title: Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) trial.
abstract: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a new tool to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. In the present study, we aimed to determine the association between the DII and BMI, waist circumference and waist:height ratio (WHtR). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 7236 participants recruited into the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea trial. Information from a validated 137-item FFQ was used to calculate energy, food and nutrient intakes. A fourteen-item dietary screener was used to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet). Sex-specific multivariable linear regression models were fitted to estimate differences (and 95 % CI) in BMI, waist circumference and WHtR across the quintiles of the DII. All nutrient intakes, healthy foods and adherence to the MeDiet were higher in the quintile with the lowest DII score (more anti-inflammatory values) except for intakes of animal protein, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat. Although an inverse association between the DII and total energy was apparent, the DII was associated with higher average BMI, waist circumference and WHtR after adjusting for known risk factors. The adjusted difference in the WHtR for women and men between the highest and lowest quintiles of the DII was 1·60 % (95 % CI 0·87, 2·33) and 1·04 % (95 % CI 0·35, 1·74), respectively. Pro-inflammatory scores remained associated with obesity after controlling for the effect that adherence to a MeDiet had on inflammation. In conclusion, the present study shows a direct association between the DII and indices of obesity, and supports the hypothesis that diet may have a role in the development of obesity through inflammatory modulation mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health,Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra,Irunlarrea 1,31080Pamplona, Navarra,Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Canela
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zazpe
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC,USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC,USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Tainta
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitó
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventós
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rekondo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Crehuet
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiol
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santos-Lozano
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health,Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra,Irunlarrea 1,31080Pamplona, Navarra,Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio
keywords: Waist:height ratio