Apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and cancer metastasis.
Metastasis is a crucial hallmark of cancer progression, which involves numerous factors including the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor angiogenesis, the development of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and defects in programmed cell death. Programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, plays crucial roles in metastatic processes. Malignant tumor cells must overcome these various forms of cell death to metastasize. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which key regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis participate in cancer metastasis and discusses the crosstalk between apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis involved in the regulation of cancer metastasis.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. suzhenyi999@163.com.|Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. suzhenyi999@163.com.
Zhenyi
Z
Su
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Research Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China. yangzuozhang@163.com.|Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China. yangzuozhang@163.com.
Zuozhang
Z
Yang
Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China. xuyongqingkm@163.net.
Yongqing
Y
Xu
Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China. ybchen@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
Yongbin
Y
Chen
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. qyu@sibs.ac.cn.
Qiang
Q
Yu
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*