title: Screening and assessment of solidification/stabilization amendments suitable for soils of lead-acid battery contaminated site.
abstract: Lead exposure via ingestion of soil and dust generally occurs at lead-acid battery manufacturing and recycling sites. Screening solidification/stabilization (S/S) amendments suitable for lead contaminated soil in an abandoned lead-acid battery factory site was conducted based on its chemical forms and environmental risks. Twelve amendments were used to immobilize the Pb in soil and assess the solidification/stabilization efficiency by toxicity leaching tests. The results indicated that three amendments, KH₂PO₄ (KP), KH₂PO₄:oyster shell power=1:1 (by mass ratio; SPP), and KH₂PO₄:sintered magnesia=1:1 (by mass ratio; KPM) had higher remediation efficiencies that led to a 92% reduction in leachable Pb with the addition of 5% amendments, while the acid soluble fraction of Pb (AS-Pb) decreased by 41-46% and the residual fraction (RS-Pb) increased by 16-25%. The S/S costs of the three selected amendments KP, SPP, and KPM could be controlled to $22.3 per ton of soil when the Pb concentration in soil ranged from 2000 to 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study demonstrated that KP, SPP, and KPM can effectively decrease bioavailability of Pb. These findings could provide basis for decision-making of S/S remediation of lead-acid battery contaminated sites.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Guanlin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Yanguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: ligulax@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Fasheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004391:Dust; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C471364:pyromorphite; D007854:Lead
keywords: Lead-acid battery contaminated site; Screening and assessment of amendments; Solidification/stabilization