title: Association between longitudinal changes in prefrontal hemodynamic responses and social adaptation in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with affective disorders exhibit changes in regional brain function and show abnormal social adaptation. However, to our knowledge, no near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study has examined the relationship between these two phenomena longitudinally. This study examined the region-specific functional abnormality associated with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), and the association between particular longitudinal changes in regional activation and social adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated frontotemporal functioning during a verbal fluency test (VFT) for patients with BD (N=18), those with MDD (N=10), and healthy controls (HCs; N=14) using NIRS. NIRS measurements and the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS) were administered twice with an interval of approximately 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BD and MDD groups showed lesser activation than the HCs in the bilateral ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior part of the temporal cortex (VLPFC/aTC). Longitudinal changes in SASS scores were positively associated with the extent of change in left VLPFC/aTC activation in the BD group and with right VLPFC/aTC activation in the MDD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our small sample size limited statistical power, and the effect of medication and multiple comparisons cannot be excluded, although these effects were considered in the interpretation of the present results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal increases of VLPFC/aTC activation were associated with improvement in social adaptation in patients with BD and those with MDD. NIRS measurement could be a useful tool for objective evaluation of changes in social adaptation in BD and MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Safety and Health Organization, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan. Electronic address: otanit@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ikeda-Sugita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan; Michino-o Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8055, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okazaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012917:Social Adjustment; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Executive function; Major depressive disorder; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Social adaptation