title: RACK1 predicts poor prognosis and regulates progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through its epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  RACK1 is known to be involved in tumor progression, and its prognostic value on many kinds of tumors has been identified. However, there are limited studies about the functional role of RACK1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  RACK1 expression was examined in 100 ESCC tissue samples using immunohistochemistry staining. RACK1 was knocked-down in ESCC cell lines by shRNA. The effects on cell proliferation, invasion and migration were examined in ESCC cell lines and nude mouse model. Vimentin and E-cadherin were introduced to further study the association between RACK1 and EMT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RACK1 expression was significantly associated with the tumor length (P = 0.012), diameter<3 cm (P = 0.047), T stage (P = 0.032), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.038), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox analyses revealed RACK1 expression was an independent predictor for OS (P = 0.030) and DFS (P = 0.027) in ESCC. Down-regulation of RACK1 inhibited cell proliferation, along with invasion and migration in vitro and in vivo. A significant positive correlation between RACK1 expression and vimentin (P = 0.0190) and an inverse correlation between RACK1 expression and E-cadherin (P = 0.0047) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RACK1 predicted poor prognosis in ESCC, promoted tumor progression, and was involved in EMT of ESCC.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiation Oncology; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University ; Jinan , PR China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fangli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yibin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bingxu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qingxu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015820:Cadherins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C419368:RACK1 protein, human; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014746:Vimentin; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins
keywords: C, chemotherapy; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; DFS, disease-free survival; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; F, female; IHC, immunohistochemistry; M, male; OS, overall survival; R, radiotherapy; RACK1; RACK1, Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; prognosis; progression