title: Do Young Adults Perceive That Cigarette Graphic Warnings Provide New Knowledge About the Harms of Smoking?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although much research on graphic cigarette warnings has focused on motivational responses, little focus has been given to how much individuals learn from these labels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate whether graphic warnings provide greater perceived new knowledge of smoking consequences compared to text-only warnings, and to test a mediational model whereby perceived new knowledge promotes discouragement from smoking through its impact on worry.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two studies, young adult smokers and nonsmokers (ages 18-25) evaluated graphic + text and corresponding text-only labels on perceived knowledge, worry about the harms addressed by the warning, and discouragement from smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to text-only labels, graphic + text labels were rated as providing better understanding, more new knowledge, and being more worrisome and discouraging. Perceived new knowledge predicted greater discouragement from smoking directly and through worry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Graphic warnings may be more efficacious than text-based warnings in increasing knowledge and worry about harms, and discouragement from smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA, renee.magnan@vancouver.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Renee E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Magnan
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011356:Product Labeling; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult