title: Magnetically Inserted Neural Electrodes: Tissue Response and Functional Lifetime.
abstract: Neural recording and stimulation have great clinical potential. Long-term neural recording remains a challenge, however, as implantable electrodes eventually fail due to the adverse effects of the host tissue response to the indwelling implant. Astrocytes and microglia attempt to engulf the electrode, increasing the electrical impedance between the electrode and neurons, and possibly pushing neurons away from the recording site. Faster insertion speed, finer tip geometry, smaller size, and lower material stiffness all seem to decrease damage caused by insertion and reduce the intensity of the tissue response. However, electrodes that are too small result in buckling, making insertion impossible. In this paper, we assess the viability of high-speed (27.8 m/s) deployment of 25 μm, ferromagnetic microelectrodes into rat brain. To characterize functionality of magnetically inserted electrodes, 4 Long-Evans rats were implanted for 31 days with impedance measurements and neural recordings taken daily. Performance was compared to 150 μm diameter PlasticsOne electrodes since 25 μm electrodes buckled during "slow speed" insertion. Platinum-iron magnetically inserted electrodes resolved single unit activity throughout the duration of the study in one rat, and saw no significant change (p=0.970) in impedance (4.54% increase) from day 0 (Z0 ≈ 144 kΩ,Z31 ≈ 150 kΩ). These findings provide a proof-of-concept for magnetic insertion as a viable insertion method that enables nonbuckling implantation of small (25 μm) microelectrodes, with potential for neural recording applications.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Dryg
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Kurt Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Jeremy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: Pedro P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Irazoqui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D008280:Magnetics; D008839:Microelectrodes; D017628:Microglia; D009474:Neurons; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans