title: Secondary upper lid blepharoplasty: a clinical series using the tarsal fixation technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One hundred consecutive secondary upper lid blepharoplasties were reviewed retrospectively to determine the lid characteristics of patients undergoing secondary blepharoplasty and the outcomes of all the procedures, which were performed using a tarsal fixation technique performed by one surgeon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The median age of the patients was 54 years, and 99 percent of the patients were women. The median time since primary blepharoplasty was 8.7 years (range, 2 to 22 years). At surgery, no additional skin was removed in 37 percent, and the median amount excised in the remainder was only 2 mm. Revision surgery was performed in 13 percent, mainly for incomplete correction of asymmetry (5 percent) or ptosis (4 percent). Nonsurgical complications were mainly ocular (8 percent). There were no cases of persistent postoperative lagophthalmos or dry eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The term "postblepharoplasty look" was introduced to describe the different aging changes that follow primary blepharoplasty, mainly dermatochalasis (70 percent), with a high or absent and often poorly defined lid fold, with fat distribution irregularities. The tarsal fixation technique is advantageous in secondary blepharoplasty, as its benefit does not depend on further skin removal, minimizing the risk of lagophthalmos and dry eye syndrome. Lipoinfiltration for volume contouring is another major advance. The higher revision rate in secondary blepharoplasty reflects the incidence of asymmetry, lid ptosis, and scar from the original blepharoplasty, and from ongoing aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postblepharoplasty look of patients undergoing secondary upper lid blepharoplasty differs from the lid appearance of patients presenting for primary blepharoplasty. Tarsal fixation and lipoinfiltration are major advances in secondary upper lid blepharoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Toorak, Victoria, Australia From the Centre for Facial Plastic Surgery.
authors.forename: Bryan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome