title: Genome-Enabled Phylogeographic Investigation of the Quarantine Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 and Screening for Sources of Resistance Against Its Core Effectors.
abstract: Phylogeographic studies inform about routes of pathogen dissemination and are instrumental for improving import/export controls. Genomes of 17 isolates of the bacterial wilt and potato brown rot pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2), a Select Agent in the United States, were thus analyzed to get insight into the phylogeography of this pathogen. Thirteen of fourteen isolates from Europe, Africa, and Asia were found to belong to a single clonal lineage while isolates from South America were genetically diverse and tended to carry ancestral alleles at the analyzed genomic loci consistent with a South American origin of R3bv2. The R3bv2 isolates share a core repertoire of 31 type III-secreted effector genes representing excellent candidates to be targeted with resistance genes in breeding programs to develop durable disease resistance. Toward this goal, 27 R3bv2 effectors were tested in eggplant, tomato, pepper, tobacco, and lettuce for induction of a hypersensitive-like response indicative of recognition by cognate resistance receptors. Fifteen effectors, eight of them core effectors, triggered a response in one or more plant species. These genotypes may harbor resistance genes that could be identified and mapped, cloned, and expressed in tomato or potato, for which sources of genetic resistance to R3bv2 are extremely limited.
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Runde
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weisberg
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Rongman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Daunay
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wicker
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: First, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA; second author: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK; seventh author: Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; eighth author: Unité de Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Centre d'Avignon, Montfavet, France; ninth author: CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Vegetaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Saint Pierre, La Reunion, France; and tenth author: PROINPA Foundation, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vinatzer
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D002212:Capsicum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D023281:Genomics; D018545:Lactuca / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D058974:Phylogeography; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D043368:Ralstonia solanacearum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D032323:Solanum melongena / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013020:South America; D014774:Virulence