title: Temporal characteristics of nasalization in Persian speaker children with and without cleft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure and compare temporal patterns of nasalization in Persian children with and without cleft palate in three vowel contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Sample of 14 children with repaired cleft palates with or without cleft lip with moderate to severe hyper nasality and 14 children without cleft palate was chosen as subjects. The subjects were chosen from the ages of 4 to 12 years. The nasal onset interval, nasal offset interval and total nasalization duration were obtained from acoustic waveforms and spectrograms in three vowel contexts using Praat Software. For eliminating the effect of different speed of speech in the cleft palate group and control group, the ratio of nasalization duration was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total nasalization duration are demonstrated by acoustic signals which shows the total significant different temporal patterns in children with cleft palate and without cleft palate and across the vowel contexts (P<0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer nasalization durations in children with cleft palate in comparison to children without cleft palate show the delayed or deviant temporal patterns in children with cleft palate. The duration of nasalization reflecting temporal patterns of the oral-nasal acoustic impedance in children with cleft palate may have an influence on the perception of hyper nasality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: baghban.kowsar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kowsar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baghban
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torabinezhad
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Faezeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asadollahpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Nassim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Najmeh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mardani
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013997:Time Factors; D055158:Velopharyngeal Sphincter / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Acoustic study; Children; Cleft palate; Nasalization; Persian; Temporal patterns