Characterization of silver nanoparticles in selected consumer products and its relevance for predicting children's potential exposures.
Due to their antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in consumer products intended for use by children or in the home. Children may be especially affected by the normal use of consumer products because of their physiological functions, developmental stage, and activities and behaviors. Despite much research to date, children's potential exposures to AgNPs are not well characterized. Our objectives were to characterize selected consumer products containing AgNPs and to use the data to estimate a child's potential non-dietary ingestion exposure. We identified and cataloged 165 consumer products claiming to contain AgNPs that may be used by or near children or found in the home. Nineteen products (textile, liquid, plastic) were selected for further analysis. We developed a tiered analytical approach to determine silver content, form (particulate or ionic), size, morphology, agglomeration state, and composition. Silver was detected in all products except one sippy cup body. Among products in a given category, silver mass contributions were highly variable and not always uniformly distributed within products, highlighting the need to sample multiple areas of a product. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of AgNPs. Using this data, a child's potential non-dietary ingestion exposure to AgNPs when drinking milk formula from a sippy cup is 1.53 μg Ag/kg. Additional research is needed to understand the number and types of consumer products containing silver and the concentrations of silver in these products in order to more accurately predict children's potential aggregate and cumulative exposures to AgNPs.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States. Electronic address: tulve.nicolle@epa.gov.
Nicolle S
NS
Tulve
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States.
Aleksandr B
AB
Stefaniak
Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
Marina E
ME
Vance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
Kim
K
Rogers
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, United States.
Samuel
S
Mwilu
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States.
Ryan F
RF
LeBouf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States.
Diane
D
Schwegler-Berry
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
Robert
R
Willis
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD, United States.
Treye A
TA
Thomas
Virginia Tech, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
Linsey C
LC
Marr
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D003132:Commerce; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis; D012834:Silver / Q000032:analysis*; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007477:Ions; D010969:Plastics; D012834:Silver
Children; Consumer products; Exposure; Inventory; Nanosilver