title: Effects of transportation stress and addition of salt to transport water on the skin mucosal homeostasis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: Transportation of live fish is a common practice among aquaculture facilities. Many studies have previously reported how transport elicits physiological stress responses and increases disease susceptibility in farmed fish. The aim of this work is to investigate the changes that the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) experiences due to stress. Since NaCl is commonly added to transport water as a stress mitigator, the effects of salt addition on the skin mucosa and skin-associated bacteria were also examined. Three experimental groups (Control, post-transport no salt (PTNS) and post-transport with salt (PTS)) were analyzed in a 5-hour transport acute stress model. Results indicate that the skin mucosa and the skin-associated bacteria are affected by transport stress. Total numbers of culturable skin-associated bacteria increased by ~10-fold and ~50-fold in the PTS and PTNS groups, respectively. Compared to controls, MUC2 expression was increased by 5-fold and 2-fold in the PTNS and PTS groups, respectively. Claudin-7, 8d and 12 expression levels were higher in both PTNS and PTS groups whereas antimicrobial peptide gene expression was lower than controls. Expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β but not IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was up-regulated 2-3 fold in both the PTS and PTNS groups. The addition of salt diminished some of the physiological responses measured including the numbers of skin-associated bacteria. The responses recorded here appeared to be efficient at controlling bacterial translocation since stress did not lead to significant presence of bacteria in the liver or spleen of rainbow trout. When examining the ability of skin mucus to inhibit or promote growth of the bacterial pathogenVibrio anguillarum, the skin mucus of PTS trout was more efficient at inhibitingV. anguillarumgrowth (20% inhibition) compared to control or PTNS mucus (11-12% inhibition). Our data clearly indicate the skin and skin microbiota of rainbow trout undergo important physiological responses during stress. The reduction in the magnitude of the skin responses recorded when salt was added to the transport water explains a new mechanism by which salt is an effective stress mitigator in some fish species. Aquaculture specialists will benefit from the present study by taking into consideration the importance of skin health during live transport.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tacchi
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lowrey
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Musharrafieh
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crossey
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Erin T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Larragoite
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology Biology Department University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM87131 USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
keywords: mucosal immunity; rainbow trout; skin bacteria; skin homeostasis; stress