title: Effects of homogenization process parameters on physicochemical properties of astaxanthin nanodispersions prepared using a solvent-diffusion technique.
abstract: Nanodispersion systems allow incorporation of lipophilic bioactives, such as astaxanthin (a fat soluble carotenoid) into aqueous systems, which can improve their solubility, bioavailability, and stability, and widen their uses in water-based pharmaceutical and food products. In this study, response surface methodology was used to investigate the influences of homogenization time (0.5-20 minutes) and speed (1,000-9,000 rpm) in the formation of astaxanthin nanodispersions via the solvent-diffusion process. The product was characterized for particle size and astaxanthin concentration using laser diffraction particle size analysis and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Relatively high determination coefficients (ranging from 0.896 to 0.969) were obtained for all suggested polynomial regression models. The overall optimal homogenization conditions were determined by multiple response optimization analysis to be 6,000 rpm for 7 minutes. In vitro cellular uptake of astaxanthin from the suggested individual and multiple optimized astaxanthin nanodispersions was also evaluated. The cellular uptake of astaxanthin was found to be considerably increased (by more than five times) as it became incorporated into optimum nanodispersion systems. The lack of a significant difference between predicted and experimental values confirms the suitability of the regression equations connecting the response variables studied to the independent parameters.
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers And Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Navideh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anarjan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafarizadeh-Malmiri
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Imededdine Arbi
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Nehdi
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hassen Mohamed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sbihi
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saud Ibrahim
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Al-Resayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chin Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D012997:Solvents; D013499:Surface Properties; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: lipophilic bioactive nanodispersions; optimization; response surface methodology