title: Advances in imaging modalities in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Imaging plays an important role in the clinical management of prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, much effort has gone into improving imaging modalities in PCa. This review focuses on the recent advancements in transrectal ultrasound, MRI and PET during the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound with microbubbles may be useful in PCa, but needs further evaluation before more widespread use. Multiparametric MRI has emerged as a valuable tool to assist clinical management of PCa, and great progress has been made in the past year. Several radionuclides for PET/computed tomography have been tested in clinical trials; most of the studies have used radiolabeled choline. However, new PET tracers such as (18)F-1-amino-3-fluorine 18-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid and (68)Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen ligands are demonstrating promising results. PET/MRI may further improve imaging in PCa, but this imaging modality needs to be evaluated further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several advances in the imaging of PCa have been made during the past year. In particular, important clinical developments have been reported in multiparametric MRI, PET/computed tomography, and PET/MRI. The continuing development of imaging techniques in PCa has the potential to optimize treatment of PCa. However, the optimal imaging strategies for each of the major clinical scenarios in PCa have not yet been identified.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark bMolecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bouchelouche
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Choyke
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media