title: Buffering effect of parental engagement on the relationship between corporal punishment and children's emotional/behavioral problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has established links between corporal punishment and children's developmental problems, but few studies have investigated the moderating effect of positive parenting between corporal punishment and children's developmental difficulties in detail. This study investigated the buffering effect of parental engagement on the association between corporal punishment and children's emotional/behavioral problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main caregivers completed the Evaluation of Environmental Stimulation Scale (EES), which is an evaluation of daily parenting behaviors, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which evaluates children's developmental problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corporal punishment was associated with worse emotional and behavioral problems in children, whereas parental engagement in games or sports was associated with fewer emotional symptoms. Similarly, parental engagement in homework or housework significantly moderated the association between corporal punishment and children's behavioral problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental engagement positively moderated the association between parental corporal punishment and children's developmental difficulties. This association varied with child gender.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugisawa
authors.affiliation: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koeda
authors.affiliation: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: child; corporal punishment; emotional and behavioral problem; parenting