title: Accurate age classification of 6 and 12 month-old infants based on resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging data.
abstract: Human large-scale functional brain networks are hypothesized to undergo significant changes over development. Little is known about these functional architectural changes, particularly during the second half of the first year of life. We used multivariate pattern classification of resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) data obtained in an on-going, multi-site, longitudinal study of brain and behavioral development to explore whether fcMRI data contained information sufficient to classify infant age. Analyses carefully account for the effects of fcMRI motion artifact. Support vector machines (SVMs) classified 6 versus 12 month-old infants (128 datasets) above chance based on fcMRI data alone. Results demonstrate significant changes in measures of brain functional organization that coincide with a special period of dramatic change in infant motor, cognitive, and social development. Explorations of the most different correlations used for SVM lead to two different interpretations about functional connections that support 6 versus 12-month age categorization.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: pruettj@psychiatry.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pruett
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: kandalas@psychiatry.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandala
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: sarah.hoertel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoertel
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: avi@npg.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Abraham Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: jtelison@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Jed T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Elison
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: nishinot@mir.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.affiliation: Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States. Electronic address: eric.j.feczko@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feczko
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: nico@npg.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Nico U F
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Dosenbach
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: binyamn@npg.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Binyam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nardos
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States. Electronic address: jonathan.power@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: adeyemob@cabernet.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Babatunde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: botteronk@mir.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Kelly N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Botteron
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: mckinstryb@mir.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4. Electronic address: alan.acehigh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: Heather_Cody@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hazlett
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195, United States. Electronic address: srd@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dager
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: patersons@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: schultzrt@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4. Electronic address: louis.collins@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: D Louis
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4. Electronic address: vladimir.fonov@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Vladimir S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Fonov
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: styner@cs.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Styner
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States. Electronic address: gerig@sci.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerig
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4. Electronic address: samir@bic.mni.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4. Electronic address: penelope.kostopoulos@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kostopoulos
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: constanj@psychiatry.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195, United States. Electronic address: estesa@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: sep@npg.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: schlaggarb@neuro.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schlaggar
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States. Electronic address: joe_piven@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piven
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Development; Functional brain networks; Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI); Infant; Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA); Support vector machine (SVM)