title: Ether-à-go-go family voltage-gated K+ channels evolved in an ancestral metazoan and functionally diversified in a cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor.
abstract: We examined the evolutionary origins of the ether-à-go-go (EAG) family of voltage-gated K(+) channels, which have a strong influence on the excitability of neurons. The bilaterian EAG family comprises three gene subfamilies (Eag, Erg and Elk) distinguished by sequence conservation and functional properties. Searches of genome sequence indicate that EAG channels are metazoan specific, appearing first in ctenophores. However, phylogenetic analysis including two EAG family channels from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi indicates that the diversification of the Eag, Erg and Elk gene subfamilies occurred in a cnidarian/bilaterian ancestor after divergence from ctenophores. Erg channel function is highly conserved between cnidarians and mammals. Here we show that Eag and Elk channels from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (NvEag and NvElk) also share high functional conservation with mammalian channels. NvEag, like bilaterian Eag channels, has rapid kinetics, whereas NvElk activates at extremely hyperpolarized voltages, which is characteristic of Elk channels. Potent inhibition of voltage activation by extracellular protons is conserved between mammalian and Nematostella EAG channels. However, characteristic inhibition of voltage activation by Mg(2+) in Eag channels and Ca(2+) in Erg channels is reduced in Nematostella because of mutation of a highly conserved aspartate residue in the voltage sensor. This mutation may preserve sub-threshold activation of Nematostella Eag and Erg channels in a high divalent cation environment. mRNA in situ hybridization of EAG channels in Nematostella suggests that they are differentially expressed in distinct cell types. Most notable is the expression of NvEag in cnidocytes, a cnidarian-specific stinging cell thought to be a neuronal subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Martinson
authors.affiliation: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32136, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Layden
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Fortunay H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Diatta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sberna
authors.affiliation: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32136, USA.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32136, USA.
authors.forename: Mark Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA tjj3@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Jegla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000235:genetics*; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
keywords: Ether-à-go-go; Mnemiopsis; Nematostella; Potassium channel