Perioperative surgical complications and learning curve associated with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a single-institute experience.
BACKGROUND
As surgical complications tend to occur more frequently in the beginning stages of a surgeon's career, knowledge of perioperative complications is important to perform a safe procedure, especially if the surgeon is a novice. We sought to identify and describe perioperative complications and their management in connection with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).


METHODS
We performed a retrospective chart review of our first 124 patients who underwent minimally invasive TLIF. The primary outcome measure was adverse events during the perioperative period, including neurovascular injury, implant-related complications, and wound infection. Pseudarthroses and adjacent segment pathologies were not included in this review. Adverse events that were not specifically related to spinal surgery and did not affect recovery were also excluded.


RESULTS
Perioperative complications occurred in 9% of patients (11/124); including three cases of temporary postoperative neuralgia, two deep wound infections, two pedicle screw misplacements, two cage migrations, one dural tear, and one grafted bone extrusion. No neurologic deficits were reported. Eight complications occurred in the first one-third of the series and only 3 complications occurred in the last two-thirds of the series. Additional surgeries were performed in 6% of patients (7/124); including four reoperations (two for cage migrations, one for a misplaced screw, and one for an extruded graft bone fragment) and three hardware removals (one for a misplaced screw and two for infected cages).


CONCLUSIONS
We found perioperative complications occurred more often in the early period of a surgeon's experience with minimally invasive TLIF. Implant-related complications were common and successfully managed by additional surgeries in this series. We suggest greater caution should be exercised to avoid the potential complications, especially when surgeon is a novice to this procedure.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
Yung
Y
Park
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
Soo Bin
SB
Lee
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
Sang Ok
SO
Seok
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
Byung Woo
BW
Jo
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
Joong Won
JW
Ha
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
Complications; Learning curve; Lumbar vertebrae; Minimally invasive; Spine fusion