title: Dilated perivascular spaces in the Basal Ganglia are a biomarker of small-vessel disease in a very elderly population with dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dilated perivascular spaces have been shown to be a specific biomarker of cerebral small-vessel disease in young patients with dementia. Our aim was to examine the discriminative power of dilated cerebral perivascular spaces as biomarkers of small-vessel disease in a very elderly population of patients with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied healthy volunteers (n = 65; mean age, 78 ± 5.6 years) and subjects with vascular dementia (n = 39; mean age, 76.9 ± 7.7 years) and Alzheimer disease (n = 47; mean age, 74.1 ± 8.5 years). We compared white matter hyperintensity and 2 semiquantitative perivascular space scoring systems (perivascular space-1 and perivascular space-2). Intra- and interobserver agreement was assessed by using a weighted Cohen κ statistic. Multinomial regression modeling was used to assess the discriminative power of imaging features to distinguish clinical groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White matter hyperintensity scores were higher in vascular dementia than in Alzheimer disease (P < .05) or healthy volunteers (P < .01). The perivascular space-1 score was higher in vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease than in healthy volunteers (P < .01). The perivascular space-2 score in the centrum semiovale showed no intergroup differences. However, perivascular space-2 in the basal ganglia was higher in vascular dementia than in Alzheimer disease (P < .05) or healthy volunteers (P < .001) and higher in Alzheimer disease than in healthy volunteers (P < .001). Modeling of dementia versus healthy volunteers, Alzheimer disease versus healthy volunteers, and vascular dementia against Alzheimer disease demonstrated perivascular space-2basal ganglia as the only imaging parameter with independent significant discriminative power (P < .01, P < .01, and P < .05) with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.855, 0.774, and 0.71, respectively. Modeling of vascular dementia versus healthy volunteers showed that perivascular space-2basal ganglia (P < .01) and the modified Scheltens score (P < .05) contributed significant, independent discriminatory power, accounting for 34% and 13% of the variance in the model respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dilated perivascular spaces remain a valuable biomarker of small-vessel disease in an elderly population.
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Imaging Sciences (T.P.H., J.C., A.J.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Imaging Sciences (T.P.H., J.C., A.J.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (O.T.), Salford, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Imaging Sciences (T.P.H., J.C., A.J.), Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK Alan.Jackson@Manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male