title: Differentiation of adult rat mesenchymal stem cells to GABAergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers. The aim of the current work was the differentiation rat MSCs into GABAergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we present differentiation cocktails with a hippocampal astrocyte conditioned medium and with a glioblastoma conditioned medium. We wanted to maximize the role of endogenous secreted substances by cells from the central nervous system in both combinations. These modifications create a microenvironment of differentiation that is similar to natural conditions. Moreover, the presence of the Cxcr4 receptor on neuron-like cells was investigated first time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that a differentiation cocktail with a hippocampal astrocyte conditioned medium is the most effective and that 17% Gad67(+) and 7% Acht(+) cells were observed using this protocol. After differentiation using the glioblastoma conditioned medium, 12% Gad67 (+) was observed. The presence of the Cxcr4 migration receptor on Gad67(+) and Th(+) cells were observed, which might suggest the transplantation potential of differentiated cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our results are slightly lower than those of previous studies but when differences in counting cells is taken into account, a comparison of results is really difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new differentiation cocktails should be further investigated and in the next experiment only a part of MSCs that expressed the Cxcr4 receptor will be differentiated. We suppose that the Cxcr4(+) cells may differentiate more easily and as a result, we may achieve a homogenous population of one phenotype of neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland. Electronic address: paubor85@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fila-Danilow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul-Samojedny
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryszawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D059329:Cholinergic Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D059330:GABAergic Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; C486264:Cxcr4 protein, rat; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4
keywords: Cholinergic neurons; Differentiation; Dopaminergic neurons; GABAergic neurons; Mesenchymal stem cells