title: Erythrocyte concentrates recovered from under-collected whole blood: experimental and clinical results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although periodic blood shortages are widespread in major Chinese cities, approximately 1 x 10(5) U of whole blood are discarded yearly because of under-collection. To reduce the wastage of acid citrate dextrose solution B (ACD-B) anticoagulated under-collected whole blood (UC-WB), this study was performed to elucidate the effect of extracellular pH and holding time on erythrocyte quality. Mannitol-adenine-phosphate (MAP) erythrocyte concentrates (UC-RBCs) were prepared with UC-WB to assess the safety and efficacy of this component.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of the different extracellular pH levels and storage times on erythrocytes was assessed by fluorescent probes, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, electron microscopy and spectroscopy. In vitro properties of 34 UC-RBCs that were prepared with UC-WB at different times after collection were analyzed and compared to normal RBCs during 35 days of storage. The results of transfusion with UC-RBCs and the incidence of adverse reactions in 49 patients were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Low extracellular pH levels and long storage time induced increases in RBC fluorescence polarization and mean microviscosity, changes in membrane fluidity, band 1, 2 and 3 protein expression, and erythrocyte morphology. 2) During storage for 35 days, difference in between-subjects effects of K+, hemolysis and supernatant erythrocyte membrane protein (EMP) were statistically significant (P = 0.041, 0.007 and 0.002, respectively), while the differences between these parameters in the 4 h group and comparable controls were less significant. 3) Clinical data from 49 patients confirmed that transfusions with UC-RBCs were satisfactory with no adverse reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that it is feasible to prepare RBCs with ACD-B anticoagulated UC-WB at a minimum of 66% volume of the labeled collection. It was effective and safe to transfuse the UC-RBCs prepared within 4 h after collection and stored within 7 days. The use of UC-WB would be a welcome addition to limited blood resources in China.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-TRC-13003967.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wen-Biao
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Quality Management Department of Yangzhou Red-Cross Blood Bank, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Quality Management Department of Yangzhou Red-Cross Blood Bank, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: En-Yong
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Min-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Preparation Division of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Quality Management Department of Yangzhou Red-Cross Blood Bank, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Preparation Division of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Management Department of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Management Department of Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008353:Mannitol; D000225:Adenine