title: Decolorization of Cheddar cheese whey by activated carbon.
abstract: Colored Cheddar whey is a source for whey protein recovery and is decolorized conventionally by bleaching, which affects whey protein quality. Two activated carbons were studied in the present work as physical means of removing annatto (norbixin) in Cheddar cheese whey. The color and residual norbixin content of Cheddar whey were reduced by a higher level of activated carbon at a higher temperature between 25 and 55°C and a longer time. Activated carbon applied at 40g/L for 2h at 30°C was more effective than bleaching by 500mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at 68°C. The lowered temperature in activated-carbon treatments had less effect on protein structure as investigated for fluorescence spectroscopy and volatile compounds, particularly oxidation products, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Activated carbon was also reusable, removing more than 50% norbixin even after 10 times of regeneration, which showed great potential for decolorizing cheese whey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
authors.forename: MaryAnne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996. Electronic address: qzhong@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Qixin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D003116:Color; D005511:Food Handling; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013649:Taste; D000067796:Whey / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; D002244:Carbon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C099823:norbixin
keywords: Cheddar cheese whey; activated carbon; bleaching; norbixin (annatto) removal; volatile analysis