Hepatotoxic potential of asarones: in vitro evaluation of hepatotoxicity and quantitative determination in herbal products.
α and β asarones are natural constituents of some aromatic plants, especially species of the genus Acorus (Araceae). In addition to reports of beneficial properties of asarones, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are also reported. Due to potential toxic effects of β-asarone, a limit of exposure from herbal products of ~2 μg/kg body weight/day has been set temporarily until a full benefit/risk assessment has been carried out by the European Medicines Agency. Therefore, it is important to monitor levels of β-asarone in herbal products. In this study, we developed a simple, rapid and validated GC-MS method for quantitative determination of asarones and applied it in 20 pediatric herbal products after detecting high concentrations of β-asarone in a product suspected to be implicated in hepatotoxicity in a 3 month old infant. Furthermore, targeted toxicological effects were further investigated in human hepatocytes (THLE-2 cells) by employing various in vitro assays, with the goal of elucidating possible mechanisms for the observed toxicity. Results showed that some of the products contained as much as 4-25 times greater amounts of β-asarone than the recommended levels. In 4 of 10 samples found to contain asarones, the presence of asarones could not be linked to the labeled ingredients, possibly due to poor quality control. Cell-based investigations in THLE-2 cells confirmed the cytotoxicity of β-asarone (IC50 = 40.0 ± 2.0 μg/mL) which was associated with significant lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion. This observed cytotoxic effect is likely due to induction of oxidative stress by asarones. Overall, the results of this study ascertained the usability of this GC-MS method for the quantitative determination of asarones from herbal products, and shed light on the importance of controlling the concentration of potentially toxic asarones in herbal products to safeguard consumer safety, especially when the target consumers are young children. Further investigations of the toxicity of asarones are warranted.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore.
Dhavalkumar N
DN
Patel
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore.
Han K
HK
Ho
Health Products Regulation, Vigilance, Compliance and Enforcement Division, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Singapore.
Liesbet L
LL
Tan
Health Products Regulation, Vigilance, Compliance and Enforcement Division, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Singapore.
Mui-Mui B
MM
Tan
Health Products Regulation, Vigilance, Compliance and Enforcement Division, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Singapore.
Qian
Q
Zhang
Applied Sciences Group, Pharmaceutical Division, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Singapore.
Min-Yong
MY
Low
Health Products Regulation, Vigilance, Compliance and Enforcement Division, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Singapore.
Cheng-Leng
CL
Chan
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore.
Hwee-Ling
HL
Koh
adverse events; asarones; drug induced liver injury; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; hepatotoxicity; herbal medicine