title: Early Numeracy Assessment: The Development of the Preschool Numeracy Scales.
abstract: RESULTS
  The focus of this study was to construct and validate twelve brief early numeracy assessment tasks that measure the skills and concepts identified as key to early mathematics development by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2006) and the National Mathematics Advisory Panel (2008)-as well as critical developmental precursors to later mathematics skill by the Common Core State Standards (CCSS; 2010). Participants were 393 preschool children ages 3 to 5 years old. Measure development and validation occurred through three analytic phases designed to ensure that the measures were brief, reliable, and valid. These measures included: one-to-one counting, cardinality, counting subsets, subitizing, number comparison, set comparison, number order, numeral identification, set-to-numerals, story problems, number combinations, and verbal counting.
  Teachers have extensive demands on their time, yet, they are tasked with ensuring that all students' academic needs are met. To identify individual instructional needs and measure progress, they need to be able to efficiently assess children's numeracy skills. The measures developed in this study are not only reliable and valid, but also easy to use and can be utilized for measuring the effects of targeted instruction on individual numeracy skills.
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Purpura
authors.affiliation: Lonigan, Department of Psychology and the Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lonigan
keywords: assessment; mathematics; numeracy; preschool; response to intervention