title: The pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annually, the use and abuse of alcohol contributes to millions of deaths and billions of dollars in societal costs. To determine the impact of genetic variation on the susceptibility to the disorder and its response to treatment, studies have been conducted to assess the contribution of a variety of candidate genetic variants. These variants, which we review here, were chosen based upon their observed or hypothesized functional relevance to alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk or to the mechanism by which medications used to treat the disorder exert their effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative review examines studies in which candidate polymorphisms were tested as moderator variables to identify pharmacogenetic effects on either the subjective response to alcohol or the outcomes of pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although findings from these studies provide evidence of a number of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic effects, the literature is limited and there are conflicting findings that require resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacogenetic studies of AUD treatment that use greater methodological rigor and better statistical controls, such as corrections for multiple testing, may help to resolve inconsistent findings. These procedures could also lead to the discovery of more robust and clinically meaningful moderator effects. As the field evolves through methodological standardization and the use of larger study samples, pharmacogenetic research has the potential to inform clinical care by enhancing therapeutic effects and personalizing treatments. These efforts may also provide insights into the mechanisms by which medications reduce heavy drinking or promote abstinence in patients with an AUD.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse , New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jermaine D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sandra D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kranzler
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods
keywords: Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcoholism; Candidate-Gene; Pharmacogenetics; Pharmacotherapy