title: Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in renal cell carcinoma: association with quality of life and utility of single-item distress screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the associations and co-occurrence between PTSS, depressive, and other cancer-related symptoms and the ability of a single-item distress question to identify patients with PTSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with stage I-IV RCC completed assessments of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), PTSS (Impact of Event Scale), cancer-related symptoms (MD Anderson Symptom Inventory), fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory), and sleep disturbance (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). We used the distress item on the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory as a distress screener and general linear model analyses to test study hypotheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 287 patients (29% stage IV; 42% female; mean age = 58 years), 46% (n = 131) reported psychiatric symptoms with 15% (n = 44) reporting comorbid clinical levels of depressive symptoms and PTSS, 24% (n = 70) PTSS alone, and 6% (n = 17) depressive symptoms alone. Controlling for age, gender, and stage, patients with comorbid depressive symptoms and PTSS reported more cancer-related symptoms (p < 0.0001), fatigue (p < 0.0001), and sleep disturbance (p = 0.0003) than those with PTSS alone and more cancer-related symptoms (p = 0.002) and fatigue (p = 0.09) than those with depressive symptoms alone. Sensitivity analyses revealed that 26.9% of negative cases on the distress item fell within the clinical range of the Impact of Event Scale and 9.3% of negative cases met caseness on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posttraumatic stress symptoms occurred both independently and comorbid with depressive symptoms in patients with RCC. PTSS were correlated with overall cancer symptom burden. Single-item distress screening was less sensitive in detecting PTSS than depressive symptoms. Therefore, additional screening strategies are required in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Seema Malhotra
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thekdi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Milbury
authors.affiliation: Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spelman
authors.affiliation: Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Surena F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Matin
authors.affiliation: Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tannir
authors.affiliation: Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jonasch
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pisters
authors.affiliation: Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*