Ocular biocompatibility evaluation of hydroxyl-functionalized graphene.
We have presented our recent efforts on genotoxicity and intraocular biocompatibility of hydroxylated graphene (G-OH) prepared by ball milling. We have previously demonstrated that the as-synthesized G-OH could be considered as an excellent alternative for graphene oxide which had been applied widely. Following our last report on G-OH, we carried out detailed studies on genotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of G-OH in this work. Less than 5% enhanced caspase-3 level was observed for cells exposed to more than 50 μg/mL G-OH over 72 h, suggesting G-OH caused cell apoptosis was slight. The G-OH induced DNA damage was also found to be mild since expression of p53 and ROS regeneration level was quite low even at high concentration of G-OH over a long time. Cell viability was found to be higher than 90% with 50 μg/mL G-OH and 80% with 100 μg/mL G-OH using flow cytometry. Comet results suggested that less than 5% tail could be found with 100 μg/mL G-OH. TEM results confirmed that G-OH could penetrate into and out of the cytoplasm by means of endocytosis and exocytosis without causing damage on cell membranes. In vivo biocompatibility of G-OH was studied by intravitreal injection of G-OH into rabbits. The ocular fundus photography results showed that G-OH could be diffused in the vitreous body gradually without any damage caused. Injection of G-OH had caused few damages on eyesight related functions such as intraocular pressure, electroretinogram and histological structures of the retina.
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Mimi
M
Lin
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Ruitao
R
Zou
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Haiyan
H
Shi
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Shanshan
S
Yu
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Xiaojian
X
Li
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Rui
R
Guo
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Lu
L
Yan
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
Guoxing
G
Li
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China. Electronic address: yongliu1980@hotmail.com.
Yong
Y
Liu
Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States. Electronic address: liming.dai@case.edu.
Liming
L
Dai
D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay; D004596:Electroretinography; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006108:Graphite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D011817:Rabbits; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006108:Graphite; D053148:Caspase 3
Caspase-3; Comet assay; Electroretinography (ERG); Flow cytometry; Hydroxyl-functionalized graphene (G-OH); Intraocular pressure (IOP); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Western blot