title: Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2014.
abstract: This is the annual review of the exercise genomics literature in which we report on the highest quality papers published in 2014. We identified a number of noteworthy papers across a number of fields. In 70-89 yr olds, only 19% of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) II homozygotes exhibited significant improvement in gait speed in response to a yearlong physical activity program compared to 30% of ACE D-allele carriers. New studies continue to support the notion that the genetic susceptibility to obesity, as evidenced by a genomic risk score (GRS; based on multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms), is attenuated by 40%-50% in individuals who are physically active, compared to those who are sedentary. One study reported that the polygenic risk for hypertriglyceridemia was reduced by 30%-40% in individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness. One report showed that there was a significant interaction of a type 2 diabetes GRS with physical activity, with active individuals having the lowest risk of developing diabetes. The protective effect of physical activity was most pronounced in the low GRS tertile (hazard ratio, 0.82). The interaction observed with the diabetes GRS seemed to be dependent on a genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and not insulin secretion. A significant interaction between PPARα sequence variants and physical activity levels on cardiometabolic risk was observed, with higher activity levels associated with lower risk only in carriers of specific genotypes and haplotypes. The review concludes with a discussion of the importance of replication studies when very large population or intervention discovery studies are not feasible or are cost prohibitive.
authors.affiliation: 1The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; 2Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; 3Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, CANADA; 4Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; 5Department of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, GERMANY.
authors.forename: Ruth J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérusse
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sarzynski
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolfarth
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rankinen
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D023281:Genomics / Q000639:trends*; D005838:Genotype; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000235:genetics; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin