title: Current and Emerging Immunotherapies for Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer.
abstract: Despite advances in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment, therapies that provide long-term survival are still needed. In 2010, sipuleucel-T was approved for CRPC on the basis of improved overall survival. Recently, new immunotherapeutic approaches have emerged with perhaps the most exciting being immune-checkpoint inhibition. Here, we provide an overview of immunotherapies for CRPC, with a focus on immune-checkpoint inhibition with ipilimumab. We consider how experience with ipilimumab in melanoma might inform future use in CRPC and describe ongoing phase 3 trials. Finally, we discuss the potential for improved antitumor activity when ipilimumab is combined with hormonal or bone-targeted agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de I'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: fred.saad@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008297:Male; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014612:Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D014612:Vaccines