title: Ambulatory assessed implicit affect is associated with salivary cortisol.
abstract: One of the presumed pathways linking negative emotions to adverse somatic health is an overactive HPA-axis, usually indicated by elevated cortisol levels. Traditionally, research has focused on consciously reported negative emotions. Yet, given that the majority of information processing occurs without conscious awareness, stress physiology might also be influenced by affective processes that people are not aware of. In a 24-h ambulatory study we examined whether cortisol levels were associated with two implicit measures. Implicit affect was assessed using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test, and implicit negative memory bias was assessed with the word fragment completion tasks. In 55 healthy participants, we measured subjective stress levels, worries, implicit, and explicit affect each hour during waking hours. Also, saliva samples were collected at three fixed times during the day, as well as upon waking and 30 min thereafter (cortisol awakening response). Multilevel analyses of the daytime cortisol levels revealed that the presence of an implicit negative memory bias was associated with increased cortisol levels. Additionally, implicit PA and, unexpectedly, implicit NA were negatively associated with cortisol levels. Finally, participants demonstrating higher levels of implicit sadness during the first measurement day, had a stronger cortisol rise upon awakening at the next day. Contrary to previous research, no associations between explicit affect and cortisol were apparent. The current study was the first to examine the concurrent relation between implicit measures and stress physiology in daily life. The results suggest that the traditional focus on consciously reported feelings and emotions is limited, and that implicit measures can add to our understanding of how stress and emotions contribute to daily physiological activity and, in the long term, health problems.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joram C L
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mossink
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands ; Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verkuil
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tollenaar
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brosschot
keywords: IPANAT; cortisol; cortisol awakening response; daily life; implicit affect; sadness; unconscious stress