title: Manure source and age affect survival of zoonotic pathogens during aerobic composting at sublethal temperatures.
abstract: Heat is the primary mechanism by which aerobic composting inactivates zoonotic bacterial pathogens residing within animal manures, but at sublethal temperatures, the time necessary to hold the compost materials to ensure pathogen inactivation is uncertain. To determine the influence of the type of nitrogen amendment on inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures, specific variables investigated in these studies included the animal source of the manure, the initial carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the compost mixture, and the age of the manure. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were both inactivated more rapidly in chicken and swine compost mixtures stored at 20°C when formulated to an initial C:N ratio of 20:1 compared with 40:1, whereas a C:N ratio did not have an effect on inactivation of these pathogens in cow compost mixtures. Pathogen inactivation was related to the elevated pH of the samples that likely arises from ammonia produced by the indigenous microflora in the compost mixtures. Indigenous microbial activity was reduced when compost mixtures were stored at 30°C and drier conditions (<10% moisture level) were prevalent. Furthermore, under these drier conditions, Salmonella persisted to a greater extent than L. monocytogenes, and the desiccation resistance of Salmonella appeared to convey cross-protection to ammonia. Salmonella persisted longer in compost mixtures prepared with aged chicken litter compared with fresh chicken litter, whereas E. coli O157:H7 survived to similar extents in compost mixtures prepared with either fresh or aged cow manure. The different responses observed when different sources of manure were used in compost mixtures reveal that guidelines with times required for pathogen inactivation in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures should be dependent on the source of nitrogen, i.e., type of animal manure, present.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA. mericks@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Net Services, Atlanta Laboratory, 60 Chamisa Road, Suite 201, Covington, Georgia 30016, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316, USA.
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Crops and Soil Science, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Flitcroft
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen