title: Periimplant bacteria associated with different transmucosal designs or smoking habits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is to compare periimplant microbiota associated with implant transmucosal designs or smoking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Submucosal samples from healthy 52 implants were collected for analysis of bacteria associated with bone-level (n = 37) or tissue-level (n = 15) implants or smoking habits, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Profiles of periimplant bacteria of smokers (n = 5) were investigated using PhyloChip Array version G3 and compared with nonsmokers (n = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of bone-level implants positive for at least 1 pathogen was higher than that of tissue level; however, differences in each bacterium were insignificant. The prevalence and abundance of Treponema denticola in smokers were significantly higher than that in nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Smokers and nonsmokers exhibited similar periimplant microbiota based on the PhyloChip Array, but they could be distinguished by limiting observations to only 18 operational taxonomic units. Streptococcus macedonicus within Firmicutes and Prevotella within Bacteroidetes were more abundant in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of putative pathogens with bone-level implants was higher than tissue-level implants in nonsmokers. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly higher in smokers. Smoking therefore strongly influenced peri-implant bacterial composition of bone-level implant.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Microbiology, DRU on Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. †Esthetics and Implant Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. ‡Esthetics and Implant Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anjalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vacharaksa
authors.forename: Maneerat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuptanon
authors.forename: Rinlapas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sripitiroj
authors.forename: Pravej
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Serichetaphongse
mesh_terms: D003757:Dental Implantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018720:Prevotella; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013291:Streptococcus; D048373:Treponema denticola