title: Lack of oblique astigmatism in the chicken eye.
abstract: Primate eyes display considerable oblique off-axis astigmatism which could provide information on the sign of defocus that is needed for emmetropization. The pattern of peripheral astigmatism is not known in the chicken eye, a common model of myopia. Peripheral astigmatism was mapped out over the horizontal visual field in three chickens, 43 days old, and in three near emmetropic human subjects, average age 34.7years, using infrared photoretinoscopy. There were no differences in astigmatism between humans and chickens in the central visual field (chicks -0.35D, humans -0.65D, n.s.) but large differences in the periphery (i.e. astigmatism at 40° in the temporal visual field: humans -4.21D, chicks -0.63D, p<0.001, unpaired t-test). The lack of peripheral astigmatism in chicks was not due to differences in corneal shape. Perhaps related to their superior peripheral optics, we found that chickens had excellent visual performance also in the far periphery. Using an automated optokinetic nystagmus paradigm, no difference was observed in spatial visual performance with vision restricted to either the central 67° of the visual field or to the periphery beyond 67°. Accommodation was elicited by stimuli presented far out in the visual field. Transscleral images of single infrared LEDs showed no sign of peripheral astigmatism. The chick may be the first terrestrial vertebrate described to lack oblique astigmatism. Since corneal shape cannot account for the difference in astigmatism in humans and chicks, it must trace back to the design of the crystalline lens. The lack of peripheral astigmatism in chicks also excludes a role in emmetropization.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neuroscience and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.affiliation: ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohlendorf
authors.affiliation: ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: frank.schaeffel@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002645:Chickens; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D019781:Corneal Topography; D006801:Humans; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Chicken; Emmetropization; Human; Oblique astigmatism; Peripheral optics; Spatial vision