title: Developmental effects and genotoxicity of 10 water disinfection by-products in zebrafish.
abstract: Disinfection by-products are contaminants produced during drinking water disinfection. Several DBPs have been implicated in a variety of toxic effects, mainly carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. Moreover, DBPs exposure has also been associated with an increased risk of developmental effects. In this study, the developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 DBPs (four trihalomethanes [THMs], five haloacetic acids [HAAs] and sodium bromate) in the zebrafish embryo model were evaluated. Embryos exposed for 72 hours were observed for different endpoints such as growth, hatching success, malformations and lethality. THMs exposure resulted in adverse developmental effects and a significant reduced tail length. Two HAAs, tribromoacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, along with sodium bromate were found to cause a significant increase in malformation rate. Chloroform, chlorodibromomethane and sodium bromate produced a weak induction of DNA damage to whole embryos. However, developmental effects occurred at a range of concentrations (20-100 μg/mL) several orders of magnitude above the levels that can be attained in fetal blood in humans exposed to chlorinated water. In conclusion, the teratogenic and genotoxic activity observed by some DBPs in zebrafish reinforce the view that there is a weak capacity of disinfection products to cause developmental effects at environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail: elisabet.teixido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teixidó
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail: elisabet.teixido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piqué
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Barcelona Science Park. Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Linares
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail: elisabet.teixido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Llobet
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain E-mail: elisabet.teixido@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gómez-Catalán
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001959:Bromates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced; D006257:Head / Q000002:abnormalities; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000633:toxicity*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000633:toxicity*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013623:Tail / Q000002:abnormalities; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000002:abnormalities
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001959:Bromates; D060766:Drinking Water; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D009153:Mutagens; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C060553:sodium bromate