A survey of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust and their implications for human exposures in twelve countries.
Siloxanes are used widely in a variety of consumer products, including cosmetics, personal care products, medical and electrical devices, cookware, and building materials. Nevertheless, little is known on the occurrence of siloxanes in indoor dust. In this survey, five cyclic (D3-D7) and 11 linear (L4-L14) siloxanes were determined in 310 indoor dust samples collected from 12 countries. Dust samples collected from Greece contained the highest concentrations of total cyclic siloxanes (TCSi), ranging from 118 to 25,100ng/g (median: 1380), and total linear siloxanes (TLSi), ranging from 129 to 4990ng/g (median: 772). The median total siloxane (TSi) concentrations in dust samples from 12 countries were in the following decreasing order: Greece (2970ng/g), Kuwait (2400), South Korea (1810), Japan (1500), the USA (1220), China (1070), Romania (538), Colombia (230), Vietnam (206), Saudi Arabia (132), India (116), and Pakistan (68.3). TLSi concentrations as high as 42,800ng/g (Kuwait) and TCSi concentrations as high as 25,000ng/g (Greece) were found in indoor dust samples. Among the 16 siloxanes determined, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) was found at the highest concentration in dust samples from all countries, except for Japan and South Korea, with a predominance of L11; Kuwait, with L10; and Pakistan and Romania, with L12. The composition profiles of 16 siloxanes in dust samples varied by country. TCSi accounted for a major proportion of TSi concentrations in dust collected from Colombia (90%), India (80%) and Saudi Arabia (70%), whereas TLSi predominated in samples collected from Japan (89%), Kuwait (85%), and South Korea (78%). Based on the measured median TSi concentrations in indoor dust, we estimated human exposure doses through indoor dust ingestion for various age groups. The exposure doses ranged from 0.27 to 11.9ng/kg-bw/d for toddlers and 0.06 to 2.48ng/kg-bw/d for adults.
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tri Manh
TM
Tran
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Khalid O
KO
Abualnaja
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
Alexandros G
AG
Asimakopoulos
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
Adrian
A
Covaci
Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.
Bondi
B
Gevao
Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia.
Boris
B
Johnson-Restrepo
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Taha A
TA
Kumosani
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
Govindan
G
Malarvannan
Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Tu Binh
TB
Minh
Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.
Hyo-Bang
HB
Moon
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
Haruhiko
H
Nakata
Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, 800 005, India.
Ravindra K
RK
Sinha
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: kkannan@wadsworth.org.
Kurunthachalam
K
Kannan
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
D004391:Dust; D012833:Siloxanes; C114768:decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
D5; Dust; Exposure; Silicone; Siloxanes