title: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone-mediated long-lasting memory recovery, hippocampal neuroprotection, and reduction of glial cell activation after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats.
abstract: 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone (apocynin) is a naturally occurring methoxy-substitute catechol that is isolated from the roots of Apocynin cannabinum (Canadian hemp) and Picrorhiza kurroa (Scrophulariaceae). It has been previously shown to have antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in several models of neurodegenerative disease, including cerebral ischemia. The present study investigates the effects of apocynin on transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI)-induced retrograde memory deficits in rats. The protective effects of apocynin on neurodegeneration and the glial response to TGCI are also evaluated. Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of apocynin (5 mg/kg) 30 min before TGCI and were tested 7, 14, and 21 days later in the eight-arm aversive radial maze (AvRM). After behavioral testing, the hippocampi were removed for histological evaluation. The present results confirm that TGCI causes memory impairment in the AvRM and that apocynin prevents these memory deficits and attenuates hippocampal neuronal death in a sustained way. Apocynin also decreases OX-42 and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity induced by TGCI. These findings support the potential role of apocynin in preventing neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments following TGCI in rats. The long-term protective effects of apocynin may involve inhibition of the glial response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cássia Valério
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Romanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emilene Dias Fiuza
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia Mendes
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Nunes
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rúbia Maria Weffort
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C056165:acetovanillone
keywords: apocynin; memory recovery; neuroprotection; rats; transient global cerebral ischemia