title: Root resistance to cavitation is accurately measured using a centrifuge technique.
abstract: Plants transport water under negative pressure and this makes their xylem vulnerable to cavitation. Among plant organs, root xylem is often highly vulnerable to cavitation due to water stress. The use of centrifuge methods to study organs, such as roots, that have long vessels are hypothesized to produce erroneous estimates of cavitation resistance due to the presence of open vessels through measured samples. The assumption that roots have long vessels may be premature since data for root vessel length are sparse; moreover, recent studies have not supported the existence of a long-vessel artifact for stems when a standard centrifuge technique was used. We examined resistance to cavitation estimated using a standard centrifuge technique and compared these values with native embolism measurements for roots of seven woody species grown in a common garden. For one species we also measured vulnerability using single-vessel air injection. We found excellent agreement between root native embolism and the levels of embolism measured using a centrifuge technique, and with air-seeding estimates from single-vessel injection. Estimates of cavitation resistance measured from centrifuge curves were biologically meaningful and were correlated with field minimum water potentials, vessel diameter (VD), maximum xylem-specific conductivity (Ksmax) and vessel length. Roots did not have unusually long vessels compared with stems; moreover, root vessel length was not correlated to VD or to the vessel length of stems. These results suggest that root cavitation resistance can be accurately and efficiently measured using a standard centrifuge method and that roots are highly vulnerable to cavitation. The role of root cavitation resistance in determining drought tolerance of woody species deserves further study, particularly in the context of climate change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA rpratt@csub.edu.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Venturas
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Crous
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D055864:Droughts; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D018526:Plant Transpiration; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*; D014934:Wood / Q000502:physiology; D052584:Xylem / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: cavitation; centrifuge; drought; embolism; vessels; xylem