Health care worker hand hygiene in the pediatric special care unit at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda: a best practice implementation project.
BACKGROUND
The hands of a health care worker are a common vehicle of pathogen transmission in hospital settings. Health care worker hand hygiene is therefore critical for patients' well being. Whilst failure of health care workers to comply with the best hand hygiene practice is a problem in all health care settings, issues of lack of access to adequate cleaning equipment and in some cases even running water make practicing good hand hygiene particularly difficult in low-resource developing country settings. This study reports an audit and feedback project that focused on the hand hygiene of the health care worker in the pediatric special care unit of the Mulago National Referral Hospital, which is a low-resource setting in Uganda.


OBJECTIVE
To improve hand hygiene among health care workers in the pediatric special care unit and thereby contribute to reducing transmission of health care worker-associated pathogens.


METHODS
The Joanna Briggs Institute three-phase Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System audit and feedback tool for promoting evidence utilization and change in health care was used. In phase one of the project, stakeholders were engaged and seven evidence-based audit criteria were developed. A baseline audit was then conducted. In phase two, barriers underpinning areas of noncompliance found in the baseline audit were identified and three strategies - education, reminders and provision of hand cleaning equipment - were implemented to overcome them. In phase three, a follow-up audit was conducted.


RESULTS
Compliance with best practice hygiene was found to be poor in the baseline audit for all but one of the audit criteria. Following the implementation of the strategies, hand hygiene improved. The compliance rate increased substantially across all criteria. Staff education achieved 100%, whilst criterion 4 increased to 70%. However, use of alcohol-based hand-rub for hand hygiene only improved to 66%, and for six of the seven audit criteria, compliance remained below 74%.


CONCLUSIONS
The project provides another example of how audit can be used as a tool to improve health practice, even in a low-resource setting. At the same time, it showed how difficult it is to achieve compliance with best hand hygiene practice in a low-resource hospital. The project highlights the importance of continued education/awareness raising on the importance of good hand hygiene practice as well as investment in infrastructure and cleaning supplies for achieving and sustaining good hand hygiene among workers in a low-resource hospital setting. A key contribution of the project was the legacy it left in the form of knowledge about how to use audit and feedback as a tool to promote the best practice. A similar project has been implemented in the maternity ward at the hospital and further audits are planned.
1School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda 2NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Aboriginal Chronic Disease Knowledge Translation and Exchange, School of Translational Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia.
Christine
C
Muhumuza
Judith Streak
JS
Gomersall
Makumbi E
ME
Fredrick
Lynn
L
Atuyambe
Christopher
C
Okiira
Aggrey
A
Mukose
John
J
Ssempebwa
D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014454:Uganda