title: The G allele of CaSR R990G polymorphism increases susceptibility to urolithiasis and hypercalciuria: evidences from a comprehensive meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR) is a candidate to explain urolithiasis. A number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate associations between CaSR polymorphisms with risks of hypercalciuria and urolithiasis in humans. But the results were still inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was performed to address this issue. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the strength of associations between CaSR polymorphisms and the risk of urolithiasis. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was used for the meta-analysis of CaSR polymorphisms and urine calcium concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For urolithiasis association, the SS genotype of A986S polymorphism was a risk factor for urolithiasis in Asians and PHPT patients, but a protective factor in Caucasians. The GG genotype of R990 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of urolithiasis, especially in Caucasians and healthy population. Regarding urine calcium concentration association, individuals with the G allele had a higher level of urine calcium than the noncarriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis revealed that the G allele of CaSR R990G polymorphism increases susceptibility to urolithiasis and hypercalciuria. The A986S and Q1011E polymorphisms were associated with urolithiasis and hypercalciuria in specific populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jiaxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Changjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C095550:CASR protein, human; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing