X-ray visible and uniform alginate microspheres loaded with in situ synthesized BaSO4 nanoparticles for in vivo transcatheter arterial embolization.
The lack of noninvasive tracking and mapping the fate of embolic agents has restricted the development and further applications of the transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) therapy. In this work, inherent radiopaque embolic material, barium alginate (ALG) microspheres loaded with in situ synthesized BaSO4 (denoted as BaSO4/ALG microspheres), have been synthesized by a one-step droplet microfluidic technique. One of the advantages of our microfluidic approach is that radiopaque BaSO4 is in the form of nanoparticles and well dispersed inside ALG microspheres, thereby greatly enhancing the imaging quality. The crystal structure of in situ synthesized BaSO4 nanoparticles in ALG microspheres is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Results of in vitro and in vivo assays from digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography scans demonstrate that BaSO4/ALG microspheres possess excellent visibility under X-ray. Histopathological analysis verifies that the embolic efficacy of BaSO4/ALG microspheres is similar to that of commercially available alginate microsphere embolic agents. Furthermore, the visibility of radiopaque BaSO4/ALG microspheres under X-ray promises the direct detection of the embolic efficiency and position of embolic microspheres after embolism, which offers great promises in direct real-time in vivo investigations for TAE.
Qin
Q
Wang
§Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
Kun
K
Qian
Shanshan
S
Liu
Yajiang
Y
Yang
§Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
Bin
B
Liang
§Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
Chuansheng
C
Zheng
Xiangliang
X
Yang
Huibi
H
Xu
∥Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Japan, Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, United States.
Amy Q
AQ
Shen
D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D044085:Microfluidics; D008863:Microspheres; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011817:Rabbits
D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D020723:Glucuronic Acid