title: Sleep duration and risk of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between sleep duration and stroke incidence in a British population and to synthesize our findings with published results through a meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective study included 9,692 stroke-free participants aged 42-81 years from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk cohort. Participants reported sleep duration in 1998-2000 and 2002-2004, and all stroke cases were recorded until March 31, 2009. For the meta-analysis, we searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for prospective studies published until May 2014, and pooled effect estimates using a weighted random-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 9.5 years of follow-up, 346 cases of stroke occurred. Long sleep was significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08, 1.98]) after adjustment for all covariates. The association remained robust among those without preexisting diseases and those who reported sleeping well. The association for short sleep was smaller (and not statistically significant) (HR = 1.18 [95% CI 0.91, 1.53]). There was a higher stroke risk among those who reported persistently long sleep or a substantial increase in sleep duration over time, compared to those reporting persistently average sleep. These were compatible with the pooled HRs from an updated meta-analysis, which were 1.15 (1.07, 1.24) and 1.45 (1.30, 1.62) for short and long sleep duration, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study and meta-analysis identified prolonged sleep as a potentially useful marker of increased future stroke risk in an apparently healthy aging population.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. yl411@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Nick W J
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Surtees
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Y.L., N.W.J.W., P.G.S., R.L., C.B., K.-T.K.), University of Cambridge; and the Division of Mental Health & Wellbeing (F.P.C.), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors