Neurological counterparts of hyponatremia: pathological mechanisms and clinical manifestations.
Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration <135 mEq/L, represents the most frequent electrolyte disorder in older hospitalized patients. Early recognition of hyponatremia is mandatory, since it represents an independent risk factor that increases hospital mortality by 40 %. Delayed correction of hyponatremia may worsen brain edema, resulting in different degrees of neural damage. However, an overly rapid correction of serum sodium levels can lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), a dreadful neurological picture. In recent years, hyponatremia and ODS have received growing attention both in terms of clinical management and pathophysiology, leading to the discovery of new drugs and treatment algorithms. In this review, we recapitulate the pathogenetic background, clinical manifestations, and treatment guidelines of hyponatremia, focusing on the neurological alterations. Neurological symptoms may be neglected when they manifest as early signs of mild hyponatremia, while brain damage can irremediably affect patients' conditions in the context of ODS.
Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
Manuel Alfredo
MA
Podestà
Irene
I
Faravelli
David
D
Cucchiari
Francesco
F
Reggiani
Silvia
S
Oldani
Carlo
C
Fedeli
Giorgio
G
Graziani
D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000150:complications*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
D012964:Sodium