title: A qualitative method for prediction of amine oxidation in methanol and water.
abstract: We have developed a predictive method, based on quantum chemical calculations, that qualitatively predicts N-oxidation by hydrogen peroxides in drug structures. The method uses linear correlations of two complementary approaches to estimate the activation barrier without calculating it explicitly. This method can therefore be automated as it avoids demanding transition state calculations. As such, it may be used by chemists without experience in molecular modeling and provide additional understanding to experimental findings. The predictive method gives relative rates for N,N-dimethylbenzylamine and N-methylmorpholine in good agreement with experiments. In water, the experimental rate constants show that N,N-dimethylbenzylamine is oxidized three times faster than N-methylmorpholine and in methanol it is two times faster. The method suggests it to be two and five times faster, respectively. The method was also used to correlate experimental with predicted activation barriers, linear free-energy relationships, for a test set of tertiary amines. A correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.74 was obtained, where internal diagnostics in the method itself allowed identification of outliers. The method was applied to four drugs: caffeine, azelastine, buspirone, and clomipramine, all possessing several nitrogens. Both overall susceptibility and selectivity of oxidation were predicted, and verified by experiments.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, S-431 83, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bäcktorp
authors.forename: Eivor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Örnskov
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evertsson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Remmelgas
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broo
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004356:Drug Storage; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000432:Methanol
keywords: N-oxide; ab initio calculations; chemical stability; chromatography; degradation products; drug molecules; forced conditions; in silico modeling; oxidation