title: A Comparison of the J-1 Visa Waiver and Loan Repayment Programs in the Recruitment and Retention of Physicians in Rural Nebraska.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a dearth of literature evaluating the effectiveness of programs aimed at recruiting and retaining physicians in rural Nebraska. Taking advantage of the Nebraska Health Professional Tracking System, this study attempts to comparatively assess the effectiveness of the J-1 visa waiver and state loan repayment programs in the recruitment and retention of physicians in rural Nebraska.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed methods approach was used. We tracked 240 physicians who enrolled in the J-1 visa waiver and state loan repayment programs between 1996 and 2012 until 2013. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted to obtain perspectives on the recruitment and retention of physicians in rural Nebraska through the 2 programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from multilevel survival regression analysis indicated that physicians enrolled in the J-1 visa waiver program were more likely to leave rural Nebraska when compared with those enrolled in the state loan repayment program. Participants in the qualitative study, however, cautioned against declaring one program as superior over the other, given that the 2 programs addressed different needs for different communities. In addition, results suggested that fostering the integration of physicians and their families into rural communities might be a way of enhancing retention, regardless of program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this study highlight the complexity of recruitment and retention issues in rural Nebraska and suggest the need for more holistic and family-centered approaches to addressing these issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy Management, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia.
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Opoku
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy Management, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia.
authors.forename: Bettye A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Apenteng
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services & Administration, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services & Administration, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Li-Wu
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services & Administration, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.affiliation: Office of Rural Health, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rauner
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D005550:Foreign Medical Graduates / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009329:Nebraska; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011365:Professional Practice Location / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013219:State Government; D014146:Training Support / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: access to care; physician supply; retention; rural health; workforce