title: Did shifting seawater sulfate concentrations drive the evolution of deep-sea methane-seep ecosystems?
abstract: The origin and evolution of the faunas inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps have been debated for decades. These faunas rely on a local source of sulfide and other reduced chemicals for nutrition, which spawned the hypothesis that their evolutionary history is independent from that of photosynthesis-based food chains and instead driven by extinction events caused by deep-sea anoxia. Here I use the fossil record of seep molluscs to show that trends in body size, relative abundance and epifaunal/infaunal ratios track current estimates of seawater sulfate concentrations through the last 150 Myr. Furthermore, the two main faunal turnovers during this time interval coincide with major changes in seawater sulfate concentrations. Because sulfide at seeps originates mostly from seawater sulfate, variations in sulfate concentrations should directly affect the base of the food chain of this ecosystem and are thus the likely driver of the observed macroecologic and evolutionary patterns. The results imply that the methane-seep fauna evolved largely independently from developments and mass extinctions affecting the photosynthesis-based biosphere and add to the growing body of evidence that the chemical evolution of the oceans had a major impact on the evolution of marine life.
authors.affiliation: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Geobiology Group, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria skiel@uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size; D017753:Ecosystem; D005580:Fossils; D008697:Methane / Q000737:chemistry; D008974:Mollusca / Q000502:physiology*; D011156:Population Density; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D008697:Methane
keywords: deep sea; evolution; hydrothermal vent; macroecology; methane seepage