title: Being overweight or obese is associated with inhibition control in children from six to ten years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationship between being overweight or obese and executive function in six- to ten-year-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 515 children (250 boys) from schools in Reus, Spain. The initial sample was measured and weighed and assessed with the Children's Color Trail Test. Children classified as overweight, including obese, and their age- and gender-matched controls (n = 221), were assessed in a second phase with the Five Digit Test (FDT) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Logistic regression models were applied to analyse the effect of executive functions on being overweight, including obese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 28.9% of the children were overweight and 7.2% were obese. The FDT showed that inhibition (odds risk of 1.04, range 1.00-1.08, p = 0.04) and flexibility (odds risk of 1.04, range 1.00-1.07, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with overweight, including obesity, regardless of sociodemographic and psychopathological variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that children who were overweight or obese had a reduced ability to mobilise the cognitive effort required to inhibit involuntary responses and to switch between different mental operations. A developmental trajectory would provide important insights into the relationship between executive functioning pattern and the risk of being overweight or obese.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Research Centre for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Tarragona, Spain.|Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Ainara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanco-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Natàlia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercè
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gispert-Llauradó
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Closa-Monasterolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Research Centre for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Tarragona, Spain.|Pediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Canals-Sans
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Altered inhibitory control; Cognitive function; Executive function; Obesity; Overweight