title: Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) as potential reservoirs for avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses.
abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are important pathogens of poultry worldwide, and both commonly occur in wild waterfowl, especially ducks in the family Anatidae. Although wood ducks (Aix sponsa) are members of the Anatidae, their behaviour differs from most other species in this family, which could affect the transmission of IAVs and APMVs. We collected cloacal and oropharyngeal swab and blood samples from more than 700 wood ducks across nine states in the eastern United States of America. No IAVs were isolated, and based on blocking enzyme-linked immunoassay ELISA results, antibodies to IAVs were only detected in 0.2% of samples. In contrast, 23 (3%) APMVs were isolated (22 Newcastle disease virus and 1 APMV-6), and antibodies to multiple serotypes of APMVs were detected in more than 60% of the samples. After-hatch-year birds were more likely to be antibody positive for APMV-4 and APMV-6 compared to hatch-year birds. Female birds were more likely to be antibody positive for APMV-4 than were male birds. Our results indicate that wood ducks are probably not an important host for IAV but are frequently infected with APMVs.
authors.affiliation: a Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Whitney M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.forename: Samantha E J
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yabsley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018109:Avulavirus / Q000235:genetics*; D045463:Avulavirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D002988:Cloaca / Q000821:virology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary*; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D009511:New England; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D015144:Southeastern United States
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers