title: Sleepwalking episodes are preceded by arousal-related activation in the cingulate motor area: EEG current density imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate local arousal fluctuations in adults who received ICSD-2 diagnosis of somnambulism.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG neuroimaging (eLORETA) was utilized to compare current density distribution for 4s epochs immediately preceding sleepwalking episode (from -4.0 s to 0 s) to the distribution during earlier 4s epochs (from -8.0 s to -4.0 s) in 20 EEG segments from 15 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparisons between eLORETA images revealed significant (t>4.52; p<0.05) brain activations before onset of sleepwalking, with greater current density within beta 3 frequency range (24-30 Hz) in Brodmann areas 33 and 24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleepwalking motor events are associated with arousal-related activation of cingulate motor area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the notion of blurred boundaries between wakefulness and NREM sleep in sleepwalking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: piotr.januszko@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Januszko
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Szymon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemcewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gajda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wołyńczyk-Gmaj
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna Justyna
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Piotrowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartłomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gmaj
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Szelenberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cingulate motor areas; Local arousal; NREM parasomnia; Somnambulism; eLORETA