title: The effect of nilotinib plus arsenic trioxide on the proliferation and differentiation of primary leukemic cells from patients with chronic myoloid leukemia in blast crisis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) and nilotinib (AMN107, Tasigna) alone or in combination on the proliferation and differentiation of primary leukemic cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the blast crisis phase (CML-BC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were isolated from the bone marrow of CML-BC patients and were treated with 1 μM ATO and 5 nM nilotinib, either alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was evaluated using a MTT assay. Cell morphology and the content of hemoglobin were examined with Wright-Giemsa staining and benzidine staining, respectively. The expression of cell surface markers was determined using flow cytometric analysis. The levels of mRNA and protein were analyzed using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ATO and nilotinib alone or in combination suppressed cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent pattern (P < 0.01 vs. control). Drug treatments promoted erythroid differentiation of CML-BC cells, with a decreased nuclei/cytoplasm ratio but increased hemoglobin content and glycophorin A (GPA) expression (P < 0.01 compared with control). In addition, macrophage and granulocyte lineage differentiation was also induced after drug treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 (TAL1) and B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) were both upregulated after 3 days of ATO and Nilotinib treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that ATO and nilotinib treatment alone or in combination greatly suppressed cell proliferation but promoted the differentiation of CML-BC cells towards multiple-lineages. Nilotinib alone preferentially induced erythroid differentiation while combined treatment with ATO preferentially induced macrophage and granulocyte lineage differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: Fei-Fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: Nannan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: YaLing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Southeast Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University (the 175th Hospital of Chinese PLA), NO.269, Zhanghua Middle Road, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000 China.
authors.forename: LiHong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: AMN107; Arsenic trioxide; CML-BC; Differentiation; Nilotinib; Proliferation