title: Effect of non-soy legume consumption on inflammation and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes: a randomized, crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First-degree relatives of patients with diabetes are at more risk for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a non-soy legume-enriched diet on inflammatory biomarkers and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six participants (14 women and 12 men) with a family history of diabetes were recruited to this randomized, crossover study. Participants were randomly assigned to a legume-enriched or a habitual diet for 6 wk that was separated by a 2-wk washout. The inflammatory markers-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and serum levels of adiponectin-were measured at the beginning and the end of each intervention period according to the standard protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy intake of participants was not statistically different between the two diets (1821.5 ± 100.11 versus 1788.2 ± 92.68 kcal/d, respectively). After consumption of a legume diet, percent change of hs-CRP reduced significantly compared with consumption of a habitual diet (-4.86% ± 1.86% versus 3.55% ± 1.97%, P = 0.002) and among the women in the study (-12.96% ± 1.96% versus 3.24% ± 2.65%, P = 0.004). The percent change of other inflammatory markers and serum concentrations of adiponectin were not significantly different between the two diet groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study showed that a legume-enriched diet significantly reduced the hs-CRP concentrations in first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes after 6 wk of intervention compared with a habitual diet.
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saraf-Bank
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmaillzadeh
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faghihimani
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: Azadbakht@hlth.mui.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Azadbakht
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D007887:Fabaceae; D005190:Family; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D045730:Soy Foods
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adiponectin; At risk for diabetes; Clinical trial; Inflammatory markers; Legume