title: Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucosamine and chondroitin are popular non-vitamin dietary supplements used for osteoarthritis. Long-term use is associated with lower incidence of colorectal and lung cancers and with lower mortality; however, the mechanism underlying these observations is unknown. In vitro and animal studies show that glucosamine and chondroitin inhibit NF-kB, a central mediator of inflammation, but no definitive trials have been done in healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to assess the effects of glucosamine hydrochloride (1500 mg/d) plus chondroitin sulfate (1200 mg/d) for 28 days compared to placebo in 18 (9 men, 9 women) healthy, overweight (body mass index 25.0-32.5 kg/m2) adults, aged 20-55 y. We examined 4 serum inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II; a urinary inflammation biomarker: prostaglandin E2-metabolite; and a urinary oxidative stress biomarker: F2-isoprostane. Plasma proteomics on an antibody array was performed to explore other pathways modulated by glucosamine and chondroitin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum CRP concentrations were 23% lower after glucosamine and chondroitin compared to placebo (P = 0.048). There were no significant differences in other biomarkers. In the proteomics analyses, several pathways were significantly different between the interventions after Bonferroni correction, the most significant being a reduction in the "cytokine activity" pathway (P = 2.6 x 10-16), after glucosamine and chondroitin compared to placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation may lower systemic inflammation and alter other pathways in healthy, overweight individuals. This study adds evidence for potential mechanisms supporting epidemiologic findings that glucosamine and chondroitin are associated with reduced risk of lung and colorectal cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01682694.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sandi L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yuzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Junghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ginger L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Johanna W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002807:Chondroitin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002807:Chondroitin; D005944:Glucosamine