title: Congenital heart disease assessment with 4D flow MRI.
abstract: With improvements in surgical and medical management, patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are often living well into adulthood. MRI provides critical data for diagnosis and monitoring of these patients, yielding information on cardiac anatomy, blood flow, and cardiac function. Though historically these exams have been complex and lengthy, four-dimensional (4D) flow is emerging as a single fast technique for comprehensive assessment of CHD. The 4D flow consists of a volumetric time-resolved acquisition that is gated to the cardiac cycle, providing a time-varying vector field of blood flow as well as registered anatomic images. In this article, we provide an overview of MRI evaluation of congenital heart disease by means of example of three relatively common representative conditions: tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Then 4D flow data acquisition, data correction, and postprocessing techniques are reviewed. We conclude with several examples that highlight the comprehensive nature of the evaluation of congenital heart disease with 4D flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Shreyas S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vasanawala
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanneman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: 4D flow; cardiac; congenital; phase contrast; time-resolved