Fabric phase sorptive extraction: a new sorptive microextraction technique for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water samples.
Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a new, yet very promising member of the sorbent-based sorptive microextraction family. It has simultaneously improved both the extraction sensitivity and the speed of the extraction by incorporating high volume of sol-gel hybrid inorganic-organic sorbents into permeable fabric substrates. The advantages of FPSE have been investigated for the determination of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac, in environmental water samples in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Initially, the significance of several parameters affecting FPSE: sorbent chemistry, matrix pH and ionic strength were investigated using a mixed level factorial design (3(1)×2(2)). Then, other important parameters e.g., sample volume, extraction kinetics, desorption time and volume were also carefully studied and optimized. Due to the high sorbent loading on the FPSE substrate in the form of ultra-thin coating and the open geometry of the microextraction device, higher mass transfer of the target analytes occurs at a faster rate, leading to high enrichment factors in a relatively short period of time (equilibrium times: 45-100 min). Under optimal operational conditions, the limits of detection (S/N=3) were found to be in the range of 0.8 ng L(-1) to 5 ng L(-1). The enrichment factors ranged from 162 to 418 with absolute extraction efficiencies varied from 27 to 70%, and a good trueness (82-116% relative recoveries) indicating that the proposed method can be readily deployed to routine environmental pollution monitoring. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of target analytes in two influent and effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant and two river water samples in Spain.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Inés
I
Racamonde
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Rosario
R
Rodil
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: jb.quintana@usc.es.
José Benito
JB
Quintana
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Benigno José
BJ
Sieira
International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA. Electronic address: akabir@fiu.edu.
Abuzar
A
Kabir
International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
Kenneth G
KG
Furton
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Constantino Candeira SN, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Rafael
R
Cela
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Derivatization; Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE); Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Wastewater analysis