title: Influence of bark on fuel ethanol production from steam-pretreated spruce.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bark and bark-containing forest residues have the potential for utilization as raw material for lignocellulosic ethanol production due to their abundance and low cost. However, the different physical properties and chemical composition of bark compared to the conventionally used wood chips may influence the spruce-to-ethanol bioconversion process. This study assesses the impact of bark on the overall bioconversion in two process configurations, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), utilizing steam-pretreated spruce bark and wood mixtures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixtures of different proportions of spruce bark and wood chips were subjected to SO2-catalyzed steam pretreatment at 210°C for five minutes, which has been shown to be effective for the pretreatment of spruce wood chips. The final ethanol concentration was the highest without bark and decreased significantly with increasing proportions of bark in both process configurations. However, this decrease cannot be attributed solely to the lower availability of the carbohydrates in mixtures containing bark, as the ethanol yield also decreased, from 85 to 59% in SSF and from 84 to 51% in SHF, as the mass fraction of bark was increased from 0 to 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that it was significantly more difficult to hydrolyse spruce bark to monomeric sugars than wood chips. Bark had an adverse effect on the whole bioconversion process due to its lower enzymatic hydrolyzability. On the other hand, bark inclusion had no detrimental effect on the fermentability of steam-pretreated spruce wood and bark mixtures. It was also observed that lower amounts of inhibitory degradation products were formed during the steam pretreatment of spruce bark than during the steam pretreatment of wood chips.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, Getingevägen 60, Lund, SE-221 00 Sweden.
authors.forename: Balázs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frankó
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, Getingevägen 60, Lund, SE-221 00 Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, Getingevägen 60, Lund, SE-221 00 Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wallberg
keywords: Bark; Ethanol; SHF; SSF; Softwood; Spruce; Steam pretreatment