title: Evaluation of cardiac emboli source.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluating the source of cardiac embolism is one of the most frequent reasons for cardiac consultation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2003, 99 patients were referred for the evaluation of the source of cardiac emboli. Evaluation included history, physical examination, ECG, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with contrast and 24-hour Holter electrocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 58 men and 41 women were studied. In 32 patients a possible source of the cardiac emboli was found. Two patients were in atrial fibrillation. Of the patients, 16 had a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and six patients a PFO and atrial septum aneurysm (ASA). Two patients had a thrombus in the left atrial appendage and 14 had severe atherosclerosis in the aortic arch. In eight patients we found two possible cardiac sources of embolism. 24-hour Holter recording did not detect any emboligenic arrhythmias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible cardiac source of embolism was found in 32% of the patients referred. TOE is the ideal tool to visualise the interatrial septum, left atrial appendage and aortic arch. We advise performing a TOE with contrast in young stroke patients and in older patients with a stroke likely to be caused by an embolism of cardiac origin. 24-hour Holter recording did not detect any emboligenic arrhythmias and should only be done in selected cases.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Meijboom
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
keywords: cerebrovascular accident; echocardiography; embolism; transoesophageal