Adherence to cancer prevention guidelines and cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and total mortality: a prospective cohort study.
BACKGROUND
Several health agencies have issued guidelines promoting behaviors to reduce chronic disease risk; however, little is known about the impact of such guidelines, particularly on cancer incidence.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine whether greater adherence to the American Cancer Society (ACS) cancer prevention guidelines is associated with a reduction in cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and total mortality.


METHODS
The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 566,401 adults aged 50-71 y at recruitment in 1995-1996, was followed for a median of 10.5 y for cancer incidence, 12.6 y for cancer mortality, and 13.6 y for total mortality. Participants who reported a history of cancer or who had missing data were excluded, yielding 476,396 subjects for analysis. We constructed a 5-level score measuring adherence to ACS guidelines, which included baseline body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, and several aspects of diet. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute HRs and 95% CIs for the association of the adherence score with cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and total mortality. All analyses included fine adjustment for cigarette smoking.


RESULTS
Among 476,396 participants, 73,784 incident first cancers, 16,193 cancer deaths, and 81,433 deaths from all causes were identified in the cohort. Adherence to ACS guidelines was associated with reduced risk of all cancers combined: HRs (95% CIs) for the highest compared with the lowest level of adherence were 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) in men and 0.81 (0.77, 0.84) in women. Fourteen of 25 specific cancer sites showed a reduction in risk associated with increased adherence. Adherence was also associated with reduced cancer mortality [HRs (95% CIs) were 0.75 (0.70, 0.80) in men and 0.76 (0.70, 0.83) in women] and reduced all-cause mortality [HRs (95% CIs) were 0.74 (0.72, 0.76) in men and 0.67 (0.65, 0.70) in women].


CONCLUSIONS
In both men and women, adherence to the ACS guidelines was associated with reductions in all-cancer incidence and the incidence of cancer at specific sites, as well as with reductions in cancer mortality and total mortality. These data suggest that, after accounting for cigarette smoking, adherence to a set of healthy behaviors may have considerable health benefits.
From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (GCK, VK, and TER); the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (CEM); and AARP, Washington, DC (ARH).
Geoffrey C
GC
Kabat
From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (GCK, VK, and TER); the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (CEM); and AARP, Washington, DC (ARH).
Charles E
CE
Matthews
From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (GCK, VK, and TER); the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (CEM); and AARP, Washington, DC (ARH).
Victor
V
Kamensky
From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (GCK, VK, and TER); the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (CEM); and AARP, Washington, DC (ARH).
Albert R
AR
Hollenbeck
From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (GCK, VK, and TER); the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (CEM); and AARP, Washington, DC (ARH).
Thomas E
TE
Rohan
D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000570:American Cancer Society; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003255:Consumer Organizations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
body mass index; cancer incidence; cancer prevention guidelines; diet; physical activity