title: The Eileen Skellern Lecture 2014: physical restraint: in defence of the indefensible?
abstract: Aggression is reported to be prevalent in psychiatric inpatient care and its frequency towards healthcare professionals is well documented. While aggression may not be entirely avoidable, its incidence can be reduced through prevention and the minimization of restrictive practices such as physical restraint. The study aims to explore three common 'defences' to account for the use of physical restraint; to challenge each defence with regard to the evidence base; and to identify how services are responding to the challenge of reducing the use of restrictive interventions. Following a number of investigations to highlight serious problems with the use of physical restraint, it seems timely to examine its efficacy in light of the evidence base. In order to do this, three key defences for its use will be challenged using the literature. A combination of interventions to minimize the use of restraint including advance planning tools, and recognition of potential trauma is necessary at an organizational and individual level. Patients can be severely traumatized by the use of restrictive practices and there is a drive to examine, and reduce the use and impact of using these models that incorporate trauma informed care (TIC) and person centredness.
authors.affiliation: University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Duxbury
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: aggression; prevention; restraint; trauma; violence