Introduction and validation of a less painful algorithm to estimate the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold.
The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a widely used tool to investigate spinal nociception for scientific and diagnostic purposes, but its clinical use is currently limited due to the painful measurement procedure, especially restricting its applicability for patients suffering from chronic pain disorders. Here we introduce a less painful algorithm to assess the NFR threshold. Application of this new algorithm leads to a reduction of subjective pain ratings by over 30% compared to the standard algorithm. We show that the reflex threshold estimates resulting from application of the new algorithm can be used interchangeably with those of the standard algorithm after adjusting for the constant difference between the algorithms. Furthermore, we show that the new algorithm can be applied at shorter interstimulus intervals than are commonly used with the standard algorithm, since reflex threshold values remain unchanged and no habituation effects occur when reducing the interstimulus interval for the new algorithm down to 3s. Finally we demonstrate the utility of the new algorithm to investigate the modulation of nociception through different states of attention. Taken together, the here presented new algorithm could increase the utility of the NFR for investigation of nociception in subjects who were previously not able to endure the measurement procedure, such as chronic pain patients.
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: gregor.lichtner@charite.de.
Gregor
G
Lichtner
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
Anna
A
Golebiewski
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
Martin H
MH
Schneider
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
Falk
F
von Dincklage
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011601:Psychophysics; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
NFR; Nociceptive flexion reflex; Pain measurement; RIII reflex; Reflex threshold