title: Colony Stimulating Factors 1, 2, 3 and early pregnancy steps: from bench to bedside.
abstract: Reproductive immunology applies general immunology principles to specialised targets, reproduction and development. The involvement of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in reproduction illustrates this. The CSF family includes CSF-1 or macrophage CSF (M-CSF), CSF-2 or granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and CSF-3 or granulocyte CSF (G-CSF). Each member has a specific localisation and timed expression in the reproductive tract with specific functions involving them in ovulation, embryo implantation, placentation and further embryonic development. They are used in reproductive medicine, either as biomarkers of oocyte quality and competence (follicular G-CSF), or to supplement embryo culture media with human recombinant GM-CSF, or they are used as an innovative therapy by using human recombinant G-CSF for infertile patients. Given fundamental considerations on CSFs and their strong implication in reproduction, this review aimed to detail the current knowledge for each member of the family to improve our understanding of their implication in the maternal-foetal cytokinic dialogue and in possibly preventing reproductive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Service d'Assistance Medicale a la Procreation, Hopital Pierre Rouques-Les Bluets, 4 rue Lasson, 75012 Paris, France; London Women's Clinic, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mona.rahmati@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petitbarat
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubanchet
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bensussan
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaouat
authors.affiliation: Equipe Implantation et Dialogue Cytokinique Mère-Conceptus, UMRS-976, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hopital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; Service d'Assistance Medicale a la Procreation, Hopital Pierre Rouques-Les Bluets, 4 rue Lasson, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ledee
mesh_terms: D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Colony Stimulating Factors; Early pregnancy; Embryo implantation; Reproductive tract