Toxicity induced by Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 in zebrafish larvae.
Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 are classified as carcinogenic dyes in the European textile ecology standard, despite insufficient toxicity data. In this study, the toxicity of these dyes was assessed in a zebrafish model, and the underlying toxic mechanisms were investigated. Basic Violet 14 and Direct Red 28 showed acute toxicity with a LC50 value at 60.63 and 476.84 µg ml(-1) , respectively, whereas the LC50 of Acid Red 26 was between 2500 and 2800 µg ml(-1) . Treatment with Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 resulted in common developmental abnormalities including delayed yolk sac absorption and swimming bladder deflation. Hepatotoxicity was observed in zebrafish treated with Basic Violet 14, and cardiovascular toxicity was found in zebrafish treated with Acid Red 26 at concentrations higher than 2500 µg ml(-1) . Basic Violet 14 also caused significant up-regulation of GCLC gene expression in a dose-dependent manner whereas Acid Red 26 induced significant up-regulation of NKX2.5 and down-regulation of GATA4 at a high concentration in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 induce developmental and organ-specific toxicity, and oxidative stress may play a role in the hepatotoxicity of Basic Violet 14, the suppressed GATA4 expression may have a relation to the cardiovascular toxicity of Acid Red 26.
College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Jiaxing Entry-exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
Bing
B
Shen
Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, 311231, China.
Hong-Cui
HC
Liu
Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314006, China.|College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
Wen-Bin
WB
Ou
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Grant
G
Eilers
College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
Sheng-Mei
SM
Zhou
Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314006, China.
Fan-Guo
FG
Meng
Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, 311231, China.
Chun-Qi
CQ
Li
College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
Yong-Quan
YQ
Li
D023401:Animal Use Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D003224:Congo Red / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
D001391:Azo Compounds; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D003224:Congo Red; C025485:basic fuchsin; C015476:ponceau MX
Acid Red 26; Basic Violet 14; Direct Red 28; toxicity; zebrafish