Training in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery: Assessment of the Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Workforce in North America.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate the current status of Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) Surgery workforce in North America.


BACKGROUND
HPB fellowships have proliferated, with HPB surgeons entering the field through 3 pathways: transplant surgery, surgical oncology, or HPB surgery training. Impact of this growth is unknown.


METHODS
An anonymous survey was distributed to 654 is used as HPB surgeons from October 2012 to January 2013. Questions evaluated satisfaction with job availability after training and description of current practice. Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 2003 to 2010 was queried to describe the growth of HPB cases in the United States; these data were compared to prior HPB workforce projections performed using 2003 NIS data.


RESULTS
A total of 416 HPB surgeons responded (66%). HPB surgeons are concentrated in a small number of states/provinces with a lack of HPB surgeon workforce in central United States. HPB graduates from 2008 to 2012 report increased difficulty in identifying an HPB-focused practice versus prior to 2008. Mature HPB surgery practices report a composition of 25% to 50% non-HPB operative cases. Fifty-one percent of respondents reported an opinion that current HPB Surgeon production was excessive; however, 2010 NIS data demonstrate that major HPB surgery cases have grown significantly more than was previously projected using 2003 NIS data.


CONCLUSIONS
A cohesive strategy for responsibly responding to the HPB surgical workforce requirements of North America is needed. Elevation of training standards, standardization of requirements for certification, and careful modeling that accounts for regionalization of care should be pursued to prevent overtraining and decentralization of HPB surgical care in the future.
*Departments of Surgery and Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI †Department of Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA ‡Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI §Department of Surgery, Methodist Hospital Dallas, TX ¶Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada ||Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada **Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI ††Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
Rebecca M
RM
Minter
Adnan
A
Alseidi
Johnny C
JC
Hong
D Rohan
DR
Jeyarajah
Paul D
PD
Greig
Elijah
E
Dixon
Jyothi R
JR
Thumma
Timothy M
TM
Pawlik
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D005260:Female; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration; D066231:Surgeons / Q000193:education / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce