title: Diversity of human papillomavirus in the anal canal of men: the HIM Study.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with the development of anogenital lesions in men. There are no reports describing the distribution of non-α HPV types in the anal canal of a sexually diverse group of men. The HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study is a multicentre study on the natural history of HPV infection in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA. At baseline, 12% of anal canal PCR HPV-positive specimens were not typed by the Roche Linear Array, and were considered to be unclassified. Our goals were to characterize HPVs among these unclassified specimens at baseline, and to assess associations with participant socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. Unclassified HPVs were typed by sequencing of amplified PGMY09/11 products or cloning of PGMY/GP + nested amplicons followed by sequencing. Further analysis was conducted with FAP primers. Of men with unclassified HPV in the anal canal, most (89.1%) were men who have sex with women. Readable sequences were produced for 62.8% of unclassified specimens, of which 75.2% were characterized HPV types. Eighteen, 26 and three different α-HPV, β-HPV and γ-HPV types were detected, respectively. α-HPVs were more commonly detected among young men (18-30 years) than among older men (45-70 years), whereas β-HPVs were more frequent among mid-adult men (31-44 years). β-HPVs were more common among heterosexual men (85.0%) than among non-heterosexual men. All β-HPVs detected among non-heterosexual men were β2-HPV types. The high prevalence of β-HPV in the anal canal of men who do not report receptive anal sex is suggestive of other forms of transmission that do not involve penile-anal intercourse.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: laura.sichero@icesp.org.br.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sichero
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nyitray
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nepal
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST/Aids, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo and HPV Institute, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology*; D001519:Behavior; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anal canal; HIM Study; cutaneous HPV; human papillomavirus; males; prevalence; unclassified types