title: Cognitive and executive functions, social cognition and sense of coherence in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary disabilities in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are the results of alcohol's teratogen effect on the fetal brain. Reduced cognitive and executive functions and social cognition are examples of such disabilities. Little is known about primary disabilities in adults with FAS as well as their sense of coherence (SoC). There is thus a need for knowledge about FAS in adulthood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cognitive and executive functions, social cognition and SoC in adults with FAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adults with FAS (mean age: 30 years) were compared with 20 individuals matched on gender and age. Berg's Card-sorting Test-64, the Tower of Hanoi, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, Digit Span, Faux Pas and the Swedish version of Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale (SoC-29) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FAS group had a weak SoC and displayed deficits in the neuropsychological tests sensitive to cognitive and executive functions and social cognition. The FAS group's median SoC score was 112, lower than the comparison group's median of 133 (P < 0.001). The FAS group had median scores of 29.0 on Raven's Matrices. The median for Digit Span was 5 forwards and 3 backwards, lower than in the comparison group (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced cognitive and executive functions and impaired social cognition are assumed to have a major impact on life for adults with FAS. We suggest that the findings showing that adults with FAS had a weak SoC, with particularly low scores on the manageability scale, reflect their experiences of living with those primary disabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study may enhance healthcare for individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol. In general, it contributes with knowledge about this group of individuals who need to be more visible in healthcare, and particularly, it demonstrates some of the neuropsychological disabilities they might have.
authors.affiliation: Jenny Rangmar, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rangmar
authors.forename: Annika Dahlgren
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahlke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D060685:Sense of Coherence; D012919:Social Behavior; D066107:Social Skills
keywords: Adulthood; Cognitive and executive functions; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Sense of coherence; Social cognition