title: In-feed supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces layer-chicken egg-borne transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States, causing gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated eggs. Chickens are the reservoir host of S. Enteritidis. In layer hens, S. Enteritidis colonizes the intestine and migrates to various organs, including the oviduct, leading to egg contamination. This study investigated the efficacy of in-feed supplementation with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) plant compound obtained from cinnamon, in reducing S. Enteritidis cecal colonization and systemic spread in layers. Additionally, the effect of TC on S. Enteritidis virulence factors critical for macrophage survival and oviduct colonization was investigated in vitro. The consumer acceptability of eggs was also determined by a triangle test. Supplementation of TC in feed for 66 days at 1 or 1.5% (vol/wt) for 40- or 25-week-old layer chickens decreased the amounts of S. Enteritidis on eggshell and in yolk (P<0.001). Additionally, S. Enteritidis persistence in the cecum, liver, and oviduct in TC-supplemented birds was decreased compared to that in controls (P<0.001). No significant differences in feed intake, body weight, or egg production in birds or in consumer acceptability of eggs were observed (P>0.05). In vitro cell culture assays revealed that TC reduced S. Enteritidis adhesion to and invasion of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells and reduced S. Enteritidis survival in chicken macrophages (P<0.001). Follow-up gene expression analysis using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that TC downregulated the expression of S. Enteritidis virulence genes critical for chicken oviduct colonization (P<0.001). The results suggest that TC may potentially be used as a feed additive to reduce egg-borne transmission of S. Enteritidis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kollanoor-Johny
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Shankumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mooyottu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Sangeetha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Baskaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Hsin-Bai
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Mazhar I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Darre
authors.affiliation: Auburn University Food Systems Institute, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA kumar.venkitanarayanan@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkitanarayanan
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010057:Oviducts / Q000382:microbiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D014481:United States; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000171:Acrolein; C012843:cinnamaldehyde