title: Endothelial p53 deletion improves angiogenesis and prevents cardiac fibrosis and heart failure induced by pressure overload in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac dysfunction developing in response to chronic pressure overload is associated with apoptotic cell death and myocardial vessel rarefaction. We examined whether deletion of tumor suppressor p53 in endothelial cells may prevent the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice with endothelial-specific deletion of p53 (End.p53-KO) were generated by crossing p53fl/fl mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of an inducible Tie2 promoter. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction. Serial echocardiography measurements revealed improved cardiac function in End.p53-KO mice that also exhibited better survival. Cardiac hypertrophy was associated with increased p53 levels in End.p53-WT controls, whereas banded hearts of End.p53-KO mice exhibited lower numbers of apoptotic endothelial and non-endothelial cells and altered mRNA levels of genes regulating cell cycle progression (p21), apoptosis (Puma), or proliferation (Pcna). A higher cardiac capillary density and improved myocardial perfusion was observed, and pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of p53 also promoted endothelial sprouting in vitro and new vessel formation following hindlimb ischemia in vivo. Hearts of End.p53-KO mice exhibited markedly less fibrosis compared with End.p53-WT controls, and lower mRNA levels of p53-regulated genes involved in extracellular matrix production and turnover (eg, Bmp-7, Ctgf, or Pai-1), or of transcription factors involved in controlling mesenchymal differentiation were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analyses reveal that accumulation of p53 in endothelial cells contributes to blood vessel rarefaction and fibrosis during chronic cardiac pressure overload and suggest that endothelial cells may be a therapeutic target for preserving cardiac function during hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.).
authors.forename: Rajinikanth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gogiraju
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.).
authors.forename: Xingbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (M.L.B., P.W., K.S.) Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (M.L.B., P.W.).
authors.forename: Magdalena L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bochenek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.).
authors.forename: Julia H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.) German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University of Maryland Baltimore, MD (S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.) Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD (S.E.L.).
authors.forename: Stephan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lehnart
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (M.L.B., P.W., K.S.) Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (M.L.B., P.W.).
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany (M.K.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.) German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University of Maryland Baltimore, MD (S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.).
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Zeisberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (M.D.).
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobbelstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (R.G., X.X., J.H.S., S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.) Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany (M.L.B., P.W., K.S.) German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University of Maryland Baltimore, MD (S.E.L., E.M.Z., K.S.).
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000150:complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019426:Integrases / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; C079086:Tek protein, mouse; C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases
keywords: angiogenesis; endothelium; fibrosis; heart failure; p53