Brief Report: A Longitudinal Study of Excessive Smiling and Laughing in Children with Angelman Syndrome.
Elevated laughing and smiling is a key characteristic of the Angelman syndrome behavioral phenotype, with cross-sectional studies reporting changes with environment and age. This study compares levels of laughing and smiling in 12 participants across three experimental conditions [full social interaction (with eye contact), social interaction with no eye contact, proximity only] at two data points. No differences were noted in frequency of laughing and smiling over time in any condition. However, with age as a covariate, the frequency of laughing and smiling decreased over time in the full social interaction (with eye contact) condition only. As this is the first longitudinal study to explore these behaviors in Angelman syndrome, the results suggest a gene-environment-time interaction within the behavioral phenotype.
Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK, papers@dawnadams.co.uk.
Dawn
D
Adams
Kate
K
Horsler
Rebecca
R
Mount
Chris
C
Oliver
D017204:Angelman Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007845:Laughter / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012904:Smiling / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment