title: Photocatalytic degradation of methamphetamine by UV/TiO2 - kinetics, intermediates, and products.
abstract: Methamphetamine (MAT) is a prescription drug and often a substance of abuse. It is found in WWTP influents and effluents as well as surface waters in many regions, elevating concerns about their potential impact. MAT is not effectively removed by conventional processes of domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To contemplate advanced treatment, this study evaluates the feasibility of eliminating MAT by UV-illuminated TiO2, a potential retrofit to existing UV disinfection units. The degradation kinetics and mechanism of MAT by TiO2 under low-wattage UV illumination (9 W with maximum output at 365 nm) were investigated. Experimental parameters were varied including the TiO2 loading, MAT concentration, and pH. During treatment, MAT and its intermediates were tracked by HPLC-MS/MS, along with TOC and IC measurements to determine the mineralization extent. In contact with 0.1 g/L of TiO2 under illumination at pH 7, an entire spike amount of 100 μg/L of MAT was removed from deionized water after 3 min and 76 μg/L of MAT was removed from the secondary wastewater effluent after 30 min. The degradation of MAT followed an apparent first-order kinetics. Near complete mineralization of MAT from 10 mg/L was achieved in 180 min with 0.1 g/L of TiO2 at pH 5, by which the organic nitrogen was converted to NH4(+) and NO3(-). Based on identified intermediates, two degradation pathways were deduced that involved cleavage of the side chain as well as hydroxylation of the MAT compound. The photocatalytic UV/TiO2 process shows promise in arresting the release of MAT and its intermediate derivatives into the water environment.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chin-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: cflin@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Pui-Kwan Andy
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007700:Kinetics; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine; D014025:Titanium; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide
keywords: Degradation mechanism; Illicit drugs; Intermediates; Kinetics; Mineralization; Photocatalysis