Erectile dysfunction as a marker for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and intervention: a cost analysis.
BACKGROUND
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examine the costs of screening men with ED for CVD risk factors and the cost savings of treating these at risk men.


OBJECTIVE
This study aims to evaluate the effect of screening men presenting with ED for CVD risk factors and to determine the cost effectiveness of this screening protocol.


METHODS
The known incidence and prevalence of ED and CVD, the rate of undiagnosed CVD, and the effects of CVD treatment were used to model the change in prevalence of acute CVD events and ED as a function of the number of men with ED and CVD. The cost savings associated with reduction in acute cardiovascular (CV) events and ED prevalence was estimated over 20 years.


METHODS
Acute CVD event rate reduction and associated cost savings were modeled over 20 years.


RESULTS
The relative risk of ED in men with CVD is 1.47 and the coprevalence of both ED and CVD was estimated at 1,991,520 men. Approximately 44% of men with CVD risk factors are unaware of their risk. If all men presenting with ED were screened for CVD, 5.8 million men with previously unknown CVD risk factors would be identified over 20 years, costing $2.7 billion to screen. Assuming a 20% decrease in CV events as a result of screening and treatment, 1.1 million cardiovascular events would be avoided, saving $21.3 billion over 20 years. Similarly, 1.1 million cases of ED would be treated, saving $9.7 billion. Together, the reduction in acute CVD and ED treatment cost would save $28.5 billion over 20 years.


CONCLUSIONS
Screening for CVD in men presenting with ED can be a cost-effective intervention for secondary prevention of both CVD and, over the longer term, ED.
Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Alexander W
AW
Pastuszak
Daniel A
DA
Hyman
Naveen
N
Yadav
Guilherme
G
Godoy
Larry I
LI
Lipshultz
Andre B
AB
Araujo
Mohit
M
Khera
D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids
Cardiovascular Disease; Cardiovascular Disease Treatment; Cardiovascular Risk Factors; Cost Analysis; Erectile Dysfunction; Erectile Dysfunction Treatment