title: Conditioned pain modulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigms have been increasingly used over the past few years to assess endogenous analgesia capacity in healthy individuals and pain patients. The current review concentrates on selected recent literature advancing our understanding and practice of CPM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main themes covered by the present CPM review include underlying mechanisms, approaches to experimental investigation, practicality in clinical practice, neurophysiological and psychophysiological correlates, and pharmacological solutions to pain modulation dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reviewed literature refines the methodology used for eliciting CPM responses and characterizing their physiological attributes in healthy individuals and pain patients, and exemplifies the materializing concept of individualized pain medicine through targeting impaired mechanisms of pain modulation by designated drugs for optimal pain alleviation.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Rony-Reuven
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Nir
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yarnitsky
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D009480:Neuropharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods