title: Exercise training in the management of patients with resistant hypertension.
abstract: Hypertension is a very prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of resistant hypertension, i.e., uncontrolled hypertension with 3 or more antihypertensive agents including 1 diuretic, is between 5% and 30% in the hypertensive population. The causes of resistant hypertension are multifactorial and include behavioral and biological factors, such as non-adherence to pharmacological treatment. All current treatment guidelines highlight the positive role of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological tool in the treatment of hypertension. This paper draws attention to the possible role of physical exercise as an adjunct non-pharmacological tool in the management of resistant hypertension. A few studies have investigated it, employing different methodologies, and taken together they have shown promising results. In summary, the available evidence suggests that aerobic physical exercise could be a valuable addition to the optimal pharmacological treatment of patients with resistant hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Fernando Ribeiro, Rui Costa, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal and CINTESIS.UA, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Fernando Ribeiro, Rui Costa, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal and CINTESIS.UA, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Fernando Ribeiro, Rui Costa, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal and CINTESIS.UA, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mesquita-Bastos
keywords: Blood pressure; Cardiovascular disease; Exercise training; Non-pharmacological; Resistant hypertension