title: Single pyruvate intake induces blood alkalization and modification of resting metabolism in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three separate studies were performed with the aim to 1) determine the effect of a single sodium pyruvate intake on the blood acid-base status in males and females; 2) compare the effect of sodium and calcium pyruvate salts and establish their role in the lipolysis rate; and 3) quantify the effect of single pyruvate intake on the resting energy metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 48 individuals completed three separate studies. In all the studies, participants consumed a single dose of pyruvate 0.1 g/kg 60 min before commencing the measurements. The whole blood pH, bicarbonate concentration, base excess or plasma glycerol, free fatty acids, glucose concentrations, or resting energy expenditure and calculated respiratory exchange ratio were determined. The analysis of variance for repeated measurements was performed to examine the interaction between treatment and time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The single dose of sodium pyruvate induced blood alkalization, which was more marked in the male than in the female participants. Following the ingestion of sodium or calcium pyruvate, the blood acid-base parameters were higher than in the placebo trial. Furthermore, 3-h postingestion glycerol was lower in both pyruvate trials than in placebo. Resting energy expenditure did not differ between the trials; however, carbohydrate oxidation was increased after sodium pyruvate ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pyruvate intake induced mild alkalization in a sex-dependent fashion. Moreover, it accelerated carbohydrate metabolism and delayed the rate of glycerol appearance in the blood, but had no effect on the resting energy expenditure. Furthermore, sodium salt seems to have had a greater effect on the blood buffering level than calcium salt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland. Electronic address: Robol@awf.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Olek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luszczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kujach
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ziemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieszko
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Phytolab GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pischel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Radoslaw
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laskowski
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D011773:Pyruvates; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Acid-base status; Base excess; Blood bicarbonate; Free fatty acids; Glycerol; Respiratory exchange ratio; Resting energy expenditure