title: Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in dogs: 19 cases (2006-2012).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1-3 animals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to report the signalments, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome of a series of dogs with HS and CNS involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen dogs with HS examined at veterinary referral hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed and cases with a histopathological diagnosis of CNS HS were included in the study. Diagnostic imaging studies of the CNS were evaluated and histopathologic samples were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were overrepresented in this cohort of dogs. Tumors involved the brain in 14 dogs and the spinal cord in 5. In 4 dogs, HS was part of a disseminated, multiorgan process whereas it appeared confined to the CNS in 15 dogs. Diagnostic imaging had variable appearances although extraaxial masses predominated in the brain. There was meningeal enhancement in all dogs that was often profound and remote from the primary mass lesion. Pleocytosis was present in all dogs with CSF evaluation. Median survival was 3 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breed predispositions appear to vary from reports of HS in other organ systems. Some unique imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly brain herniation, profound meningeal enhancement, and pleocytosis in combination with 1 or more mass lesions, might help to differentiate this neoplasm from others involving the CNS, although this requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neurooncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Olby
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Borst
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacKillop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D054747:Histiocytic Sarcoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Brain tumor; Malignant histiocytosis; Round cell tumor; Spinal cord tumor