title: Feeling Better About Self After Receiving Negative Feedback: When the Sense That Ability Can Be Improved Is Activated.
abstract: Past studies suggest that managers and educators often consider negative feedback as a motivator for individuals to think about their shortcomings and improve their work, but delivering negative feedback does not always achieve desired results. The present study, based on incremental theory, employed an intervention method to activate the belief that a particular ability could be improved after negative feedback. Three experiments tested the intervention effect on negative self-relevant emotion. Study 1 indicated conveying suggestions for improving ability reduced negative self-relevant emotion after negative feedback. Study 2 tested whether activating the sense of possible improvement in the ability could reduce negative self-relevant emotion. Results indicated activating the belief that ability could be improved reduced negative self-relevant emotion after failure, but delivering emotion management information alone did not yield the same effect. Study 3 extended the results by affirming the effort participants made in doing the test, and found the affirmation reduced negative self-relevant emotion. Collectively, the findings indicated focusing on the belief that the ability could be improved in the future can reduce negative self-relevant emotion after negative feedback.
authors.affiliation: a Beijing Normal University.
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Beijing Normal University.
authors.forename: Yinghe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: b Beijing Jiaotong University.
authors.forename: Baowei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: incremental theory; intervention; negative feedback; self-relevant emotion