Long-term toxic effects of deltamethrin and fenvalerante in soil.
In this study, the long-term toxic effects of pyrethroids on the earthworm Eisenia fetida were evaluated. Earthworms were exposed to moist filter paper and soil for 14 days to evaluate the survival, exposed to soil for 56 days to assess the reproductive success and for 28 days to identify the cytotoxicity. Results showed that the earthworm survival rate decreased with increasing the concentration of either deltamethrin or fenvalerate in both filter paper test and soil test. No worms survived at 602.15 μg cm(-2) of deltamethrin and 0.86 μg cm(-2) of fenvalerate in the filter paper test, however 100-125 mg kg(-1) of both chemicals resulted in the maximum mortality of 90% in the soil test. The CYP3A4 enzyme activity responded significantly to deltamethrin and fenvalerante in soil at low concentration levels, however, the toxicity response of worms under the long-term exposure conflicted with the degradation of deltamethrin and fenvalerate in soil, indicating the possible formation of more toxic pyrethroid metabolites. This study gave an insight into the toxicological effects profile of pyrethroids for a better risk assessment of pyrethroids deltamethrin and fenvalerante in soil.
Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: songyufang@iae.ac.cn.
Yufang
Y
Song
Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Jianrong
J
Kai
Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation (Ministry of Education), Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China.
Xueying
X
Song
College of Land and Environment,Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
Wei
W
Zhang
Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Lingling
L
Li
D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C017180:decamethrin; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C017690:fenvalerate
CYP3A4 enzyme activity; Earthworm; Reproduction toxicity; Synthetic pyrethroids