Modeling Population Exposures to Silver Nanoparticles Present in Consumer Products.
Exposures of the general population to manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) are expected to keep rising due to increasing use of MNPs in common consumer products (PEN 2014). The present study focuses on characterizing ambient and indoor population exposures to silver MNPs (nAg). For situations where detailed, case-specific exposure-related data are not available, as in the present study, a novel tiered modeling system, Prioritization/Ranking of Toxic Exposures with GIS (Geographic Information System) Extension (PRoTEGE), has been developed: it employs a product Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach coupled with basic human Life Stage Analysis (LSA) to characterize potential exposures to chemicals of current and emerging concern. The PRoTEGE system has been implemented for ambient and indoor environments, utilizing available MNP production, usage, and properties databases, along with laboratory measurements of potential personal exposures from consumer spray products containing nAg. Modeling of environmental and microenvironmental levels of MNPs employs Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis combined with product LCA to account for releases during manufacturing, transport, usage, disposal, etc. Human exposure and dose characterization further employs screening Microenvironmental Modeling and Intake Fraction methods combined with LSA for potentially exposed populations, to assess differences associated with gender, age, and demographics. Population distributions of intakes, estimated using the PRoTEGE framework, are consistent with published individual-based intake estimates, demonstrating that PRoTEGE is capable of capturing realistic exposure scenarios for the US population. Distributions of intakes are also used to calculate biologically-relevant population distributions of uptakes and target tissue doses through human airway dosimetry modeling that takes into account product MNP size distributions and age-relevant physiological parameters.
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Steven G
SG
Royce
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Dwaipayan
D
Mukherjee
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Ting
T
Cai
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Shu S
SS
Xu
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Jocelyn A
JA
Alexander
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Zhongyuan
Z
Mi
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Leonardo
L
Calderon
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Gediminas
G
Mainelis
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
KiBum
K
Lee
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Paul J
PJ
Lioy
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Teresa D
TD
Tetley
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Kian Fan
KF
Chung
Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Junfeng
J
Zhang
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA ; Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Panos G
PG
Georgopoulos
PRoTEGE; consumer products; engineered nanomaterials; life cycle analysis; life stage analysis; manufactured nanoparticles; silver nanoparticles