title: A unified model of shoot tropism in plants: photo-, gravi- and Propio-ception.
abstract: Land plants rely mainly on gravitropism and phototropism to control their posture and spatial orientation. In natural conditions, these two major tropisms act concurrently to create a photogravitropic equilibrium in the responsive organ. Recently, a parsimonious model was developed that accurately predicted the complete gravitropic and proprioceptive control over the movement of different organs in different species in response to gravitational stimuli. Here we show that the framework of this unifying graviproprioceptive model can be readily extended to include phototropism. The interaction between gravitropism and phototropism results in an alignment of the apical part of the organ toward a photogravitropic set-point angle. This angle is determined by a combination of the two directional stimuli, gravity and light, weighted by the ratio between the gravi- and photo-sensitivities of the plant organ. In the model, two dimensionless numbers, the graviproprioceptive number B and the photograviceptive number M, control the dynamics and the shapes of the movement. The extended model agrees well with two sets of detailed quantitative data on photogravitropic equilibrium in oat coleoptiles. It is demonstrated that the influence of light intensity I can be included in the model in a power-law-dependent relationship M(I). The numbers B and M and the related photograviceptive number D are all quantitative genetic traits that can be measured in a straightforward manner, opening the way to the phenotyping of molecular and mechanical aspects of shoot tropism.
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles, France; INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont Fd Cedex 01, France; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.affiliation: Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot, 75025 Paris Cedex 13, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Douady
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont Fd Cedex 01, France; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moulia
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D018524:Phototropism / Q000502:physiology*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000502:physiology*