title: Crucial and diverse role of the interleukin-33/ST2 axis in infectious diseases.
abstract: Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has now emerged as a cytokine with diverse and pleiotropic functions in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. IL-33 is expressed by epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. The target cells of IL-33 are Th2 cells, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages, NKT cells, and nuocytes, newly discovered natural helper cells/innate lymphoid cells bearing the ST2 receptor. IL-33 has dual functions, both as a traditional cytokine and as a nuclear factor that regulates gene transcription. IL-33 functions as an "alarmin" released following cell death, as a biomarker, and as a vaccine adjuvant, with proinflammatory and protective effects during various infections. The exacerbated or protective role of the IL-33/ST2 axis during different infections is dependent upon the organ involved, type of infectious agent, whether the infection is acute or chronic, the invasiveness of the infectious agent, the host immune compartment, and cellular and cytokine microenvironments. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in various viral, bacterial, fungal, helminth, and protozoal infectious diseases gained from animal models and studies in human patients. The functional role of IL-33 and ST2 during experimentally induced infections has been summarized by accumulating the data for IL-33- and ST2-deficient mice or for mice exogenously administered IL-33. In summary, exploring the crucial and diverse roles of the IL-33/ST2 axis during infections may help in the development of therapeutic interventions for a wide range of infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Octavie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rostan
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piquet-Pellorce
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Robert-Gangneux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gangneux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France Structure Fédérative BioSit, UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 INSERM, Rennes, France michel.samson@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; C506536:IL33 protein, human; C486189:Il1rl1 protein, mouse; C506535:Il33 protein, mouse; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin