Body dysmorphic disorder: prevalence and outcomes in an oculofacial plastic surgery practice.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and surgical outcomes of patients with body dysmorphic disorder in an oculofacial surgery practice.


METHODS
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of a consecutive case series.


METHODS
Participants consisted of a consecutive series of 728 patients who completed the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire in an oculofacial surgery practice at The Cole Eye Institute between November 2013 and June 2014. A questionnaire score ≥9 was used as a positive screen for body dysmorphic disorder. Three control patients scoring ≤8 in the same month were randomly selected for each positive-screening patient. Main outcome measures included number of reoperations, surgical complications, and follow-up visits; preoperative and postoperative pain scores; and the technician word count. Categorical variables were analyzed with Pearson χ(2) tests or Fisher exact tests, while continuous variables were analyzed with Wilcoxon rank sum tests or t tests.


RESULTS
A total of 728 patients completed the questionnaire and 50 (6.9%) scored 9 or more. Using a confidence interval of 95%, patients in the positive questionnaire screen group were younger (P = .004), had more eyelid surgeries (P = .007), experienced higher rates of complications after surgery (P = .002), reported higher postoperative pain scores (P = .034), required more reoperations (P = .050), and had a higher technician word count compared to the control group (P = .003).


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in an oculofacial surgical setting matches reports from other surgical specialties, and is significantly higher than in the general population. Patients screening positively for body dysmorphic disorder tend to have higher postoperative pain scores and more postoperative complications.
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Austin J
AJ
Woolley
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: perryj1@ccf.org.
Julian D
JD
Perry
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires