title: Identification of trichlormethiazide as a Mdr1a/b gene expression enhancer via a dual secretion-based promoter assay.
abstract: Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family such as MDR1 play a pivotal role in persistence of brain homeostasis by contributing to the strict permeability properties of the blood-brain barrier. This barrier on one hand compromises treatment of central nervous system diseases by restricting access of drugs; on the other hand, an impaired or altered function of barrier building cells has been described in neurological disorders. The latter might contribute to increased vulnerability of the brain under pathological conditions or even enforce pathogenesis. Here, we present a novel approach for a systematic examination of drug impact on Mdr1 gene expression by establishing a dual reporter gene assay for the murine upstream core promoters of Mdr1a and b. We validated the time-resolved assay in comparison with single reporter gene constructs and applied it to analyze effects of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library consisting of 627 substances. The chemo-preventive synthetic dithiolethione oltipraz was reidentified with our assay as an already known inducer of Mdr1 gene expression. Together with two newly characterized modifiers - gemcitabine and trichlormethiazide - we prove our findings in a blood-brain barrier culture model as well as in wild-type and Mdr1 knockout mice. In sum, we could demonstrate that our dual reporter gene assay delivers results, which also persist in the living animal and consequently is applicable for further analysis and prediction of Mdr1 regulation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.affiliation: REPAIR-lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freese
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endres
keywords: Blood–brain barrier; P-glycoprotein; endothelial cells; promoter