title: Cellular density-dependent down-regulation of EP4 prostanoid receptors via the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells.
abstract: Increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels are features of colon cancer. Among the different E-type prostanoid receptor subtypes, EP4 receptors are considered to play a crucial role in carcinogenesis by, for example, inducing COX-2 when stimulated with PGE2. However, EP4 receptor levels and PGE2-induced cellular responses are inconsistent among the cellular conditions. Therefore, the connections responsible for the expression of EP4 receptors were investigated in the present study by focusing on cell density-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The expression of EP4 receptors was examined using immunoblot analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and reporter gene assays in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells with different cellular densities. The involvement of HIF-1α and its signaling pathways were also examined by immunoblot analysis, reporter gene assays, and with siRNA. We here demonstrated that EP4 receptors as well as EP4 receptor-mediated COX-2 expression levels decreased with an increase in cellular density. In contrast, HIF-1α levels increased in a cellular density-dependent manner. The knockdown of HIF-1α by siRNA restored the expression of EP4 receptors and EP4 receptor-mediated COX-2 in cells at a high density. Thus, the cellular density-dependent increase observed in HIF-1α expression levels reduced the expression of COX-2 by decreasing EP4 receptor levels. This novel regulation mechanism for the expression of EP4 receptors by HIF-1α may provide an explanation for the inconsistent actions of PGE2. The expression levels of EP4 receptors may vary depending on cellular density, which may lead to the differential activation of their signaling pathways by PGE2. Thus, cellular density-dependent PGE2-mediated signaling may determine the fate/stage of cancer cells, i.e., the surrounding environments could define the fate/stage of malignancies associated with colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otake
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0207.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0207.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murayama
keywords: COX-2; Cell density; EP4 prostanoid receptor; GPCRs; HCA-7 cells; HIF-1α; PGE 2; human colon cancer