title: Evaluating variation in use of definitive therapy and risk-adjusted prostate cancer mortality in England and the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer mortality (PCM) in the USA is among the lowest in the world, whereas PCM in England is among the highest in Europe. This paper aims to assess the association of variation in use of definitive therapy on risk-adjusted PCM in England as compared with the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer registry data from England and the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) in England and the USA between 2004 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Competing-risks survival analyses to estimate subhazard ratios (SHR) of PCM adjusted for age, ethnicity, year of diagnosis, Gleason score (GS) and clinical tumour (cT) stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  222,163 men were eligible for inclusion. Compared with American patients, English patients were more likely to present at an older age (70-79 years: England 44.2%, USA 29.3%, p<0.001), with higher tumour stage (cT3-T4: England 25.1%, USA 8.6%, p<0.001) and higher GS (GS 8-10: England 20.7%, USA 11.2%, p<0.001). They were also less likely to receive definitive therapy (England 38%, USA 77%, p<0.001). English patients were more likely to die of PCa (SHR=1.9, 95% CI 1.7 to 2.0, p<0.001). However, this difference was no longer statistically significant when also adjusted for use of definitive therapy (SHR=1.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.1, p=0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk-adjusted PCM is significantly higher in England compared with the USA. This difference may be explained by less frequent use of definitive therapy in England.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Ashwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.affiliation: Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emberton
authors.affiliation: Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Bart's Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cathcart
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Adult oncology < ONCOLOGY; Health policy < HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT; Prostate disease < UROLOGY; Urological tumours < UROLOGY