title: Vancomycin loading doses: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically assess the literature to ascertain the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical efficacy and safety associated with administration of a vancomycin loading dose (LD).
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1948-December 31, 2014), EMBASE (1980-December 31, 2014), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-December 31, 2014), Google and Google Scholar, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched using the following terms: vancomycin, glycopeptides, loading dose, dose-response relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical efficacy studies using vancomycin LDs to achieve trough concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L were included. Nonhuman, non-English, oral vancomycin, and dialysis patient studies were excluded. Abstracts were included. Study quality was ranked using US Preventative Services Task Force 1996 classification system. Data on study design, baseline characteristics, exclusion criteria, dosing, study outcomes, and conclusions were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8 studies (5 manuscripts [2 level I, 3 level II-3] and 3 abstracts) were cited. Of 6 adult studies, 4 concluded that administration of vancomycin LDs resulted in significantly more patients achieving troughs of 15 to 20 mg/L. Studies in children found that LDs did not lead to rapid attainment of vancomycin levels ≥15 mg/L. No studies assessed clinical or microbiological outcomes. Limitations included heterogeneity and inconsistent timing of concentration measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-quality data to guide the use of vancomycin LDs are lacking. LDs may more rapidly attain vancomycin troughs of 15 to 20 mg/L in adults, but information in pediatrics, obesity, and renal impairment is limited. Further studies are required to determine benefit of LDs on clinical and microbiological outcomes.
authors.affiliation: The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.affiliation: The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Tim T Y
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ensom@mail.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Mary H H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ensom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: glycopeptide; loading dose; vancomycin