title: Evaluation of semi-quantitative scoring of Gram staining or semi-quantitative culture for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective comparison with quantitative culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Semi-quantitative Gram stain and culture methods are still commonly used for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), due to its convenience. Only a few studies, however, have assessed the reliability of these methods when compared with quantitative cultures, a current standard for the diagnosis of VAP. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of semi-quantitative scores obtained using Gram stains and cultures of endotracheal aspirates when compared with quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of VAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of mechanically ventilated patients with clinically suspected VAP in a single intensive care unit was performed. Semi-quantitative scores of Gram stains or culture results were compared with quantitative culture results of endotracheal aspirate for the diagnosis of VAP in 136 samples for 51 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The semi-quantitative scores of Gram stains and the semi-quantitative culture results significantly correlated with the log value of the quantitative culture results (r s = 0.64 and 0.75). When using a log count ≥6 of quantitative cultures as the reference standard for the diagnosis of VAP, the sensitivity and specificity was 95% and 61% for Gram stain score of ≥1+, and was 42% and 96% for Gram stain score ≥3+, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity was 96% and 40% for the semi-quantitative culture score of ≥2+, and was 59% and 86% for the semi-quantitative culture score of ≥3+, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absence of bacteria in semi-quantitative Gram stain and poor growth (≤1+) in semi-quantitative culture method could be utilized to exclude the possibility of VAP, whereas detection of abundant (≥3+) bacteria in semi-quantitative Gram stain could be utilized to strongly suspect VAP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, 612-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Soshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, 612-8555 Japan ; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, 612-8555 Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shime
keywords: Gram stain; Quantitative culture; Semi-quantitative culture; Ventilator-associated pneumonia