title: Do communication disorders extend to musical messages? An answer from children with hearing loss or autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective musical communication requires conveyance of the intended message in a manner perceptible to the receiver. Communication disorders that impair transmitting or decoding of structural features of music (e.g., pitch, timbre) and/or symbolic representation may result in atypical musical communication, which can have a negative impact on music therapy interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared recognition of symbolic representation of emotions or movements in music by two groups of children with different communicative characteristics: severe to profound hearing loss (using cochlear implants [CI]) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Their responses were compared to those of children with typical-development and normal hearing (TD-NH). Accuracy was examined as a function of communicative status, emotional or movement category, and individual characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants listened to recorded musical excerpts conveying emotions or movements and matched them with labels. Measures relevant to auditory and/or language function were also gathered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between the ASD and TD-NH groups in identification of musical emotions or movements. However, the CI group was significantly less accurate than the other two groups in identification of both emotions and movements. Mixed effects logistic regression revealed different patterns of accuracy for specific emotions as a function of group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conveyance of emotions or movements through music may be decoded differently by persons with different types of communication disorders. Because music is the primary therapeutic tool in music therapy sessions, clinicians should consider these differential abilities when selecting music for clinical interventions focusing on emotions or movement.
authors.affiliation: School of Music, The University of Iowa School of Music, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa Iowa Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Whipple
authors.affiliation: School of Music, The University of Iowa School of Music, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa Iowa Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa kay-gfeller@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gfeller
authors.affiliation: School of Music, The University of Iowa School of Music, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa Iowa Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.affiliation: School of Music, The University of Iowa School of Music, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa Iowa Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oleson
authors.affiliation: School of Music, The University of Iowa School of Music, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa Iowa Cochlear Implant Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: autism; cochlear implant; emotion; movement; music recognition