A Murine Model for Metastatic Conjunctival Melanoma.
OBJECTIVE
Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is an ocular malignancy with a high rate of local recurrences after treatment, and can give rise to deadly metastases. The establishment of a murine model will further our understanding of this disease and allow in vivo testing of new therapies. We therefore analyzed the ability of three CM cell lines to grow orthotopically and spread to distant sites. Furthermore, we determined the characteristics of the xenografts and their metastases.


METHODS
Orthotopic xenografts of human CM were established by subconjunctival injection of three different CM cell lines into NOD/SCID IL2 rγnull mice. Single-cell suspensions were generated from the primary tumors and placed subconjunctivally in another set of mice, which were then screened for metastases. The presence of melanoma markers was determined on the cell lines and during tumor development.


RESULTS
Subconjunctival injection of cultured CM cells into immunodeficient mice led to excellent subconjunctival tumor growth in all inoculated mice (n = 101) within 2 weeks; however, no metastases were found at the time of autopsy. Serial in vivo passage of primary tumor cells resulted in metastatic tumors in the draining lymph nodes (n = 21). The CM cell lines, as well as the tumor xenografts and their metastases, were positive for the melanoma markers HMB-45, S100B, and MART-1. Two cell lines and their corresponding xenografts carried a BRAF mutation, the third showed an NRAS mutation.


CONCLUSIONS
We established a murine model for CM that shows excellent formation of metastases in a pattern that accurately resembles metastatic human CM following in vivo passaging.
Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Nadine E
NE
de Waard
Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 3Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Jinfeng
J
Cao
Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Sean P
SP
McGuire
Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Paraskevi E
PE
Kolovou
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ekaterina S
ES
Jordanova
Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Bruce R
BR
Ksander
Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Martine J
MJ
Jager
D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009154:Mutation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C482120:Braf protein, mouse; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; C579846:NRAS protein, human