title: Divergence between HbA1c and fasting glucose through childhood: implications for diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose (Early Bird 52).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An HbA1c threshold of ≥ 6.5% has recently been adopted for the diagnosis of diabetes in adults, and of ≥ 5.7% to identify adults at risk. Little,however, is known of HbA1c's behaviour or diagnostic value in youth. Our aim was to describe the course of HbA1c during childhood, and its association with fasting glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  HbA1c and glucose were measured every year in a cohort of 326 healthy children (162 boys) from 5 to 15 years. Mixed effects modelling was used to establish the determinants of HbA1c and its development over time. ROC analysis was used to determine the diagnostic value of HbA1c in the 55 individuals who showed impaired fasting glucose(IFG – glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose rose progressively from 4.3 mmol/L at 5 years to 5.1 mmol/Lat 15 years, and although there were positive associations between HbA1c and glucose, from 10 to 13 years, HbA1c fell while glucose continued to rise. IFG developed in 55 children, but HbA1c exceeded 5.7% in only 16 of them. The maximum area under the ROC curve was 0.71 at the age of 14 (p<0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity were optimal at 50 and 80% respectively,corresponding to HbA1c of 5.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although HbA1c retains a positive association with glucose throughout childhood, it is weak, and their trends diverge from 10 years,suggesting that factors other than glycaemia systematically influence the variance of HbA1c in youth. These findings therefore limit the interpretation of HbA1c for the diagnosis of IFG during childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Plymouth University  Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hosking
authors.forename: Brad S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: Alison N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Streeter
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Terence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wilkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human