title: N-acetyl-S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl) cysteine in rat nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, and in rat and human plasma after disulfiram administration.
abstract: Disulfiram (DSF), a treatment for alcohol use disorders, has shown some clinical effectiveness in treating addiction to cocaine, nicotine, and pathological gambling. The mechanism of action of DSF for treating these addictions is unclear but it is unlikely to involve the inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). DSF is a pro-drug and forms a number of metabolites, one of which is N-acetyl-S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl) cysteine (DETC-NAC). Here we describe a LCMS/MS method on a QQQ type instrument to quantify DETC-NAC in plasma and intracellular fluid from mammalian brain. An internal standard, the N,N-di-isopropylcarbamoyl homolog (MIM: 291>128) is easily separable from DETC-NAC (MIM: 263>100) on C18 RP media with a methanol gradient. The method's linear range is 0.5-500 nM from plasma and dialysate salt solution with all precisions better than 10% RSD. DETC-NAC and internal standards were recovered at better than 95% from all matrices, perchloric acid precipitation (plasma) or formic acid addition (salt) and is stable in plasma or salt at low pH for up to 24 h. Stability is observed through three freeze-thaw cycles per day for 7 days. No HPLC peak area matrix effect was greater than 10%. A human plasma sample from a prior analysis for S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl) glutathione (CARB) was found to have DETC NAC as well. In other human plasma samples from 62.5 mg/d and 250 mg/d dosing, CARB concentration peaks at 0.3 and 4 nM at 3 h followed by DETC-NAC peaks of 11 and 70 nM 2 h later. Employing microdialysis sampling, DETC-NAC levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and plasma of rats treated with DSF reached 1.1, 2.5 and 80 nM at 6h. The correlation between the appearance and long duration of DETC-NAC concentration in rat brain and the persistence of DSF-induced changes in neurotransmitters observed by Faiman et al. (Neuropharmacology, 2013, 75C, 95-105) is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Electronic address: rwinefield@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Winefield
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
authors.forename: Anthonius A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Heemskerk
authors.affiliation: Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Swetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.affiliation: Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Todd D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Prisinzano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Elinore F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: McCance-Katz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lunte
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
authors.forename: Morris D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Faiman
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004221:Disulfiram / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C000603039:N-acetyl-S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)cysteine; D011355:Prodrugs; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D004221:Disulfiram; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Carbamathione; DETC-NAC; Disulfiram; Mercapturate pathway; Substance abuse disorders