Comparing the Efficacy of Ophthalmic NSAIDs in Common Indications: A Literature Review to Support Cost-effective Prescribing.
OBJECTIVE
To review the commercially available ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), identify opportunities for therapeutic substitutions within and outside of their Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications, and identify clinically superior drugs within the class for specific indications.


METHODS
A PubMed search (1992 through January 2014) was performed on the terms diclofenac, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, bromfenac, and nepafenac.


METHODS
Clinical trials, meta-analyses, and review articles were evaluated if they were written in English and pertained to human subjects. Studies were excluded if they were in vitro studies, solely evaluated pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties, did not relate to the topical ophthalmic route, did not evaluate the FDA-approved indications of any available ophthalmic NSAID, or compared a reviewed drug with a nonreviewed drug (without placebo comparison).


RESULTS
A total of 67 articles met the criteria for evaluation. Article quality, study design, and dosing of the medications were assessed to determine the clinical applicability of the results. The quality of the article was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence 1.


CONCLUSIONS
Many formulations of the 5 reviewed NSAIDs have been studied across the 4 primary indications. These indications are (1) pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery, (2) pain associated with corneal refractive surgery, (3) inhibition of intraoperative miosis, and (4) seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Several studies have directly compared drugs within this class and have identified instances in which certain selections are therapeutically superior or equivalent to another. This information provides practitioners with guidance in selecting an optimal medication.
JFK Medical Center, Atlantis, FL, USA danielwilson938@gmail.com.
Daniel J
DJ
Wilson
St Mary's Medical Center, Evansville, IN, USA.
Scott M
SM
Schutte
Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Steven R
SR
Abel
D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Acular; Acuvail; Bromday; Ilevro; NSAID; Nevanac; Ocufen; Prolensa; Voltaren; Xibrom; bromfenac; diclofenac; flurbiprofen; ketorolac; nepafenac; ocular; ophthalmic