title: Hypomagnesemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease: surrogate markers for increased cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest that 40-70 % chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients receiving dialysis have significant coronary artery disease. Magnesium depletion is being considered as the missing link between the cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in CKD. The present work aimed to study the association between magnesium status and lipid alterations in pre-dialysis CKD patients attending the Nephrology Clinic in a tertiary care hospital in South India.
  
  
  METHODS
  90 cases of CKD and 90 age and gender matched healthy controls were included in the study. Framingham risk scoring was done and presence of metabolic syndrome was assessed. Lipid profile, serum and urine magnesium, blood glucose, calcium, phosphorus, urea and creatinine levels were assayed in all study subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we observed a significantly lower serum magnesium levels and dyslipidemic alterations, a significantly raised total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein and non-HDL in patients with CKD. We also observed a significant correlation between the lowered serum magnesium concentrations and atherogenic dyslipidemia, suggesting a link to increased cardiovascular risk in CKD patients. CKD patients had higher risk of cardiovascular disease (according to their Framingham risk score), which also showed significant correlation with the hypomagnesaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a strong association of hypomagnesemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with CKD. This gains particular importance in the high cardiovascular risk-borne CKD patients, as supplementing magnesium would go a long way in reducing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Ritwik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantari Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India. linkmedha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Medha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Sreejith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantari Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Revathy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008074:Lipoproteins; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Atherogenic dyslipidemia; Chronic kidney disease; Framingham risk score; Magnesium