title: A reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in fresh fish and dried seafoods.
abstract: A reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine mycotoxins, i.e., aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin, HT2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), in fresh fish (muscle and entrails) as well as dried seafoods. Special focus was given to sample pretreatment which is crucial for an accurate and reliable analytical method. With regards to the high complexity of the matrices, extraction solvent, time, and temperature as well as clean-up cartridges were optimized to improve extraction efficiency and reduce matrix effects. The optimum procedure included ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetonitrile/water/acetic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v) at 40 °C for 30 min, defatting with n-hexane and purification by Oasis HLB cartridges. The method was further validated by determining the linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.9989), sensitivity (limit of detection ≤ 2 μg/kg, limit of quantitation ≤ 3 μg/kg), recovery (72.2-119.9%) and precision (≤ 18.3%) in muscle and entrails of fresh crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as well as dried fish products. The method was proven to be suitable for its intended purposes. Mycotoxins of OTA, ZEN and AFB2 have been found in fresh fish and dried seafoods for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Wenshuo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Bio-analysis Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Dongxia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Mengtong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China. Electronic address: yzhao@shou.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China. Electronic address: abwu@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Aibo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins; D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005399:Fishes; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009183:Mycotoxins; C029753:aflatoxin B2
keywords: Dried seafoods; Fresh fish; Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; Mycotoxins