title: Assessment of oxygen saturation in retinal vessels of normal subjects and diabetic patients with and without retinopathy using Flow Oximetry System.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess oxygen saturation (StO2) in retinal vessels of normal subjects and diabetic patients with and without retinopathy using the modified version of the Flow Oximetry System (FOS) and a novel assessment software.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FOS and novel assessment software were used to determine StO2 levels in arteries and veins located between 1 and 2 mm from the margin of the optic disc and in the macular area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen normal subjects, 15 diabetics without diabetic retinopathy (DM no DR), and 11 with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) were included in final analysis. The mean [± standard deviation (SD)] StO2 in retinal arteries was 96.9%±3.8% in normal subjects; 97.4%±3.7% in DM no DR; and 98.4%±2.0% in NPDR. The mean venous StO2 was 57.5%±6.8% in normal subjects; 57.4%±7.5% in DM no DR; and 51.8%±6.8% in NPDR. The mean arterial and venous StO2 across the three groups were not statistically different (P=0.498 and P=0.071, respectively). The arterio-venous differences between the three study groups, however, were found to be statistically significant (P=0.015). Pairwise comparisons have demonstrated significant differences when comparing the A-V difference in the NPDR group to either normal subjects (P=0.02) or diabetic patients without DR (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The arterio-venous difference was greater, and statistically significant, in patients with NPDR when compared to normal subjects and to patients with diabetes and no retinopathy. The mean venous StO2 was lower, but not statistically significant, in NPDR compared with diabetics without retinopathy and with normal subjects.
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Annam
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Yasir J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Sepah
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luu
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Millena G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bittencourt
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemaillet
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Quan Dong
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: 1 Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center (RIRRC), Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; 2 Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center (OIRRC), Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; 5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Oregon, USA ; 6 Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ramella-Roman
keywords: Diabetes; oximetry; oxygen; retina