Inflammation and oxidative stress in viper bite: an insight within and beyond.
Though systemic and local manifestations of snakebite are considered serious, the relevance of oxidative stress in viper bite pathology is largely denied. However, over the past decade, studies have provided substantial evidence for the presence of persistent oxidative stress in viper bite victims. This review aims at highlighting the disturbances in redox homeostasis soon after viper envenomation and its implications in the pathomechanism of secondary/long term complications including thrombocytopenia, hypopituitarism, infertility, renal abnormalities and persistent local tissue degradation. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of viper venom play a pivotal role in bringing redox turbulence in victims. Venom-induced hemorrhage and necrosis with subsequent release of damage associated molecular pattern (DAMPs) molecules also contribute to sustained oxidative stress and inflammation. Studies have demonstrated that along with anti-venom therapy an antioxidant treatment during the early stages of viper bite and also long term treatment could help to reduce the occurrence of secondary/long term complications. Further, proper knowledge regarding the pathophysiology will allow for exploration of new avenues in the treatment of viper bite.
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.
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K
Sunitha
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Hemshekhar
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.
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RM
Thushara
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.
M Sebastin
MS
Santhosh
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India.
M Shanmuga
MS
Sundaram
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India. Electronic address: kemparajuom@gmail.com.
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Kemparaju
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India; Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur 572 103, India. Electronic address: ksgbaboo@gmail.com.
K S
KS
Girish
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*
D000975:Antioxidants; D000997:Antivenins; D014757:Viper Venoms
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); Hyaluronidase; Oxidative stress; SVMPs; Secondary complications; Viper venom