Daily negative affect and smoking after a self-set quit attempt: The role of dyadic invisible social support in a daily diary study.
OBJECTIVE
Social support receipt from one's partner is assumed to be beneficial for successful smoking cessation. However, support receipt can have costs. Recent research suggests that the most effective support is unnoticed by the receiver (i.e., invisible). Therefore, this study examined the association between everyday levels of dyadic invisible emotional and instrumental support, daily negative affect, and daily smoking after a self-set quit attempt in smoker-non-smoker couples.


METHODS
Overall, 100 smokers (72.0% men, mean age M = 40.48, SD = 9.82) and their non-smoking partners completed electronic diaries from a self-set quit date on for 22 consecutive days, reporting daily invisible emotional and instrumental social support, daily negative affect, and daily smoking.


RESULTS
Same-day multilevel analyses showed that at the between-person level, higher individual mean levels of invisible emotional and instrumental support were associated with less daily negative affect. In contrast to our assumption, more receipt of invisible emotional and instrumental support was related to more daily cigarettes smoked.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings are in line with previous results, indicating invisible support to have beneficial relations with affect. However, results emphasize the need for further prospective daily diary approaches for understanding the dynamics of invisible support on smoking cessation. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Social support receipt from a close other has proven to have emotional costs. According to current studies, the most effective social support is unnoticed by the receiver (i.e., invisible). There is empirical evidence for beneficial effects of invisible social support on affective well-being. What does this study add? Confirming benefits of invisible social support for negative affect in a health behaviour change setting Providing first evidence for detrimental effects of invisible social support on smoking.
University of Bern, Switzerland.
Janina
J
Lüscher
Columbia University, New York, USA.
Gertraud
G
Stadler
University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Sibylle
S
Ochsner
University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Pamela
P
Rackow
Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
Nina
N
Knoll
University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Rainer
R
Hornung
University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Urte
U
Scholz
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult
inter- and intrapersonal analyses; invisible social support; negative affect; smoking