Funding renal replacement therapy in southeast Asia: building public-private partnerships in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.
The provision of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in developing economies is limited by lack of financial and other resources. There are no national reimbursement policies for RRT in many countries in Asia. The Southeast Asia countries of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia have adopted a strategy of encouraging public-private partnerships to increase the RRT rates in their respective countries. The private organizations include both for-profit and philanthropic bodies. The latter raise funds from ordinary citizens, corporations, and faith-based groups, as well as receive subsidies from the government to support RRT for patients in need. The kidney foundations of these countries play a leadership role in this public-private partnership. Many of the private organizations that support RRT are providers of treatment in addition to offering financial assistance to patients, with hemodialysis being the most frequently supported modality. Public-private partnership in funding RRT is sustainable over the long term with proper organization and facilitated by support from the government.
School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: zakimorad@imu.edu.my.
Zaki
Z
Morad
Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
Hui Lin
HL
Choong
Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Kriang
K
Tungsanga
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Suhardjono
D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D002608:Charities / Q000191:economics; D005582:Foundations / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D016730:Program Development; D055818:Public-Private Sector Partnerships / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
End-stage renal disease (ESRD); Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore; Southeast Asia; Thailand; economic incentives; health care disparities; health care funding; medical charities; nongovernmental organizations; public health; public-private partnership; renal replacement therapy (RRT)