title: Midline section of the medulla abolishes inspiratory activity and desynchronizes pre-inspiratory neuron rhythm on both sides of the medulla in newborn rats.
abstract: Each half of the medulla contains respiratory neurons that constitute two generators that control respiratory rhythm. One generator consists of the inspiratory neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC); the other, the pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurons in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), rostral to the preBötC. We investigated the contribution of the commissural fibers, connecting the respiratory rhythm generators located on the opposite side of the medulla to the generation of respiratory activity in brain stem-spinal cord preparation from 0- to 1-day-old rats. Pre-I neuron activity and the facial nerve and/or first lumbar (L1) root activity were recorded as indicators of the pFRG-driven rhythm. Fourth cervical ventral root (C4) root and/or hypoglossal (XII) nerve activity were recorded as indicators of preBötC-driven inspiratory activity. We found that a midline section that interrupted crossed fibers rostral to the obex irreversibly eliminated C4 and XII root activity, whereas the Pre-I neurons, facial nerve, and L1 roots remained rhythmically active. The facial and contralateral L1 nerve activities were synchronous, whereas right and left facial (and right and left L1) nerves lost synchrony. Optical recordings demonstrated that pFRG-driven burst activity was preserved after a midline section, whereas the preBötC neurons were no longer rhythmic. We conclude that in newborn rats, crossed excitatory interactions (via commissural fibers) are necessary for the generation of inspiratory bursts but not for the generation of rhythmic Pre-I neuron activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; oni@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onimaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuzawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazono
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Wiktor A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Janczewski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D063226:Central Pattern Generators / Q000502:physiology*; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats
keywords: in vitro; parafacial; pre-Bötzinger; pre-inspiratory; respiratory rhythm