title: 'One Health' investigation: outbreak of human Salmonella Braenderup infections traced to a mail-order hatchery - United States, 2012-2013.
abstract: Human salmonellosis linked to contact with live poultry is an increasing public health concern. In 2012, eight unrelated outbreaks of human salmonellosis linked to live poultry contact resulted in 517 illnesses. In July 2012, PulseNet, a national molecular surveillance network, reported a multistate cluster of a rare strain of Salmonella Braenderup infections which we investigated. We defined a case as infection with the outbreak strain, determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, with illness onset from 25 July 2012-27 February 2013. Ill persons and mail-order hatchery (MOH) owners were interviewed using standardized questionnaires. Traceback and environmental investigations were conducted. We identified 48 cases in 24 states. Twenty-six (81%) of 32 ill persons reported live poultry contact in the week before illness; case-patients named 12 different MOHs from eight states. The investigation identified hatchery D as the ultimate poultry source. Sampling at hatchery D yielded the outbreak strain. Hatchery D improved sanitation procedures and pest control; subsequent sampling failed to yield Salmonella. This outbreak highlights the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment and the importance of industry knowledge and involvement in solving complex outbreaks. Preventing these infections requires a 'One Health' approach that leverages expertise in human, animal, and environmental health.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS),Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch (EDEB),Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases (DFWED),National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID),Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),Atlanta,GA,USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch (ORPB),DFWED,NCEZID,CDC,Atlanta,GA,USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.affiliation: Health Services Region 7,Texas Department of State Health Services,Temple,TX,USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Health Services Region 7,Texas Department of State Health Services,Temple,TX,USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Nix
authors.affiliation: Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Branch,Foodborne Illness Surveillance,Texas Department of State Health Services,Austin,TX,USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borders
authors.affiliation: Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Branch,Foodborne Illness Surveillance,Texas Department of State Health Services,Austin,TX,USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heseltine
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Services (VS),Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),Riverdale,MD,USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Services (VS),Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),Riverdale,MD,USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCLUSKEY
authors.affiliation: National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP),VS,APHIS,USDA,Conyers,GA,USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Roney
authors.affiliation: National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP),VS,APHIS,USDA,Conyers,GA,USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brinson
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory,National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL),VS,APHIS,USDA,Ames,IA,USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.affiliation: Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch,DFWED,NCEZID,CDC,Atlanta,GA,USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDANIEL
authors.affiliation: Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch (ORPB),DFWED,NCEZID,CDC,Atlanta,GA,USA.
authors.forename: C Barton
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Behravesh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011177:Postal Service; D011200:Poultry; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Outbreaks; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; poultry; zoonoses