title: Immediate screening method for predicting the necessity of massive transfusions in trauma patients: a retrospective single-center study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemostatic resuscitation might improve the survival of severely injured trauma patients. Our objective was to establish a simplified screening system for determining the necessity of massive transfusions (MT) at an early stage in trauma cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the cases of trauma patients who had been transported to our institution between November 2011 and October 2013. Patients who were younger than 18 years of age or who were confirmed to have suffered a cardiac arrest at the scene or on arrival were excluded. MT were defined as transfusions involving the delivery of ≥10 units of red blood cell concentrate within the first 24 h after arrival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 259 trauma patients were included in this study (males: 178, 69%). Their mean age was 49 ± 20, and their median injury severity score was 14.4. Thirty-three (13%) of the patients required MT. The presence of a shock index of ≥1, a base excess of ≤ -3 mmol/L, or a positive focused assessment of sonography for trauma (FAST) result was found to exhibit sensitivity and specificity values of 0.97 and 0.81, respectively, for predicting the necessity of MT. Furthermore, this method displayed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.934 (95% confidence interval, 0.891-0.978), which indicated that it was highly accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our screening method based on the shock index, base excess, and FAST result is a simple and useful way of predicting the necessity of MT early after trauma.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yumoto
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanouchi
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Toyomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ugawa
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ichiba
authors.affiliation: Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Kita-ku, Shikata-cho, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ujike
keywords: Base excess; Focused assessment of sonography for trauma; Massive transfusion; Shock index