Relationship between subjective halitosis and psychological factors.
OBJECTIVE
Subjective halitosis is a growing concern in the fields of dentistry and psychology. This study was designed to determine the association between subjective halitosis and contributing psychological factors.


METHODS
Data for this cross-sectional study were gathered from 4,763 participants who had answered questions on subjective halitosis and psychological factors (depression, anxiety, stress and personality traits) in the study on the epidemiology of psychological, alimentary health and nutrition (SEPAHAN). Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis.


RESULTS
The mean age of all subjects was 36.58 years; and the majority of subjects were female (55.8%), married (81.2%) and graduates (57.2%). The prevalence of subjective halitosis was 52.8%. The majority of subjects with the complaint of subjective halitosis were married (P<0.001) and young (P=0.07). Participants with subjective halitosis were significantly more anxious [odds ratio (OR)=1.76, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.38-2.24], stressed (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.17-1.71) and depressed (OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.57). Among personality traits, neuroticism was a risk factor (tertile 1 vs. tertile 2: OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.09-1.51; and tertile 1 vs. tertile 3: OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.43-2.13) and conscientiousness was revealed to be a protective factor (tertile 1 vs. tertile 2: OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.70-0.98; and tertile 1 vs. tertile 3: OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80).


CONCLUSIONS
It seems that psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression and stress, as well as some personality traits, can be considered as risk factors for subjective halitosis. Multidisciplinary efforts by dental and psychological professionals must be considered to address this problem.
Endodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Armita
A
Vali
Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Hamidreza
H
Roohafza
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Ammar Hassanzadeh
AH
Keshteli
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental School, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Parastoo
P
Afghari
Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Mohamad
M
Javad Shirani
Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Hamid
H
Afshar
Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Omid
O
Savabi
Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Peyman
P
Adibi
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001290:Attitude; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
Behavioural science; halitosis; oral hygiene