title: The incorporation of nanoparticles into conventional glass-ionomer dental restorative cements.
abstract: Conventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) are popular restorative materials, but their use is limited by their relatively low mechanical strength. This paper reports an attempt to improve these materials by incorporation of 10 wt% of three different types of nanoparticles, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and titanium dioxide, into two commercial GICs (ChemFil® Rock and EQUIA™ Fil). The results indicate that the nanoparticles readily dispersed into the cement matrix by hand mixing and reduced the porosity of set cements by filling the empty spaces between the glass particles. Both cements showed no significant difference in compressive strength with added alumina, and ChemFil® Rock also showed no significant difference with zirconia. By contrast, ChemFil® Rock showed significantly higher compressive strength with added titania, and EQUIA™ Fil showed significantly higher compressive strength with both zirconia and titania. Fewer air voids were observed in all nanoparticle-containing cements and this, in turn, reduced the development of cracks within the matrix of the cements. These changes in microstructure provide a likely reason for the observed increases in compressive strength, and overall the addition of nanoparticles appears to be a promising strategy for improving the physical properties of GICs.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine,University Ss. Cyril and Methodius,Vodnjanska 17,1000 Skopje,Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Elizabeta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gjorgievska
authors.affiliation: 2Electron Microscopy for Materials Science,University of Antwerp,2020 Antwerp,Belgium.
authors.forename: Gustaaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Tendeloo
authors.affiliation: 3School of Sport, Health and Applied Science,St. Mary's University College,Twickenham,TW1 4SX London,UK.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences,School of Science,University of Greenwich,Chatham Maritime,Kent,ME4 4TB,UK.
authors.forename: Nichola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences,School of Science,University of Greenwich,Chatham Maritime,Kent,ME4 4TB,UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Slipper
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences,School of Science,University of Greenwich,Chatham Maritime,Kent,ME4 4TB,UK.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; C015897:glass ionomer; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: titanium dioxide