Unemployment, public-sector health care expenditure and HIV mortality: An analysis of 74 countries, 1981-2009.
BACKGROUND
The global economic downturn has been associated with increased unemployment and reduced public-sector expenditure on health care (PSEH). We determined the association between unemployment, PSEH and HIV mortality.


METHODS
Data were obtained from the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (1981-2009). Multivariate regression analysis was implemented, controlling for country-specific demographics and infrastructure. Time-lag analyses and robustness-checks were performed.


RESULTS
Data were available for 74 countries (unemployment analysis) and 75 countries (PSEH analysis), equating to 2.19 billion and 2.22 billion people, respectively, as of 2009. A 1% increase in unemployment was associated with a significant increase in HIV mortality (men: 0.1861, 95% CI: 0.0977 to 0.2744, P = 0.0000, women: 0.0383, 95% CI: 0.0108 to 0.0657, P = 0.0064). A 1% increase in PSEH was associated with a significant decrease in HIV mortality (men: -0.5015, 95% CI: -0.7432 to -0.2598, P = 0.0001; women: -0.1562, 95% CI: -0.2404 to -0.0720, P = 0.0003). Time-lag analysis showed that significant changes in HIV mortality continued for up to 5 years following variations in both unemployment and PSEH.


CONCLUSIONS
Unemployment increases were associated with significant HIV mortality increases. PSEH increases were associated with reduced HIV mortality. The facilitation of access-to-care for the unemployed and policy interventions which aim to protect PSEH could contribute to improved HIV outcomes.
Imperial College London, London, UK ; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Mahiben
M
Maruthappu
New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Charlie
C
Da Zhou
The Economist, London, UK ; Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Callum
C
Williams
Special Envoy for Financing to the Director General of the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland ; University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Thomas
T
Zeltner
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Rifat
R
Atun