Uptake of cadmium by rice grown on contaminated soils and its bioavailability/toxicity in human cell lines (Caco-2/HL-7702).
Cadmium (Cd) enters the food chain from polluted soils via contaminated cereals and vegetables; therefore, an understanding of Cd bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and toxicity in humans through rice grain is needed. This study assessed the Cd bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and toxicity to humans from rice grown on Cd-contaminated soils using an in vitro digestion method combined with a Caco-2/HL-7702 cell model. Cadmium bioaccessibility (18.45-30.41%) and bioavailability (4.04-8.62%) were found to be significantly higher in yellow soil (YS) rice than calcareous soil (CS) rice with the corresponding values of 6.89-11.43 and 1.77-2.25%, respectively. Toxicity assays showed an initial toxicity in YS rice at 6 mg kg(-1) Cd, whereas CS rice did not show any significant change due to low Cd concentrations. The acidic soils of Cd-contaminated areas can contribute to a higher dietary intake of Cd. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor Cd concentration in rice to minimize human health risk.
†Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Rukhsanda
R
Aziz
†Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.|‡Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Muhammad Tariq
MT
Rafiq
†Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Tingqiang
T
Li
†Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Di
D
Liu
§Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, United States.
Zhenli
Z
He
§Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, United States.
P J
PJ
Stoffella
⊥Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China.
Kewang
K
Sun
†Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Yang
Y
Xiaoe
D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
Cd; bioaccessibility; bioavailability; dietary toxicity; human health risk; rice