Quantitative sodium MRI of kidney.
One of the main tasks of the human kidneys is to maintain the homeostasis of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration of the plasma and excretion of the end products. Herein, the regulation of extracellular sodium in the kidney is of particular importance. Sodium MRI ((23)Na MRI) allows for the absolute quantification of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) and thereby provides a direct link between TSC and tissue viability. Renal (23)Na MRI can provide new insights into physiological tissue function and viability thought to differ from the information obtained by standard (1)H MRI. Sodium imaging has the potential to become an independent surrogate biomarker not only for renal imaging, but also for oncology indications. However, this technique is now on the threshold of clinical implementation. Numerous, initial pre-clinical and clinical studies have already outlined the potential of this technique; however, future studies need to be extended to larger patient groups to show the diagnostic outcome. In conclusion, (23)Na MRI is seen as a powerful technique with the option to establish a non-invasive renal biomarker for tissue viability, but is still a long way from real clinical implementation.
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Frank G
FG
Zöllner
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.|MR-Imaging and Spectroscopy, Faculty 01 (Physics/Electrical Engineering), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Simon
S
Konstandin
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Jonathan
J
Lommen
Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Johannes
J
Budjan
Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Stefan O
SO
Schoenberg
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
Lothar R
LR
Schad
Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.|Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Stefan
S
Haneder
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012975:Sodium Isotopes
D012975:Sodium Isotopes; D012964:Sodium
clinical; kidney; pre-clinical; review; sodium MRI