title: Sonography of subcutaneous tissue cannot determine causes of lower limb edema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To clarify the clinical use of sonography for differentiation of edema we tried to answer the question whether a group of doctors can differentiate lymphedema from cardiac, hepatic or venous edema just by analysing sonographic images of the edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  38 (70 ± 12 years, 22 (58 %) females) patients with lower limb edema were recruited according the clinical diagnosis: 10 (26 %) lymphedema, 16 (42 %) heart insufficiency, 6 (16 %) venous disorders, 6 (16 %) chronic hepatic disease. Edema was depicted sonographically at the most affected leg in a standardised way at distal and proximal calf. 38 sets of images were anonymised and send to 5 experienced doctors. They were asked whether they can see criteria for lymphedema: 1. anechoic gaps, 2. horizontal gaps and 3. echoic rims.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accepting an edema as lymphedema if only one doctor sees at least one of the three criteria for lymphatic edema on each single image all edema would be classified as lymphatic. Accepting lymphedema only if all doctors see at least one of the three criteria on the distal image of the same patient 80 % of the patients supposed to have lymphedema are classified as such, but also the majority of cardiac, venous and hepatic edema. Accepting lymphedema only if all doctors see all three criteria on the distal image of the same patients no edema would be classified as lymphatic. In addition we separated patients by Stemmers sign in those with positive and negative sign. The interpretation of the images was not different between both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis shows that it is not possible to differentiate lymphedema from other lower limb edema sonographically.
authors.affiliation: Harzklinikum Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Harzklinikum Wernigerode, Germany.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von Beckerath
authors.affiliation: HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kröger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications
keywords: Lymphedema; Stemmers sign; lower limb edema; sonography