Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection.
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) constitute the main burden of infectious disease in resource-limited countries. In the individual host, the two pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV, potentiate one another, accelerating the deterioration of immunological functions. In high-burden settings, HIV coinfection is the most important risk factor for developing active TB, which increases the susceptibility to primary infection or reinfection and also the risk of TB reactivation for patients with latent TB. M. tuberculosis infection also has a negative impact on the immune response to HIV, accelerating the progression from HIV infection to AIDS. The clinical management of HIV-associated TB includes the integration of effective anti-TB treatment, use of concurrent antiretroviral therapy (ART), prevention of HIV-related comorbidities, management of drug cytotoxicity, and prevention/treatment of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Unit of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.
Judith
J
Bruchfeld
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal.
Margarida
M
Correia-Neves
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm SE-118 83, Sweden.
Gunilla
G
Källenius
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents