title: Cultural variation in implicit independence: An extension of Kitayama et al. ().
abstract: Previous research shows that European Americans are consistently more independent (or less interdependent) than Japanese when implicit indices are used to assess independence (vs. interdependence). The present work extended this evidence by including a novel implicit association test (IAT), as an index of implicit attitude towards independence and interdependence. Consistent with the previous findings, as compared to Japanese, Americans were significantly higher in multiple indices of implicit independence (vs. interdependence) including personal (vs. social) self-definition, experience of disengaging (vs. engaging) emotions and personal (vs. social) form of happiness. Furthermore, as compared to Japanese, Americans had a significantly more positive implicit attitude towards independence assessed with the IAT. As also observed in the previous research, explicit measures showed inconsistent cross-cultural patterns. Lastly, we observed little statistical within-culture coherence among the implicit measures of independence (vs. interdependence), consistent with a view that the implicit indices capture alternative ways for individuals to achieve the cultural mandate of independence or interdependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitayama
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D012919:Social Behavior; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cultural task analysis; Implicit association test; Implicit independence