title: Modeling parameters that characterize pacing of elite female 800-m freestyle swimmers.
abstract: Pacing offers a potential avenue for enhancement of endurance performance. We report here a novel method for characterizing pacing in 800-m freestyle swimming. Websites provided 50-m lap and race times for 192 swims of 20 elite female swimmers between 2000 and 2013. Pacing for each swim was characterized with five parameters derived from a linear model: linear and quadratic coefficients for effect of lap number, reductions from predicted time for first and last laps, and lap-time variability (standard error of the estimate). Race-to-race consistency of the parameters was expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The average swim was a shallow negative quadratic with slowest time in the eleventh lap. First and last laps were faster by 6.4% and 3.6%, and lap-time variability was ±0.64%. Consistency between swimmers ranged from low-moderate for the linear and quadratic parameters (ICC = 0.29 and 0.36) to high for the last-lap parameter (ICC = 0.62), while consistency for race time was very high (ICC = 0.80). Only ~15% of swimmers had enough swims (~15 or more) to provide reasonable evidence of optimum parameter values in plots of race time vs. each parameter. The modest consistency of most of the pacing parameters and lack of relationships between parameters and performance suggest that swimmers usually compensated for changes in one parameter with changes in another. In conclusion, pacing in 800-m elite female swimmers can be characterized with five parameters, but identifying an optimal pacing profile is generally impractical.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Information Technology and Statistics , Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport , Gdańsk , Poland.
authors.forename: Patrycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipińska
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Sport and Recreation Research , High Performance Sport NZ and AUT University , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sian V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: c College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Will G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D013550:Swimming; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Tactics; competition; endurance; modelling; performance