title: EEG in children, in the laboratory or at the patient's bedside.
abstract: In pediatrics, EEG recordings are performed on patients from the neonatal period up to young adults. This means adapting techniques to many different conditions, concerning not only the patient's age, the need for asepsis and the patient's behavior, but also the environment (e.g. in the laboratory, at the patient's bedside, or in the neonatal intensive care unit [NICU]). Technical requirements depend on age, indication and the type of examination; in infancy, there should be a minimum of 12 EEG electrodes, ECG and respiration recording. In epileptology, surface EMG is also necessary to characterize the type of seizures and refine the diagnosis of epilepsy syndrome, on which physicians will base their treatment choice. The role of the EEG technician is essential because the quality of the recording, its analysis and conclusion will depend on the quality of the technical set-up and the interaction with the child. Sleep is a systematic part of the study up to the age of 5 years for several reasons: sleep EEG yields information on brain maturation; the EEG tracing during wakefulness can contain too many artefacts; and some grapho-elements, key to the diagnosis, only appear during sleep. The time of the examination must be chosen according to the child's usual nap times, possibly after sleep deprivation. Grapho-elements and spatio-temporal organization of the EEG vary with age, and normal variants and unusual aspects are quite wide for any given age; this is why a physician experienced in pediatric EEG should perform the interpretation. This chapter concerns EEG performed in infants, children and adolescents, its technical aspects according to age and indications (general pediatrics, emergency, epilepsy).
authors.affiliation: Service d'explorations fonctionnelles neurologiques, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm, U1129, hôpital Necker, 149, rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaminska
authors.affiliation: Service de physiologie-explorations fonctionnelles, CHU de Garches, UVSQ, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cheliout-Heraut
authors.affiliation: Service d'explorations fonctionnelles neurologiques, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm, U1129, hôpital Necker, 149, rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, CEA, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisermann
authors.affiliation: Unité de neurophysiologie clinique de l'enfant, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Touzery de Villepin
authors.affiliation: Service de neurophysiologie clinique, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lamblin
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012890:Sleep; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Adolescent; Child; Childhood epilepsy; EEG indications; EEG recording techniques; Enfant; Guidelines; Indications de l’EEG; Infant; Nourrisson; Recommandations; Techniques d’enregistrement EEG; Épilepsie de l’enfant