The cosmetic dye quinoline yellow causes DNA damage in vitro.
Quinoline yellow (QY) is a chinophthalon derivative used in cosmetic compositions for application to the skin, lips, and/or body surface. However, regulatory data about the genotoxicity and/or mutagenicity of this compound are still controversial. Therefore, this work evaluated the genotoxicity of QY using the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-Cyt) in the metabolically competent cell line HepG2, which closely mimics phase I metabolism. This research also identified the products formed after electrochemical oxidation of the QY dye, which simulates hepatic biotransformation. The primary products generated after the oxidation process were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Diode Array Detector (HPLC/DAD), which detected the production of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2-methoxy-5-methylaniline and 4,4'-oxydianiline. The results demonstrated that low (from 0.5 to 20 μg mL(-1)) QY concentrations were genotoxic in HepG2 cells on both assays and those harmful compounds were detected after the oxidation process. Our findings suggest that this colorant could cause harmful effects to humans if it is metabolized or absorbed through the skin.
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. Electronic address: farahchequer@gmail.com.
Farah Maria Drumond
FM
Chequer
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
Vinícius de Paula
Vde P
Venâncio
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
Maíra Rocha
MR
de Souza Prado
Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
Luiz Raimundo
LR
Campos da Silva e Cunha Junior
Instituto de Química. Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Quitandinha 14800-900, Araraquara/SP, Brazil.
Thiago Mescoloto
TM
Lizier
Instituto de Química. Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Quitandinha 14800-900, Araraquara/SP, Brazil.
Maria Valnice Boldrin
MV
Zanoni
Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
Rommel
R
Rodríguez Burbano
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
Maria Lourdes Pires
ML
Bianchi
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
Lusânia Maria Greggi
LM
Antunes
D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011804:Quinolines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003358:Cosmetics; D009153:Mutagens; D011804:Quinolines; C019303:quinoline yellow
Comet assay; Cosmetic dye; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus; Oxidation