title: Electrophysiological manifestations of mirror visual feedback during manual movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neurophysiological manifestations of the mechanism underlying the effects of Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF) during manual movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen healthy right handed individuals were assessed while performing repeated unilateral wrist extension movements with and without MVF. The effect of MVF on EEG oscillations was studied in 3 distinct frequency ranges (low mu, high mu, low beta).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the low beta range showed that MVF reduces the magnitude of event-related de-synchronization (ERD) in the hemisphere contra-lateral to the moving hand. This effect reached significance when the moving hand was the dominant hand. In the analysis of the low mu range, bi-hemispheric amplification of ERD by the mirror pointed to an added effect of neural recruitment. This effect reached significance when the moving hand was the non-dominant hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MVF applied during unilateral manual movement (a) attenuates hemispheric activation asymmetry, and (b) is likely to involve recruitment of the mirror neuron system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As each of the above two effects reached significance only in one hand (dominant and non-dominant, respectively), clinical application of MVF might show a different level of efficacy in the treatment of right and left hemiparesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Physical Therapy, Reuth Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: bargad@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartur
authors.affiliation: Evoked Potentials Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Hillel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel.
authors.forename: Silvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frenkel-Toledo
authors.affiliation: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geva
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel.
authors.forename: Nachum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soroker
mesh_terms: D058256:Brain Waves; D004569:Electroencephalography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014953:Wrist
keywords: EEG; Event-related de-synchronization; Inter-hemispheric dynamics; Mirror neuron system; Mirror visual feedback; Stroke rehabilitation