Practical issues in multi-lingual research.
BACKGROUND
With an increasing number of ethnic minority populations, the use of multiple languages in one research study has increased in recent years. The use of multiple languages helps increase comprehensiveness of educational materials and/or survey questionnaires, and promote ethnic minorities' participation in research. However, little has been clearly known about practical issues in using multiple languages in one research study.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this paper is to explore practical issues in using multiple languages in a study among diverse sub-ethnic groups of Asian American breast cancer survivors in order to propose future directions for the use of multiple languages in research projects.


METHODS
Throughout the research process, research team made written records of practical issues and possible reasons for the issues as they arose. Weekly group discussions among research team members were administered, and the written records of these discussions were reviewed and analyzed using the content analysis. The unit of analysis was individual words. The words in the data (memos and written records) were classified into idea categories that emerged from the coding process.


RESULTS
The idea categories included issues in: (a) collaborators from various sub-ethnic groups; (b) IRB protocol submissions; (c) consistencies in translation process, (d) conceptual equivalence; (e) cultural differences; (f) existing translated versions; and (g) authorship issues. Based on the issues, we made the following suggestions for multi-lingual research: (a) networking and setting multiple communication channels with potential collaborators; (b) checking the institution's IRB policies related to the use of multiple languages; (c) setting the rules and procedures for translation process; (d) checking existing different language versions of instruments; and (e) setting the rules for authorship in advance.


CONCLUSIONS
The suggestions made in this study would help the researchers be prepared in advance to deal with the challenges.
School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curi Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: eunim@nursing.upenn.edu.
Eun-Ok
EO
Im
School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curi Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: sangmik@nursing.upenn.edu.
Sangmi
S
Kim
Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 We-hua 1st Road, Kwei-shan, Tao-yuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: hsiumin2011@gmail.com.
Hsiu-Min
HM
Tsai
Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Electronic address: nishigaki.masakazu.6e@kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Masakazu
M
Nishigaki
University of North Caronia, Carrington Hall, CB No. 7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States. Electronic address: syeo@unc.edu.
Seon Ae
SA
Yeo
School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curi Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: wschee@gmail.com.
Wonshik
W
Chee
School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 220 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: echee1228@gmail.com.
Eunice
E
Chee
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: Jun.Mao@uphs.upenn.edu.
Jun James
JJ
Mao
D001319:Authorship; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D014175:Translating
Cultural competency; Issues; Languages; Research; Translation