title: Baseline cardiovascular risk in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial has recruited antiretroviral-naïve individuals with high CD4 cell counts from all regions of the world. We describe the distribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, overall and by geographical region, at study baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of CVD risk factors was assessed and compared by geographical region among START participants who had a baseline electrocardiogram (n = 4019; North America, 11%; Europe/Australia/Israel, 36%; South America, 26%; Asia, 4%; Africa, 23%; median age 36 years; 26% female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 58.3% (n = 2344) of the participants had at least one CVD risk factor and 18.9% (n = 761) had two or more. The most common CVD risk factors were current smoking (32%), hypertension (19.3%) and obesity (16.5%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of CVD risk factors among geographical regions. The prevalence of at least one risk factor across regions was as follows: North America, 70.0%; Europe/Australia/Israel, 65.1%; South America, 49.4%; Asia, 37.0%; Africa, 55.8% (P-value < 0.001). Significant regional differences were also observed when risk factors were used as part of the Framingham and Data Collection on Adverse events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) risk scores or used to define a favourable risk profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CVD risk factors are common among START participants, and their distribution varies by geographical region. Better understanding of how and why CVD risk factors develop in people with HIV infection and their geographical distributions could shed light on appropriate strategies for CVD prevention and may inform the interpretation of the results of START, as CVD is expected to be a major fraction of the primary endpoints observed.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, and Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arastéh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achhra
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tambussi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Duprez
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Neaton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: HIV; Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial; cardiovascular risk