title: Determination of non-gaseous and gaseous mercury fractions in unused fluorescent lamps: a study of different lamp types.
abstract: Since incandescent light bulbs have been phased out in the European Union from 2009, the use of fluorescent lamps has drastically increased as a reliable, more energy-efficient and cost-effective alternative. State-of-the-art fluorescent lamps are dependent on mercury/mercury alloys, posing a risk for the consumer and the environment, and appropriate waste management is challenging. Consequently analytical methods to determine possible mercury species (non-gaseous/gaseous) in these lamps are of need. Here, a straightforward and wet-chemistry-based analytical strategy for the determination of gaseous and non-gaseous mercury in commercially available fluorescent lamps is presented. It can be adapted in any analytical laboratory, without or with only minimum modifications of already installed equipment. The analytical figures of merit, as well as application of the method to a series of commercially available fluorescent lamps, are presented. Out of 14 analysed and commercially available lamp types, results from this study indicate that only one contains a slightly higher amount of mercury than set by the legislative force. In all new lamps the amount of gaseous mercury is negligible compared with the non-gaseous fraction (88%-99% of total mercury).
authors.affiliation: EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland Renato.Figi@empa.ch.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figi
authors.affiliation: EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.affiliation: EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagendorfer
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D006794:Household Articles / Q000145:classification; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Mercury speciation; Regulation 2011/65/EU; atomic absorption spectroscopy; fluorescent lamps; wet chemistry