title: Epidemiology and outcome of candidaemia in patients with oncological and haematological malignancies: results from a population-based surveillance in Spain.
abstract: A prospective, population-based surveillance on candidaemia was implemented in five metropolitan areas of Spain from May 2010 to April 2011. We aimed to describe the distribution and susceptibility pattern of Candida species, and to evaluate risk factors for mortality in patients with oncological (solid tumours) and haematological malignancies. Adults (≥ 16 years) with cancer were included in the present report. Impact of therapeutic strategies on 7- and 30-day mortality were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for propensity score by inverse weighting probability of receiving early antifungal treatment and catheter removal. We included 238 (32.6%) patients (195 oncological, 43 haematological). Compared with oncological patients, haematological patients were more likely to have received chemotherapy (53.5% versus 17.4%, p < 0.001) or corticosteroids (41.9% versus 21%, p < 0.001), and have neutropenia (44.2% versus 1.5%, p < 0.001). Overall, 14.8% of patients developed breakthrough candidaemia. Non-albicans Candida species (71.1% versus 55.6%, p 0.056) and Candida tropicalis (22.2% versus 7.6%, p 0.011) were more frequent in haematological patients. Based on EUCAST breakpoints, 27.6% of Candida isolates were non-susceptible to fluconazole. Resistance to echinocandins was negligible. Mortality at 7 and 30 days was 12.2% and 31.5%, respectively, and did not differ significantly between the patient groups. Prompt antifungal therapy together with catheter removal (≤ 48 hours) was associated with lower mortality at 7 days (adjusted OR 0.05; 95% CI 0.01-0.42) and 30 days (adjusted OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.16-0.46). In conclusion, non-albicans species are emerging as the predominant isolates, particularly in haematological patients. Prompt, adequate antifungal treatment plus catheter removal may lead to a reduction in mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puig-Asensio
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: iruiz@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Camps
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aguado
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER RES CD6/06/0058), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER RES CD6/06/0058), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación de Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delgado-Iribarren
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bereciartua
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fortún
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-Estrella
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almirante
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058387:Candidemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Antifungal agents; Candidiasis; cancer; drug resistance; epidemiology; fluconazole; haematological malignancies