Preventive effect of Ligularia fischerion inhibition of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages depending on cooking method.
BACKGROUND
Ligularia fischeri (common name Gomchwi) is known for its pharmaceutical properties and used in the treatment of jaundice, scarlet-fever, rheumatoidal arthritis, and hepatic diseases; however, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study the influence of blanching and pan-frying on the anti-inflammatory activity of Ligularia fischeri (LF) was evaluated.


RESULTS
Fresh LF and cooked LF showed no significant effect on the viability of macrophages after 24 h incubation. Fresh LF was found to be the most potent inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production at 100 μg/ml, while pan-fried LF showed little inhibitory effect on lipoloysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine machrophage RAW264.7 cells. In contrast with its effect on NO production, pan-fried LF showed significant attenuation of the expression of inducible nitiric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared with fresh LF. In the cooking method of LF, PGE2 production was not affected in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, pretreatment by fresh and cooked LF increased COX2 mRNA expression. The 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid content of blanching and pan-frying LF increased by 4.92 and 9.7 fold with blanching and pan-frying respectively in comparison with uncooked LF.


CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of the cooking method, Ligularia fischeri exhibited potent inhibition of NO production through expression of iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssang mun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. h-sook@hanmail.net.
Hee-Sook
HS
Park
Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssang mun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. hye6814@nate.com.
Hye-Young
HY
Choi
Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssang mun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ghkim@duksung.ac.kr.
Gun-Hee
GH
Kim
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D002470:Cell Survival; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D028321:Plant Preparations; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone