Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate: current concepts.
Multiparametric MR (mpMR) imaging is rapidly evolving into the mainstay in prostate cancer (PCa) imaging. Generally, the examination consists of T2-weighted sequences, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) evaluation, and less often proton MR spectroscopy imaging (MRSI). Those functional techniques are related to biological properties of the tumor, so that DWI correlates to cellularity and Gleason scores, DCE correlates to angiogenesis, and MRSI correlates to cell membrane turnover. The combined use of those techniques enhances the diagnostic confidence and allows for better characterization of PCa. The present article reviews and illustrates the technical aspects and clinical applications of each component of mpMR imaging, in a practical approach from the urological standpoint.
PhD, Associate Professor of Radiology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil, Titular Member, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), Radiologist at CDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Leonardo Kayat
LK
Bittencourt
MD, Resident, Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Daniel
D
Hausmann
Titular Member, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), Radiologist at CDPI Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Natalia
N
Sabaneeff
PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radiologist at CDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Emerson Leandro
EL
Gasparetto
PhD, Chair of Research and Professor, Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Jelle O
JO
Barentsz
Diffusion-weighted imaging; Dynamic contrast enhancement; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prostate cancer