title: Repeated intravitreous ranibizumab injections for diabetic macular edema and the risk of sustained elevation of intraocular pressure or the need for ocular hypotensive treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the management of retinal disease, the use of intravitreous injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor has increased. Recent reports have suggested that this therapy may cause sustained elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and may potentially increase the risk of glaucoma for patients with retinal disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of sustained IOP elevation or the need for IOP-lowering treatments for eyes with diabetic macular edema following repeated intravitreous injections of ranibizumab.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exploratory analysis was conducted within a Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network randomized clinical trial. Study enrollment dates were from March 20, 2007, to December 17, 2008. Of 582 eyes (of 486 participants) with center-involved diabetic macular edema and no preexisting open-angle glaucoma, 260 were randomly assigned to receive a sham injection plus focal/grid laser treatment, and 322 were randomly assigned to receive ranibizumab plus deferred or prompt focal/grid laser treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cumulative probability of sustained IOP elevation, defined as IOP of at least 22 mm Hg and an increase of at least 6 mm Hg from baseline at 2 consecutive visits, or the initiation or augmentation of ocular hypotensive therapy, through 3 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) baseline IOP in both treatment groups was 16 (3) mm Hg (range, 5-24 mm Hg). The cumulative probability of sustained IOP elevation or of initiation or augmentation of ocular hypotensive therapy by 3 years, after repeated ranibizumab injections, was 9.5% for the participants who received ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred focal/grid laser treatment vs 3.4% for the participants who received a sham injection plus focal/grid laser treatment (difference, 6.1% [99% CI, -0.2% to 12.3%]; hazard ratio, 2.9 [99% CI, 1.0-7.9]; P = .01). The distribution of IOP and the change in IOP from baseline at each visit through 3 years were similar in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema and no prior open-angle glaucoma, repeated intravitreous injections of ranibizumab may increase the risk of sustained IOP elevation or the need for ocular hypotensive treatment. Clinicians should be aware of this risk and should consider this information when following up with patients who have received intravitreous injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almukhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhorade
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland4Editor, JAMA Ophthalmology.
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Glassman
authors.affiliation: Retina Center of Ohio, South Euclid.
authors.forename: Suber S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jampol
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Judy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melia
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D019233:Retreatment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000069579:Ranibizumab