title: From micropterism to hyperpterism: recognition strategy and standardized homology-driven terminology of the forewing venation patterns in planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha).
abstract: Following recent advances in the morphological interpretations of the tegmen basal cell margins in the Paraneoptera, a standardized and homology-driven groundplan terminology for tegmina types, structures and vein patterns in Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha, including fossils, is proposed. Each term is listed with a morphological definition, compared and linked to the main systems of planthopper forewing description that have been reviewed. The importance of a standardized and homology-driven terminology is stressed to enhance the quality of data in taxonomic descriptions and to strengthen phylogenetic morphological analysis results. When the interpretation of the origin of vein branches is render difficult, a three-step strategy for pattern recognition of the vein is proposed based on two principles: (1) vein forks are more informative than topology of the vein branches: a search for homologous areas, the nodal cells in particular, must first guide the recognition rather the number of branches of a vein, and (2) minimum of ad hoc evolutionary events should be invoked in the understanding of a modified vein pattern. Examples of some conflicting interpretations of venation patterns in planthoppers are discussed within different families for both extant and extinct taxa. For the first time, the concept of brachypterism is defined in a non-relative way independently from other structures, and the new one of hyperpterism is proposed; a reporting system is proposed for each of them.
authors.affiliation: Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205-ISyEB, MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bourgoin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China.
authors.forename: Rong-Rong
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, AG Biosystematik Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asche
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, AG Biosystematik Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoch
authors.affiliation: Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205-ISyEB, MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soulier-Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeozoology, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 64, Wilcza Street, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stroiński
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection Cluster and Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4030 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines.
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdansk, 59, Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szwedo
keywords: Brachypterism; Fossil; Standardized terminology; Tegmina morphological patterns; Veins; Venation interpretation; Wing