title: Warburgia: a comprehensive review of the botany, traditional uses and phytochemistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genus Warburgia (Canellaceae) is represented by several medicinal trees found exclusively on the African continent. Traditionally, extracts and products produced from Warburgia species are regarded as important natural African antibiotics and have been used extensively as part of traditional healing practices for the treatment of fungal, bacterial and protozoal infections in both humans and animals. We here aim to collate and review the fragmented information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activities of ethnomedicinally important Warburgia species and present recommendations for future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed articles using "Warburgia" as search term ("all fields") were retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciFinder and Google Scholar with no specific time frame set for the search. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activity of Warburgia are reviewed. Most of the biological activities are attributed to the drimane sesquiterpenoids, including polygodial, warburganal, muzigadial, mukaadial and ugandensial, flavonoids and miscellaneous compounds present in the various species. In addition to anti-infective properties, Warburgia extracts are also used to treat a wide range of ailments, including stomach aches, fever and headaches, which may also be a manifestation of infections. The need to record anecdotal evidence is emphasised and conservation efforts are highlighted to contribute to the protection and preservation of one of Africa's most coveted botanical resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carmen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: viljoenam@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: Alvaro M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019448:Ethnobotany; D006801:Humans; D029562:Magnoliaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antimicrobial drimane sesquiterpernoids; Biological activity; Ethnobotany; Phytochemistry; Warburgia