title: Resting-state regional homogeneity as a biological marker for patients with Internet gaming disorder: A comparison with patients with alcohol use disorder and healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Internet gaming disorder (IGD) shares core clinical features with other addictive disorders, such as gambling disorder and substance use disorder. Designation of IGD as a formal disorder requires elucidation of its neurobiological features and comparison of these with those of other addictive disorders. The aims of the present study were to identify the neurobiological features of the resting-state brain of patients with IGD, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and healthy controls, and to examine brain regions related to the clinical characteristics of IGD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 16 subjects with IGD, 14 subjects with AUD, and 15 healthy controls during the resting-state. We computed regional homogeneity (ReHo) measures to identify intrinsic local connectivity and to explore associations with clinical status and impulsivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significantly increased ReHo in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) of the IGD and AUD groups, and decreased ReHo in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) of those with IGD, compared with the AUD and HC groups. We also found decreased ReHo in the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with AUD. Scores on Internet addiction severity were positively correlated with ReHo in the medial frontal cortex, precuneus/PCC, and left inferior temporal cortex (ITC) among those with IGD. Furthermore, impulsivity scores were negatively correlated with that in the left ITC in individuals with IGD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence of distinctive functional changes in the resting-state of patients with IGD and demonstrate that increased ReHo in the PCC may be a common neurobiological feature of IGD and AUD and that reduced ReHo in the STG may be a candidate neurobiological marker for IGD, differentiating individuals with this disorder from those with AUD and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Kyeong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ah Reum
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Kyung
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, GangnamEulji Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sam-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dai Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choijs73@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jung-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020407:Internet; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012146:Rest; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Alcohol use disorder; Internet gaming disorder; Regional homogeneity; Resting-state; fMRI