title: Clinical experience with pericardiocentesis and extended drainage in a population with a high prevalence of HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The data presented were generated in a prospective study on the immunopathogenesis and management of tuberculous (TB) pericarditis at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town. We report our experience with 2D echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis in 170 consecutive patients who presented to us with large pericardial effusions since 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred to our department with echocardiographically confirmed large pericardial effusions underwent a clinical assessment followed by pericardiocentesis and drainage by an indwelling pigtail catheter. The appearance and amount of drained effusion were noted and fluid was sent for diagnostic assessment. The pigtail catheter was kept in place and fluid was aspirated once daily until the aspirate was less than 100 ml, at which stage the catheter was removed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A chest wall puncture site was chosen in 165 of the 170 patients (97%), while the subcostal approach was only used in five patients. Echocardiographic signs of tamponade were seen in 88% of cases. In the majority of patients (68.2%) a diagnosis of TB could be established and of these 46.6% were HIV positive. TB could not be proven in only three HIV-positive patients (1.8% of all patients). Neither hospital stay nor complications were increased in the HIV-positive group when compared with the HIV-negative group and no patient developed intrapericardial sepsis. No death could be attributed with certainty to the procedure. One patient developed non-fatal tamponade within 24 hours after the tap and in another patient a left ventricular thrombus was noted on echo after 16 days. Twenty-four patients underwent a pericardial window procedure according to protocol for diagnostic purposes. In another four patients a window was performed for therapeutic reasons. The most common minor complication was local pain at the site of catheter insertion. Repeat drainage was necessary in only six (3.5%) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2D echocardiographically directed pericardiocentesis with extended catheter drainage has an excellent profile in terms of simplicity, safety and efficacy, even in a population with a very high prevalence of HIV.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smedema
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katjitae
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Doubell
keywords: HIV; cardiac tamponade; echocardiography; pericardial effusion; pericardiocentesis; pericarditis; tuberculosis