title: Do older Chinese people's diets meet the Chinese Food Pagoda guidelines? Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate dietary intake based on the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) and to determine what factors may be associated with adherence to CFP guidelines for older Chinese.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional population-based study used 24 h recall over three consecutive days to assess dietary intake and adherence to CFP among older Chinese participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine provinces across four diverse regions (Northeast, East Coast, Central and West).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2745 older Chinese, aged 60-69 years (n 1563) and ≥70 years (n 1182), with dietary data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the participants reached all ten food group recommendations. More than half of the participants exceeded the recommended amount for grains (63%), oil (62·8%) and salt (55·7%). Ten per cent of the participants consumed dairy, while merely 0·5% met the recommended amount. Average Chinese Food Pagoda Score (CFPS) was 3·3 in men and 3·5 in women, far below the maximum possible score of 10. Women had 0·26 higher CFPS than men (P<0·001; 95% CI 0·16, 0·36). People living in medium and high urbanicity areas had significantly higher scores than those living in low urbanicity areas (P<0·001). Also, there were significant differences in CFPS according to gender, BMI, work status, education level and region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few older Chinese are meeting the intake of the various food groups based on the recommendations in the CFP guidelines, thus increasing the risk of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Action is needed to increase dissemination and uptake of nutrition education, with interventions targeted at socio-economic regions. Moreover, specific dietary guidelines for older Chinese people should be developed.
authors.affiliation: 1Priority Research Centre for Gender,Health and Ageing,School of Medicine and Public Health,Hunter Medical Research Institute,University of Newcastle,W-4 HMRI Building,Callaghan,NSW 2305,Australia.
authors.forename: Xiaoyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 2Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,School of Medicine and Public Health,Hunter Medical Research Institute,University of Newcastle,Callaghan,Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: 1Priority Research Centre for Gender,Health and Ageing,School of Medicine and Public Health,Hunter Medical Research Institute,University of Newcastle,W-4 HMRI Building,Callaghan,NSW 2305,Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byles
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Medicine,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia.
authors.forename: Zumin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Chinese Food Pagoda; Older people; Socio-economic regions; Urbanicity