Thermoset-cross-linked lignocellulose: a moldable plant biomass.
The present work demonstrates a high biomass content (i.e., up to 90% by weight) and moldable material by controlled covalent cross-linking of lignocellulosic particles by a thermoset through epoxide-hydroxyl reactions. As an example for lignocellulosic biomass, Eastern redcedar was employed. Using scanning fluorescence microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy, macroscopic to molecular scale interactions of the thermoset with the lignocellulose have been revealed. Impregnation of the polymer resin into the biomass cellular network by capillary action as well as applied pressure results in a self-organizing structure in the form of thermoset microrods in a matrix of lignocellulose. We also infer permeation of the thermoset into the cell walls from the reaction of epoxides with the hydroxyls of the lignin. Compression tests reveal, at 30% thermoset content, thermoset-cross-linked lignocellulose has superior mechanical properties over a commercial wood plastic composite while comparable stiffness and strength to bulk epoxy and wood, respectively. The failure mechanism is understood to be crack propagation along the particle-thermoset interface and/or interparticle thermoset network.
†Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
Sriharsha
S
Karumuri
†Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
Salim
S
Hiziroglu
†Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
A Kaan
AK
Kalkan
D018533:Biomass; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D004853:Epoxy Resins; C036909:lignocellulose; D008031:Lignin
biomass; epoxide; hydroxyl; lignocellulose; moldable; thermoset