title: Association between plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels and severity of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type two diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Selenium (Se), and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) play an important protective role in diabetes complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the association between plasma Se and GPx levels with severity of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, we measured plasma Se and GPx concentrations in patients with type two diabetes without microalbuminuria (group 1), with microalbuminuria (group 2), with macroalbuminuria (group 3), and healthy control subjects (group 4). We also assessed plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, and glycated hemoglobin levels in all study patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma Se and GPx concentrations were significantly lower in diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria than other study groups (P < 0.001). Albuminuria (Alb/Cr in random urine sample) had a negative correlation with plasma Se (r = -0.40, P = 0.01), and GPx (r = -0.23, P = 0.03) concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma Se and GPx levels were lower in type two diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria and related to the stage of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sedighi
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Atieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makhlough
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shokrzadeh
authors.affiliation: Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoorshad
keywords: Albuminuria; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glutathione Peroxidase; Selenium