title: Animal models of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health issue comprising a heterogeneous and complex array of pathologies. Over the last several decades, numerous animal models have been developed to address the diverse nature of human TBI. The clinical relevance of these models has been a major point of reflection given the poor translation of pharmacologic TBI interventions to the clinic. While previously characterized broadly as either focal or diffuse, this classification is falling out of favor with increased awareness of the overlap in pathologic outcomes between models and an emerging consensus that no one model is sufficient. Moreover, an appreciation of injury biomechanics is essential in recapitulating and interpreting the spectrum of TBI neuropathology observed in various established models of dynamic closed-head TBI. While these models have replicated many specific features of human TBI, an enhanced context with clinical relevancy will facilitate the further elucidation of the mechanisms and treatment of injury.
authors.affiliation: Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering and Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.affiliation: Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D Kacy
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: smithdou@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans
keywords: Marmarou model; Traumatic brain injury; animal models; blast injury; controlled cortical impact; fluid percussion; rotational acceleration; weight drop