Prognostic utility of vitamin D in acute coronary syndrome patients in coastal Norway.
BACKGROUND
An inverse relationship between cardiovascular risk and levels of vitamin D and omega-3 index may exist.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prognostic utility of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in 871 patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to assess the seasonal correlation between 25(OH)D and the omega-3 index in 456 ACS patients from southwestern Norway.


RESULTS
In the univariate analysis the hazard ratio (HR) at 2-year follow-up for all-cause mortality in the highest as compared to the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D in the total population was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-1.00), P = 0.050. At 7-year follow-up, the corresponding HR for all-cause mortality was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.49-0.90), P = 0.008, and for females alone 0.51 (95% CI, 0.32-0.83), P = 0.006. Quartile survival did not differ in the multivariable analysis, whereas 25(OH)D < 40 nM (<16 ng/mL) was found to be independently related to mortality. Seasonal differences in 25(OH)D, but not for the omega-3 index, were noted, and the two biomarkers were positively correlated, especially during winter-spring; Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.358, P < 0.001.


CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D levels are related to survival, especially in females, and correlate with the omega-3 index.
Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Patrycja A
PA
Naesgaard
Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Volker
V
Pönitz
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Hildegunn
H
Aarsetoey
Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Trygve
T
Brügger-Andersen
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Heidi
H
Grundt
Department of Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics (LLC), Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
William S
WS
Harris
Sigma Statistical Services, Balmullo, UK.
Harry
H
Staines
Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Dennis W T
DW
Nilsen
D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D