title: There is no correlation between peripheral inflammation and cognitive status at diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides the neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, an inflammatory process is involved at central and peripheral levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to determine whether peripheral inflammatory parameter levels, in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), could be correlated with the cognitive status at the time of AD diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were included at diagnosis with MMSE score between 16 and 25 and were naive of symptomatic treatment for AD. C-reactive protein >10 mg/L and any acute or chronic inflammation were considered as exclusion criteria. Cognitive assessment also included the ADAScog scale. Plasma interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) were measured using Luminex(®) X-MAP(®) technology. A subgroup of patients also underwent measures of these parameters in extracellular and intracellular compartments of PBMCs (ancillary study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and nine patients were included; mean age 79.4 ± 6.8 years with 37 patients in the ancillary study. The mean values of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL5 values were 1.49, 7.18, 3.09 and 69,615.81 pg/mL, respectively. No correlation between plasma cytokines or chemokine levels and cognitive scores was found. In PBMCs, the levels of cytokines were detectable but did not either show any correlation with cognitive scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that at diagnosis, peripheral levels of cytokines and CCL5 display low values without any correlation with the cognitive status. Further results of our study will show if these circulating markers are related to the progression of AD.
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France. adrien.julian@chu-poitiers.fr.|Department of Neurology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France. adrien.julian@chu-poitiers.fr.|EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France. adrien.julian@chu-poitiers.fr.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Julian
authors.affiliation: EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.|Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dugast
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ragot
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krolak-Salmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berrut
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dantoine
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hommet
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Paris Broca University Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hanon
authors.affiliation: EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Guylène
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.|EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé Bâtiment B36/B37, Secteur β-Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.|Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.|Department of Geriatrics, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paccalin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Alzheimer; Cognition; Inflammation; PBMC; Plasma