title: Emerging therapies in traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Despite decades of basic and clinical research, treatments to improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited. However, based on the recent recognition of the prevalence of mild TBI, and its potential link to neurodegenerative disease, many new and exciting secondary injury mechanisms have been identified and several new therapies are being evaluated targeting both classic and novel paradigms. This includes a robust increase in both preclinical and clinical investigations. Using a mechanism-based approach the authors define the targets and emerging therapies for TBI. They address putative new therapies for TBI across both the spectrum of injury severity and the continuum of care, from the field to rehabilitation. They discussTBI therapy using 11 categories, namely, (1) excitotoxicity and neuronal death, (2) brain edema, (3) mitochondria and oxidative stress, (4) axonal injury, (5) inflammation, (6) ischemia and cerebral blood flow dysregulation, (7) cognitive enhancement, (8) augmentation of endogenous neuroprotection, (9) cellular therapies, (10) combination therapy, and (11) TBI resuscitation. The current golden age of TBI research represents a special opportunity for the development of breakthroughs in the field.
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Travis C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Nikki Miller
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Shaun W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Erik C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Brockman
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bayır
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Poloyac
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Empey
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Edwin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: C Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans