title: Impact of self-esteem and personality traits on the association between orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life in adults seeking orthodontic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association exists between orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and whether this association is moderated by self-esteem (SE) and/or personality traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study comprising 189 adults (55 males and 134 females) aged 17 or older (mean age 31.3 years), the OHRQoL was scored by the use of the shortened version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used to evaluate SE, and the Dutch adaptation of the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory was used to assess personality profiles. Need for treatment was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and regression models were used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a modest to weak association between treatment need (Dental Health Component and aesthetic component) and OHRQoL as measured by the total OHIP-14 score (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.01216; ρ = 0.18, P = 0.02960, respectively). A significant, yet modest to weak, association between SE and the total OHIP-14 score was found (ρ = -0.34, P = 0.00057). Moreover, significant associations were found for the total OHIP-14 score and neuroticism and extraversion. Significant associations can be found between SE and all personality traits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant association between orthodontic treatment need and OHRQoL. Moreover, a significant association can be found between SE and OHRQoL, as well as certain personality traits and OHRQoL. No evidence was found that SE or personality traits moderate the association between OHRQoL and treatment need.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven.
authors.forename: Maïté
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clijmans
authors.affiliation: **Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Pediatric Haemato-Oncology, UZ Gasthuisberg - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemiere
authors.affiliation: ***Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Universiteit Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fieuws
authors.affiliation: *Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, guy.willems@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willems
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D061326:Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D009909:Oral Health; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult