Geographic disparities in prostate cancer outcomes--review of international patterns.
BACKGROUND
This study reviewed the published evidence as to how prostate cancer outcomes vary across geographical remoteness and area level disadvantage.


METHODS
A review of the literature published from January 1998 to January 2014 was undertaken: Medline and CINAHL databases were searched in February to May 2014. The search terms included terms of 'Prostate cancer' and 'prostatic neoplasms' coupled with 'rural health', 'urban health', 'geographic inequalities', 'spatial', 'socioeconomic', 'disadvantage', 'health literacy' or 'health service accessibility'. Outcome specific terms were 'incidence', 'mortality', 'prevalence', 'survival', 'disease progression', 'PSA testing' or 'PSA screening', 'treatment', 'treatment complications' and 'recurrence'. A further search through internet search engines was conducted to identify any additional relevant published reports.


RESULTS
91 papers were included in the review. While patterns were sometimes contrasting, the predominate patterns were for PSA testing to be more common in urban (5 studies out of 6) and affluent areas (2 of 2), higher prostate cancer incidence in urban (12 of 22) and affluent (18 of 20), greater risk of advanced stage prostate cancer in rural (7 of 11) and disadvantaged (8 of 9), higher survival in urban (8 of 13) and affluent (16 of 18), greater access or use of definitive treatment services in urban (6 of 9) and affluent (7 of 7), and higher prostate mortality in rural (10 of 20) and disadvantaged (8 of 16) areas.


CONCLUSIONS
Future studies may need to utilise a mixed methods approach, in which the quantifiable attributes of the individuals living within areas are measured along with the characteristics of the areas themselves, but importantly include a qualitative examination of the lived experience of people within those areas. These studies should be conducted across a range of international countries using consistent measures and incorporate dialogue between clinicians, epidemiologists, policy advocates and disease control specialists.
Cancer Council Queensland, Queensland, Australia E-mail : peterbaade@cancerqld.org.au.
Peter D
PD
Baade
Xue Qin
XQ
Yu
David P
DP
Smith
Jeff
J
Dunn
Suzanne K
SK
Chambers
D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate