Naturally produced citral can significantly inhibit normal physiology and induce cytotoxicity on Magnaporthe grisea.
Given the importance of finding alternatives to synthetic fungicides, the antifungal effects of natural product citral on six plant pathogenic fungi (Magnaporthe grisea, Gibberella zeae, Fusarium oxysporum, Valsa mali, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani) were determined. Mycelial growth rate results showed that citral possessed high antifungal activities on those test fungi with EC50 values ranging from 39.52 to 193.00 µg/mL, which had the highest inhibition rates against M. grisea. Further action mechanism of citral on M. grisea was carried out. Citral treatment was found to alter the morphology of M. grisea hyphae by causing a loss of cytoplasm and distortion of mycelia. Moreover, citral was able to induce an increase in chitinase activity in M. grisea, indicating disruption of the cell wall. These results indicate that citral may act by disrupting cell wall integrity and membrane permeability, thus resulting in physiology changes and causing cytotoxicity. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of citral on M. grisea appears to be associated with its effects on mycelia reducing sugar, soluble protein, chitinase activity, pyruvate content, and malondialdehyde content.
Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Rong-Yu
RY
Li
Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Xiao-Mao
XM
Wu
Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Xian-Hui
XH
Yin
Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
You-Hua
YH
Long
Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China. Electronic address: lm21959@163.com.
Ming
M
Li
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002688:Chitinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D032862:Litsea / Q000737:chemistry*; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002688:Chitinases; C007076:citral
Citral; Cytotoxicity; Physiology; Plant pathogenic fungi