title: Parenthood and opioid dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients in maintenance treatment programs for opioid dependence are parents to underage children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore how parents who are regular patients in maintenance treatment perceive their parenthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a qualitative approach. The informants were recruited by staff at a substance abuse clinic in Sweden. Criteria for inclusion were participation in the local maintenance treatment program, having a child or children younger than 18 years, and being in contact with the child or children. Data were collected in 2012-2013 by in-depth interviews of seven fathers and five mothers and analyzed using concepts and procedures of qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The central findings of the study were: 1) the parents' concerns about possible future discrimination against their children, ie, stigma by association; and 2) the patients' own parents' role as the most important support in parenthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The issue of anticipated discrimination against the children of parents undergoing maintenance treatment might be an aspect to consider in the development of interventions and support. Considering the role of the patients' own parents also seems important.
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Heljä
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pihkala
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandlund
keywords: anticipated stigma; maintenance treatment; opiod dependence; parenthood; qualitative analysis; stigma by association