title: Occurrence and analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds in a water supply system.
abstract: This paper presents the study of the occurrence of 10 endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in 60 water samples using a method for simultaneous quantification and confirmation of the presence of these emerging compounds, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). All samples were previously extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Several natural and synthetic hormones (17-β-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, mestranol, and diethylstilbestrol) and some industrial products (4-n-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and bisphenol A) were chosen for this survey. The analytical limits were calculated for each compound and were used in the identification and quantification of these target compounds in EPAL's water supply system. In this study, several samples were taken from the main intakes of water (surface and groundwater) used for production of water for human consumption and from different sampling points of the drinking water distribution system (piping, nets, and reservoirs). Some target compounds, such as estriol, 4-tert-octylphenol, mestranol, and nonylphenol, were found in trace amounts in several water samples. However, the studied endocrine-disrupting appeared in very low concentrations when compared with the assessed analytical limits.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia dos Biossistemas (DCEB), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal, anaritam_carvalho@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A R M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benoliel
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol; D004970:Estrone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol; C041594:4-nonylphenol; C105260:4-tert-octylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds