title: Association between hand-grip strength and depressive symptoms: Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcomes in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  no study has examined the longitudinal association between hand-grip strength and mental health, such as depressive symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  we investigated the relationship between baseline hand-grip strength and the risk of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  a prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up was conducted using 4,314 subjects from community-dwelling individuals aged 40-79 years in two Japanese municipalities, based on the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcomes in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS, 2008-10).
  
  
  METHODS
  we assessed baseline hand-grip strength standardised using national representative data classified by age and gender, and depressive symptoms at baseline and after the follow-up using the five-item version of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  the 4,314 subjects had a mean age of 66.3 years, 58.5% were women, and mean unadjusted hand-grip strength was 29.8 kg. Multivariable random-effect logistic regression analysis revealed that subjects with lower hand-grip strength (per 1SD decrease) had higher odds of having depressive symptoms at baseline [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.24; P = 0.001]. Further, lower hand-grip strength (per 1SD decrease) was associated with the longitudinal development of depressive symptoms after 1 year (AOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27; P = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  using a large population-based sample, our results suggest that lower hand-grip strength, standardised using age and gender, is both cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Community Medical Support Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukumori
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takegami
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Outcomes and Process Evaluation Research (IHope International), Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Center for Innovation in Clinical Research, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Shun-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: depressive symptoms; hand-grip strength; mental health; muscular weakness; older patients; population-based study