Feeding practices among Indonesian children above six months of age: a literature review on their magnitude and quality (part 1).
BACKGROUND
In Indonesia, 37% of children under-five are stunted, 12% wasted and 12% overweight. Adequate feeding practices among children above 6 months of age are critical to tackle malnutrition. National surveys have been conducted to assess feeding practices but these aggregates hide geographic disparities. While several studies have been conducted in specific country locations to address this gap, no attempt has been made to reconcile available information. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on feeding practices among Indonesian children above six months of age.


METHODS
A literature search was conducted in several databases using combinations of different search terms: feeding, child, Indonesia, MPASI/complementary feeding, gizi/nutrition, factor, determinant, praktek/practices. All documents were reviewed using a three-step procedure to assess content appropriateness and research quality. Available information was analyzed using current recommendations on feeding practices.


RESULTS
Dietary diversity, consumption of iron-rich foods, active feeding and hygiene practices were among the non-optimal feeding practices. Consequently dietary intakes are not fulfilled for several micronutrients. Some feeding practices are worst in younger children. Differences between data from national and site-specific surveys are noted. Overall quality of the surveys needs to be strengthened.


CONCLUSIONS
Generally, child feeding practices are not optimal. Indicators used to assess components of child feeding vary and make inter-survey comparisons challenging. The results also stress the need to investigate the underlying factors to optimal child feeding practices. The results may be used for advocacy of additional resource allocation for effective child feeding promotion programs.
School of Food Sciences, Nutrition and Family Studies, Moncton University de Moncton, Campus de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada; previously affiliated with UNICEF Indonesia.|UNICEF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sonia
S
Blaney
South-East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (RECFON), SEAMEO building, University of Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no.6 Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. Email: judhiastuty@yahoo.com.
Judhiastuty
J
Februhartanty
UNICEF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sri
S
Sukotjo
D001942:Breast Feeding; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062407:Meals; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status
D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients