Rat aortic smooth muscle cells cultured on hydroxyapatite differentiate into osteoblast-like cells via BMP-2-SMAD-5 pathway.
Vascular calcification is an important pathological condition associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Hydroxyapatite (HA) found in such deposits is the same polymorph of calcium (Ca) found in bone, indicating calcification may involve mechanisms akin to bone formation. Vascular smooth muscle cells (Vsmcs) have been shown to undergo phenotypic change to osteoblast-like cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenotypic change are unclear, and whether the stimulus to become osteogenic is a result of loss of mineralization inhibitors or early mineral deposits is not known. Our aim in this study is to identify mechanisms and signal transduction pathways that cause differentiation of Vsmcs into osteoblast-like cells in the presence of HA. We first characterized vascular origin of Vsmcs by studying the expression of smooth muscle cell markers: myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle actin along with SM22α at both mRNA and protein levels. Vsmcs grown on HA exhibited progressive change in cellular morphology at 3-, 7-, and 14-day time points. Culturing of Vsmcs on HA disc resulted in decrease in media Ca levels and increased expression of Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) on Vsmcs resulting in upregulation of intracellular CaSR signaling leading to increased BMP-2 secretion. BMP-2 pathway mediated differentiation of Vsmcs to osteoblast-like cells shown by expression of osteogenic markers like runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase at mRNA and protein levels. Blocking CaSR by NPS-2143 reduced BMP-2 secretion and blocking the BMP-2 pathway by LDN-193189, a BMP inhibitor, modulated expression of osteogenic markers confirming their role in osteogenesis of Vsmcs.
Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 501 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
Pranjal
P
Nahar-Gohad
Neeraj
N
Gohad
Chen-Chih
CC
Tsai
Rajendra
R
Bordia
Naren
N
Vyavahare
D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011208:Powders; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051902:Smad5 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015607:Stents
C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; C554430:LDN 193189; C436740:N-(2-hydroxy-3-(2-cyano-3-chlorophenoxy)propyl)-1,1-dimethyl-2-(2-nephthyl)ethylamine; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011208:Powders; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D051902:Smad5 Protein; C497799:Smad5 protein, rat; C473605:extracellular calcium cation-sensing receptor, rat; D015675:Osteocalcin; D017886:Durapatite