title: Removal of ammonium-nitrogen from groundwater using a fully passive permeable reactive barrier with oxygen-releasing compound and clinoptilolite.
abstract: A novel fully passive permeable reactive barrier (PRB) with oxygen-releasing compound (ORC) and clinoptilolite was proposed for the removal of ammonium-nitrogen from groundwater. The PRB involves a combination of oxygen release, biological nitrification, ion exchange, and bioregeneration. A pilot-scale performance comparison experiment was carried out employing three parallel columns to assess the proposed PRB. The results showed that the PRB achieved nearly complete [Formula: see text] depletion (>99%). [Formula: see text] of 5.23-10.88 mg/L was removed, and [Formula: see text] of <1.93 mg/L and [Formula: see text] of 2.03-19.67 mg/L were generated. Ion exchange and biological nitrification both contributed to [Formula: see text] removal, and the latter played a dominant role under the condition of sufficient oxygen. Biological nitrification favored a delay in sorption saturation and a release of exchange sites. The ORC could sufficiently, efficiently supply oxygen for approximately 120 pore volumes. The clinoptilolite ensured a robust [Formula: see text] removal in case of temporary insufficient biological activities. No external alkalinity sources had to be supplied and no inhibition of aerobic metabolism occurred. The ceramicite had a negligible effect on the biomass growth. Based on the research findings, a full-scale continuous wall PRB was installed in Shenyang, China in 2012.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China.
authors.forename: Guoxin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China. Electronic address: 21584612@qq.com.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Hydro-Engineering Team of Sichuan Metallurgical Geology & Exploration Bureau, Chengdu 611730, China.
authors.forename: Yingzhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Shengpin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China.
authors.forename: Yuanying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
authors.forename: Xiangke
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D058440:Denitrification; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D007474:Ion Exchange; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D017641:Zeolites
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C083175:clinoptilolite; D017641:Zeolites; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Ammonium-nitrogen; Clinoptilolite; Groundwater; In situ remediation; Oxygen-releasing compound; Permeable reactive barrier