title: Evaluating clinical decision support tools for medication administration safety in a simulated environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The specific aims of this study were to develop a methodology and tools for the design of clinical decision support systems to decrease the incidence of medication administration errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods design was utilized in this study. First, observations of medication administration practice were used to inform the design of a simulated information system with a variety of decision support tools. Then, nurses were observed administering medications in a simulated environment using the simulated system. Finally, the nurses participated in focus groups to provide input into system tools design. Observations of nurses' use of the decision support tools as well as semi-structured focus groups were used to evaluate nurses' use and perceptions of the utility of the system decision support tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses' evaluation of the medication administration decision support tools as well as their actual performance revealed a tendency to underestimate their need for support. Their preferences were for decision support that was short, color coded, and easily accessed. Observations of medication administration showed that nurses exhibit a variety of work processes to prepare and administer medications to patients and access system decision support tools at a variety of points in this process. System design should allow flexibility of multiple points and types of information delivery to accommodate variations in workflow to minimize the tendency for system workarounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was performed in one hospital and results may not generalize beyond this setting. However, this method used to design and test decision support could be transferred to other settings. Using simulation in this study provided a method for testing new information system design, related to a potentially dangerous procedure, in a manner that eliminated the hazards of potential unintended consequences for patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Nursing, NB 506 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States. Electronic address: mossja@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Health Professions, NB 506 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
authors.forename: Eta S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Berner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000407:Alabama; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062527:Meaningful Use / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000451:nursing* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009731:Nursing Audit; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Decision support; Error; Medication administration; Nursing informatics; Simulation