title: Laser radiation effect on chondrocytes and intercellular matrix of costal and articular cartilage impregnated with magnetite nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic nanoparticles with the ability to absorb laser radiation are the perspective agents for the early diagnostics and laser therapy of degenerative cartilage. The effect of starch stabilized magnetite nanoparticles (SSNPs) on the cartilage structure components has never been studied before. The aim of the work is to establish the Erbium:glass laser effect on costal and articular cartilage impregnated with SSNPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine articular and costal cartilage disks (2.0 mm in diameter and 1.5-2 mm in thickness) were impregnated with SSNPs and irradiated using a 1.56 μm laser in therapeutic laser setting. The one sample group underwent the second irradiation after the SSNPs impregnation. The samples were analyzed by the means of histology, histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal the alterations of cells, glycosaminoglycans and collagen network.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The irradiated cartilage demonstrates the higher content of cell alterations than the intact one due to the heat and mechanical affection in the course of laser irradiation. However the alterations are localized at the areas near the irradiated surfaces and not dramatic. The impregnation of SSNPs does not cause any additional cell alterations. For both costal and articular cartilage the matrix alterations of irradiated samples are not critical: there is the slight decrease in acid proteoglycan content at the irradiated areas while the collagen network is not altered. Distribution and localization of impregnated SSNPs is described: agglomerates of 150-230 nm are observed located at the borders between matrix and cell lacunas of articular cartilage; SSNPs of 15-45 nm are found in the collagen network of costal cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that SSNPs do not appreciably affect the structural components of both articular and costal cartilage and can be safely used for the laser diagnostics and therapy. The area of structural alterations is diffuse and local as the result of the mechanical and heat effect of laser impact. SSNPs reveal the areas of the structural alterations of cartilage matrix and give information about the size of the pores and defects.
authors.affiliation: Institute on Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 142190, Russia; Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
authors.forename: Yulia M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Soshnikova
authors.forename: Anatoly B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shekhter
authors.forename: Olga I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Evgeniy M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shcherbakov
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Omelchenko
authors.forename: Valeriy V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Lunin
authors.forename: Emil N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Sobol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000528:radiation effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D012272:Ribs / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles
keywords: articular cartilage; costal cartilage; laser therapy; magnetic nanoparticles