title: Modulation of the host response by probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 in experimental gingivitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probiotic Lactobacillus brevisCD2 (CD2) exerts anti-inflammatory properties by preventing nitric oxide synthesis. It is hypothesized that oral application of CD2 can inhibit naturally occurring gingival inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four healthy adults were randomized to receive L. brevisCD2 lozenges or placebo, three times daily for 14 days. The subjects refrained from oral hygiene, the extent of which was determined at various time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, bleeding on probing scores increased continuously throughout the study except on day 3. In the placebo group, scores increased significantly from 9.50 at baseline to 14.75 and 14.81 on days 10 and 14, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant change from baseline was observed in the CD2 group. However, scores were consistently higher with placebo, and significant intergroup differences were observed on day 10. Plaque and gingival indices increased from baseline in both treatment groups, but no intergroup differences were observed. Measurements of immune markers in gingival crevicular fluid revealed increased production of nitric oxide in the placebo group (P < 0.05). Prostaglandin E2 production decreased over time in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactobacillus brevisCD2 may delay gingivitis development in this model by downregulating an inflammatory cascade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: J-K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-1580
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: KSJ Probiotics Lab, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: DuPont Nutrition & Health, Kantvik, Finland.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ouwehand
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive & Public Health Dentistry, Research Institute for Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D052196:Levilactobacillus brevis; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Lactobacillus brevis; gingival crevicular fluid; gingivitis; probiotics