Psychosocial development of full term singletons, born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) at preschool age and family functioning: a prospective case-controlled study and multi-informant approach.
OBJECTIVE
Do full term singletons born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) differ in their psychosocial functioning from children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and spontaneous conceived controls (SC)?


CONCLUSIONS
The psychosocial maturation process of 5-6-year-old PGD children is comparable between the three conception groups (PGD, ICSI and SC).


BACKGROUND
In general, a lot of research has been published regarding follow-up of children born after artificial reproductive technologies (ART), which mainly is reassuring. But the ART population itself is marked by broad diversity [IVF, ICSI, gamete donation, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) or PGD] which complicates comparisons. Some literature concerning the socio-emotional development of PGD/PGS children is available and it suggests a normal maturation process. However, the complex reality of PGD families (e.g. safety of the technique and psychological burden of genetic histories) asks for an exclusive PGD sample with matched control groups and a multi-informant approach.


METHODS
Between April 2011 and May 2013, the psychosocial wellbeing of preschoolers and their families born after PGD was assessed in a prospective case-controlled, matched follow-up study, with a multi-informant approach.


METHODS
A group of 47 PGD, 50 ICSI and 55 SC 5-6-year-old children participated in a follow-up study performed at the Centre for Medical Genetics of the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel). Assessments took place in the hospital and in kindergartens. Children performed the Bene-Anthony family relations test (FRT), yielding their perceptions upon family relationships. Parents and teachers completed the child behaviour checklist (CBCL) and Caregiver Teacher Report Form (C-/TRF), respectively. Parental and family functioning were measured by the NEO-FFi, the parenting stress index (PSI), the Greenberger Work-Parenting Investment Questionnaire and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). Statistical analysis was performed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).


RESULTS
No differences were detected between the psychosocial development of PGD children and the control groups. Parents did not differ in reporting problem behaviour and they were stricter than teachers. Concerning family functioning the ART parents scored comparable with each other. PGD and ICSI mothers were emotionally more stable [NEO-FFi Neuroticism/emotionality: P = 0.013, η(2) = 0.066; 95% confidence interval (CI) 95% (0.003;0.148)]. They experienced less parental stress in general [PSI, Total stress: P = 0.001, η(2) = 0.102, 95% CI (0.02;0.192)] and on different sublevels opposed to their SC counterparts. Yet ART mothers presented higher ratings on the NEO-FFi Conscientiousness [P = 0.011, η(2) = 0.064; 95% CI (0.003;0.144)] indicating a higher feeling of competence and goal directedness. Mediation analysis confirmed: PGD and ICSI mothers who experienced less family stress were emotionally more stable. A power analysis indicated that a sample with 152 children is sufficient to detect a medium size effect with 80% power using ANCOVA.


CONCLUSIONS
The current sample comprised only Dutch speaking Caucasians, hence conclusions should be drawn cautiously. Future research should include larger groups, prematures, multiples and children from different cultural backgrounds.


CONCLUSIONS
This current research is the first to compare PGD preschoolers with matched controls. Concerns about the behavioural effects on the offspring should not inhibit the use of PGD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that on the long run ART procedures might enhance personal resources of women to cope with family stress. These findings are reassuring for women who might feel insecure and anxious during their ART trajectory.


BACKGROUND
This research project gained funding from the OZR (a grant by the Research group of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel), the FWO (Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) and the Wetenschappelijk Fonds Willy Gepts. The UZ Brussel and the Centre of Medical Genetics received funding from pharmaceutical firms for data collection. UZ Brussel and the Centre for Medical Genetics have received many educational grants for organizing the data collection, from IBSA, Ferring, Organon, Shering-Plough, Merck and Merck Belgium. M.B. has received consultancy and speaker's fees from Organon, Serono Symposia and Merck. The other authors have no competing interests.


BACKGROUND
not applicable.
Department of Developmental and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction - Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium christiane.winter@uzbrussel.be.
C
C
Winter
Artesis, Plantijn Hogeschool, Lange Nieuwstraat 101, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium.
F
F
Van Acker
Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction - Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium.
M
M
Bonduelle
Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction - Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium.
S
S
Desmyttere
Department of Developmental and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction - Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussel, Belgium.
J
J
Nekkebroeck
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
children; families; follow-up; preimplantation genetic diagnosis; psychosocial development