title: Characteristics and determinants of the sublingual microcirculation in populations of different ethnicity.
abstract: No previous population study assessed sublingual capillary density (CD) or perfused boundary region (PBR). Lower PBR indicates greater glycocalyx width. In 252 Han and 220 She Chinese and 254 Flemish people (mean age, 51.1 years; 54.7% women), representing random population samples, we measured total and perfused CD and PBR in the sublingual capillary bed, using oblique profiled epi-illumination, and cardiovascular risk factors. In multivariable analyses, we modeled ethnicity as random effect. Significance level was α ≤ 0.05. Compared with Chinese, Flemish had lower total (577 versus 546 n°/mm(2)) and perfused (338 versus 320 n°/mm(2)) CD, but similar perfused-to-total CD ratio (mean, 0.59). Perfused-to-total CD ratio increased with age (effect size per 1-SD increase, +0.015 per year), body mass index (+0.008 per kg/m(2)), total cholesterol (+0.012 per mmol/L), and Framingham risk score (+0.018 per point) with no ethnic differences in these associations. For age and Framingham risk score, associations with perfused-to-total CD ratio were driven by positive relationships with perfused CD, whereas associations with total CD were nonsignificant. Chinese when compared with Flemish had higher hematocrit (43.0 versus 41.1%), PBR (2010 versus 1876 nm), and pulse rate (72.6 versus 63.3 bpm). PBR standardized for hematocrit, perfused CD, and pulse rate decreased with body mass index (-26.7 nm/kg/m2), mean arterial pressure (-30.6 nm/mm Hg), and diastolic pressure (-28.5 nm/mm Hg) with no ethnic differences in these associations. In conclusion, a higher cardiovascular risk profile is associated with functional recruitment of capillaries with preserved glycocalyx that protects the endothelial lining.
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yan-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thibault
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fang-Fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Qi-Fang
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chang-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harry A J
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Struijker-Boudier
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verhamme
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Y.-M.G., Y.-P.L., L.T., T.P., Z.Z., T.K., J.A.S.) and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluation, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (S.W., L.Z., F.-F.W., Y.-Y.K., Q.-F.H.,C.-S.S.,Y.L.); and Department of Pharmacology (H.A.J.S.-B.) and VitaK Research and Development (J.A.S.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jan.staessen@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D020678:Microscopic Angioscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply*
keywords: capillaries; glycocalyx; microcirculation; population; risk factors