title: The impact of extended closing times of alcohol outlets on alcohol-related injuries in the nightlife areas of Amsterdam: a controlled before-and-after evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The municipality of Amsterdam implemented a new alcohol policy allowing alcohol outlets in two of the five nightlife areas to extend their closing times from 1 April 2009 onwards. We investigated how levels and trends of alcohol-related injuries changed after implementation of this alcohol policy, by comparing areas with extended closing times to those without.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled before-and-after evaluation to compare changes in alcohol-related injuries between intervention and control areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central district of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol-related ambulance attendances for control and intervention areas between 1 April 2006 and 1 April 2009 (respectively, n = 544 and n = 499) and between 1 April 2009 and 1 April 2011 (respectively, n = 357 and n = 480).
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol-related injuries were defined as ambulance attendances for people who suffered from direct or indirect consequences of alcohol consumption. Injuries were counted per month in two intervention and three control nightlife areas. We used Poisson regression to assess changes in injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 April 2009, intervention areas showed a larger change in the level of alcohol-related injuries than control areas [incidence rate ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12, 1.61], but trends remained stable in all areas. This increase was only statistically significant for the following subgroups: 2.00-5.59 a.m., weekend days, men, individuals aged 25-34 years, and people transported to a hospital. However, the increase did not differ between subgroups with statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 1-hour extension of alcohol outlet closing times in some of Amsterdam's nightlife areas was associated with 34% more alcohol-related injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC) - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Moniek C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Goeij
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eleonore M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Veldhuizen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel C A
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Buster
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center (AMC) - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003132:Commerce; D065187:Controlled Before-After Studies; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Alcohol outlets; Amsterdam; alcohol-related injuries; ambulance attendance; controlled before-and-after evaluation; extended closing times; nightlife area