title: A school based cluster randomised health education intervention trial for improving knowledge and attitudes related to Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania.
abstract: Taenia solium causes significant economic and public health impacts in endemic countries. This study determined effectiveness of a health education intervention at improving school children's knowledge and attitudes related to T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Tanzania. A cluster randomised controlled health education intervention trial was conducted in 60 schools (30 primary, 30 secondary) in Mbulu district. Baseline data were collected using a structured questionnaire in the 60 schools and group discussions in three other schools. The 60 schools stratified by baseline knowledge were randomised to receive the intervention or serve as control. The health education consisted of an address by a trained teacher, a video show and a leaflet given to each pupil. Two post-intervention re-assessments (immediately and 6 months post-intervention) were conducted in all schools and the third (12 months post-intervention) was conducted in 28 secondary schools. Data were analysed using Bayesian hierarchical log-binomial models for individual knowledge and attitude questions and Bayesian hierarchical linear regression models for scores. The overall score (percentage of correct answers) improved by about 10% in all schools after 6 months, but was slightly lower among secondary schools. Monitoring alone was associated with improvement in scores by about 6%. The intervention was linked to improvements in knowledge regarding taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis, epilepsy, the attitude of condemning infected meat but it reduced the attitude of contacting a veterinarian if a pig was found to be infected with cysticercosis. Monitoring alone was linked to an improvement in how best to raise pigs. This study demonstrates the potential value of school children as targets for health messages to control T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in endemic areas. Studies are needed to assess effectiveness of message transmission from children to parents and the general community and their impacts in improving behaviours facilitating disease transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Sylvester A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mwidunda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carabin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: William B M
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Matuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Helena A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ngowi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D041201:Taenia solium; D013622:Taeniasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013636:Tanzania