title: A continuous active monitoring approach to identify cross-connections between potable water and effluent distribution systems.
abstract: A continuous active monitoring approach was developed for identification of cross-connections between potable water supply systems and treated wastewater effluent reuse distribution systems. The approach is based on monitoring the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) at the potable water system while injecting sulfite (a reducing agent) into the effluent line. A sharp decrease in the ORP of the potable water would indicate a cross-connection event. The approach was tested in batch experiments on treated municipal wastewater effluent of varying degree of treatment, and at dilution ratios of up to 1:100 (effluent/potable). The approach was then examined under continuous flow conditions, which simulated cross-connection events at various dilution ratios (up to 1:100). In the continuous runs, differences between the potable water ORP and the effluent-potable water mixture (containing sulfite as sodium bisulfite (SBS)) ORP were 450-630 mV. This suggests high potential for identifying a cross-connection event. Implementation of the approach includes adding sulfite to effluent used for agricultural irrigation; hence, possible effects on soil and on crops were studied in soil columns and pots planted with basil (Ocimum basilicum) as a model plant. No negative effects of sulfite addition to the irrigation effluent were observed in the irrigated soils and plants, and therefore, it could be safely implemented also in agricultural applications.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Grand Water Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, eranf@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedler
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alfiya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaviv
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilboa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harussi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raize
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000383:Agriculture; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D012987:Soil; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater