title: A randomized controlled study examining the effect of exercise on inflammatory cytokine levels in post-menopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated plasma levels of inflammatory cytokine are associated with body mass index, percent body fat and increased morbidity. Evidence suggests that higher levels of physical activity result in beneficial anti-inflammatory effects compared to a more sedentary lifestyle. Further, reproductive hormones are associated with inflammaotry cytokines. This study examined the effect of a 16-week low-moderate intensity exercise (EX) programme on reproductive hormones and inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight healthy, sedentary post-menopausal women were randomly assigned to EX (n = 14) or control (Con, n = 14) groups. The EX group completed low-moderate intensity treadmill training 25-30 min/day, up to 55% of HRmax, 3-4 days/week, for 16-weeks. Con maintained current physical activity level. Baseline and week-16 serum samples evaluated interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-intervention, the EX group showed a significant decrease in interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, estradiol, follicular stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels compared to baseline values. No significant changes were observed in Con. Significant correlations were observed between IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and reproductive hormones, both before and after the exercise intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that a low-moderate intensity EX programme decreases cytokines in relation to reproductive hormones in post-menopausal women. These findings support the role of EX in reducing inflammatory markers and improved reproductive hormones in post-menopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Bakhtyar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tartibian
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA, USA lfitzger@sonnet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Leah Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Noushin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azadpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad Hajizadeh
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Maleki
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Cytokines; hot flushes; menopause; moderate exercise; sex hormones