title: Pilot study on the identification of silver in skin layers and urine after dermal exposure to a functionalized textile.
abstract: Silver (Ag) is increasingly used in consumer products like functionalized textiles and medical devices owing to its strong antimicrobial activity which is largely assigned to Ag ions released after oxidation of metallic Ag. To increase generation of Ag ions, in various products Ag is often present as nanoparticles. Ideally, Ag ions would remain on the surface of the skin to combat the bacteria and the uptake of Ag into the body should be limited. However, the Ag ions might penetrate across the skin into the body leading to adverse health effects. Data on in vivo uptake of Ag due to dermal exposure are scarce partly caused by the lack of suitable analytical approaches for the determination of Ag in biological matrices, but strongly needed to enable risk assessment of skin exposure to (nano) Ag containing products. With the developed approach, the presence of Ag in a functionalized textile is confirmed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After in vivo dermal exposure to Ag containing textile material under ׳׳in use׳׳ exposure scenarios, the outermost layers of the skin (Stratum Corneum, SC) were sampled by using adhesive tapes with a size of 3.8cm(2). Different leaching and dissolution procedures of Ag from biological samples prior analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) have been evaluated. The developed method results in a limit of detection (LOD) of 2ng Ag per removed SC layer. The method allows the measurement of the Ag concentrations at different depths of the SC enabling the deduction of the percutaneous penetration kinetics. Due to the possible bio distribution within the whole body, an indirect exposure matrix (urine) was studied too. The detection power of the method permits measuring the ultra-trace concentrations of Ag in urine before and after dermal exposure; LOD is 0.010µg Ag/L urine.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kezic
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pluut
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Philips Innovation Services, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: petra.krystek@philips.com.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krystek
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D003020:Clothing; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012834:Silver
keywords: Functionalized textiles; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Silver particles; Skin exposure; Urine