title: X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) enhances colorectal cancer cell invasion.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the role of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2) signalling in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells invasion by evaluating their extent of activation in CRC tissues and cell lines using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and invasion assays. Results showed that XBP-1 is expressed at high levels in metastatic and poorly differentiated tissue samples, whereas it appeared relatively low in moderately and well-differentiated tissue samples compared to those in normal colon tissue. The XBP-1 immunoreactivity score (IRS) was positively associated with increasing tumour invasion. In vitro studies showed that overexpression of XBP-1 promoted cancer cell invasion, which was suppressed by inhibition of XBP-1 using small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA). Inhibition of XBP-1 expression significantly decreased levels of VEGF-R2.In conclusion, XBP-1 might be regarded as a novel predictive biomarker in CRC invasion and metastasis.
authors.forename: Nizar M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mhaidat
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
authors.forename: Ayed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abushbak
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605543:XBP1 protein, human; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
keywords: 5-FU; Chemotherapy,; Colorectal cancer,; Invasion,; Metastasis,; UPR,; VEGF-R2,; XBP-1,