Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of healthy paediatric ankles and knees: a baseline for comparison with haemophilic joints.
The study was undertaken to document cartilage and soft tissue changes/findings in ankles and knees of normal children of different age groups to be used for comparison in the assessment of children with haemophilia. Cartilage thickness and soft tissue changes were recorded at predetermined sites of ankles/knees on both US and MRI in healthy boys in three age groups: 7-9; 10-14; and 15-18 years. To assess the validity of the ultrasound and MRI measurements, an ex vivo study was done using agar phantoms with techniques and scanners similar to those applied in vivo. Twenty (48%) knees and 22 (52%) ankles of 42 boys, were evaluated. There was a reduction in the thickness of joint cartilage with age. A difference in cartilage measurements was noted in most sites between the age groups on both US and MRI (P < 0.05 each), but such difference was not noted for joint fluid in ankles or knees (P = 0.20, P = 0.68 or P = 0.75, P = 0.63 for US, MRI, respectively). Although cartilage measurements were smaller on US than on MRI for both ankles and knees (P < 0.05 each), this observation was not recorded for fluid in knees (P = 0.02). For diminutive measurements (2 mm) mean US measurements were smaller than corresponding phantom's measurements, P = 0.02. Age-related measurements were noted for cartilage thickness on US and MRI in ankles and knees. US measurements were smaller than corresponding MRI measurements at most joint sites, which were supported by results on small-diameter phantoms.
Department of Radiology, Christian, Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
S N
SN
Keshava
Department of Radiology, Christian, Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
S V
SV
Gibikote
Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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A
Mohanta
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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P
Poonnoose
Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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T
Rayner
Department of Rehabilitation Services, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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P
Hilliard
Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
K M
KM
Lakshmi
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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R
Moineddin
Department of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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D
Ignas
Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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A
Srivastava
Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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V
Blanchette
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
A S
AS
Doria
D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography
MRI; cartilage; children; haemophilia; normal joints; phantom; ultrasound