title: Effects of two deep water training programs on cardiorespiratory and muscular strength responses in older adults.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of two deep water training programs on cardiorespiratory and muscular strength responses in older adults. Thirty-four older adults men were placed into two groups: deep water endurance training (ET; n = 16; 66 ± 4 years) and deep water strength prior to endurance training (concurrent training: CT; n = 18; 64 ± 4 years). The training period lasted 12 weeks, with three sessions a week. The resting heart rate and the oxygen uptake at peak (VO2peak) and at the second ventilatory threshold (VO2VT2) were evaluated during a maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer before and after training. In addition, maximal dynamic strength (one repetition maximum test--1RM) and local muscular resistance (maximum repetitions at 60% 1RM) of the knee extensors and flexors were evaluated. After the training period, the heart rate at rest decreased significantly, while the VO2peak and VO2VT2 showed significant increases in both groups (p<0.05). Only the VO2VT2 resulted in significantly greater values for the ET compared to the CT group after the training (p<0.05). In addition, after training, there was a significant increase in the maximal dynamic strength of the knee extensors and the local muscular endurance of the knee extensors and flexors, with no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). In summary, the two training programs were effective at producing significant improvements in cardiorespiratory and muscular strength responses in older adult men. However, deep water endurance training at high intensities provides increased cardiorespiratory responses compared to CT and results in similar muscular strength responses.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: ana_kanitz@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kanitz
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Sudatti
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Delevatti
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giane Veiga
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Liedtke
authors.affiliation: Sogipa Physical Education and Sports College, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Pereira
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Almada
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stephanie Santana
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristine Lima
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alberton
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Martins
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kruel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training
keywords: Aquatic resistance training; Cardiorespiratory fitness; Deep water running; Endurance training