title: Serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscle activities during multi-joint isotonic scapular exercises and isometric contractions.
abstract: Proper scapular function during humeral elevation, such as upward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tilting of the scapula, is necessary to prevent shoulder injury. However, the appropriate intensity of rehabilitation exercise for the periscapular muscles has yet to be clarified.
  
  
  
  To identify the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid muscle activities during 2 free-motion exercises using 3 intensities and to compare these muscle activities with isometric contractions during quadruped shoulder flexion and external rotation and abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Health Science Laboratory.
  
  
  
  A total of 16 uninjured, healthy, active, male college students (age = 19.5 ± 1.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 68.8 ± 6.6 kg).
  
  
  
  Mean electromyographic activity normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was analyzed across 3 intensities and 5 exercises. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for electromyographic activity of the 4 muscles in each free-motion exercise.
  
  
  
  Significant interactions in electromyographic activity were observed between intensities and exercises (P < .05). The quadruped shoulder-flexion exercise activated all 4 muscles compared with other exercises. Also, the modified robbery free-motion exercise activated the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus compared with the lawn-mower free-motion exercise. However, neither exercise showed a difference in posterior deltoid electromyographic activity.
  
  
  
  Three intensities exposed the nature of the periscapular muscle activities across the different exercises. The free-motion exercise in periscapular muscle rehabilitation may not modify serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus muscle activities unless knee-joint extension is limited.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Athletic Training Education Program, Department of Kinesiology, San José State University, CA;
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuruike
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ellenbecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D064171:Superficial Back Muscles / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: overhead performance; shoulder joint; upper extremity