title: Skip lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer: is it skipping or skipped?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skip metastasis is the presence of a metastatic lymph node (LN) in an extraperigastric (EP) area without perigastric (PG) involvement. The mechanism and prognosis of skip metastasis are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to scrutinize the clinical significance of skip metastasis in gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were reviewed from 6,025 patients who had undergone gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer. Patients were categorized as a PG-only group when the metastatic LNs were limited to only the PG area, as a PG + EP group if metastatic LNs extended to both the PG area and the EP area, and as a skip group if metastatic LNs were in the EP area but there were no metastatic LNs in the PG area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After we had performed matching, the prognosis of the skip group was worse than that of the PG-only group (adjusted hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.54) and was similar to that of the PG + EP group (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% confidence interval 0.92-2.59). The number of retrieved LNs was less in the skip group than in the other groups, especially from the PG area (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis of the skip group was worse than that of the PG-only group and was similar to that of the PG + EP group when the tumor stage was considered. It is difficult to conclude whether skip metastasis is real skipping of cancer cells or a result of inadequate LN sampling. Further evaluation of LNs in the PG area of the skip group could provide more clues for the mechanism of skip metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yeong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guner
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities & Social Medicine, Office of Biostatistics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Ryong
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.|Department of Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.|Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Gyu
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Beak
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hyung
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea. jar319@yuhs.ac.|Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea. jar319@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Sung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Noh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Gastric cancer; Prognosis; Skip metastasis