title: The influence of excipients commonly used in freeze drying on whole blood coagulation dynamics assessed by rotational thromboelastometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lyophilized reagents are used on a daily basis in coagulation diagnostics. They often contain a number of excipients in addition to the active compound. Some of these excipients may, however, influence coagulation dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Besides from plasmatic coagulation bulking agents may influence platelet properties. We therefore studied the influence of a variety of bulking agents (glycine, mannitol, sucrose and trehalose) as well as a surfactant (Tween® 80) on whole blood coagulation using thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and platelet function analysis (ROTEM® platelet).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both disaccharides as well as Tween® 80 did not influence whole blood coagulation in the concentration range investigated. The addition of glycine and mannitol solutions to the ROTEM® measurement leads to an impaired clot formation as well as overall clot strength while clotting initiation remained barely influenced. Hypertonic glycine and mannitol solutions exhibit different clot formation impairment when correlated to their osmolar concentration and compared to equally osmolar NaCl-solutions. The effect of glycine was assigned to fibrin formation impairment identified with the FIBTEM assay. Platelet function analysis revealed that hypertonic glycine solutions do not alter platelet function but hypertonic mannitol and NaCl solutions do.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the influence observed for glycine may be due to fibrinogen precipitation, the mechanism of mannitol appears to be more complex as platelet function as well as fibrin-based clot formation are influenced. This study therefore demonstrates the necessity to check for coagulation impairment due to compounds contained in lyophilized reagents.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erber
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000737:chemistry; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods*; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000187:drug effects; D014199:Trehalose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D008353:Mannitol; D013395:Sucrose; D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D014199:Trehalose; D005998:Glycine