title: 3D surface imaging of the human female torso in upright to supine positions.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging of breasts is usually done with the patient in an upright position, which does not permit comparison of changes in breast morphology with changes in position of the torso. In theory, these limitations may be eliminated if the 3D camera system could remain fixed relative to the woman's torso as she is tilted from 0 to 90°. We mounted a 3dMDtorso imaging system onto a bariatric tilt table to image breasts at different tilt angles. The images were validated using a rigid plastic mannequin and the metrics compared to breast metrics obtained from five subjects with diverse morphology. The differences between distances between the same fiducial marks differed between the supine and upright positions by less than 1% for the mannequin, whereas the differences for distances between the same fiducial marks on the breasts of the five subjects differed significantly and could be correlated with body mass index and brassiere cup size for each position change. We show that a tilt table-3D imaging system can be used to determine quantitative changes in the morphology of ptotic breasts when the subject is tilted to various angles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States . Electronic address: greece@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States ; Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andon
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khatam
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravi-Chandar
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States ; Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fingeret
authors.affiliation: 3dMD LLC, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: 3dMD LLC, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States ; Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Mia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Markey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009929:Organ Size; D011187:Posture; D060726:Torso / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3-dimensional imaging; Angular surface scan; Multi-angle imaging; Orientation-specific 3D imaging; Supine surface scan; Tilt table; Upright surface scan