Indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children with congenital and acquired heart disease: an expert consensus paper of the Imaging Working Group of the AEPC and the Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Section of the EACVI.
This article provides expert opinion on the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and in specific clinical situations. As peculiar challenges apply to imaging children, paediatric aspects are repeatedly discussed. The first section of the paper addresses settings and techniques, including the basic sequences used in paediatric CMR, safety, and sedation. In the second section, the indication, application, and clinical relevance of CMR in the most frequent CHD are discussed in detail. In the current era of multimodality imaging, the strengths of CMR are compared with other imaging modalities. At the end of each chapter, a brief summary with expert consensus key points is provided. The recommendations provided are strongly clinically oriented. The paper addresses not only imagers performing CMR, but also clinical cardiologists who want to know which information can be obtained by CMR and how to integrate it in clinical decision-making.
1Division of Paediatric Cardiology,Department of Paediatrics and Children's Research Centre,University Children's Hospital Zurich,Steinwiesstrasse 75,8032 Zurich,Switzerland.
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Valsangiacomo Buechel
2The Labatt Family Heart Centre,Department of Paediatrics,The Hospital for Sick Children,University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada.
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Grosse-Wortmann
3Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease,Deutsches Herzzentrum München,Klinikum an der Technischen Universität München,Munich,Germany.
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S
Fratz
4Department of Paediatric,Klinikum Leverkusen,Leverkusen,Germany.
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J
Eichhorn
5Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery,Hannover Medical School,Hannover,Germany.
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Sarikouch
6Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering,Rayne Institute,St Thomas' Hospital,London,UK.
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Greil
8Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine,Children's Hospital,Hannover Medical University,Hannover,Germany.
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Beerbaum
9Department of Cardiology,Bristol Heart Institute,NIHR Bristol Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit,Bristol and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit,Royal Brompton Hospital,NIHR Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit,National Heart and Lung Institute,Imperial College,London,UK.
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Bucciarelli-Ducci
10Division of Cardiology,Timone Children's Hospital,Aix-Marseille University,Marseille,France.
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Bonello
11Department of Paediatric Cardiology,University Children's Hospital,Tuebingen,Germany.
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Sieverding
12Department of Internal Medicine,Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center,University Hospital of Lausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland.
J
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Schwitter
13Department of Paediatrics,Division of Paediatric Cardiology and Radiology,Erasmus University Medical Centre,Sophia Children's Hospital,Rotterdam,The Netherlands.
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Helbing
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032921:Consensus; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000592:standards
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging; Congenital heart disease; Expert consensus paper