Understanding bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides: From the surface to deep inside.
Resistant bacterial infections are a major health problem in many parts of the world. The major commercial antibiotic classes often fail to combat common bacteria. Although antimicrobial peptides are able to control bacterial infections by interfering with microbial metabolism and physiological processes in several ways, a large number of cases of resistance to antibiotic peptide classes have also been reported. To gain a better understanding of the resistance process various technologies have been applied. Here we discuss multiple strategies by which bacteria could develop enhanced antimicrobial peptide resistance, focusing on sub-cellular regions from the surface to deep inside, evaluating bacterial membranes, cell walls and cytoplasmic metabolism. Moreover, some high-throughput methods for antimicrobial resistance detection and discrimination are also examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.
Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N - Caixa Postal 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
Simone
S
Maria-Neto
Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
Keyla Caroline
KC
de Almeida
Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N - Caixa Postal 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
Maria Ligia Rodrigues
ML
Macedo
Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Electronic address: ocfranco@gmail.com.
Octávio Luiz
OL
Franco
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D050296:Microbial Viability; D015398:Signal Transduction
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides; Bacterial membranes; Bacterial resistance; Cell walls; Mass spectrometry