title: An examination of prostate cancer trends in Australia, England, Canada and USA: Is the Australian death rate too high?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in Australia, USA, Canada and England and quantify the gap between observed prostate cancer deaths in Australia and expected deaths, using US mortality rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of age-standardised prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, using routinely available data, in four similarly developed countries and joinpoint regression to quantify the changing rates (annual percentage change: APC) and test statistical significance. Expected prostate cancer deaths, using US mortality rates, were calculated and compared with observed deaths in Australia (1994-2010).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all four countries, incidence rates initially peaked between 1992 and 1994, but a second, higher peak occurred in Australia in 2009 (188.9/100,000), rising at a rate of 5.8 % (1998-2008). Mortality rates in the USA (APC: -2.9 %; 2004-2010), Canada (APC: -2.9 %; 2006-2011) and England (APC: -2.6 %; 2003-2008) decreased at a faster rate compared with Australia (APC: -1.7 %; 1997-2011). In 2010, mortality rates were highest in England and Australia (23.8/100,000 in both countries). The mortality gap between Australia and USA grew from 1994 to 2010, with a total of 10,895 excess prostate cancer deaths in Australia compared with US rates over 17 preceding years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate cancer incidence rates are likely heavily influenced by prostate-specific antigen testing, but the fall in mortality occurred too soon to be solely a result of testing. Greater emphasis should be placed on addressing system-wide differences in the management of prostate cancer to reduce the number of men dying from this disease.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia. eleonoraf@nswcc.org.au.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feletto
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia. albertb@nswcc.org.au.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. dane.coleclark1@my.nd.edu.au.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cole-Clark
authors.affiliation: Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. venu.chalasani@sydney.edu.au.|Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. venu.chalasani@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chalasani
authors.affiliation: Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. k.rasiah@garvan.org.au.|Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. k.rasiah@garvan.org.au.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rasiah
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia. dsmith@nswcc.org.au.|Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia. dsmith@nswcc.org.au.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Australia; Canada; England; Mortality; Prostatic neoplasms; USA