Do the mechanical and chemical properties of InvisalignTM appliances change after use? A retrieval analysis.
To investigate the mechanical and chemical alterations of Invisalign appliances after intraoral aging.



Samples of Invisalign appliances (Align Technology, San Jose, California, USA) were collected following routine treatment for a mean period of 44±15 days (group INV), whereas unused aligners of the same brand were used as reference (group REF). A small sample from the central incisors region was cut from each appliance and the buccal surface was analysed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy (n = 5). Then the appliances were cut (n = 25) and embedded in acrylic resin, ground/polished in a grinding polishing machine, and the prepared surfaces were subjected to Instrumented Indentation Testing under 4.9 N load. Force-indentation depth curves were recorded for each group and the following parameters were calculated according to ISO 14577-1; 2002 specification: indentation modulus (EIT), elastic to total work ratio also known as elastic index (ηIT), Martens Hardness (HM), and indentation creep (CIT) The mean values of the mechanical properties were statistically analysed by unpaired t-test (a = 0.05).



ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the urethane based structure of the appliances, without important chemical differences attributed to the aging process. INV group showed significantly lower EIT(REF: 2466±20, INV: 2216±168MPa), HM (REF: 119±1, INV: 110±6 N mm-2) and higher ηIT(REF: 40.0±0.3, INV: 41.5±1.2%), and CIT(REF: 3.7±0.2 INV: 4.0±0.1%). The increase in ηITindicates that INV is a more brittle than REF, whereas the increase in CIT, a decrease in creep resistance.



Despite the lack of detectable chemical changes, intraoral aging adversely affected the mechanical properties of the Invisalign appliance.
*Section of Orthodontics, Division of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
T
T
Gerard Bradley
*Section of Orthodontics, Division of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Lauren
L
Teske
**Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and.
George
G
Eliades
**Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and.
Spiros
S
Zinelis
***Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland theodore.eliades@zzm.uzh.ch.
Theodore
T
Eliades
D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004548:Elasticity; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003764:Dental Materials