title: Melancholia before the twentieth century: fear and sorrow or partial insanity?
abstract: Throughout the history of psychopathology, several meanings have been assigned to the term melancholia. The main ones were related to affective disorders (fear and sadness) and abnormal beliefs. At the time of Hippocrates melancholia was regarded mainly in its affective component. Since that time, and until the eighteenth century, authors and opinions have been divided, with both aspects (affective disorders and abnormal beliefs), being valued. Finally, in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, with Pinel at its peak, melancholia becomes exclusively a synonym of abnormal beliefs. At the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, the affective component returns as the main aspect characterizing melancholia.
authors.affiliation: University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Telles-Correia
authors.affiliation: University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: João Gama
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Marques
keywords: depression; eighteenth century; history; melancholia; nineteenth century; psychopathology