Metabolomics investigation to shed light on cheese as a possible piece in the French paradox puzzle.
An NMR-based metabolomics approach was used to investigate the differentiation between subjects consuming cheese or milk and to elucidate the potential link to an effect on blood cholesterol level. Fifteen healthy young men participated in a full crossover study during which they consumed three isocaloric diets with similar fat contents that were either (i) high in milk, (ii) high in cheese with equal amounts of dairy calcium, or (iii) a control diet for 14 days. Urine and feces samples were collected and analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Cheese and milk consumption decreased urinary choline and TMAO levels and increased fecal excretion of acetate, propionate, and lipid. Compared with milk intake, cheese consumption significantly reduced urinary citrate, creatine, and creatinine levels and significantly increased the microbiota-related metabolites butyrate, hippurate, and malonate. Correlation analyses indicated that microbial and lipid metabolism could be involved in the dairy-induced effects on blood cholesterol level.
†Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
Hong
H
Zheng
†Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
Christian C
CC
Yde
†Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
Morten R
MR
Clausen
§Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Mette
M
Kristensen
§Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Janne
J
Lorenzen
§Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Arne
A
Astrup
†Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
Hanne C
HC
Bertram
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
D002784:Cholesterol
SCFA; TMAO; cholesterol; feces; fermented dairy products; metabolome; urine