title: Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012.
abstract: This study aimed at determining the incidence, distribution, risk factors, and causal serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Ethiopia based on 5 years of retrospective outbreak data (September 2007 until August 2012). District level outbreak data were collected from 115 randomly selected districts using a questionnaire administered to district animal health officers. The national incidence of FMD outbreaks during the study period was 1.45 outbreaks per five district years. Outbreaks were geographically widespread affecting all major regional states in the country and were more frequent in the central, southern, and southeastern parts of the country. Neither long-term nor seasonal trends were observed in the incidence of outbreaks. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis revealed that the type of production system (market oriented system versus subsistence systems), presence of a major livestock market and/or route, and adjacency to a national parks or wildlife sanctuary were found to be associated with increased risk of outbreaks in the districts. FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT 2, and SAT 1 were identified as the causal serotypes of the outbreaks during the study period. Whereas O was the dominant serotype, SAT 2 was the serotype that showed increase in relative frequency of occurrence. The estimated incidence of outbreaks is useful in assessing the economic impacts of the disease, and the identified risk factors provide important knowledge to target a progressive FMD control policy for Ethiopia.
authors.affiliation: Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wudu.Jemberu@wur.nl, Wudu.Temesgen@uog.edu.et.|Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Wudu.Jemberu@wur.nl, Wudu.Temesgen@uog.edu.et.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Jemberu
authors.affiliation: Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mourits
authors.affiliation: National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahle
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Siraw
authors.affiliation: Department Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vernooij
authors.affiliation: Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hogeveen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D005843:Geography; D015994:Incidence; D058751:Livestock; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D065288:Serogroup; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis
keywords: Ethiopia; epidemiology; foot and mouth disease; incidence; outbreak; risk factor