title: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of U.S. Children Unable to Achieve Open-Set Speech Recognition 5 Years After Cochlear Implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics associated with the inability to progress to open-set speech recognition in children 5 years after cochlear implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal, and multidimensional assessment of auditory development for 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six tertiary cochlear implant (CI) referral centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with severe-to-profound hearing loss who underwent implantation before age 5 years enrolled in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation study, categorized by level of speech recognition ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochlear implantation before 5 years of age and annual assessment of emergent speech recognition skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progression to open-set speech recognition by 5 years after implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less functional hearing before implantation, older age at onset of amplification, lower maternal sensitivity to communication needs, minority status, and complicated perinatal history were associated with the inability to obtain open-set speech recognition by 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristics of a subpopulation of children with CIs associated with an inability to achieve open-set speech recognition after 5 years of CI experience were investigated. These data distinguish pediatric CI recipients at risk for poor auditory development and highlight areas for future interventions to enhance support of early implantation.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; †Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and ‡Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Laurie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Nae-Yuh
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Quittner
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Niparko
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013060:Speech; D013067:Speech Perception; D016896:Treatment Outcome