title: Does advanced operative obstetrics still have a place in contemporary practice?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recent significant contributions to the literature concerning advanced operative obstetric procedures used for rotational vaginal deliveries and their alternative, primary caesarean section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rising caesarean section rates are a global concern. Caesarean section in the second stage of labour is associated with high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity. Rotational vaginal deliveries may reduce the caesarean section rate without additional adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcomes. A recent national trainees' survey highlighted that training in the management of operative birth in the second stage of labour, especially when there is malposition of the fetal head, is a priority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for evidence-based guidelines, including standardized documentation of these advanced procedures. Training strategies for junior practitioners to acquire these skills and for experienced practitioners to maintain and disseminate their skills should be prioritized. The safety of rotational delivery methods versus primary caesarean section is likely to prove difficult to assess directly, in the context of a randomized controlled trial, but may be approximated via a national prospective audit.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool bLiverpool Women's Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tempest
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Navaratnam
authors.forename: Dharani Kosala
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hapangama
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000517:prevention & control; D001946:Breech Presentation / Q000628:therapy*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D011247:Pregnancy