title: Risk factors for systemic vancomycin exposure following administration of oral vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for systemic exposure to vancomycin (VAN) following administration of oral vancomycin (POV) for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, single-center case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed CDI who received POV for at least 5 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random VAN serum levels were obtained on days 5, 10, and weekly thereafter in patients treated for ≥ 5 days with POV without concomitant intravenous VAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 117 random VAN serum levels from 85 patients, 58 patients (68.2%) had one or more detectable (≥ 0.05 μg/ml) levels and 15 (17.6%) of 85 patients had one or more levels > 2.5 μg/ml. Risk factors for detectable VAN exposure following administration of POV included POV dosages > 500 mg/day (odds ratio [OR] 35.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.56-169.8), the presence of severe CDI (OR 4.11, 95% CI 2.76-10.83, p=0.028), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.02-14.21, p=0.032), and the administration of POV ≥ 10 days (OR 6.71, 95% CI 1.81-24.83, p=0.0025). Risk factors for exposure to serum VAN concentrations > 2.5 μg/ml included the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) pathology (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.45-18.3, p=0.031), ICU admission (OR 3.21, 95% CI 1.40-10.28, p=0.022), the use of VAN retention enemas (OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.42-20.39, p=0.036), and having a creatinine clearance ≤ 50 ml/minute or undergoing hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.26-12.84, p=0.039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum VAN levels were detected in 58 (68.2%) of 85 patients receiving POV for CDI. Risk factors for systemic exposure to VAN following administration of POV included ICU admission; VAN dosages > 500 mg/day; administration ≥ 10 days or as retention enemas; and the presence of severe CDI, renal dysfunction, or inflammatory conditions of the GI tract. Unique to our study, we identified ICU admission and the concomitant use of VAN retention enemas to be significant risk factors for systemic exposure to VAN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Natasha N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Pettit
authors.forename: Daryl D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: DePestel
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fohl
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eyler
authors.forename: Peggy L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Carver
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: biologic availability; intestinal absorption; vancomycin retention enemas