title: Disproportionate emission of bubble streams with killer whale biphonic calls: perspectives on production and function.
abstract: Stereotyped pulsed calls were attributed to 11 killer whales (Orcinus orca) with and without synchronous bubble streams in three datasets collected from two facilities from 1993 to 2012. Calls with and without synchronous bubble streams and divergent overlapping high frequency components ("biphonic" vs "monophonic") were compared. Subjects produced bubbles significantly more often when calls had divergent high frequency components. However, acoustic features in one biphonic call shared by five subjects provided little evidence for an acoustic effect of synchronous bubble flow. Disproportionate bubbling supported other evidence that biphonic calls form a distinct category, but suggested a function in short-range communication.
authors.affiliation: Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, California 92109 abowles@hswri.org.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustician, 5029 Onstad Street, San Diego, California 92110 grebner@greeneridge.com.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grebner
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalá Park, San Diego, California 92110 whitney.musser@nmmpfoundation.org, dream.of.orcas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Whitney B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalá Park, San Diego, California 92110 whitney.musser@nmmpfoundation.org, dream.of.orcas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliette S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: National Marine Mammal Laboratory, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115 Jessica.crance@noaa.gov.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crance
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012919:Social Behavior; D013016:Sound; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D050685:Whale, Killer / Q000502:physiology*