title: Ultrafast Tracking of a Single Live Virion During the Invagination of a Cell Membrane.
abstract: The first step in most viral infections is the penetration of the cell membrane via endocytosis. However, the underlying mechanism of this important process has not been quantitatively characterized; for example, the velocity and force of a single virion during invagination remain unknown. Here, the endocytosis of a single live virion (Singapore grouper iridovirus, SGIV) through the apical membranes of a host cell is monitored by developing and using a novel ultrafast (at the microsecond level) tracking technique: force tracing. For the first time, these results unambiguously reveal that the maximum velocity during the cell entry of a single SGIV by membrane invagination is approximately 200 nm s(-1), the endocytic force is approximately 60.8 ± 18.5 pN, and the binding energy density increases with the engulfment depth. This report utilizing high temporospatial resolution (subnanometer and microsecond levels) approaches provides new insight into the dynamic process of viral infection via endocytosis and the mechanism of membrane invagination at the single-particle level.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yangang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510301, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shaowen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC, 29208, USA.|School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun, 130012, China.
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dinglin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shuheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Mingjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haijiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guohui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510301, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P.R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure* / Q000821:virology*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D053586:Virus Internalization
keywords: cell membranes; force tracing; invagination; live virions