title: Association between sucrose intake and risk of overweight and obesity in a prospective sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to investigate associations between sugar intake and overweight using dietary biomarkers in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  EPIC-Norfolk in the UK, recruitment between 1993 and 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women (n 1734) aged 39-77 years. Sucrose intake was assessed using 7 d diet diaries. Baseline spot urine samples were analysed for sucrose by GC-MS. Sucrose concentration adjusted by specific gravity was used as a biomarker for intake. Regression analyses were used to investigate associations between sucrose intake and risk of BMI>25·0 kg/m2 after three years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After three years of follow-up, mean BMI was 26·8 kg/m2. Self-reported sucrose intake was significantly positively associated with the biomarker. Associations between the biomarker and BMI were positive (β=0·25; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·43), while they were inverse when using self-reported dietary data (β=-1·40; 95 % CI -1·81, -0·99). The age- and sex-adjusted OR for BMI>25·0 kg/m2 in participants in the fifth v. first quintile was 1·54 (95 % CI 1·12, 2·12; P trend=0·003) when using biomarker and 0·56 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·77; P trend<0·001) with self-reported dietary data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that sucrose measured by objective biomarker but not self-reported sucrose intake is positively associated with BMI. Future studies should consider the use of objective biomarkers of sucrose intake.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences,University of Reading,Reading RG6 6AP,UK.
authors.forename: Gunter G C
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kuhnle
authors.affiliation: 3School of Nutrition and Health Promotion,Arizona State University,Phoenix,AZ,USA.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tasevska
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Marleen A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Biochemistry,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Julian L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: 6MRC Epidemiology Unit,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aspinall
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Public Health and Primary Care,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D004739:England; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Biomarker; Obesity; Sugar