title: Exploring pain in the Andes--learning from the Quichua (Inca) people experience.
abstract: There is a mounting recognition that culture profoundly shapes human pain experience. The 28 million indigenous people of the Andes in South America, mainly the Quichua (Inca) people, share a distinctive culture. However, little is known about their pain experience and suffering. The aim of the present study was to explore how Quichua adults perceive, describe, and cope with the pain. An exploratory qualitative/descriptive study was conducted with a convenience sample of 40 Quichua adults, including 15 women and 25 men, in the Northern Highlands of Ecuador. Data were collected through structured interviews of approximately 3 h, using a Quichua questionnaire called "The Nature of Pain" [Nanay Jahua Tapuicuna]. The interviews covered the notions of causation of pain, vulnerability to pain, responses to pain, aggravating factors, frequent locations of pain, types of pain, duration, characteristics of pain, control of pain, pathways to care, and preventive measures of pain. Basic descriptive analyses were performed. The Quichuas' pain experience is complex and their strategies to cope with it are sophisticated. According to the Quichuas, emotions, life events, co-morbid conditions, and spirits, among others factors play an important role in the origin, diagnosis, and treatment of pain. They strongly embrace biomedicine and physicians as well as Quichua traditional medicine and traditional healers. Family members and neighbors are also valuable sources of health care and pain control. The pathway to pain care that the Quichua people prefer is inclusive and pluralistic. The knowledge of the Quichua ethnographic "emic" details of their belief system and coping strategies to control pain are clinically useful not only for the health professional working in the Andes, some Quichua cultural characteristics related to pain could be useful to the culturally competent health practitioner who is making efforts to provide high-quality medical care in rural and multicultural societies around the world.
authors.affiliation: Runajambi - Institute for the Study of Quichua Culture and Health , Otavalo , Ecuador.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Incayawar
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Saucier
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Pain assessment; Quichua; South American Amerind; beliefs; cross-cultural comparison; cultural anthropology; indigenous medicine