Prokinetic drugs for gastric emptying in critically ill ventilated patients: Analysis through breath testing.
OBJECTIVE
The prupose was to identify, through the BreathID automatic breath-testing device, the best prokinetic therapy to enhance gastric-emptying rate (GER) in ventilated intensive care unit patients.


METHODS
This was a prospective, crossover, nonrandomized study. Consecutive ventilated patients who could be fed enterally and expected to require 5 days of ventilation were included. (13)C-labeled-acetate in 100 mL Osmolite (BreathID; Exalenz Bioscience Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel) was administered intragastrically and followed by a 4-hour continuous recording of expiratory (13)CO2 by the BreathID. Prokinetics were changed daily: (1) baseline (no prokinetic), (2) intravenous (IV) metoclopramide (10 mg every 6 hours), (3) IV metoclopramide (10 mg every 6 hours) and continuous low-dose erythromycin (10 mg/h), (4) IV continuous low-dose erythromycin alone (10 mg/h), and (5) IV bolus erythromycin (200 mg every 12 hours). Gastric-emptying rate was assessed by the percentage dose recovered (PDR)-change from time 0 of the recording in the ratio of (13)CO2/(12)CO2 in exhaled gases (%/h). We used PDR peak values and time to peak (minutes to reach PDR peak) to express GER.


RESULTS
In the first 17 patients (group A), baseline GER measurements preceded prokinetic therapy. In the subsequent 14 patients (group B), 2 prokinetic regimens preceded baseline. No order-time effect was observed, justifying pooled analysis of all 31 patients. Combined metoclopramide-continuous low-dose erythromycin yielded significantly higher PDR peak and shorter time to peak vs baseline (P = .0001, P = .005, respectively). The PDR peak was also significantly higher from baseline during continuous low-dose administration of erythromycin alone (P = .004). Metoclopramide alone did not improve GER significantly.


CONCLUSIONS
Combined metoclopramide-continuous low-dose erythromycin was found to be the best protocol in the current study to increase GER in ventilated patients. It should be tested as a first-line prokinetic therapy in ventilated patients with poor gastric emptying in further randomized controlled studies. The breath-test device presented in this study can be a user-friendly and practical method to monitor GER, enabling individual tailoring of prokinetic therapy. Further studies to explore its utility are warranted.
Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: hersch@szmc.org.il.
Moshe
M
Hersch
Department of Surgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Valery
V
Krasilnikov
Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Yigal
Y
Helviz
Department of Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Shoshana
S
Zevin
Department of Surgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Petachia
P
Reissman
Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Sharon
S
Einav
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D019346:Sodium Acetate
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D019346:Sodium Acetate; D004917:Erythromycin; D008787:Metoclopramide
Breath tests; Critically ill; Gastric emptying; Gastroparesis; Prokinetics; Ventilated patients