Cellular immunotherapy in ovarian cancer: Targeting the stem of recurrence.
Ovarian cancer is a devastating disease with a high relapse rate. Due to a mostly asymptomatic early stage and lack of early diagnostic tools, the disease is usually diagnosed in a late stage. Surgery and chemotherapy with taxanes and platinum compounds are very effective in reducing tumor burden. However, relapses occur frequently and there is a lack of credible second-line options. Therefore, new treatment modalities are eagerly awaited. The presence and influx of immune cells in the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment are correlated with survival. High numbers of infiltrating T cells correlate with improved progression free and overall survival, while the presence of regulatory T cells and expression of T cell inhibitory molecules is correlated with a poor prognosis. These data indicate that immunotherapy, especially cell-based immunotherapy could be a promising novel addition to the treatment of ovarian cancer. Here, we review the available data on the immune contexture surrounding ovarian cancer and discuss novel strategies and targets for immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. In the end the addition of immunotherapy to existing therapeutic options could lead to a great improvement in the outcome of ovarian cancer, especially when targeting cancer stem cells.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Christina
C
Wefers
Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Laurens J
LJ
Lambert
Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Ruurd
R
Torensma
Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Stanleyson.Hato@radboudumc.nl.
Stanleyson V
SV
Hato
D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
Cancer stem cell; Dendritic cell vaccination; Immunotherapy