title: Kidney disease in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive adults with high CD4 counts: prevalence and predictors of kidney disease at enrolment in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV infection has been associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Little is known about the prevalence of CKD in individuals with high CD4 cell counts prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sought to address this knowledge gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the prevalence of CKD among 4637 ART-naïve adults (mean age 36.8 years) with CD4 cell counts > 500 cells/μL at enrolment in the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study. CKD was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or dipstick urine protein ≥ 1+. Logistic regression was used to identify baseline characteristics associated with CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 286 [6.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5%, 6.9%] participants with CKD, the majority had isolated proteinuria. A total of 268 participants had urine protein ≥ 1+, including 41 with urine protein ≥ 2+. Only 22 participants (0.5%) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) , including four who also had proteinuria. Baseline characteristics independently associated with CKD included diabetes [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.73; 95% CI 1.05, 2.85], hypertension (aOR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38, 2.38), and race/ethnicity (aOR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37, 0.93 for Hispanic vs. white).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a low prevalence of CKD associated with traditional CKD risk factors among ART-naïve clinical trial participants with CD4 cell counts > 500 cells/μL.
authors.affiliation: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Achhra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocroft
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryom
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Somboonwit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wyatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial; antiretroviral therapy; kidney disease