title: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases.
abstract: Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Insulin resistance, which is a shared feature in these conditions, is also strongly linked to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age and a major cause of infertility. Vitamin D deficiency has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, primarily due to the shift to sedentary, indoor lifestyles and sun avoidance behaviours to protect against skin cancer. In recent years, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes, PCOS and CVD, and has been shown to be associated with their risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, as well as chronic low-grade inflammation. Treating vitamin D deficiency may offer a feasible and cost-effective means of reducing cardiometabolic risk factors at a population level in order to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes and CVD. However, not all intervention studies show that vitamin D supplementation alleviates these risk factors. Importantly, there is significant heterogeneity in existing studies with regards to doses and drug regimens used, populations studied (i.e. vitamin D deficient or sufficient), and the lengths of supplementation, and only few studies have directly examined the effect of vitamin D on insulin secretion and resistance with the use of clamp methods. Therefore, there is a need for well-designed large scale trials to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, PCOS, and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Australia - barbora.decourten@monash.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mousa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naderpoor
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Teede
authors.forename: M P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: De Courten
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scragg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Courten
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D