title: Multi-residue method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in bivalves.
abstract: A fast, simple and robust method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 23 pharmaceuticals (including some major metabolites) in bivalve mollusks. The analytes belong to eight different therapeutic groups: antibiotics, psychiatric drugs, analgesics/anti-inflammatories, tranquilizer, calcium channel blockers, diuretic, and prostatic hyperplasia. The method is based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by solid phase extraction clean-up (SPE), and ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPL-MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of the target analytes. It has been developed and validated in three different species of bivalves: Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster), Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel), and Chamelea gallina (striped venus clam). The majority of the compounds were extracted with a recovery between 40 and 115%. The developed analytical method allowed the determination of the compounds in the lower ng/g concentration levels. The relative standard deviation was under 12% for the intra-day and 20% inter-day analyses, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to oyster, clam and mussel samples collected from the Ebro delta, Spain. The most ubiquitous compounds detected were the psychiatric drug venlanfaxine and the antibiotic azithromycin, with the highest concentrations found in mussel (2.7ng/g dw) and oyster (3.0ng/g dw), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that azithromycin has been reported in environmental samples of marine biota.
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona 43540, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Tejedor
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain. Electronic address: srodriguez@icra.cat.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Mozaz
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antibiotic; Bivalves; Multi-residue; Pharmaceutical; Seafood; UHPLC–MS/MS