Antiviral activity of Paulownia tomentosa against enterovirus 71 of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
The bark, leaves, and flowers of Paulownia trees have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. We investigated the antiviral effects of Paulownia tomentosa flowers, an herbal medicine used in some provinces of P. R. China for the treatment of skin rashes and blisters. Dried flowers of P. tomentosa were extracted with methanol and tested for antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CAV16), the predominant etiologic agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in P. R. China. The extract inhibited EV71 infection, although no effect was detected against CAV16 infection. Bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed to identify apigenin as an active component of the flowers. The EC50 value for apigenin to block EV71 infection was 11.0 µM, with a selectivity index of approximately 9.3. Although it is a common dietary flavonoid, only apigenin, and not similar compounds like naringenin and quercetin, were active against EV71 infection. As an RNA virus, the genome of EV71 has an internal ribosome entry site that interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and regulates viral translation. Cross-linking followed by immunoprecipitation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that EV71 RNA was associated with hnRNPs A1 and A2. Apigenin treatment disrupted this association, indicating that apigenin suppressed EV71 replication through a novel mechanism by targeting the trans-acting factors. This study therefore validates the effects of Paulownia against EV71 infection. It also yielded mechanistic insights on apigenin as an active compound for the antiviral activity of P. tomentosa against EV71 infection.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University; 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China; Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, People’s Republic of China.
Ping
P
Ji
Changmai
C
Chen
Yanan
Y
Hu
Zixuan
Z
Zhan
Wei
W
Pan
Rongrong
R
Li
Erguang
E
Li
Hui-Ming
HM
Ge
Guang
G
Yang
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D035264:Flowers; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012367:RNA, Viral; D047310:Apigenin