title: Development and validation of the geriatric depression inventory in Chinese culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression among older adults is under-recognized either in the community or in general hospitals in Chinese culture. This study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate screening instrument for late-life depression in the non-psychiatric settings and to test its reliability and validity for a diagnosis of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a Delphi method, we developed a geriatric depression inventory (GDI), consisting of 12 core symptoms of depressive disorder in old age. We investigated its reliability and validity on 89 patients with late-life depression and 249 non-depression controls. Both self-report (GDI-SR) and physician-interview (GDI-RI) versions were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.843 for GDI-SR and 0.880 for GDI-RI. Both GDI-SR and GDI-RI showed good concurrent validity with the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) (GDI-SR: r = 0.750, p < 0.001; GDI-RI: r = 0.733, p < 0.001). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was 0.938 for GDI-SR and 0.961 for GDI-RI, suggesting good to excellent discrimination of depression versus non-depression. Using a cut-off of three items endorsed, sensitivity and specificity were 92.1% and 81.9% for GDI-SR, and 93.3% and 87.1% for GDI-RI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GDI, either based on self-report or rater interview, is a reliable and valid instrument for the detection of depression among older adults in non-psychiatric medical settings in Chinese culture.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division,Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital),Beijing 100191,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhijuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division,Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital),Beijing 100191,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaozhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine,Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yongdong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry,Chaoyang District Third Hospital,Beijing 100025,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wanxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Neurology,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100875,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hengge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Mental Health (Peking University),Ministry of Health,Beijing100191,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division,Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital),Beijing 100191,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division,Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital),Beijing 100191,P. R. China.
authors.forename: Huali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D003697:Delphi Technique; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: depression; old age; screening; sensitivity; specificity