title: Stable isotope probing reveals the importance of Comamonas and Pseudomonadaceae in RDX degradation in samples from a Navy detonation site.
abstract: This study investigated the microorganisms involved in hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) degradation from a detonation area at a Navy base. Using Illumina sequencing, microbial communities were compared between the initial sample, samples following RDX degradation, and controls not amended with RDX to determine which phylotypes increased in abundance following RDX degradation. The effect of glucose on these communities was also examined. In addition, stable isotope probing (SIP) using labeled ((13)C3, (15)N3-ring) RDX was performed. Illumina sequencing revealed that several phylotypes were more abundant following RDX degradation compared to the initial soil and the no-RDX controls. For the glucose-amended samples, this trend was strong for an unclassified Pseudomonadaceae phylotype and for Comamonas. Without glucose, Acinetobacter exhibited the greatest increase following RDX degradation compared to the initial soil and no-RDX controls. Rhodococcus, a known RDX degrader, also increased in abundance following RDX degradation. For the SIP study, unclassified Pseudomonadaceae was the most abundant phylotype in the heavy fractions in both the presence and absence of glucose. In the glucose-amended heavy fractions, the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Comamonas and Anaeromxyobacter were also present. Without glucose, the heavy fractions also contained the 16S rRNA genes of Azohydromonas and Rhodococcus. However, all four phylotypes were present at a much lower level compared to unclassified Pseudomonadaceae. Overall, these data indicate that unclassified Pseudomonadaceae was primarily responsible for label uptake in both treatments. This study indicates, for the first time, the importance of Comamonas for RDX removal.
authors.affiliation: A135 Research Engineering Complex, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Indumathy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jayamani
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cupples
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D020585:Comamonas / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007554:Isotopes; D011548:Pseudomonadaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; C009160:cyclonite