title: ORF57 overcomes the detrimental sequence bias of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic genes.
abstract: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes ORF57, which enhances the expression of intronless KSHV genes on multiple posttranscriptional levels. However, it remains elusive how ORF57 recognizes viral RNAs. Here, we demonstrate that ORF57 also increases the expression of the multiple intron-containing K15 gene. The nucleotide bias of the K15 cDNA revealed an unusual high AT content. Thus, we optimized the K15 cDNA by raising the frequency of GC nucleotides, yielding an ORF57-independent version. To further prove the importance of the sequence bias of ORF57-dependent RNAs, we grouped KSHV mRNAs according to their AT content and found a correlation between AT-richness and ORF57 dependency. More importantly, latent genes, which have to be expressed in the absence of ORF57, have a low AT content and are indeed ORF57 independent. The nucleotide composition of K15 resembles that of HIV gag, which cannot be expressed unless RNA export is facilitated by the HIV Rev protein. Interestingly, ORF57 can partially rescue HIV Gag expression. Thus, the KSHV target RNAs of ORF57 and HIV gag RNA may share certain motifs based on the nucleotide bias. A bioinformatic comparison between wild-type and sequence-optimized K15 revealed a higher density for hnRNP-binding motifs in the former. We speculate that binding of particular hnRNPs to KSHV lytic transcripts is the prerequisite for ORF57 to enhance their expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The mostly intronless genes of KSHV are only expressed in the presence of the viral regulator protein ORF57, but how ORF57 recognizes viral RNAs remains elusive. We focused on the multiple intron-containing KSHV gene K15 and revealed that its expression is also increased by ORF57. Moreover, sequences in the K15 cDNA mediate this enhancement. The quest for a target sequence or a response element for ORF57 in the lytic genes was not successful. Instead, we found the nucleotide bias to be the critical determinant of ORF57 dependency. Based on the fact that ORF57 has only a weak affinity for nucleic acids, we speculate that a cellular RNA-binding protein provides the sequence preference for ORF57. This study provides evidence that herpesviral RNA regulator proteins use the sequence bias of lytic genes and the resulting composition of the viral mRNP to distinguish between viral and cellular mRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hackmann
authors.affiliation: Technion Institute, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Alona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabner
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koste
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Susann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santag
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kati
authors.affiliation: Technion Institute, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mandel-Gutfreund
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany bohne.jens@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bohne
mesh_terms: D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011485:Protein Binding; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; C000598480:ORF57 protein, human herpesvirus 8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins