title: [Tailored cranioplasty using CAD-CAM technology].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of cranial defects are results of surgical intervention. The defect must be covered within resonable period of time usually after 4-6 week given the fact that the replacement of bone improve the brain circulation. Number of surgical techniques and materials are available to perform cranioplasty. Due to favorable properties we chosed ultra high molecular weight polyethylene as material. In this paper the authors show a procedure which allows tailored artificial bone replacement using state of art medical and engineering techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  between 2004 and 2012, 19 patients were operated on cranial bone defect and a total of 22 3D custom-designed implants were implanted. The average age of patients was 35.4 years. In 12 patients we performed primary cranioplasty, while seven patients had the replacement at least once. Later the implants had to be removed due to infection or other causes (bone necrosis, fracture). All patients had native and bone-windowed 1 mm resolution CT. The 3D design was made using the original CT images and with design program. Computer controlled lathe was used to prepare a precise-fitting model. During surgery, the defect was exposed and the implant was fixed to normal bone using mini titanium plates and screws. All of our patients had control CT at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery and at the same time neurological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one polyethylene and one titanium implants were inserted. The average follow-up of the patients was 21.5 months, ranged from two to 96 months. We follow 12 patients (63.15%) more than one year. No intraoperative implant modifications had to be made. Each of the 22 implant exactly matched the bone defect proved by CT scan. No one of our patients reported aesthetic problems and we did not notice any kind of aesthetic complication. We had short term complication in three cases due to cranioplasty, subdural, epidural haemorrhage and skin defect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polyethylene is in all respects suitable for primary and secondary cranioplasty. Combined with 3D CAD- CAM method excellent aesthetic and functional result was achieved. In our study no case of infection occured. Proper preoperative preparation is important.
authors.forename: Dusán
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vitanovics
authors.forename: Ottó
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lovas
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banczerowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014025:Titanium; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium