Infected cardiac-implantable electronic devices: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, according to current trends, appears to be an increasing problem. It can be indolent and its diagnosis challenging. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections are potentially lethal, and timely diagnosis and early initiation of correct treatment are of highest importance for patient prognosis. For reducing CIED infections, careful patient selection, preventative measures, and appropriate choice of device are key. The current review presents available data and consensus opinion within the field of CIED infection and identifies important current practice points and aspects for future development. Strategies for reducing CIED infection should be tested in sufficiently powered and well-designed multicentre randomized controlled trials.
Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark jenniels@rm.dk cosedis@dadlnet.dk.
Jens Cosedis
JC
Nielsen
Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
Jens Christian
JC
Gerdes
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Niraj
N
Varma
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011300:Preoperative Care; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors
Cardiac implantable electronic device; Diagnosis; Infection; Prevention; Treatment