title: Emotional response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: neural and behavioural data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although both emotion and response inhibition are thought to be important in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the interaction between these two processes in patients with this disorder. This study aimed at examining how emotional contexts affect inhibitory control in children with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 ADHD children and 24 healthy comparison subjects performed a modified go/no-go task during three different emotionally laden contexts: negative, neutral and positive. To explore the timing and the underlying neural substrates of emotion-modulated response inhibition, event-related potentials were measured and further analysed both at the scalp and at the voxel level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with ADHD showed greater activation of inhibition-related neural mechanisms (i.e. no-go P3 amplitudes and orbitofrontal cortex activity) to maintain a similar level of performance as healthy comparison subjects, especially during the emotionally arousing contexts (negative and positive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides plausible neural mechanisms for the difficulty that ADHD children have in controlling their behaviour in highly emotional situations. Such emotional contexts might increase the need for top-down inhibitory control and put ADHD children at greater risk for impulsive behaviours and emotional dysregulation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: López-Martín
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Quirón,Madrid 28223,Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Jaén
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carretié
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time; D013030:Spain
keywords: ADHD; P3; emotion; emotion dysregulation; orbitofrontal cortex; response inhibition