Sublingual Diffusion of Epinephrine Microcrystals from Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets for the Potential First-Aid Treatment of Anaphylaxis: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study.
For the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis, epinephrine (Epi) 0.3 mg intramuscular (IM) injection in the thigh is the drug of choice. Epi auto-injectors are widely recommended for anaphylaxis treatment in community settings but not necessarily carried or used as prescribed when anaphylaxis occurs. We therefore developed rapidly disintegrating sublingual tablets (RDSTs) as an alternative noninvasive dosage form. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing Epi particle size on its in vitro and ex vivo diffusion, with the goal of enhancing Epi sublingual absorption from Epi RDSTs. Epi particle size was reduced by top-bottom technique using a microfluidizer for one pass at 30,000 Psi. The micronized Epi crystals (Epi-MC) were characterized using Zetasizer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Epi RDSTs were formulated and manufactured using our previously developed method. In vitro and ex vivo diffusion of Epi 10, 20, and 40 mg RDSTs and Epi-MC 10 and 20 mg RDSTs (n = 4) were evaluated using Franz cells. Epi 10 mg solution was used as a control. Mean (±standard deviation (SD)) Epi particle size was successfully reduced from 131.8 ± 10.5 to 2.5 ± 0.4 μm. Cumulative Epi diffused and influx from 40 mg Epi RDSTs and 20 mg Epi-MC RDSTs were not significantly different from each other in vitro and ex vivo (p > 0.05). Also, Epi permeability from 20 mg Epi-MC RDSTs was significantly higher than from the rest (p < 0.05). Epi-MC RDSTs improved Epi diffusion twofold and might have the potential to reduce the Epi dose needed in RDSTs by 50%.
College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33328, USA. mr.qalaji@nova.edu.
Mutasem M
MM
Rawas-Qalaji
College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33328, USA.
Shima
S
Werdy
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Ousama
O
Rachid
Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
F Estelle R
FE
Simons
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Keith J
KJ
Simons
D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D004058:Diffusion; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D004837:Epinephrine
adrenaline; anaphylaxis; diffusion; epinephrine; sublingual