title: Assessment of cephalometric characteristics in the elderly.
abstract: This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the cephalometric characteristics in the elderly, taking into account differences between genders, age ranges, ethnic groups and dental aspects. The sample consisted of 250 elderly subjects of both genders (163 female, mean age: 68 yr.; 87 male: 70.4 yr.). Conventional lateral cephalograms for cephalometric analysis were scanned and analyzed by Dolphin Imaging software 11.5. The statistical treatment of the data evaluated the influence of gender and age range variables (independent t test), as well as ethnic group, facial profile, and dental characteristics (one-way ANOVA), on cephalometric measurements. A confidence interval of 95% and level of significance of 5% were considered for all the tests performed. The results revealed: 1) The cephalometric measurements evaluated showed significantly lower values for the female gender; 2) a significant decrease in the cephalometric values was observed in relation to the growth pattern, with the advancement of age; 3) significant cephalometric differences were observed between the ethnic groups and the facial profiles; 3) dentulous patients had greater absolute values for all the components evaluated, followed by the individuals with partial dental losses and by those who were edentulous. It may be concluded that the cephalometric alterations observed in this study are inherent to facial maturity, and that they represent specific characteristics regarding each of the variables evaluated. These modifications must be taken into account when planning the treatment for younger patients, to minimize the modifications arising from the natural aging process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wilson Guilherme Nunes
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo de Lima
authors.initials: Rde L
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia de Castro Ferreira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio Rodrigues de
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula Vanessa Pedron
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Oltramari-Navarro
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric