title: Appetite and gut hormone responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise versus high-intensity interval exercise, in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in combination with short exposure to hypoxia on appetite and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Twelve healthy males completed four, 2.6 h trials in a random order: (1) MIE-normoxia, (2) MIE-hypoxia, (3) HIIE-normoxia, and (4) HIIE-hypoxia. Exercise took place in an environmental chamber. During MIE, participants ran for 50 min at 70% of altitude-specific maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and during HIIE performed 6 × 3 min running at 90% V˙O2max interspersed with 6 × 3 min active recovery at 50% V˙O2max with a 7 min warm-up and cool-down at 70% V˙O2max (50 min total). In hypoxic trials, exercise was performed at a simulated altitude of 2980 m (14.5% O2). Exercise was completed after a standardised breakfast. A second meal standardised to 30% of participants' daily energy requirements was provided 45 min after exercise. Appetite was suppressed more in hypoxia than normoxia during exercise, post-exercise, and for the full 2.6 h trial period (linear mixed modelling, p <0.05). Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations were lower in hypoxia than normoxia post-exercise and for the full 2.6 h trial period (p <0.05). PYY concentrations were higher in HIIE than MIE under hypoxic conditions during exercise (p = 0.042). No differences in GLP-1 were observed between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that short exposure to hypoxia causes suppressions in appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations. Furthermore, appetite responses to exercise do not appear to be influenced by exercise modality.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK. Electronic address: daniel.bailey@beds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK.
authors.forename: Lindsey R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK.
authors.forename: Bryna C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chrismas
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deighton
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 OBP, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Acylated ghrelin; Appetite-regulating hormones; High altitude anorexia; High-intensity exercise; Hypoxia