title: Meanings of knowledge and identity in public health nursing in a time of transition: interpretations of public health nurses' narratives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A changing healthcare system affects the professional identity of nursing groups. Public health nursing has experienced challenges in balancing the paternalistic expert ideology and the empowerment participation ideology. A strong professional identity can legitimate nursing, and possibly influence the quality of nursing work. Narrations from practice can illuminate the nurses' theoretical and practical knowledge and help illustrate their collective professional identity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To illuminate the meaning of public health nursing knowledge and professional identity in a continuously changing public health nursing practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative interview study with a purposeful sample of 23 Norwegian public health nurses was carried out. Data were analysed using phenomenological hermeneutics, a descriptive method inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy of interpretation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three themes emerged (i) Being a generalist: emphasising the need for generalised knowledge and using clinical judgement, (ii) Being one who empowers: focusing on resources and coping strategies, (iii) Being occupied with individual problem solving: focusing on individuals with special needs, using standardised techniques and protocols, and lacking specialised knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpretation of the nurses' stories illuminated their need for generalised evidence-based knowledge, but also the importance of using sound clinical judgement in a diverse complex practice, where service users need encouragement, support and expert advice. Time pressures can limit the nurses' involvement. Many had an individual problem-focus more than a primary prevention focus, in contrast to governmental regulations stating that Norwegian public health nurses should focus on health promotion and primary prevention. Public health nurses have a broad generalised knowledge of their special target group giving them a 'specialist generalist' role. Clarification of this role, in relation to jurisdictional borders, can create a strong identity at a time when healthcare policy promotes economic values, professional neutrality and increased collaboration.
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Aalesund University College, Ålesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Berit Misund
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Work, School of Nursing, Harstad University College, Harstad, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clancy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D066297:Hermeneutics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D011637:Public Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Norway; knowledge; phenomenological hermeneutics; professional identity; public health nursing