title: Evaluation of single and joint toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper to Carassius auratus using oxidative stress biomarkers.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper have been recently regarded as ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, data on their possible combined toxic effects on aquatic organisms are still lacking. In this study, a systematic experimental approach was used to assess the impacts of these chemicals and their mixtures on hepatic antioxidant status of Carassius auratus after 4 days. Oxidative stress was apparently observed for joint exposure by determining biochemical parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde). The integrated biomarker response index was calculated to rank the toxicity order, from which the synergistic effect was tentatively proposed for joint-toxicity action. In addition, these treatments significantly altered trace element homeostasis in different fish tissues, and the concentration distribution of these test chemicals was also measured. Taken together, these results provided some valuable toxicological data on the joint effects of perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals on aquatic species, which can facilitate further understanding on the potential risks of other coexisting pollutants in the natural aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Mingbao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Lingjun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Zunyao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002210:Caprylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003300:Copper; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Copper; Hepatic oxidative stress; Joint toxicity; Perfluorinated compounds; Trace element homeostasis