title: Insulin resistance and impaired adipogenesis.
abstract: The adipose tissue is crucial in regulating insulin sensitivity and risk for diabetes through its lipid storage capacity and thermogenic and endocrine functions. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) stores excess lipids through expansion of adipocytes (hypertrophic obesity) and/or recruitment of new precursor cells (hyperplastic obesity). Hypertrophic obesity in humans, a characteristic of genetic predisposition for diabetes, is associated with abdominal obesity, ectopic fat accumulation, and the metabolic syndrome (MS), while the ability to recruit new adipocytes prevents this. We review the regulation of adipogenesis, its relation to SAT expandability and the risks of ectopic fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. The actions of GLUT4 in SAT, including a novel family of lipids enhancing insulin sensitivity/secretion, and the function of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in white and beige/brown adipogenesis in humans are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.affiliation: The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hedjazifar
authors.affiliation: The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gogg
authors.affiliation: The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammarstedt
authors.affiliation: The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: ulf.smith@medic.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D015536:Down-Regulation; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009928:Organ Specificity; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human
keywords: BMP4; Gremlin1; adipogenesis; insulin resistance; obesity; type 2 diabetes