title: Insulation Failure of the Linox Defibrillator Lead: A Case Report and Retrospective Review of a Single Center Experience.
abstract: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead insulation failure and conductor externalization have been increasingly reported. The 7.8F silicon-insulated Linox SD and Linox S ICD leads (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) were released in 2006 and 2007, respectively, with an estimated 85,000 implantations worldwide. A 39-year-old female suffered an out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest with successful resuscitation. An ICD was implanted utilizing a single coil active fixation Linox(Smart) S lead (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany). A device-triggered alert approximately 3 years after implantation confirmed nonphysiological high rate sensing leading to VF detection. A chest X-ray showed an abnormality of the ICD lead and fluoroscopic screening confirmed conductor externalization proximal to the defibrillator coil. In view of the combined electrical and fluoroscopic abnormalities, urgent lead extraction and replacement were performed. A review of Linox (Biotronik) and Vigila (Sorin Group, Milan, Italy) lead implantations within our center (n = 98) identified 3 additional patients presenting with premature lead failure, 2 associated with nonphysiological sensed events and one associated with a significant decrease in lead impedance. All leads were subsequently removed and replaced. This case provides a striking example of insulation failure affecting the Linox ICD lead and, we believe, is the first to demonstrate conductor externalization manifesting both electrical and fluoroscopic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McKeag
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Kyle P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ashfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Biotronik; Linox lead failure; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; insulation failure; lead failure