title: The efficacy of methylene blue encapsulated in silica nanoparticles compared to naked methylene blue for photodynamic applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed the physical effects of methylene blue (MB) encapsulated within silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) in photodynamic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The optimum concentration of MB needed to destroy red blood cells (RBCs) was determined, and the efficacy of encapsulated MB-SiNPs compared to that of naked MB was verified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results confirmed the applicability of MB encapsulated in SiNPs on RBCs, and established a relationship between the concentration of the SiNP-encapsulated MB and the time required to rupture 50% of the RBCs (t50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MB encapsulated in SiNPs exhibited higher efficacy compared to that of naked MB.
authors.affiliation: a Physics Department, School of Physics , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.|c NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ghaseb Naser
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Makhadmeh
authors.affiliation: a Physics Department, School of Physics , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.|c NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Azlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdul Aziz
authors.affiliation: b Engineering Department, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.|c NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khairunisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdul Razak
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: encapsulation; half-life time; methylene blue; photodynamic therapy; silica nanoparticles