title: Bioavailability and influence of ¹⁴C-carbofuran on Eisenia andrei avoidance, growth and reproduction in treated natural tropical soils.
abstract: The bioavailability of carbofuran to the compost worms Eisenia andrei and the influence of its residual amounts on the avoidance, reproduction and growth of this species were studied in two natural tropical soils: a Typic Humaquept (GM) and a Typic Hapludox (LVD), as indicated by the Brazilian environmental authorities for ecotoxicological tests. The worms avoided the soil LVD treated with different doses of carbofuran. The pesticide also affected the production of juvenile specimens in both soils, but cocoon production was reduced only in the GM soil. The earthworms' growth and weight loss were affected by carbofuran (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate. CAS number 1563-66-2) only in the LVD and the mortality detected at 56 days of contact with the treated soils was not statistically significant in both of them. Fourteen days after the soil treatment with(14) c-carbofuran, most residues detected in the soils were bound residues (approximately 36% and 30% in the GM and LVD, respectively) and neither mortality nor bioaccumulation was detected in the earthworms, even with absorptions of 13% and 43%, respectively. The LVD soil has lower organic matter content, and the effects of carbofuran on different aspects of the earthworms' life were more pronounced in this soil, most likely due to the higher bioavailability of the pesticide in the soil solution. The results for carbofuran clearly demonstrate that even small quantities of residues do not assure lack of toxicity. They also make evident the necessity of studying the effects of pesticides in natural agricultural soils. Furthermore, as the bound residues and the earthworm contamination are not detected by conventional techniques, they are not taken into account and may be underestimated on environmental risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Agrochemical Ecology, Biological Institute , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina C B
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papini
authors.forename: Mara M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Andréa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001938:Brazil; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D007306:Insecticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002235:Carbofuran
keywords: Ecotoxicology; Typic Hapludox soil; Typic Humaquept soil; bioavailability; exposure time; residues