The association between manual mode defibrillation, pre-shock pause duration and appropriate shock delivery when employed by basic life support paramedics during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
BACKGROUND
Pre-shock pause duration of <20s is associated with improved survival after cardiac arrest. Manual mode defibrillation has been associated with the shortest duration of pre-shock pause but is largely practiced by advanced life support paramedics (ALS) whereas defibrillator only paramedics (basic life support or BLS) routinely use the defibrillator in automatic mode.


OBJECTIVE
We sought to explore the relationship between manual mode defibrillation, pre-shock pause duration and rate of inappropriate shocks when defibrillation is provided by ALS vs. BLS trained in manual mode defibrillation.


METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of all treated non-traumatic adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) presenting in a shockable rhythm over a one year period beginning January 1, 2012. Our primary outcome measure was the proportion of manual mode shocks delivered by BLS with pre-shock pause duration of <20s when compared to ALS. Our secondary outcome measures were the duration of pre-, post- and peri-shock pause and the proportion of appropriate shocks (defined as correct identification and shock delivery to patients in a shockable rhythm) delivered by either level of paramedic. This study had a power of 90% to detect an absolute difference of 15% between paramedic levels in proportion of shocks delivered with pre-shock pause duration <20s.


RESULTS
Among 2019 treated OHCA, 335 (20%) presented in a shockable rhythm. Manual defibrillation was performed in 155 (46%) of these cases (196 shocks by ALS, 143 shocks by BLS). There were no differences in the proportion of shocks delivered with pre-shock pause duration <20s (ALS 82.8% vs. BLS 84.8%, p=.65) nor pre-shock pause duration (s) (median, Q1, Q3); ALS: 12.0 (7.0,17.0) vs. BLS: 11.0 (5.0,17.0), p=.13 while BLS had a significantly shorter peri-shock pause duration (s) (median, Q1, Q3); ALS: 17.0 (12.0, 23.0) vs. BLS: 15.0 (9.0, 22.0), p=.05. There were no differences in the rate of inappropriate shocks (ALS 1.0% vs. BLS 0.7%), p=1.0 between levels of paramedics.


CONCLUSIONS
Manual mode defibrillation by BLS paramedics produced similar measures of pre-shock pause duration when compared to ALS paramedics without increasing the incidence of inappropriate shocks. Further study is required to determine the potential impact of BLS manual mode defibrillation on clinical outcomes.
Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; Rescu Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: Sheldon.Cheskes@sunnybrook.ca.
Sheldon
S
Cheskes
University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Morgan
M
Hillier
Rescu Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Adam
A
Byers
Sunnybrook Centre for Prehospital Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.
P Richard
PR
Verbeek
Rescu Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ian R
IR
Drennan
Rescu Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Cathy
C
Zhan
University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; Rescu Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Laurie J
LJ
Morrison
D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Heart arrest; Resuscitation; Survival