title: Evaluation of the effects of fasting associated dehydration on maternal NGAL levels and fetal renal artery Doppler parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal neutrophil gelatinase-asssociated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and fetal renal artery (fRA) Doppler flow indices in pregnant women fasting in Ramadan in respect of dehydration in long hot summer days as a marker of hypoperfusion and early renal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional observational study was carried out at a University Hospital. Fasting pregnant women and non-fasting age, gravidity and gestational age-matched women were evaluated for hematologic, blood biochemistry and urine parameters in the first and fourth weeks of the Ramadan. Umbilical artery and fRA Doppler flows were studied in each evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood urea nitrogen, potassium and hematocrit levels, blood and urine NGAL levels were significantly higher, and fRA Doppler indices increased in fasting women (p < 0.05) during the second visit in the last week of the Ramadan, while non-fasting women had no significant alterations in each evaluation (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate maternal vascular volume is essential for the maintenance of healthy pregnancy. Fasting during the long and hot summer days leads to fluid deprivation and dehydration which was found to be related to subclinical maternal renal dysfunction and increased fRA Doppler indices.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology .
authors.forename: Yesim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bayoglu Tekin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology .
authors.forename: Emine Seda
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Guvendag Guven
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology .
authors.forename: Ulku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mete Ural
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology , and.
authors.forename: Zihni Acar
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, School of Medicine , Rize , Turkey.
authors.forename: Aynur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirbas
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology .
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kir Sahin
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003681:Dehydration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014421:Turkey; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Fetal renal artery Doppler; NGAL; Ramadan fasting; maternal dehydration; pregnancy; renal function