title: Biodiesel production from waste frying oil using waste animal bone and solar heat.
abstract: A two-step catalytic process for the production of biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) at low cost, utilizing waste animal-bone as catalyst and solar radiation as heat source is reported in this work. In the first step, the free fatty acids (FFA) in WFO were esterified with methanol by a catalytic process using calcined waste animal-bone as catalyst, which remains active even after 10 esterification runs. The trans-esterification step was catalyzed by NaOH through thermal activation process. Produced biodiesel fulfills all the international requirements for its utilization as a fuel. A probable reaction mechanism for the esterification process is proposed considering the presence of hydroxyapatite at the surface of calcined animal bones.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104, 72000 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: griselda.corro@correo.buap.mx.
authors.forename: Grisel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104, 72000 Puebla, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nallely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisica, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, Mexico. Electronic address: upal@ifuap.buap.mx.
authors.forename: Umapada
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104, 72000 Puebla, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fortino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bañuelos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D003296:Cooking; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013472:Sunlight; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D010938:Plant Oils; D014866:Waste Products
keywords: Hydroxyapatite; Low cost biodiesel; Waste animal bones; Waste frying oil