title: Getting Clearer About Surgical Innovation: A New Definition and a New Tool to Support Responsible Practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article presents an original definition of surgical innovation and a practical tool for identifying planned innovations. These will support the responsible introduction of surgical innovations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Frameworks developed for the safer introduction of surgical innovations rely upon identifying cases of innovation; oversight cannot occur unless innovations are identified. However, there is no consensus among surgeons about which interventions they consider innovative; existing definitions are vague and impractical.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using conceptual analysis, this article synthesizes findings from relevant literature, and from qualitative research with surgeons, to develop an original definition of surgical innovation and a tool for prospectively identifying planned surgical innovations. The tool has been developed in light of feedback from health care professionals, surgeons, and policy makers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This definition of innovation distinguishes between variations, introduction of established interventions, and innovations in surgical techniques or use of devices. It can be applied easily and consistently, is sensitive to the key features of innovation (newness and degree of change), is prospective, and focuses on features relevant to safety and evaluation. The accompanying tool is deliberately broad so that appropriate supports may, if necessary, be provided each time that a surgeon does something "new."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The definition presented in this article overcomes a number of practical challenges. The definition and tool will be of value in supporting responsible surgical innovation, in particular, through the prospective identification of planned innovations.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia †Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eyers
authors.forename: Mianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotz
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards; D061214:Patient Safety; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D035703:Therapies, Investigational / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards*