title: Effects of Artemisia annua extracts on sporulation of Eimeria oocysts.
abstract: The present study aimed to compare the effect of different Artemisia annua extracts on sporulation rate of mixed oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella. Three types of A. annua extracts including petroleum ether (PE), ethanol 96° (E), and water (W) extracts were prepared. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived from the A. annua analysis of each extract was done by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). Fresh fecal samples containing three Eimeria species were floated and counted, and the oocysts were transferred into 50 tubes, each containing 10(5) oocysts per milliliter. Five tubes were control. Each of the other 45 tubes contained one of three doses (1 part per thousand (ppt), 2 ppt, and 5 ppt) and one of three extracts (PE, E, and W extracts) with five replications. The tubes were incubated for 48 h at 25-29 °C and aerated. Sporulation inhibition assay was used to evaluate the activity of extracts. The results showed that the E and PE extracts inhibit sporulation in 2 and 5 ppt concentrations, but the W extract stimulates it in all concentrations. The proportions of oocyst inhibition relative to control were 31 % (5 ppt) and 29 % (2 ppt) for PE and 34 % (5 ppt) and 46 % (2 ppt) for E extract. Furthermore, many oocysts in PE and E groups were wrinkled and contained abnormal sporocysts. The proportions of sporulation stimulation relative to control were 22 % (5 ppt), 24 % (2 ppt), and 27 % (1 ppt) in W extract. Our study is the first to demonstrate that all types of A. annua extracts do not necessarily have a similar activity, and the interaction of all contents and their relative concentrations is an important factor for sporulation stimulation or inhibition. It seems, some parts of unmetabolized excreted PE and E extracts could inhibit oocyst sporulation and eventually affect infection transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary School, Shiraz University, P.O. Box 1731, Shiraz, 71345, Iran, dr_sarf_vet@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmadreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fatemi
authors.forename: Seyyed Mostafa
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: Keramat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asasi
authors.forename: Majid Torabi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Goudarzi
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes; D000818:Animals; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000737:chemistry*; D004539:Eimeria / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol; D033661:Oocysts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; C004544:naphtha