title: Enterovirus 71 virion-associated galectin-1 facilitates viral replication and stability.
abstract: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes a myriad of diseases from mild hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina to fatal brain stem encephalitis complicated with pulmonary edema. Several severe EV71 endemics have occurred in Asia-Pacific region, including Taiwan, and have become a serious threat to children's health. EV71 infection is initiated by the attachment of the virion to the target cell surface. Although this process relies primarily upon interaction between viruses and cell surface receptors, soluble factors may also influence the binding of EV71 to host cells. Galectin-1 has been reported to participate in several virus infections, but is not addressed in EV71. In this study, we found that the serum levels of galectin-1 in EV71-infected children were higher than those in non-infected people. In EV71 infected cells, galectin-1 was found to be associated with the EV71 VP1 and VP3 via carbohydrate residues and subsequently released and bound to another cell surface along with the virus. EV71 propagated from galectin-1 knockdown SK-N-SH cells exhibited lower infectivity in cultured cells and less pathogenicity in mice than the virus propagated from parental cells. In addition, this galectin-1-free EV71 virus was sensitive to high temperature and lost its viability after long-term storage, which could be restored following supplement of recombinant galectin-1. Taken together, our findings uncover a new role of galectin-1 in facilitating EV71 virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Huan
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzong-Shiann
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Che
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 350, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuh-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Keung
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ai-Li
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huan-Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Peng
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000821:virology; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D037483:Galectin 1