Simulation and resident education in spinal neurosurgery.
BACKGROUND
A host of factors have contributed to the increasing use of simulation in neurosurgical resident education. Although the number of simulation-related publications has increased exponentially over the past two decades, no studies have specifically examined the role of simulation in resident education in spinal neurosurgery.


METHODS
We performed a structured search of several databases to identify articles detailing the use of simulation in spinal neurosurgery education in an attempt to catalogue potential applications for its use.


RESULTS
A brief history of simulation in medicine is given, followed by current trends of spinal simulation utilization in residency programs. General themes from the literature are identified that are integral for implementing simulation into neurosurgical residency curriculum. Finally, various applications are reported.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of simulation in spinal neurosurgery education is not as ubiquitous in comparison to other neurosurgical subspecialties, but many promising methods of simulation are available for augmenting resident education.
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3021, Kansas City, KS, USA.
Parker E
PE
Bohm
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3021, Kansas City, KS, USA.
Paul M
PM
Arnold
Neurosurgery; resident education; simulation; training; virtual reality