title: Predictors of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: Comparison Study between Transesophageal Echocardiography and Cardiac CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cardiac computed tomographic (CT) findings predictive of recurrent stroke in patients with ischemic stroke and determine the incremental risk stratification benefit of cardiac CT findings compared with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) findings in patients with ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  This single-center prospective study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Among 548 consecutive patients, 374 patients with ischemic stroke (254 men and 120 women, with a mean age of 63.1 years) who underwent TEE and cardiac CT were prospectively enrolled in this study. TEE and cardiac CT images were assessed for cardioembolic sources, including thrombus, tumor, spontaneous echo contrast, valvular vegetation, atrial septal aneurysm, patent foramen ovale, and aortic plaque. The primary end point was stroke recurrence. Prognostic factors were assessed with Cox univariate and multivariate analysis. The integrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to compare the prognostic abilities of CT and TEE parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up period of 433 days, there were a total of 28 recurrent stroke events. The TEE parameter of plaque complexity (hazard ratio, 13.512; 95% confidence interval: 3.668, 49.778; P < .001) and CT parameter of plaque complexity (hazard ratio, 32.538; 95% confidence interval: 7.544, 140.347; P < .001) were predictors of recurrent stroke. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated no significant differences in prediction of recurrent stroke between TEE and CT parameters (integrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.812 vs 0.840, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex aortic plaque evaluated with cardiac CT and TEE was associated with an increased risk of stroke recurrence in patients with ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Kyeho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Sae Rom
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Young Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Dong Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Yun Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Yoo Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Hye-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Young Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Hye Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Geu-Ru
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science (K.L., J.H., S.R.H., Y.J.S., D.J.I., Yun Jung Kim, Y.J.H., H.J.L., Young Jin Kim, B.W.C.), and Department of Biostatistics (H.S.L.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 120-752 Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (G.R.H.).
authors.forename: Byoung Wook
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed