Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a full cast of critical actors in cardiovascular diseases.
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerases are a highly conserved family of immunophilins. The three peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase subfamilies are cyclophilins, FK-506-binding proteins, and parvulins. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerases are expressed in multiple human tissues and regulate different cellular functions, e.g. calcium handling, protein folding, and gene expression. Moreover, these subfamilies have been shown to be consistently involved in several cardiac and vascular diseases including heart failure, arrhythmias, vascular stenosis, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. This review provides a concise description of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerases and presents an incisive selection of studies focused on their relationship with cardiovascular diseases.
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Gianluca Lorenzo
GL
Perrucci
Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy.
Aoife
A
Gowran
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan 20138, Italy.
Marco
M
Zanobini
Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy.
Maurizio Colognesi
MC
Capogrossi
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Milan 20138, Italy.
Giulio
G
Pompilio
Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, Via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy patrizia.nigro@ccfm.it.
Patrizia
P
Nigro
D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D021983:Cyclophilins; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; C000606846:PIN1 protein, human; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase
Cardiovascular disease; Cyclophilins; FKBPs; Parvulins