title: A hybrid electro-optic polymer and TiO2 double-slot waveguide modulator.
abstract: An electro-optic (EO) modulator using a TiO2 slot hybrid waveguide has been designed and fabricated. Optical mode calculations revealed that the mode was primarily confined within the slots when using a double-slot configuration, thus achieving a high EO activity experimentally. The TiO2 slots also acted as an important barrier to induce an enhanced DC field during the poling of the EO polymer and the driving of the EO modulator. The hybrid phase modulator exhibited a driving voltage (Vπ) of 1.6 V at 1550 nm, which can be further reduced to 0.8 V in a 1 cm-long push-pull Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. The modulator demonstrated a low propagation loss of 5 dB/cm and a relatively high end-fire coupling efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga-city, Fukuoka, 816-8580 Japan.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga-city, Fukuoka, 816-8580 Japan.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spring
authors.affiliation: Nissan Chemical Industries, LTD, 2-10-1 Tuboi Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Nissan Chemical Industries, LTD, 2-10-1 Tuboi Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Masa-aki
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.affiliation: Nissan Chemical Industries, LTD, 2-10-1 Tuboi Nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Odoi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otomo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen Kasuga-city, Fukuoka, 816-8580 Japan.
authors.forename: Shiyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama