title: Distortion correction in EPI using an extended PSF method with a reversed phase gradient approach.
abstract: In echo-planar imaging (EPI), such as commonly used for functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), compressed distortion is a more difficult challenge than local stretching as spatial information can be lost in strongly compressed areas. In addition, the effects are more severe at ultra-high field (UHF) such as 7T due to increased field inhomogeneity. To resolve this problem, two EPIs with opposite phase-encoding (PE) polarity were acquired and combined after distortion correction. For distortion correction, a point spread function (PSF) mapping method was chosen due to its high correction accuracy and extended to perform distortion correction of both EPIs with opposite PE polarity thus reducing the PSF reference scan time. Because the amount of spatial information differs between the opposite PE datasets, the method was further extended to incorporate a weighted combination of the two distortion-corrected images to maximize the spatial information content of a final corrected image. The correction accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated in distortion-corrected data using both forward and reverse phase-encoded PSF reference data and compared with the reversed gradient approaches suggested previously. Further we demonstrate that the extended PSF method with an improved weighted combination can recover local distortions and spatial information loss and be applied successfully not only to spin-echo EPI, but also to gradient-echo EPIs acquired with both PE directions to perform geometrically accurate image reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Experimental Physics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Myung-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: In
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Experimental Physics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Posnansky
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Erik B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Institute for Experimental Physics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Speck
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D006801:Humans