title: Programming and reprogramming a human heart cell.
abstract: The latest discoveries and advanced knowledge in the fields of stem cell biology and developmental cardiology hold great promise for cardiac regenerative medicine, enabling researchers to design novel therapeutic tools and approaches to regenerate cardiac muscle for diseased hearts. However, progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of reproducible and convincing evidence, which at best has yielded modest outcomes and is still far from clinical practice. To address current controversies and move cardiac regenerative therapeutics forward, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the key cellular and molecular programs involved in human cardiogenesis and cardiac regeneration. In this review, we consider the fundamental principles that govern the "programming" and "reprogramming" of a human heart cell and discuss updated therapeutic strategies to regenerate a damaged heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden makoto.sahara@ki.se kenneth.chien@ki.se.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden makoto.sahara@ki.se kenneth.chien@ki.se.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiac progenitor cell; cardiac regeneration; cardiomyocyte proliferation; embryonic heart field; reprogramming