title: Facial approximation-from facial reconstruction synonym to face prediction paradigm.
abstract: Facial approximation was first proposed as a synonym for facial reconstruction in 1987 due to dissatisfaction with the connotations the latter label held. Since its debut, facial approximation's identity has morphed as anomalies in face prediction have accumulated. Now underpinned by differences in what problems are thought to count as legitimate, facial approximation can no longer be considered a synonym for, or subclass of, facial reconstruction. Instead, two competing paradigms of face prediction have emerged, namely: facial approximation and facial reconstruction. This paper shines a Kuhnian lens across the discipline of face prediction to comprehensively review these developments and outlines the distinguishing features between the two paradigms.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Carl N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Stephan
mesh_terms: D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: craniofacial identification; crisis; face; facial reconstruction; facial reproduction; forensic science; normal science; skull