title: Bioactive compounds from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cells induced apoptotic cell death in hela cells.
abstract: Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cell extracts (WBCex) were examined for anticancer activity in HeLa cell lines using the MTT assay. The percentage viability of HeLa cells significantly deceased after treatment with WBCex in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 dose was suggested to be approximately 225 μg/mL protein. Apoptotic cell death occurred in a time-dependent manner based on investigation by flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC and PI staining. DAPI nucleic acid staining indicated increased chromatin condensation. Caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities also increased, suggesting the induction of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) of HeLa cells was lost as a result of increasing levels of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-Xs, and XIAP. The decreased ΔΨm led to the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9 and -3. Apoptosis-inducing factor translocated into the nuclei, and endonuclease G (Endo G) was released from the mitochondria. These results suggest that anticancer agents in WBCex can induce apoptosis in HeLa cells via both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 986-997, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supawadee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patathananone
authors.affiliation: Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sompong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thammasirirak
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jureerut
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daduang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jing Gung
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Sriracha Moda Co., Ltd. 383 Moo 4, Nongkham, Sriracha, Chonburi, 20110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Yosapong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temsiripong
authors.affiliation: Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sakda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daduang
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002457:Cell Extracts
keywords: HeLa cells; Siamese crocodile; anticancer agents; antimicrobial peptide; apoptosis; leukocyte; mitochondria membrane potential