title: Pulmonary specialty training to improve respiratory health in low- and middle-income countries. Needs and challenges.
abstract: It is estimated that 85% of the world's population lives in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although economic conditions are improving in these countries, health expenditures have not kept pace with the overall economic growth, and health systems remain weak. These already inadequate systems are being further stressed by the epidemiologic transition that is taking place, characterized by a slow decrease in communicable diseases and an increase in noninfectious chronic diseases, resulting in a "double burden" of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Respiratory diseases comprise the largest category of illness within this combined burden of disease. Although there are chronic respiratory disease programs of proven effectiveness appropriate for LMICs, implementation has been greatly hampered by the lack of physicians who have special knowledge and skills in addressing the full spectrum of lung diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to create training programs for specialists in respiratory diseases. Such programs should be developed and conducted by institutions in LMICs and tailored to fit the prevailing circumstances of the country. Existing curriculum blueprints may be used to guide training program development with appropriate modifications. Academic institutions and professional societies in high-income countries may be called upon to provide technical assistance in developing and implementing training programs. In order to better define the burden of respiratory diseases and identify effective interventions, research, moved forward by persons committed and specialized in this area of health, will be essential.
authors.affiliation: 1 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jeremiah M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chakaya
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hopewell
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016730:Program Development; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000193:education*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: health systems; lung disease burden; physician training