title: Detection of virgin coconut oil adulteration with animal fats using quantitative cholesterol by GC × GC-TOF/MS analysis.
abstract: A new method based on the cholesterol level was developed to detect the presence of animal fats in virgin coconut oil (VCO). In this study, the sterols in VCO and animal fats was separated using conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Compared with 1D GC, the GC×GC system could obtain a complete baseline separation of the sterol trimethylsilyl ethers derived from cholesterol and cholestanol, so that the cholesterol content in pure VCO and false VCO adulterated with animal fats could be accurately determined. Cholesterol, a main sterol found in animal fats, represented less than 5mg/kg of VCO. The study demonstrated that the determination of the cholesterol level in VCO could be used for reliable detection of the presence of lard, chicken fat, mutton tallow, beef tallow, or their mixture in VCO at a level as little as 0.25%.
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
authors.forename: Baocheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: peiwuli@oilcrops.cn.
authors.forename: Peiwu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: xiupinwang@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matthäus
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis*; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005223:Fats; D010938:Plant Oils; D002784:Cholesterol; C013698:tallow; D000074263:Coconut Oil; C029310:lard
keywords: Adulteration; Animal fats; Cholesterol; GC×GC–TOF/MS; Virgin coconut oil