title: The bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx of children receiving adenoidectomy.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae are the common pathogens that colonize in the nasopharynx of children. Polymicrobial interactions are thought to play an important role in different sites throughout the human body. However, there are currently very few studies that investigate the interactions between S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae in the nasopharynx. We retrospectively analyzed the adenoid tissue culture from 269 children who received adenoidectomy. S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae constituted the major microorganisms which were cultured from these adenoidectomies, at 23.4%, 21.6%, and 18.2%, respectively. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were the most prevalent in the preschool-aged children (3 < age ≤ 6), whereas S. aureus was more prevalent in infants and toddlers (age ≤ 3) and school-aged children (age > 6). Bacterial interference was found between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae and between S. aureus and H. influenzae, whereas there was an association found between S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. The synergism and antagonism among these three species are investigated in the following paper, with the possible mechanisms involved in these interactions also discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hao-Xiang
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Nursing, Asia University, 413 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ju-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Asia University, 413 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hua-Shan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mao-Wang
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Hsui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Der
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lin
keywords: Adenoid;; Bacterial interactions;; Haemophilus influenzae;; Staphylococcus aureus;; Streptococcus; pneumoniae