Advancements in the delivery of epigenetic drugs.
BACKGROUND
Advancements in epigenetic treatments are not only coming from new drugs, but also from modifications or encapsulation of the existing drugs into different formulations leading to greater stability and enhanced delivery to the target site. The epigenome is highly regulated and complex; therefore, it is important that off-target effects of epigenetic drugs be minimized. The step from in vitro to in vivo treatment of these drugs often requires development of a method of effective delivery for clinical translation.


METHODS
This review covers epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and small-RNA-mediated gene regulation. There is a section in the review with examples of diseases where epigenetic alterations lead to impaired pathways, with an emphasis on cancer. Epigenetic drugs, their targets and clinical status are presented. Advantages of using a delivery method for epigenetic drugs as well as examples of current advancements and challenges are also discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
Epigenetic drugs have the potential to be very effective therapy against a number of diseases, especially cancers and neurological disorders. As with many chemotherapeutics, undesired side effects need to be minimized. Finding a suitable delivery method means reducing side effects and achieving a higher therapeutic index. Each drug may require a unique delivery method exploiting the drug's chemistry or other physical characteristic requiring interdisciplinary participation and would benefit from a better understanding of the mechanisms of action.
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20 , 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 , USA +1 216 445 9364 ; +1 216 444 9198 ; labhasv@ccf.org.
Samantha A
SA
Cramer
Isaac M
IM
Adjei
Vinod
V
Labhasetwar
D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
RNA; cancer; drug delivery; epidrugs; epigenetics; nanoparticles; prodrugs