title: Normative data for near point of convergence, accommodation, and phoria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of for near point of convergence (NPC), amplitude of accommodation (AA) and phoria are important components of diagnosing nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies. There is a huge variation in the normative data established for orthoptic parameters because of the variation in measurement technique. There are only limited studies for normative data based on nonclinical population in Indian population. Therefore, we aim estimate the normative values for NPC, AA, and phoria measurement in Indian population using techniques, which has good repeatability and reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects between the age group 10-35 years participated in this prospective cross-sectional study. A self-administered symptom questionnaire was used to exclude patients with asthenopic symptoms. Clinical techniques which have good repeatability and reliability were used. NPC was measured using pen light red, green glass test. AA was measured using minus lens technique. Horizontal and vertical phoria at distance and near was measured using modified Thorington method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifty subjects participated in the study. We found that NPC receded with age, which could because of the increase in horizontal phoria at near with age. The mean normative value for objective NPC, break and recovery of subjective NPC, monocular and binocular AA, horizontal and vertical phoria at distance and near for the three age groups are reported in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented in this study can be used as a cut-off by eye care practitioners while diagnosing convergence, accommodation related anomalies in Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Neethu G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Krithica
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Jyothi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
keywords: Amplitude of accommodation; near point of convergence; normative data; phoria