title: The Rapid Measurement of Benzodiazepines in a Milk-Based Alcoholic Beverage Using QuEChERS Extraction and GC-MS Analysis.
abstract: Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are widely used as tranquilizers and anti-depressive drugs in common clinical practice. However, their ready availability and their synergistic effects with alcohol make them attractive for criminal intentions. To prove criminal action for legal reasons, it is often necessary to analyze beverage residues from a crime scene. Milk-based alcoholic drinks (whiskey creams) are gaining popularity due to their lower alcohol content pleasant taste. However, the complexity of this sample, containing proteins and fatty acids, can mask the presence of drugs or other substances in standard analysis methods. These characteristics make whiskey creams highly suitable for illicit purposes. In this study, eight BDZs, including diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, flunitrazepam, bromazepam, flurazepam, nitrazepam and clonazepam, were extracted from whiskey cream using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed using GC-MS. The QuEChERS protocol can efficiently separate most of the matrix from the target compounds while maintaining acceptable recoveries. The presented method is simple and rapid and has been validated in terms of precision, accuracy and recoveries. Limits of detection and limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.02-0.1 and 0.1-0.5 µg/mL, respectively. Whiskey cream beverages, fortified with commercial drugs at 20 µg/mL, were extracted and analyzed demonstrating the applicability of the method in forensic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory LC-MS, DiSTeVA, Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Famiglini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory LC-MS, DiSTeVA, Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capriotti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory LC-MS, DiSTeVA, Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierangela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Laboratory LC-MS, DiSTeVA, Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Termopoli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory LC-MS, DiSTeVA, Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino 61029, Italy achille.cappiello@uniurb.it.
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cappiello
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines