title: Effect of supercooling and cell volume on intracellular ice formation.
abstract: Intracellular ice formation (IIF) has been linked to death of cells cryopreserved in suspension. It has been assumed that cells can be supercooled by 2 to 10°C before IIF occurs, but measurements of the degree of supercooling that cells can tolerate are often confounded by changing extracellular temperature and solutions of different osmolality (which affect the cell volume). The purpose of this study was to examine how the incidence of IIF in the absence of cryoprotectants is affected by the degree of supercooling and cell volume. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were suspended in isotonic (300 mOsm) and hypertonic (∼600 to 700 mOsm) solutions and exposed to supercooling ranging from 2 to 10°C before extracellular ice was nucleated. The number of cells undergoing IIF was examined in a cryostage (based on the darkening of cells upon intracellular freezing ("flashing")) as a function of the degree of supercooling, and cell survival post-thaw was assessed using a membrane integrity assay. We found that while the incidence of IIF increased with supercooling in both isotonic and hypertonic solutions, it was higher in the isotonic solution at any given degree of supercooling. Since cells in hypertonic solution were shrunken due to water efflux, we hypothesized that the difference in IIF behavior could be attributed to the decreased volume of cells in the hypertonic solution. Our results confirm that cells with a smaller diameter before extracellular ice nucleation have a decreased probability of IIF and suggest that cell volume could play a more significant role in the incidence of IIF than the extracellular ice nucleation temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Richelle C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Prickett
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Leah A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marquez-Curtis
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Electronic address: janet.elliott@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Janet A W
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Locksley E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: McGann
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D007053:Ice; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic
keywords: Cryomicroscopy; Cryopreservation; Freezing point depression; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); Membrane integrity