title: Initial nonresponse and survey response mode biases in survey research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated survey response factors (particularly initial nonresponse and survey mode) that may be associated with bias in survey research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined prevention-related beliefs and outcomes for initial mail survey responders (n=209), follow-up mail survey responders (n=78), and follow-up telephone survey responders (n=74). The Pearson chi-square test and analysis of variance identified beliefs and behavioral outcomes associated with survey response mode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up options to the initial mail survey improved response rates (22.0-38.0 percent). Initial mail survey responders more strongly believed topical fluoride protects teeth from cavities than others (P=0.04). A significantly larger proportion of parents completing a follow-up telephone survey (30.8 percent) refused topical fluoride for their child than those completing mail surveys (10.3-10.4 percent) (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple mode surveys with follow-up improve response rates. Initial nonresponse and survey response mode may be associated with biases in survey research.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Chao Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D003813:Dentistry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: mixed-mode survey; mode effects; multiple mode survey; preventive dentistry; response rates; survey methodology; survey research