title: Evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this research is to evaluate eluents for recovery of an enveloped bacteriophage, Φ6, using whole-hand sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus was applied to the hands of volunteers and sampled by the glove juice method with 1.5% beef extract (BE), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 0.01 and 0.1% Tween 80, tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 9% NaCl. Each volunteer underwent multiple rounds application and hand sampling. Mean log10 virus loss across trials was 2.6 for BE, 2.8 for PBS, 2.4 for TSB, 3.8 for NaCl, 3.0 for 0.1% Tween 80, and 2.9 for 0.01% Tween 80. Within each volunteer, there was a decline in viral loss from the first to last trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These eluents can recover Φ6 from hands with approx. 2-3 log10 loss, comparable to recoveries previously reported for influenza. Protein and detergent-based eluents may have similar recoveries, but recovery may still vary across repeated sampling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on current work, protein-based eluents such as beef extract can maximize recovery of enveloped viruses during hand sampling, providing methods for evaluating survival and transmission of enveloped viruses on hands. Further exploration is needed of the effect of repeated sampling on recovery from whole-hand sampling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: enveloped viruses; glove juice; hand sampling; phi6 bacteriophage; surrogate virus