title: Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese: Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) Project.
abstract: This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level in Chinese. The 24-h urine collection was conducted among 2112 adults aged 18-69 years randomly selected in Shandong Province, China. The subjects were asked whether their sodium intake was low, moderate, or high. The weighted kappa statistics was calculated to assess the agreement between 24-h urine sodium excretion level and self-reported sodium intake level. One third of the subjects reported low sodium intake level. About 70% of the subjects had mean 24-h sodium excretion>9 g/d, but reported low or moderate sodium intake. The agreement between self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level was low in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive subjects. These findings suggested that many subjects who reported low sodium intake had actual urine sodium excretion>9 g/d. Sodium intake is often underestimated in both hypertensive and normotensive participants in China.
authors.affiliation: Division of Non-communicable Disease Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Ewha Womans University, Seoul 999007, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Chul
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ai Qiang
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomignton, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Peng Cheng
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Ji Xiang
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Division of Non-communicable Disease Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Heath, Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia; University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Liu Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Division of Non-communicable Disease Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Zi Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ji Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jun Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Wen Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001364:Awareness; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D012424:Rural Population; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium