title: Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior.
abstract: Serotonin regulates a wide variety of brain functions and behaviors. Here, we synthesize previous findings that serotonin regulates executive function, sensory gating, and social behavior and that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior all share in common defects in these functions. It has remained unclear why supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D improve cognitive function and behavior in these brain disorders. Here, we propose mechanisms by which serotonin synthesis, release, and function in the brain are modulated by vitamin D and the 2 marine omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Brain serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase 2, which is transcriptionally activated by vitamin D hormone. Inadequate levels of vitamin D (∼70% of the population) and omega-3 fatty acids are common, suggesting that brain serotonin synthesis is not optimal. We propose mechanisms by which EPA increases serotonin release from presynaptic neurons by reducing E2 series prostaglandins and DHA influences serotonin receptor action by increasing cell membrane fluidity in postsynaptic neurons. We propose a model whereby insufficient levels of vitamin D, EPA, or DHA, in combination with genetic factors and at key periods during development, would lead to dysfunctional serotonin activation and function and may be one underlying mechanism that contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders and depression. This model suggests that optimizing vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid intake may help prevent and modulate the severity of brain dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA rpatrick@chori.org bames@chori.org.
authors.forename: Rhonda P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA rpatrick@chori.org bames@chori.org.
authors.forename: Bruce N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ames
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D012701:Serotonin
keywords: docahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; mental illness