title: The cost effectiveness of erythropoietin-stimulating agents for treating anemia in patients on dialysis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia is a common complication associated with kidney failure and is marked by poor health and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. There are ongoing concerns with the use of Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESAs) to treat anemia in patients with kidney failure on dialysis. Questions as to their benefits, harms and overall effect on quality of life are still relevant today. Our objective was to systematically review studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of ESAs in patients with kidney failure on dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of studies determining the cost-effectiveness of ESAs in adult patients on dialysis. Databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, were searched from their establishment until June 2013. Studies that reported an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of hemoglobin correction strategies based on ESA treatments in comparison to red blood cell transfusions, lower hemoglobin targets, or no ESA treatment were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Reported cost/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) ratios ranged from USD 931-677,749/QALY across five studies comparing ESAs to red blood cell transfusions. There was heterogeneity in results when considering higher hemoglobin targets, with studies finding higher targets to be both dominant and dominated. Mortality, hospitalization, and utility estimates were major drivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial variability in the estimates of the cost-effectiveness of using ESAs in the dialysis population. New models incorporating recent meta-analyses for estimates of utility, mortality, and hospitalization changes would allow for a more comprehensive answer to this question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ravindi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunasekara
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rigatto
authors.forename: Navdeep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tangri
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Komenda
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000628:therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000191:economics; D006397:Hematinics / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins