title: Influence of statin use on the incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding in patients receiving rivaroxaban or standard anticoagulant therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins may reduce the risk of first and recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). No data are available on their potential benefit in patients treated with the oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EINSTEIN DVT/PE and EINSTEIN Extension studies compared rivaroxaban with standard of care (n=8280) and placebo (n=1188), respectively. The incidences of recurrent VTE and major bleeding per 100 patient-years for exposure (or not) to statins were calculated. A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed, stratified by index event and intended treatment duration, with statin use as a time-dependent variable, for each treatment group (rivaroxaban vs enoxaparin/vitamin K antagonist or placebo) and adjusted for relevant variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In EINSTEIN DVT/PE, 1509 (18.3%) patients used statins during the at-risk period, and 6731 (81.7%) did not. Overall, 2.6 recurrent VTEs occurred per 100 patient-years with statin use compared with 3.8 per 100 patient-years without statins (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46-1.25). HRs for recurrent VTE were similar for concomitant use of rivaroxaban-statin and enoxaparin/VKA-statin. Major bleeding events occurred in 3.0 per 100 patient-years with statin use compared with 2.3 per 100 patient-years without statins (adjusted HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.46-1.29). Due to adjustments in the Cox regression model, the direction of this HR is in contrast to the crude comparison. In EINSTEIN Extension, no recurrent VTEs occurred with statin use in the rivaroxaban group compared with 1.6 per 100 patient-years without statins. In the placebo group, 12.2 recurrent VTEs occurred per 100 patient-years with statin use compared with 13.2 per 100 patient-years without (adjusted HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.35-1.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of statins in this secondary analysis of the EINSTEIN VTE treatment program is consistent with other studies that suggest a reduced risk of recurrent VTE, but conclusive evidence of this benefit is lacking. Statins are simple to use, inexpensive, very safe and do not cause bleeding. Therefore, the potential effect on reducing recurrent VTE, which is in the range of that of acetylsalicylic acid, deserves evaluation in a large randomized trial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: EINSTEIN PE, NCT00439777; EINSTEIN DVT, NCT00440193; EINSTEIN Extension, NCT00439725.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebel
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA.
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Anthonie Wa
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lensing
keywords: Anticoagulant therapy; Rivaroxaban; Statins; Venous thromboembolism