title: Dietary supplementation of Avicennia marina extract on immune protection and disease resistance in Amphiprion sebae against Vibrio alginolyticus.
abstract: The effect of Avicennia marina aqueous leaf extract on innate immune mechanisms such as total white blood cell counts (WBC), serum lysozyme activity, respiratory burst assay, alternative complement (ACH50) assay, phagocytic activity assay, disease resistance, gut bacteria, and survival rate of clownfish (Amphiprion sebae) against Vibrio alginolyticus is reported. Healthy fish challenged with V. alginolyticus (1 × 10(7) cells ml(-1)) were fed with diets supplemented (0, 1, 2, and 4%) with A. marina extract. The survival rate was 85% and 80% in infected fish fed with 4% and 8% supplementation diet; with 1% diet it was 70% while in the infected untreated group it was only 10%. The total gut bacteria flora was high in 8% and 4% supplementation diet groups with 2.8 × 10(5) and 4.7 × 10(4) cfu/g while it was 8.9 × 10(3) cfu/g in 1% diet group. The immunological parameters significantly increased on weeks 6 and 8 when infected fish were fed with 1% or 4% supplementation diet. This study reports that in clownfish challenged with V. alginolyticus, dietary administration of the 1% or 4% of A. marina extract improved the immune status and survival rate.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nagarajan Balachandran
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Dhayanithi
authors.affiliation: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Thipramalai Thankappan Ajith
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jesu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arockiaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: rhari123@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D032407:Avicennia / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010473:Perciformes; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Avicennia marina; Disease resistance; Innate immune parameter; Mortality; Vibrio alginolyticus