Distinguishing between overdrive excited and suppressed ventricular beats in guinea pig ventricular myocardium.
Rapid ventricular pacing rates induces two types of beats following pacing cessation: recovery cycle length (RCL) prolongation (overdrive suppression) and RCL shortening (overdrive excitation). The goals of this study were to compare common experimental protocols for studying triggered activity in whole-heart preparations and differentiate between recovery beats using a new methodology. Post-pacing recovery beat cycle length (RCL) and QRS were normalized to pre-paced R-R and QRS intervals and analyzed using a K-means clustering algorithm. Control hearts only produced suppressed beats: RCL ratio increased with rapid pacing (25 ± 4.0%, n = 10) without changing QRS duration. Rapid pacing during hypercalcemia + hypothermia (5.5 mM and 34°C) produced significantly earlier excited beats (53 ± 14%, n = 5) with wider QRS durations (58 ± 6.3%, n = 5) than suppressed beats. Digoxin + hypothermia (0.75 μM) produced the most excited beats with significantly earlier RCL (44 ± 3.2%, n = 6) and wider QRS (60 ± 3.1%, n = 6) ratios relative to suppressed beats. Increasing pacing further shortened RCL (30 ± 7.8%, n = 6). In a prospective study, TTX (100 nM) increased RCL ratio (15 ± 6.0%, n = 10) without changing the QRS duration of excited beats. The algorithm was compared to a cross-correlation analysis with 93% sensitivity and 94% specificity. This ECG based algorithm distinguishes between triggered and automatic activity.
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute Roanoke, VA, USA ; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Amara
A
Greer-Short
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute Roanoke, VA, USA ; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Steven
S
Poelzing
automaticity; digoxin; hypercalcemia; hypothermia; overdrive excitation; overdrive suppression; triggered activity