Host-microbe interactions in distal airways: relevance to chronic airway diseases.
This article is the summary of a workshop, which took place in November 2013, on the roles of microorganisms in chronic respiratory diseases. Until recently, it was assumed that lower airways were sterile in healthy individuals. However, it has long been acknowledged that microorganisms could be identified in distal airway secretions from patients with various respiratory diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and other chronic airway diseases (e.g. post-transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans). These microorganisms were sometimes considered as infectious agents that triggered host immune responses and contributed to disease onset and/or progression; alternatively, microorganisms were often considered as colonisers, which were considered unlikely to play roles in disease pathophysiology. These concepts were developed at a time when the identification of microorganisms relied on culture-based methods. Importantly, the majority of microorganisms cannot be cultured using conventional methods, and the use of novel culture-independent methods that rely on the identification of microorganism genomes has revealed that healthy distal airways display a complex flora called the airway microbiota. The present article reviews some aspects of current literature on host-microbe (mostly bacteria and viruses) interactions in healthy and diseased airways, with a special focus on distal airways.
Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Clémence
C
Martin
Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France pierre-regis.burgel@cch.aphp.fr.
Pierre-Régis
PR
Burgel
UMR1913-Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Patricia
P
Lepage
Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud, Amiens, France.
Claire
C
Andréjak
Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Jacques
J
de Blic
Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Arnaud
A
Bourdin
Dept of Pediatrics, CHU de Caen, Research Unit EA 4655 U2RM, Caen, France.
Jacques
J
Brouard
Dépt des Maladies Respiratoires, AP-HM, Laboratoire d'immunologie INSERM CNRS U 1067, UMR 7733, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
Pascal
P
Chanez
Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France.
Jean-Charles
JC
Dalphin
Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.
Gaetan
G
Deslée
Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France.
Antoine
A
Deschildre
Unité de défense innée et inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France INSERM U874, Paris, France.
Philippe
P
Gosset
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.
Lhousseine
L
Touqui
Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Daniel
D
Dusser
D001249:Asthma / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000382:microbiology; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D064307:Microbiota; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*