title: Barriers to and factors facilitating empowerment in elderly with COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empowerment of elderly people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can increase their quality of life and feeling of well-being. However, few researches focused on the obstacles and factors facilitating empowerment in elderly people with COPD; and an adequate determining of these factors need an in-depth understanding of the meaning of these factors which influences empowerment. The objective of this study was to explore the barriers to and factors facilitating empowerment in elderly people with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted with a qualitative approach using content analysis. Twenty- four participants were selected based on purposeful sampling. Data were collected through conducting in-depth semistructured interviews and making filed notes. Data analysis was performed according to the proposed steps by Granhym & Lund man (2004).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The potential to empower the elderly with COPD was influenced by mediating factors; the nature of aging, the difficult nature of COPD, fear and hopelessness, the cultural values and beliefs, poor formal support systems and poor economic status were found to be the barriers; and incentive, trust to health care providers, the educable status of the elderly and increased experience were found to be facilitating factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that empowerment of the elderly with COPD was affected by many factors which mainly rooted in social factors, health care systems and personal resources.
authors.affiliation: 1. Doctorate Candidate, Nursing Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran. zfotoukian@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fotoukian
authors.affiliation: 2. Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center on Aging, Nursing Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran. f_mohammadi_2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Farahnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammadi Shahboulaghi
authors.affiliation: 3. Associate Professor, Nursing Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran. msflir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallahi Khoshknab
authors.affiliation: 4. Associate professor, Nursing Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. mohamade@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Eesa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
keywords: Barriers; COPD; Elderly People; Empowerment; Facilitating Factors