Chloramphenicol use and susceptibility patterns in Israel: a national survey.
BACKGROUND
Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance, there has been renewed interest in old drugs that have fallen into disuse because of toxic side effects. One such drug is chloramphenicol. Data on the use and susceptibility patterns to chloramphenicol in developed countries in recent years are limited.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the susceptibility of bacteria to chloramphenicol, and evaluate the use of chloramphenicol in Israeli hospitals as influenced by infectious disease specialists' attitudes with regard to its potential harms.


METHODS
A national survey was conducted in all Israeli hospitals. Questionnaires were sent to the directors of infectious disease units and included items on chloramphenicol susceptibility in clinical isolates, use of chloramphenicol for the treatment of inpatients, local recommendations for use of chloramphenicol, and concerns regarding side effects.


RESULTS
Chloramphenicol is used in 83.3% of hospitals, mostly for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia. While 22.2% of infectious disease unit directors believe that chloramphenicol should be avoided because of dangerous side effects, 88.9% believe there is a place for chloramphenicol in the treatment of patients in this era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Chloramphenicol susceptibility is routinely assessed in 44.4% of hospitals, with high susceptibility rates found among gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.


CONCLUSIONS
In an era of increasing antibiotic resistance, many Israeli infectious disease unit directors believe that chloramphenicol has a role in the treatment of respiratory tract and other infections in hospitalized patients.
Orna
O
Nitzan
Yoram
Y
Kennes
Raul
R
Colodner
Walid
W
Saliba
Hana
H
EdelsteinI
Raul
R
Raz
Bibiana
B
Chazan
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003625:Data Collection; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002701:Chloramphenicol