title: Food consumption and risk of childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consumption of foods rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been proposed to protect against childhood asthma. This study explores the association of food consumption (including cow's milk (CM)-free diet) in early life and the risk of atopic and non-atopic asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food intake of 182 children with asthma and 728 matched controls was measured using 3-day food records, within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Nutrition Study cohort. The diagnoses of food allergies came both from the written questionnaire and from the registers of the Social Insurance Institution. Conditional logistic regression with generalized estimating equations framework was used in the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA) led to multiple dietary restrictions still evident at 4 yr of age. Even after adjusting for CMA, higher consumption of CM products was inversely associated with the risk of atopic asthma and higher consumption of breast milk and oats inversely with the risk of non-atopic asthma. Early consumption of fish was associated with a decreased risk of all asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake in early life combined with atopy history has a clear impact on the risk of developing asthma. Our results indicate that CM restriction due to CMA significantly increases and mediates the association between food consumption and childhood asthma risk.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lumia
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna-Mari
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehtinen-Jacks
authors.affiliation: Allergy & Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University Of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Bright I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Nwaru
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jetta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuokkola
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Onni
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.affiliation: Center for Laboratory Medicine, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Research Center for Child Health and Science Centre of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005502:Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: asthma; atopy; cow's milk allergy; diet