Bronchopulmonary dysplasia early changes leading to long-term consequences.
Neonatal chronic lung disease, i.e., bronchopulmonary dysplasia, is characterized by impaired pulmonary development resulting from the impact of different risk factors including infections, hyperoxia, and mechanical ventilation on the immature lung. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix, apoptosis as well as altered growth factor signaling characterize the disease. The immediate consequences of these early insults have been studied in different animal models supported by results from in vitro approaches leading to the successful application of some findings to the clinical setting in the past. Nonetheless, existing information about long-term consequences of the identified early and most likely sustained changes to the developing lung is limited. Interesting results point towards a tremendous impact of these early injuries on the pulmonary repair capacity as well as aging related processes in the adult lung.
Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany ; Neonatology, Perinatal Center Grosshadern, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.
Anne
A
Hilgendorff
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , USA.
Michael A
MA
O'Reilly
animal models; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; hyperoxia; inflammation; long-term consequences; lung development; mechanical ventilation; neonatal chronic lung disease