title: Carbopol improves the early cellular immune responses induced by the modified-life vaccine Ingelvac PRRS® MLV.
abstract: Adjuvants enhance both the magnitude and duration of immune responses, therefore representing a central component of vaccines. The nature of the adjuvant can determine the particular type of immune response, which may be skewed toward cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses, antibody responses, or particular classes of T helper (Th) responses and antibody isotypes. Traditionally, adjuvants have been added to intrinsically poor immunogenic vaccines, such as those using whole killed organisms or subunit vaccines. Here, we have compared cellular immune responses induced by the immunogenic modified life-attenuated vaccine Ingelvac PRRS® MLV when administered alone or in combination with carbopol, a widely used adjuvant in veterinary medicine. Using functional readouts (IFN-γ ELISpot and cell proliferation) and analyzing phenotypical hallmarks of CD4T cell differentiation, we show that carbopol improves cellular immunity by inducing early IFN-γ-producing cells and by preferentially driving T cell differentiation to effector phenotypes. Our data suggest that adjuvants may enhance and modulate life-attenuated--not only subunit/inactivated--vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.affiliation: University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koinig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerner
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre GmbH & Co. KG. Bemeroderstrasse 31, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höhne
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre GmbH & Co. KG. Bemeroderstrasse 31, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bretthauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., 2501 North Loop Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., 2501 North Loop Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Roof
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saalmüller
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre GmbH & Co. KG. Bemeroderstrasse 31, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre GmbH & Co. KG. Bemeroderstrasse 31, 30559 Hanover, Germany. Electronic address: rimma.libanova@boehringer-ingelheim.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Libanova
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C006912:carboxypolymethylene
keywords: Carbopol; Cellular responses; MLV; PRRSV