAM1 in patients with normal spermatogenesis, mild hypospermatogenesis, severe hypospermatogenesis, and Sertoli cell-only syndrome were 90%, 80%, 10%, 100%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < .001). Meanwhile, expression of PGAM1 was found to be significantly decreased in mouse models with spermatogenic dysfunction. Moreover, when expression of PGAM1 was knocked down in GC1 cells, the proliferation and migration were significantly inhibited, but the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased. Furthermore, PGAM1 downregulation in TM4 cells significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis but didn't affect migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGAM1 correlates with spermatogenic distinction and affects the function of cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Armed Police Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shoubo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Functional Experiment Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuanshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China Department of Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunjing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China 32340106@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D010736:Phosphoglycerate Mutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010736:Phosphoglycerate Mutase; C000611372:phosphoglycerate mutase 1, human
keywords: GC1; PGAM1; TM4; biological functions; male infertility