title: Geographical accessibility to healthcare and malnutrition in Rwanda.
abstract: The prevalence of stunting in children less than five years of age is elevated in Rwanda. It is one of the main health challenges upon which the government is struggling to achieve progress. Health centers and district hospitals in Rwanda are expected to provide a package of health services including nutrition related activities, nutritional rehabilitation, education, and growth monitoring. They can hence play a potent role in alleviating malnutrition and stunting in Rwanda. This study tested whether travel time from household clusters to the nearest health center was significantly and negatively associated with the distribution of height-for-age z-scores of younger than five year old children in the eastern province of Rwanda. Data for 974 children was extracted from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) database. However, since DHS does not contain any information on travel time to health centers, the latter was simulated using AccessMod 4.0, an extension to ArcGIS 9.3.1 that simulates health facilities' catchment areas and travel times to health facilities. Travel time was found to be negatively associated with height-for-age z-scores at the 5% level in a stepwise regression analysis that controlled for wealth index, mother's primary and secondary education, sex of the child, preceding birth interval, and birth order of the child. Field measurements are needed to validate travel time. If validated, results point to the importance of improved access to healthcare facilities as a potential pathway in reducing stunting in Rwanda.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: nael.aoun@sustainability.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Geographical accessibility; Health center; Rwanda; Stunting; Travel time