A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach.
As a solution to the shortcomings of centralized systems, over the last two decades large numbers of decentralized wastewater treatment plants of different technology types have been installed all over the world. This paper aims at deriving lessons learned from existing decentralized wastewater treatment plants that are relevant for smaller towns (and peri-urban areas) as well as rural communities in developing countries, such as India. Only full-scale implemented decentralized wastewater treatment systems are reviewed in terms of performance, land area requirement, capital cost, and operation and maintenance costs. The results are presented in tables comparing different technology types with respect to those parameters.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India E-mail: nitin261187@gmail.com.
Nitin Kumar
NK
Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India E-mail: nitin261187@gmail.com.
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Kazmi
Competence Centre for Decision-Aid in Environmental Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences/DIB, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
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Starkl
D007194:India; D012424:Rural Population; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities / Q000191:economics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
D062065:Wastewater