title: Dietary patterns in India and their association with obesity and central obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a growing problem in India, the dietary determinants of which have been studied using an 'individual food/nutrient' approach. Examining dietary patterns may provide more coherent findings, but few studies in developing countries have adopted this approach. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns in an Indian population and assess their relationship with anthropometric risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  FFQ data from the cross-sectional sib-pair Indian Migration Study (IMS; n 7067) were used to identify dietary patterns using principal component analysis. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine associations with obesity and central obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IMS was conducted at four factory locations across India: Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were rural-to-urban migrant and urban non-migrant factory workers, their rural and urban resident siblings, and their co-resident spouses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three dietary patterns were identified: 'cereals-savoury foods' (cooked grains, rice/rice-based dishes, snacks, condiments, soups, nuts), 'fruit-veg-sweets-snacks' (Western cereals, vegetables, fruit, fruit juices, cooked milk products, snacks, sugars, sweets) and 'animal-food' (red meat, poultry, fish/seafood, eggs). In adjusted analysis, positive graded associations were found between the 'animal-food' pattern and both anthropometric risk factors. Moderate intake of the 'cereals-savoury foods' pattern was associated with reduced odds of obesity and central obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct dietary patterns were identified in a large Indian sample, which were different from those identified in previous literature. A clear 'plant food-based/animal food-based pattern' dichotomy emerged, with the latter being associated with higher odds of anthropometric risk factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify this relationship in India.
authors.affiliation: 1Departments of Nutrition & Epidemiology,Harvard School of Public Health,677 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA 02115,USA.
authors.forename: Ambika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satija
authors.affiliation: 1Departments of Nutrition & Epidemiology,Harvard School of Public Health,677 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA 02115,USA.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,London,UK.
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: 3Mount Carmel College,Indira Gandhi National Open University,Bangalore,India.
authors.forename: Ankalmadugu V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Bharathi
authors.affiliation: 4Division of Nutrition,St John's Research Institute,Bangalore,India.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: 5Centre for Chronic Disease Control,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.affiliation: 6Public Health Foundation of India,ISID Campus,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: K Srinath
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: 7School of Social and Community Medicine,University of Bristol,Bristol,UK.
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.affiliation: 7School of Social and Community Medicine,University of Bristol,Bristol,UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,London,UK.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinra
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,London,UK.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D066192:Manufacturing Industry; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Central obesity; Dietary patterns; India; Indian Migration Study; Obesity