title: Does temporary socket removal affect residual limb fluid volume of trans-tibial amputees?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower-limb prosthesis users typically experience residual limb volume losses over the course of the day that can detrimentally affect socket fit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether temporarily doffing the prosthesis encouraged residual limb fluid volume recovery and whether the recovered fluid was maintained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual limb fluid volume was monitored on 16 participants in three test sessions each. Participants conducted six cycles of resting/standing/walking. Between the third and fourth cycles, participants sat for 30 min with the prosthesis and liner: donned (ON), the prosthesis doffed but the liner donned (LINER), or the prosthesis and liner doffed (OFF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage fluid volume gain and retention were greatest for the OFF condition followed by the LINER condition. Participants experienced fluid volume losses for the ON condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doffing the prosthesis or both the prosthesis and liner during rest improved residual limb fluid volume retention compared with leaving the prosthesis and liner donned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners should advise patients who undergo high daily limb volume losses to consider temporarily doffing their prosthesis. Fluid volume retention during subsequent activity will be highest if both the prosthesis and liner are doffed.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA jsanders@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Reid H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Marcia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ciol
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Katheryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Allyn
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Dan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000379:methods / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D045604:Extracellular Fluid; D005260:Female; D018495:Fluid Shifts / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Volume management; accommodation; bioimpedance analysis; residual limb shape