title: An anatomic study of nipple position and areola size in Asian men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In planning gender-reassignment surgery for biological women and treating men with gynecomastia, surgeons must have a thorough understanding of anatomically correct nipple positions and appropriate areola sizes in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine whether body height or body mass index (BMI) affects nipple position or areola size in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomic measurements of the nipples and areolae of 50 Japanese men were obtained. A relative coordinate system was defined, where the medial-lateral and superior-inferior positions of the nipple were quantitatively indicated by distance ratios between anatomic landmarks. Nipple positions were evaluated for each patient by referring to this coordinate system, and the positions were compared between groups categorized by body height or BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nipple position was not significantly affected by body height. However, the nipple tended to be located more laterally in participants with higher BMI. The vertical nipple position differed between standing and supine positions. Tall men had larger areolae than short men; however, areola size did not differ with respect to BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nipple position and areola size vary by body shape. Consideration of the differences is recommended when performing procedures such as female-to-male gender-reassignment surgery or correction of gynecomastia.
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasao
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minabe
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Momosawa
authors.affiliation: Dr Kasai is Chief Plastic Surgeon, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. Dr Shimizu is an Assistant Professor, Dr Nagasao is an Associate Professor, and Dr Kishi is a Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Ohnishi is an assistant professor and Dr Minabe is a Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Dr Momosawa is an Associate Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult