title: Tubular dysfunction and non-albuminuric renal disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Micro-albuminuria is considered an early marker of glomerular injury in patients with diabetes but it has yet to be determined whether testing for markers of tubular injury can also identify people who are at risk of progressive renal disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate markers of tubular injury and renal characteristics in a sample of community treated type 2 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carry-out an assessment of a group of community diabetic patients, anthropometric measures, creatinine clearance, HbA1c, lipid profile, the mean fast serum glucose levels, albuminuria and α1-microglobulin (α1M) urine excretion were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 95 included patients, 45.2% had α1M urinary excretion ≥ 10 μg/gCr, 23.1% micro-albuminuria, 9.6% macroalbuminuria and 27.2% had a GFR < 60 mL/min. The most important risk factor associated with a1M excretion was fasting glucose level (OR 4.3, 95IC 1.7-11.1 p = 0.001); HbA1c ≥ 8% and age were the most important risk factors associated with GFR ≤ 60 mL/min. Most of patients had uncontrolled glucose levels and 45.1% patients with albuminuria were not receiving any drug with anti-proteinuric effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasting glucose levels was the most important risk factor associated with tubular dysfunction; non-albuminuric presentation of CKD defined as GFR < 60 mL/min was frequent in our population, so is necessary to implement different strategies for surveillance in patients with type 2 diabetes aiming to delay progression to CKD.
authors.forename: Ma Ludivina
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Robles-Osorio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital General de Querétaro.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sabath
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human