title: Protein shedding in urothelial bladder cancer: prognostic implications of soluble urinary EGFR and EpCAM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Better biomarkers must be found to develop clinically useful urine tests for bladder cancer. Proteomics can be used to identify the proteins released by cancer cell lines and generate candidate markers for developing such tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used shotgun proteomics to identify proteins released into culture media by eight bladder cancer cell lines. These data were compared with protein expression data from the Human Protein Atlas. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was identified as a candidate biomarker and measured by ELISA in urine from 60 noncancer control subjects and from 436 patients with bladder cancer and long-term clinical follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder cancer cell lines shed soluble EGFR ectodomain. Soluble EGFR is also detectable in urine and is highly elevated in some patients with high-grade bladder cancer. Urinary EGFR is an independent indicator of poor bladder cancer-specific survival with a hazard ratio of 2.89 (95% CI 1.81-4.62, P<0.001). In multivariable models including both urinary EGFR and EpCAM, both biomarkers are predictive of bladder cancer-specific survival and have prognostic value over and above that provided by standard clinical observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring urinary EGFR and EpCAM may represent a simple and useful approach for fast-tracking the investigation and treatment of patients with the most aggressive bladder cancers.
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pirrie
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Devall
authors.affiliation: School of Population and Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK [2] Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zeegers
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000652:urine*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C499379:EPCAM protein, human; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors