title: Human activated macrophages and hypoxia: a comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: Macrophages accumulate in poorly vascularised and hypoxic sites including solid tumours, wounds and sites of infection and inflammation where they can be exposed to low levels of oxygen for long periods. Up to date, different studies have shown that a number of transcription factors are activated by hypoxia which in turn activate a broad array of mitogenic, pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, and pro-metastatic genes. On the other hand, macrophages respond to hypoxia by up-regulating several genes which are chief factors in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in this review article we focus mainly on the role of macrophages during inflammation and discuss their response to hypoxia by regulating a diverse array of transcription factors. We also review the existing literatures on hypoxia and its cellular and molecular mechanism which mediates macrophages activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Biomedicine at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fattah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sotoodehnejadnematalahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burke
keywords: Hypoxia; Hypoxia inducible factors; Inflammation; Macrophages