title: Long-Term High-dose Oral Morphine in Phantom Limb Pain with No Addiction Risk.
abstract: Chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) is a type of neuropathic pain, which is located in the missing/amputated limb. Phantom pain is difficult to treat as the exact basis of pain mechanism is still unknown. Various methods of treatment for PLP have been described, including pharmacological (NSAIDs, opioids, antiepileptic, antidepressants) and non-pharmacological (TENS, sympathectomy, deep brain stimulation and motor cortex stimulation). Opioids are used for the treatment of neuropathic pain and dose of opioid is determined based on its effect and thus there is no defined ceiling dose for opioids. We report a case where a patient receiving high-dose oral morphine for chronic cancer pain did not demonstrate signs of addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Sachidanand Jee
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bharati
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Nishkarsh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatanagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,, India.
authors.forename: Yatan Pal Singh
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Balhara
keywords: Addiction; Cancer pain; High dose morphine; Phantom limb