title: Eyelid and ocular surface carcinoma: diagnosis and management.
abstract: Eyelid cancers account for 5% to 10% of all cutaneous malignancies. The incidence of eyelid cancer is approximately 15 cases per 100,000 individuals per year. Basal cell carcinoma is by far the most common cutaneous malignancy in the periocular area; other cutaneous malignancies that occur in this area include, in decreasing order of frequency, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. The most common treatment for eyelid carcinomas is surgical resection with frozen section examination for margin control, but exenteration may be needed when there is orbital invasion. Adjuvant radiotherapy may be needed in patients at high risk for local recurrence; sentinel lymph node biopsy may be considered in patients at high risk for lymph node metastasis. Primary or residual in situ disease of the conjunctiva can be treated with topical chemotherapy, such as mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, or interferon alpha-2 b. For patients with metastatic or locally advanced basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma not amenable to surgical excision or radiotherapy, targeted therapy against the hedgehog pathway (for basal cell carcinoma) or epidermal growth factor receptor (for squamous cell carcinoma) has been shown to be effective in preventing disease progression. Patients with eyelid and ocular surface malignancies need to be monitored with careful clinical examination for at least 5years after surgical treatment, and additional investigations may be warranted in some cases.
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology & Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Program, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Vivian T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology & Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Program, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology & Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Program, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sniegowski
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology & Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Program, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030. Electronic address: Besmaeli@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esmaeli
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D035583:Rare Diseases; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome