title: Combined and complex vascular malformations.
abstract: The correct diagnosis of vascular malformations is obtainable by clinical assessment and patient history in the majority of cases. Nonetheless, confusion in nomenclature, existence of multiple classifications and rarity of these lesions leads to misdiagnosis and related wrong treatment. This is especially the case in combined or complex vascular malformations or vascular malformations that are part of syndromes as these have overlapping clinical and imaging features. New entities in the field of vascular anomalies have been described recently like fibro-adipose vascular anomaly or central conducting lymphatic anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston Childrens Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmad I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Alomari
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beatrice R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Amann-Vesti
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013577:Syndrome; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Vascular malformation; central conducting lymphatic anomalies; combined vascular malformation; complex vascular malformation fibro-adipose vascular anomaly