title: Local inflammation in fracture hematoma: results from a combined trauma model in pigs.
abstract: Background. Previous studies showed significant interaction between the local and systemic inflammatory response after severe trauma in small animal models. The purpose of this study was to establish a new combined trauma model in pigs to investigate fracture-associated local inflammation and gain information about the early inflammatory stages after polytrauma. Material and Methods. Combined trauma consisted of tibial fracture, lung contusion, liver laceration, and controlled hemorrhage. Animals were mechanically ventilated and under ICU-monitoring for 48 h. Blood and fracture hematoma samples were collected during the time course of the study. Local and systemic levels of serum cytokines and diverse alarmins were measured by ELISA kit. Results. A statistical significant difference in the systemic serum values of IL-6 and HMGB1 was observed when compared to the sham. Moreover, there was a statistical significant difference in the serum values of the fracture hematoma of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and HMGB1 when compared to the systemic inflammatory response. However a decrease of local proinflammatory concentrations was observed while anti-inflammatory mediators increased. Conclusion. Our data showed a time-dependent activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. Indeed it is the first study focusing on the local and systemic inflammatory response to multiple-trauma in a large animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eschbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hübenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand, Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruchholtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006406:Hematoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016753:Interleukin-10