title: Anticipatory anxiety disrupts neural valuation during risky choice.
abstract: Incidental negative emotions unrelated to the current task, such as background anxiety, can strongly influence decisions. This is most evident in psychiatric disorders associated with generalized emotional disturbances. However, the neural mechanisms by which incidental emotions may affect choices remain poorly understood. Here we study the effects of incidental anxiety on human risky decision making, focusing on both behavioral preferences and their underlying neural processes. Although observable choices remained stable across affective contexts with high and low incidental anxiety, we found a clear change in neural valuation signals: during high incidental anxiety, activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum showed a marked reduction in (1) neural coding of the expected subjective value (ESV) of risky options, (2) prediction of observed choices, (3) functional coupling with other areas of the valuation system, and (4) baseline activity. At the same time, activity in the anterior insula showed an increase in coding the negative ESV of risky lotteries, and this neural activity predicted whether the risky lotteries would be rejected. This pattern of results suggests that incidental anxiety can shift the focus of neural valuation from possible positive consequences to anticipated negative consequences of choice options. Moreover, our findings show that these changes in neural value coding can occur in the absence of changes in overt behavior. This suggest a possible pathway by which background anxiety may lead to the development of chronic reward desensitization and a maladaptive focus on negative cognitions, as prevalent in affective and anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS-Lab), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6525 HP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-8792
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS-Lab), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland, and christian.ruff@econ.uzh.ch frimey@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS-Lab), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland, and.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS-Lab), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland, and christian.ruff@econ.uzh.ch frimey@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-2364
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ruff
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011601:Psychophysics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: decision making; emotion; fMRI; neuroeconomics