A practical review of prognostic correlations of molecular biomarkers in glioblastoma.
Despite extensive efforts in research and therapeutics, achieving longer survival for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable challenge. Furthermore, because of rapid advances in the scientific understanding of GBM, communication with patients regarding the explanations and implications of genetic and molecular markers can be difficult. Understanding the important biomarkers that play a role in GBM pathogenesis may also help clinicians in educating patients about prognosis, potential clinical trials, and monitoring response to treatments. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review that can be discussed with patients regarding common molecular markers, namely O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and 1p/19q. The importance of the distinction between a prognostic and a predictive biomarker as well as clinical trials regarding these markers and their relevance to clinical practice are discussed.
Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center; and.
Michael
M
Karsy
Jayson A
JA
Neil
Jian
J
Guan
Mark A
MA
Mahan
Mahan A
MA
Mark
Howard
H
Colman
Randy L
RL
Jensen
D015415:Biomarkers; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 / Q000235:genetics; D002888:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 / Q000235:genetics; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D015415:Biomarkers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; C515491:MGMT protein, human; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes
AA = anaplastic astrocytoma; GBM; GBM = glioblastoma; IDH1/2; MGMT; MGMTm = MGMT promoter methylation; OS = overall survival; PFS = progression-free survival; biomarker; overall survival; progression-free survival