title: Adult cardiopulmonary mortality and indoor air pollution: a 10-year retrospective cohort study in a low-income rural setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoor air pollution (IAP) due to solid fuel use is a major risk factor of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Rural Matlab in Bangladesh has been partly supplied with natural gas since the early 1990s, which offered a natural experiment to investigate the long-term impact of IAP on cardiopulmonary mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to compare adult cardiopulmonary mortality in relation to household fuel type as a surrogate for exposure to indoor air pollution.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study. We identified all households in 11 villages in Matlab, Bangladesh, and categorized them as either supplied with natural gas or using solid fuel for cooking or heating since January 1, 2001. Cause-specific mortality data including cardiopulmonary deaths were obtained through verbal autopsy as part of a permanent surveillance. Person-years (PYs) of exposure were computed from baseline until the event. Subjects with missing information on cause of death, outward migration, or on fuel type were excluded. Event rates for each fuel category were calculated as well as the relative risk of dying with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rural Matlab, Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults 18 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death from cardiopulmonary diseases over a 10-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 946 cardiopulmonary deaths occurred with 884 in the solid-fuel and 62 in the gas-supplied households (n=7,565 and n=508, respectively) over the 10-year period. Cardiopulmonary death rate was 6.2 per 1,000 PYs in the solid-fuel group and 5.3 per 1,000 PYs in people living in households using gas. Mortality due to cardiovascular event was 5.1 and 4.8 per 1,000 PY in people from the solid-fuel and gas-supplied households, respectively, and the incident rate ratio was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.41). Mortality due to respiratory disease was 1.2 and 0.5 per 1,000 PYs in the solid-fuel and gas-supplied groups, respectively, and the incident rate ratio was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.02 to 4.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household solid-fuel use is associated with increased respiratory mortality and nonsignificantly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Reduction of exposure to pollution due to in-household solid-fuel use is likely to improve survival in Bangladeshi and similar populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. Electronic address: dsalam@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Dewan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ashique H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ali Tanweer
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Siddiquee
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shyfuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Didar
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pervin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Urbanization and Climate Change (CPUC), icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Streatfield
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cravioto
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Louis W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Niessen