title: Microwave-assisted activated carbon from cocoa shell as adsorbent for removal of sodium diclofenac and nimesulide from aqueous effluents.
abstract: Microwave-induced chemical activation process was used to prepare an activated carbon from cocoa shell for efficient removal of two anti-inflammatories, sodium diclofenac (DFC) and nimesulide (NM), from aqueous solutions. A paste was obtained from a mixture of cocoa shell and inorganic components; with a ratio of inorganic: organic of 1 (CSC-1.0). The mixture was pyrolyzed in a microwave oven in less than 10 min. The CSC-1.0 was acidified with a 6 mol L(-1) HCl under reflux to produce MWCS-1.0. The CSC-1.0 and MWCS-1.0 were characterized using FTIR, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption curves, X-ray diffraction, and point of zero charge (pHpzc). Experimental variables such as initial pH of the adsorbate solutions and contact time were optimized for adsorptive characteristics of MWCS-1.0. The optimum pH for removal of anti-inflammatories ranged between 7.0 and 8.0. The kinetic of adsorption was investigated using general order, pseudo first-order and pseu do-second order kinetic models. The maximum amounts of DCF and NM adsorbed onto MWCS-1.0 at 25 °C are 63.47 and 74.81 mg g(-1), respectively. The adsorbent was tested on two simulated hospital effluents. MWCS-1.0 is capable of efficient removal of DCF and NM from a medium that contains high sugar and salt concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saucier
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adebayo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: eder.lima@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Eder C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cataluña
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Pascal S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lizie D T
authors.initials: LDT
authors.lastname: Prola
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Puchana-Rosero
authors.affiliation: Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Bagé, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Dotto
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004350:Drug Residues; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D008506:Medical Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008506:Medical Waste; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D013449:Sulfonamides; D004008:Diclofenac; D002606:Charcoal; D002244:Carbon; C012655:nimesulide
keywords: Activated carbon; Anti-inflammatory; Effluents; Microwave-assisted activation