title: Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles.
abstract: Because heavy metals (HMs) occurring naturally in soils accumulate continuously due to human activities, identifying and apportioning their sources becomes a challenging task for pollution prevention in urban environments. Besides the enrichment factors (EFs) and principal component analysis (PCA) for source classification, the receptor model (Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression, APCS-MLR) and Pb isotopic mixing model were also developed to quantify the source contribution for typical HMs (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in urban park soils of Xiamen, a representative megacity in southeast China. Furthermore, distribution patterns of their concentrations and sources in 13 soil profiles (top 20 cm) were investigated by different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm). Currently the principal anthropogenic source for HMs in urban soil of China is atmospheric deposition from coal combustion rather than vehicle exhaust. Specifically for Pb source by isotopic model ((206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb), the average contributions were natural (49%)>coal combustion (45%)≫traffic emissions (6%). Although the urban surface soils are usually more contaminated owing to recent and current human sources, leaching effects and historic vehicle emissions can also make deep soil layer contaminated by HMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, IceMe, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. Electronic address: xsluo@nuist.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-San
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, IceMe, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, IceMe, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006802:Human Activities; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Atmospheric deposition; Heavy metals (HMs); Soil contamination; Soil layers; Source contributions; Urban environmental geochemistry