title: Development and implementation of the National Cancer Institute's Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey to assess correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a leading risk factor for chronic disease globally as well as in the United States. Much of the population does not consume the recommended servings of FV daily. This paper describes the development of psychosocial measures of FV intake for inclusion in the U.S. National Cancer Institute's 2007 Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study among 3,397 adults from the United States. Scales included conventional constructs shown to be correlated with fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in prior studies (e.g., self-efficacy, social support), and novel constructs that have been measured in few- to- no studies (e.g., views on vegetarianism, neophobia). FVI was assessed with an eight-item screener. Exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and regression analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychosocial scales with Cronbach's alpha ≥0.68 were self-efficacy, social support, perceived barriers and benefits of eating FVs, views on vegetarianism, autonomous and controlled motivation, and preference for FVs. Conventional scales that were associated (p<0.05) with FVI were self-efficacy, social support, and perceived barriers to eating FVs. Novel scales that were associated (p<0.05) with FVI were autonomous motivation, and preference for vegetables. Other single items that were associated (p<0.05) with FVI included knowledge of FV recommendations, FVI "while growing up", and daily water consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may inform future behavioral interventions as well as further exploration of other potential factors to promote and support FVI.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Temitope O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Erinosho
authors.affiliation: Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Courtney A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pinard
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Nebeling
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Abdul R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.affiliation: Clinical Monitoring Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: April Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Yaroch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult