title: Ambient air pollution and adult asthma incidence in six European cohorts (ESCAPE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term exposure to air pollution has adverse effects among patients with asthma, but whether long-term exposure to air pollution is a cause of adult-onset asthma is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the association between air pollution and adult onset asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asthma incidence was prospectively assessed in six European cohorts. Exposures studied were annual average concentrations at home addresses for nitrogen oxides assessed for 23,704 participants (including 1,257 incident cases) and particulate matter (PM) assessed for 17,909 participants through ESCAPE land-use regression models and traffic exposure indicators. Meta-analyses of cohort-specific logistic regression on asthma incidence were performed. Models were adjusted for age, sex, overweight, education, and smoking and included city/area within each cohort as a random effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this longitudinal analysis, asthma incidence was positively, but not significantly, associated with all exposure metrics, except for PMcoarse. Positive associations of borderline significance were observed for nitrogen dioxide [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.21 per 10 μg/m3; p = 0.10] and nitrogen oxides (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.08 per 20 μg/m3; p = 0.08). Nonsignificant positive associations were estimated for PM10 (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.23 per 10 μg/m3), PM2.5 (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.23 per 5 μg/m3), PM2.5absorbance (adjusted OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.19 per 10-5/m), traffic load (adjusted OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.30 per 4 million vehicles × meters/day on major roads in a 100-m buffer), and traffic intensity (adjusted OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.30 per 5,000 vehicles/day on the nearest road). A nonsignificant negative association was estimated for PMcoarse (adjusted OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.14 per 5 μg/m3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a deleterious effect of ambient air pollution on asthma incidence in adults. Further research with improved personal-level exposure assessment (vs. residential exposure assessment only) and phenotypic characterization is needed.
authors.affiliation: VIMA (Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches), U1168, INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacquemin
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Siroux
authors.forename: Margaux
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authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Anne-Elie
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Carsin
authors.forename: Tamara
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authors.lastname: Schikowski
authors.forename: Martin
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authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Valeria
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authors.lastname: Bellisario
authors.forename: Anna
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authors.forename: Roberto
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authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Yutong
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authors.forename: Marta
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authors.lastname: Cirach
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Christophe
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authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: Roberto
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authors.lastname: de Marco
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Nazelle
authors.forename: Regina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ducret-Stich
authors.forename: Virginia Valeria
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gerbase
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Zaina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Al Kanaani
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keidel
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Moual
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Modig
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pin
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugiri
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stempfelet
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Temam
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Raphaëlle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varraso
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vienneau
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vierkötter
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hansell
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Probst-Hensch
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Nino
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authors.lastname: Künzli
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter