Relationship of cigarette smoking with inflammation and subclinical vascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to assess the impact of smoking status, cumulative pack-years, and time since cessation (the latter in former smokers only) on 3 important domains of cardiovascular disease: inflammation, vascular dynamics and function, and subclinical atherosclerosis.


RESULTS
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort enrolled 6814 adults without prior cardiovascular disease. Smoking variables were determined by self-report and confirmed with urinary cotinine. We examined cross-sectional associations between smoking parameters and (1) inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], interleukin-6, and fibrinogen); (2) vascular dynamics and function (brachial flow-mediated dilation and carotid distensibility by ultrasound, as well as aortic distensibility by MRI); and (3) subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness, and ankle-brachial index). We identified 3218 never smokers, 2607 former smokers, and 971 current smokers. Mean age was 62 years and 47% were male. There was no consistent association between smoking and vascular distensibility or flow-mediated dilation outcomes. However, compared with never smokers, the adjusted association between current smoking and measures of either inflammation or subclinical atherosclerosis was consistently stronger than for former smoking (eg, odds ratio for hsCRP>2 mg/L of 1.7 [95% confidence interval, 1.5-2.1] versus 1.2 [1.1-1.4], odds ratio for coronary artery calcification>0 of 1.8 [1.5-2.1] versus 1.4 [1.2-1.6], respectively). Similar associations were seen for interleukin-6, fibrinogen, carotid intima-media thickness, and ankle-brachial index. A monotonic association was also found between higher pack-year quartiles and increasing inflammatory markers. Furthermore, current smokers with hsCRP>2 mg/L were more likely to have increased carotid intima-media thickness, abnormal ankle-brachial index, and coronary artery calcification>75th percentile for age, sex, and race (relative to smokers with hsCRP<2 mg/L, interaction P<0.05 for all 3 outcomes). In contrast, time since quitting in former smokers was independently associated with lower inflammation and atherosclerosis (eg, odds ratio for hsCRP>2 mg/L of 0.91 [0.88-0.95] and odds ratio for coronary artery calcification>0 of 0.94 [0.90-0.97] for every 5-year cessation interval).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings expand our understanding of the harmful effects of smoking and help explain the cardiovascular benefits of smoking cessation.
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
John W
JW
McEvoy
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Khurram
K
Nasir
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Andrew P
AP
DeFilippis
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Joao A C
JA
Lima
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
David A
DA
Bluemke
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
W Gregory
WG
Hundley
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
R Graham
RG
Barr
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Matthew J
MJ
Budoff
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Moyses
M
Szklo
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Ana
A
Navas-Acien
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Joseph F
JF
Polak
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Roger S
RS
Blumenthal
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.).
Wendy S
WS
Post
From the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease (J.W.M., K.N., A.P.D., R.S.B., M.J. Blaha) and Division of Cardiology (J.A.C.L., W.S.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Center for Wellness and Prevention, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach (K.N.); Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, KY (A.P.D.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.A.B.); Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest University Health Center, Winston-Salem, NC (W.G.H.); Division of General Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.G.B.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (M.J. Budoff); Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (M.S., A.N.-A., W.S.P., M.J.B.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.). mblaha1@jhmi.edu.
Michael J
MJ
Blaha
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D044469:Racial Groups; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D003367:Cotinine
atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; inflammation; smoking