Increasing source-to-image distance to reduce radiation dose from digital radiography pelvic examinations.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of increasing source-to-image distance (SID) on radiation dose and image quality for digital radiography examinations of the pelvis.


METHODS
Using a Carestream DirectView DR 7500 unit, anteroposterior pelvic images were obtained on 97 consecutive patients at a standard 115-cm SID (group 1). Ninety-nine patients were examined using the same equipment and acquisition parameters but with the maximum achievable SID (group 2). For each examination, tube potential, milliampere seconds, SID, and source-to-skin distances were recorded. This facilitated the calculation of entrance surface dose, including backscatter, and effective dose using Quality Assurance Dose Data System software. The resultant images were independently assessed for image quality by 3 blinded observers-2 reporting radiographers and 1 consultant radiologist. Image quality was graded using an established scoring system, which assessed image quality at multiple anatomical locations.


RESULTS
For group 1, median (interquartile range [IQR]; the median value is presented with the corresponding interquartile range in parentheses) entrance surface dose with backscatter was 1.95 mGy (1.23 mGy-3.10 mGy), which was lower by 1.15 mGy (0.78 mGy-2.22 mGy) for the increased SID group (22 patients at 135 cm, 77 patients at 144 cm) (Mann-Whitney U test, P < .001). Effective dose calculations generated a median (IQR) of 0.32 mSv (0.13 mSv-0.52 mSv) for group 1 and a lower median of 0.19 mSv (0.13 mSv-0.37 mSv) for group 2 (P < .001). No observers (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.675) found a significant change in image quality by increasing SID (group 1, 2.0 ± 1.8; group 2, 1.6 ± 1.4; P > .05) when comparing the difference in image quality scores with the maximum score available.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate a reduction in entrance surface dose, including backscatter and effective dose, of 39% and 41%, respectively, when operating at extended SIDs. Results were generated from a clinically based study and included a wide spectrum of patients. Multiple regression confirmed that increasing the SID contributes to a dose reduction. Increasing SID is a simple and cost-effective method for reducing radiation dose and can be applied to all patients by all radiographers and with all commercially available digital radiography units.


CONCLUSIONS
For digital pelvic radiography, increasing SID is a potential method for reducing entrance surface and effective radiation doses without compromising image quality.
Andrew
A
England
Paula
P
Evans
Louise
L
Harding
Elizabeth M
EM
Taylor
Paul
P
Charnock
Gary
G
Williams
D006801:Humans; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000379:methods