Development and evaluation of a culture-independent method for source determination of fecal wastes in surface and storm waters using reverse transcriptase-PCR detection of FRNA coliphage genogroup gene sequences.
A method, incorporating recently improved reverse transcriptase-PCR primer/probe assays and including controls for detecting interferences in RNA recovery and analysis, was developed for the direct, culture-independent detection of genetic markers from FRNA coliphage genogroups I, II & IV in water samples. Results were obtained from an initial evaluation of the performance of this method in analyses of waste water, ambient surface water and stormwater drain and outfall samples from predominantly urban locations. The evaluation also included a comparison of the occurrence of the FRNA genetic markers with genetic markers from general and human-related bacterial fecal indicators determined by current or pending EPA-validated qPCR methods. Strong associations were observed between the occurrence of the putatively human related FRNA genogroup II marker and the densities of the bacterial markers in the stormwater drain and outfall samples. However fewer samples were positive for FRNA coliphage compared to either the general bacterial fecal indicator or the human-related bacterial fecal indicator markers particularly for ambient water samples. Together, these methods show promise as complementary tools for the identification of contaminated storm water drainage systems as well as the determination of human and non-human sources of contamination.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New England Regional Laboratory, North Chelmsford, MA, USA.
Jack
J
Paar
ESAT Contractor-TechLaw, Inc., EPA New England Regional Laboratory, North Chelmsford, MA, USA.
Mark M
MM
Doolittle
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Manju
M
Varma
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Shawn
S
Siefring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Kevin
K
Oshima
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: haugland.rich@epa.gov.
Richard A
RA
Haugland
D000818:Animals; D003090:Coliphages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D014876:Water Pollution
Bacterial fecal indicators; Detection and quantification methods; FRNA coliphage; Genetic markers; Urban stormwater