title: Urine and serum metabolite profiling of rats fed a high-fat diet and the anti-obesity effects of caffeine consumption.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the clinical changes induced by a high fat diet (HFD) and caffeine consumption in a rat model. The mean body weight of the HFD with caffeine (HFDC)-fed rat was decreased compared to that of the HFD-fed rat without caffeine. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acid, as well as the size of adipose tissue altered by HFD, were improved by caffeine consumption. To investigate the metabolites that affected the change of the clinical factors, the urine and serum of rats fed a normal diet (ND), HFD, and HFDC were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), gas chromatography (GC-TOF-MS), and linear trap quadruple mass spectrometry (LTQ-XL-MS) combined with multivariate analysis. A total of 68 and 52 metabolites were found to be different in urine and serum, respectively. After being fed caffeine, some glucuronide-conjugated compounds, lysoPCs, CEs, DGs, TGs, taurine, and hippuric acid were altered compared to the HFD group. In this study, caffeine might potentially inhibit HFD-induced obesity and we suggest possible biomarker candidates using MS-based metabolite profiling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. festivalkim@naver.com.
authors.forename: Hyang Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. kkamlice@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Mee Youn
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ramgee@naver.com.
authors.forename: Hye Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 446-791, Korea. ypark@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yoo Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea. sleier7640@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jong Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shon
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea. dstlkh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kwang-Hyeon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. chlee123@konkuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Choong Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002110:Caffeine; D002784:Cholesterol