title: Loading of Hip Measured by Hip Contact Forces at Different Speeds of Walking and Running.
abstract: Exercise plays a pivotal role in maximizing peak bone mass in adulthood and maintaining it through aging, by imposing mechanical loading on the bone that can trigger bone mineralization and growth. The optimal type and intensity of exercise that best enhances bone strength remains, however, poorly characterized, partly because the exact peak loading of the bone produced by the diverse types of exercises is not known. By means of integrated motion capture as an input to dynamic simulations, contact forces acting on the hip of 20 young healthy adults were calculated during walking and running at different speeds. During walking, hip contact forces (HCFs) have a two-peak profile whereby the first peak increases from 4.22 body weight (BW) to 5.41 BW and the second from 4.37 BW to 5.74 BW, by increasing speed from 3 to 6 km/h. During running, there is only one peak HCF that increases from 7.49 BW to 10.01 BW, by increasing speed from 6 to 12 km/h. Speed related profiles of peak HCFs and ground reaction forces (GRFs) reveal a different progression of the two peaks during walking. Speed has a stronger impact on peak HCFs rather than on peak GRFs during walking and running, suggesting an increasing influence of muscle activity on peak HCF with increased speed. Moreover, results show that the first peak of HCF during walking can be predicted best by hip adduction moment, and the second peak of HCF by hip extension moment. During running, peak HCF can be best predicted by hip adduction moment. The present study contributes hereby to a better understanding of musculoskeletal loading during walking and running in a wide range of speeds, offering valuable information to clinicians and scientists exploring bone loading as a possible nonpharmacological osteogenic stimulus. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giarmatzis
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mariska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Rossom
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verschueren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: BIOMECHANICS; EXERCISE; HIP CONTACT FORCES; MUSCULOSKELETAL MODELING; OSTEOPOROSIS