title: AnIn SituMethod for Sizing Insoluble Residues in Precipitation and Other Aqueous Samples.
abstract: Particles are frequently incorporated into clouds or precipitation, influencing climate by acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, taking up coatings during cloud processing, and removing species through wet deposition. Many of these particles, particularly ice nuclei, can remain suspended within cloud droplets/crystals as insoluble residues. While previous studies have measured the soluble or bulk mass of species within clouds and precipitation, no studies to date have determined the number concentration and size distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation or cloud water using in situ methods. Herein, for the first time we demonstrate that Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is a powerful in situ method for determining the total number concentration, number size distribution, and surface area distribution of insoluble residues in precipitation, both of rain and melted snow. The method uses 500 μL or less of liquid sample and does not require sample modification. Number concentrations for the insoluble residues in aqueous precipitation samples ranged from 2.0-3.0(±0.3)×108particles cm-3, while surface area ranged from 1.8(±0.7)-3.2(±1.0)×107μm2cm-3. Number size distributions peaked between 133-150 nm, with both single and multi-modal character, while surface area distributions peaked between 173-270 nm. Comparison with electron microscopy of particles up to 10 μm show that, by number, > 97% residues are <1 μm in diameter, the upper limit of the NTA. The range of concentration and distribution properties indicates that insoluble residue properties vary with ambient aerosol concentrations, cloud microphysics, and meteorological dynamics. NTA has great potential for studying the role that insoluble residues play in critical atmospheric processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Axson
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jessie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Creamean
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.affiliation: Malvern Instruments, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sonja S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Capracotta
authors.affiliation: Division of Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, El Portal, California, USA.
authors.forename: Katy Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA ; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ault