title: Evaluation of haemodynamics by cardiac catheterisation: historical perspective and present practice.
abstract: In 1956, three men were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in particular 'for their discoveries concerning heart catheterisation and pathological changes in the circulatory system'. Their names in alphabetical order: André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards. Forssmann's experiment dated from 1929, while Cournand and Richards started their work in 1941. The order in which they presented their Nobel lectures on 11 December 1956 was Forssmann, Richards, Cournand.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergstra
authors.forename: A F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mook
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
keywords: cardiac catheterisation; cardiac output; haemodynamics; history