title: Higher oily fish consumption in late pregnancy is associated with reduced aortic stiffness in the child at age 9 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher pulse wave velocity (PWV) reflects increased arterial stiffness and is an established cardiovascular risk marker associated with lower long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in adults. Experimentally, maternal fatty acid intake in pregnancy has lasting effects on offspring arterial stiffness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between maternal consumption of oily fish, a source of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in pregnancy and child's aortic stiffness age 9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a mother-offspring study (Southampton Women's Survey), the child's descending aorta PWV was measured at the age of 9 years using velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI and related to maternal oily fish consumption assessed prospectively during pregnancy. Higher oily fish consumption in late pregnancy was associated with lower childhood aortic PWV (sex-adjusted β=-0.084 m/s per portion per week; 95% confidence interval, -0.137 to -0.031; P=0.002; n=226). Mother's educational attainment was independently associated with child's PWV. PWV was not associated with the child's current oily fish consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Level of maternal oily fish consumption in pregnancy may influence child's large artery development, with potential long-term consequences for later cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inskip
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: From the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) (J.B., M.H., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (J.B., L.D., H.I., S.R., C.C., K.M.G.), and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine (M.H., H.I., S.R., P.C.C., C.C., K.M.G.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Department of Radiology (J.B., C.P.), UHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom. kmg@mrc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D017747:Seafood; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils
keywords: fatty acids; pregnancy; vascular stiffness