Cell-based bone regeneration for alveolar ridge augmentation--cell source, endogenous cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function.
Alveolar ridge plays a pivotal role in supporting dental prosthesis particularly in edentulous and semi-dentulous patients. However the alveolar ridge undergoes atrophic change after tooth loss. The vertical and horizontal volume of the alveolar ridge restricts the design of dental prosthesis; thus, maintaining sufficient alveolar ridge volume is vital for successful oral rehabilitation. Recent progress in regenerative approaches has conferred marked benefits in prosthetic dentistry, enabling regeneration of the atrophic alveolar ridge. In order to achieve successful alveolar ridge augmentation, sufficient numbers of osteogenic cells are necessary; therefore, autologous osteoprogenitor cells are isolated, expanded in vitro, and transplanted to the specific anatomical site where the bone is required. Recent studies have gradually elucidated that transplanted osteoprogenitor cells are not only a source of bone forming osteoblasts, they appear to play multiple roles, such as recruitment of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells and immunomodulatory function, at the forefront of bone regeneration. This review focuses on the current consensus of cell-based bone augmentation therapies with emphasis on cell sources, transplanted cell survival, endogenous stem cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function of transplanted osteoprogenitor cells. Furthermore, if we were able to control the mobilization of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells, large-scale surgery may no longer be necessary. Such treatment strategy may open a new era of safer and more effective alveolar ridge augmentation treatment options.
Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. Electronic address: kakum@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp.
Masaru
M
Kaku
Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Yosuke
Y
Akiba
Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
Kentaro
K
Akiyama
Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
Daisuke
D
Akita
Department of Oral Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Masahiro
M
Nishimura
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology*; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D010012:Osteogenesis
C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12
Alveolar ridge; Bone augmentation; Bone regeneration; Cell transplantation; Endogenous cell mobilization; Immunomodulatory function; Mesenchymal stem cell