Reliable quantification of phthalates in environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil): a review.
Because of their widespread application, phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Their presence has attracted considerable attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystem functioning and on public health, so their quantification has become a necessity. Various extraction procedures as well as gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection techniques are found as suitable for reliable detection of such compounds. However, PAEs are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment including ambient air, reagents, sampling equipment, and various analytical devices, that induces difficult analysis of real samples with a low PAE background. Therefore, accurate PAE analysis in environmental matrices is a challenging task. This paper reviews the extensive literature data on the techniques for PAE quantification in natural media. Sampling, sample extraction/pretreatment and detection for quantifying PAEs in different environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil) have been reviewed and compared. The concept of "green analytical chemistry" for PAE determination is also discussed. Moreover useful information about the material preparation and the procedures of quality control and quality assurance are presented to overcome the problem of sample contamination and these encountered due to matrix effects in order to avoid overestimating PAE concentrations in the environment.
Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. Electronic address: sopheak.net@univ-lille1.fr.
Sopheak
S
Net
Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France.
Anne
A
Delmont
Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France.
Richard
R
Sempéré
Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France.
Andrea
A
Paluselli
Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
Baghdad
B
Ouddane
D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; C032279:phthalic acid
DEHP; Derivatization; Environmental matrices; Extraction; GC–MS; Green chemistry; LC–MS; Phthalates; Quantification