title: The effects of anti-hypertensives and type 2 diabetes on salivary flow and total antioxidant capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effect of first-line anti-hypertensive drugs (enalapril, metoprolol, and combinations of enalapril with metoprolol and/or hydrochlorothiazide) on salivary gland function and salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in hypertensive patients with/without diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary gland function was measured as xerostomia (interview) and unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWSFR) in 447 subjects (387 hypertensive and 60 healthy). Salivary TAC was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enalapril is not xerogenic, while metoprolol and drug combinations are. In the presence of DM type 2, all drugs, except metoprolol, had pronounced xerogenic effect. Binary logistic regression analysis found enalapril to be significantly associated with decreased risk of xerogenic effect development, while DM type 2 with increased risk. In the presence of enalapril in hypertensive patients with/without DM type 2 salivary TAC was similar to that in healthy subjects, while for metoprolol was reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enalapril is not xerogenic but is antioxidant, which moderately reduces the risk of xerogenic effect development even in the presence of DM type 2. However, metoprolol and drug combinations exhibit xerogenic effect. In DM type 2, xerogenic effect of all drugs was pronounced except of metoprolol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Djukić
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roganović
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Zvezdara University Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brajović
authors.affiliation: Military Medical Academy, National Poison Control Centre, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bokonjić
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stojić
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: anti-hypertensive drugs; diabetes mellitus type 2; salivary flow rate; salivary total antioxidant capacity; xerostomia