title: Characteristics of statewide protocols for emergency medical services in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to categorize and characterize the utilization of statewide emergency medical services (EMS) protocols as well as state recognition of specialty receiving facilities for trauma and time-sensitive conditions in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of all state EMS offices was conducted to determine which states use mandatory or model statewide EMS protocols and to characterize these protocols based on the process for authorizing such protocols. The survey also inquired as to which states formally recognize specialty receiving facilities for trauma, STEMI, stroke, cardiac arrest, and burn as well as whether or not states have mandatory or model statewide destination protocols for these specialty centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight states were found to have either mandatory or model statewide EMS protocols. Twenty-one states had mandatory statewide EMS protocols at either the basic life support (BLS) or advanced life support (ALS) level, and in 16 of these states, mandatory protocols covered both BLS and ALS levels of care. Seventeen states had model statewide protocols at either the BLS or ALS level, and in 14 of these states, the model protocols covered both BLS and ALS levels of care. Twenty states had separate protocols for the care of pediatric patients, while 18 states combined pediatric and adult care within the same protocols. When identified, the median age used to consider a patient for pediatric care was ≤14 years (range ≤8 to ≤17 years). Three states' protocols used a child's height based on a length-based dosage tool as the threshold for identifying a pediatric patient for care using their pediatric protocols. States varied in recognition of receiving centers for EMS patients with special medical needs: 46 recognized trauma centers, 25 recognized burn centers, 22 recognized stroke centers, 11 recognized centers capable of percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and 3 recognized centers for patients surviving cardiac arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statewide mandated EMS treatment protocols exist in 21 states, and optional model protocol guidelines are provided by 17 states. There is wide variation in the format and characteristics of these protocols and the recognition of specialty receiving centers for patients with time-sensitive illnesses.
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kupas
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: J Matthew
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sholl
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004630:Emergencies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: emergency medical services; evidence-based; prehospital; protocols; regionalization; regulation; standardization