title: An overview of chronic disease models: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of our study was to examine various existing chronic disease models, their elements and their role in the management of Diabetes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using PubMed and CINHAL during a period of January 2003- March 2011. Following key terms were used either in single or in combination such as "Chronic Disease Model" AND "Diabetes Mellitus" OR "COPD" OR "CVD".
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 23 studies were included in the final analysis. Majority of the studies were US-based. Five chronic disease models included Chronic Care Model (CCM), Improving Chronic Illness Care (ICIC), and Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC), Stanford Model (SM) and Community based Transition Model (CBTM). CCM was the most studied model. Elements studied included delivery system design and self-management support (87%), clinical information system and decision support (57%) and health system organization (52%). Elements including center care on the patient and family (13%), patient safety (4%), community policies (4%), built integrated health care (4%) and remote patient monitoring (4%) have not been well studied. Other elements including support paradigm shift, manage political environment, align sectoral policies for health, use healthcare personnel more effectively, support patients in their communities, emphasize prevention, identify patient specific concerns related to the transition process, and health literacy between visits and treatments have also not been well studied in the existing literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was unclear to what extent the results generated is applicable to different populations and locations and therefore is an area of future research. Future studies are also needed to test chronic disease models in settings where more racially and ethnically representative patients receive chronic care. Future program development should also include information on other barriers including transportation issues, finances and lack of services.
authors.affiliation: . ashish.joshi@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ashoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods