title: Diabetes group medical visits and outcomes of care in low-income, rural, uninsured persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of Diabetes Group Medical Visits (DGMVs) verses usual care in a sample of low-income patients with diabetes receiving care at a rural free clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected through chart review, using direct data entry into Microsoft Access. Participants were included if they met the inclusion criteria: 1) age ≥ 18 years; 2) diagnosis of diabetes; 3) uninsured and received care between May 2007 and August 2009. Fifty-three participants attended DGMVs and were compared to 58 participants who received usual care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The personal characteristics and biophysical measures of this population differed from previously studied Group Visit populations. The majority of patients were female (73.9%), white (95.5%), younger than 50 (53.2%), driving long distances to receive care (mean miles = 21, SD 20.4) and had a high school education or less (95.4%). Participants were severely obese (mean BMI = 37.6, SD 28.48) and had 5 co-morbid conditions other than diabetes (mean = 5.5, SD 2.1). Those attending DGMVs had higher baseline A1C, depression scores, BMIs, and more pain than usual care. There was a statistically significant decrease in systolic pressure from time one to time two in patients who attended DGMVst(52) = 2.18, (p = 0.03). There was no significant impact on outcomes of patients who received usual care. However, it is important to note that the majority of patients attended three or fewer DGMVs visits in one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Group visits may not be enough to improve outcomes in this population. Previous studies suggest that improvements are seen in those who attend more frequently. Hence, the lack of improvement in biophysical outcomes may be due to low attendance. The limited impact of this traditional style intervention in relation to low attendance argues the need to test alternative interventions to reach this population.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Morgantown Campus, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mallow
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Morgantown Campus, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Theeke
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Morgantown Campus, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whetsel
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Morgantown Campus, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA.
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Barnes
keywords: Diabetes; Group Visits; Rural; Uninsured