title: Baseline hydrocarbon levels in New Zealand coastal and marine avifauna.
abstract: The external effects of oil on wildlife can be obvious and acute. Internal effects are more difficult to detect and can occur without any external signs. To quantify internal effects from oil ingestion by wildlife during an oil spill, baseline levels of ubiquitous hydrocarbon fractions, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), need to be established. With these baseline values the extent of impact from exposure during a spill can be determined. This research represents the first investigation of baseline levels for 22 PAHs in New Zealand coastal and marine avian wildlife. Eighty-five liver samples were tested from 18 species. PAHs were identified in 98% of livers sampled with concentrations ranging from 0 to 1341.6 ng/g lipid wt or on wet wt basis, 0 to 29.5 ng/g. Overall, concentrations were low relative to other globally reported avian values. PAH concentration variability was linked with species foraging habitat and migratory patterns.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand; REM, PO Box 1100, 7040 Nelson, New Zealand.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Electronic address: b.l.chilvers@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chilvers
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: AsureQuality, PO Box 31242, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
authors.forename: P C E
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bridgen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009520:New Zealand; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Foraging area; Migration; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Seabirds