title: Impact of childhood trauma and affective temperament on resilience in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether childhood trauma (CT) and affective temperament have an impact on resilience in bipolar patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred cases with bipolar disorder (BD) diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) were evaluated consecutively in their euthymic period during outpatient follow-up interviews. Diagnostic interviews were done with SCID-I, affective temperament was evaluated with the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire, and resilience was evaluated with the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). The presence of CT was determined and measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the bipolar patients, it was found that 35 cases (35%) were CT+. Depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperament scores were higher in CT+ cases. However, resilience scores were higher in CT- cases. In bipolar patients with and without childhood trauma, the relationship between temperament and resilience appears to be different. A negative relation between sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and anxious temperament scores and resilience scores was shown in regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT and affective temperament both have an impact on resilience in bipolar patients.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade Mh., Haluk Türksoy Sk. No. 14, Üsküdar, Istanbul, 34662 Turkey.
authors.forename: Sermin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesebir
authors.affiliation: Erenköy Psychiatry Education and Research Hospital, Kadıköy, Istanbul, 34216 Turkey.
authors.forename: Başak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ünübol
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Altındağ, Ankara, 06100 Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tatlıdil Yaylacı
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür Mh., Süleyman Demirel Caddesi, Isparta, 32260 Turkey.
authors.forename: Duru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gündoğar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Üsküdar University, İcadiye Mh., Bağlarbaşı Cd. No. 63, Üsküdar, Istanbul, 34674 Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ünübol
keywords: Affective temperament; Bipolar disorder; Childhood trauma; Resilience