title: Staging of acute diverticulitis based on clinical, radiologic, and physiologic parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute diverticulitis is a broad spectrum of diseases with highly varying mortality and need for surgery. The aim of this study was to create an accurate staging of diverticulitis, which could be used both preoperatively and intraoperatively to predict outcome and guide treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of patients treated for diverticulitis in a secondary and tertiary referral center. Multivariate analysis was performed on several clinical, radiologic, and physiologic parameters to find predictors of mortality, need for surgery, need for intensive care, and length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 631 patients were analyzed. Organ dysfunction, peritonitis, and abscess size greater than 6 cm were identified as independent predictors of poor outcome. Pericolic air or no extraluminal air predicted better outcome. Based on these factors, a five-grade staging was created as follows: Stage 1, uncomplicated diverticulitis; Stage 2, complicated diverticulitis with small abscess (<6 cm); Stage 3, complicated diverticulitis with large abscess (≥6 cm) or distant intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal air; Stage 4, Generalized peritonitis without organ dysfunction; Stage 5, generalized peritonitis with organ dysfunction. Mortality was 0, 1%, 3%, 4%, and 32%; need for surgery was 1%, 5%, 46%, 98%, and 100%; and need for intensive care was 0%, 0%, 8%, 11%, and 50%, in Stages 1 to 5, respectively. New staging showed better predictive ability of outcomes compared with earlier classifications in receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed staging can be used on all patients both preoperatively and intraoperatively. It takes into account organ dysfunction, which has major influence on survival. The new staging may be easily implemented in daily clinical practice and incorporated in clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic study, level II.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Abdominal Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Sallinen
authors.forename: Ari K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Leppäniemi
authors.forename: Panu J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mentula
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004239:Diverticulitis, Colonic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome