Real-Time Associations Between Engaging in Leisure and Daily Health and Well-Being.
BACKGROUND
Engagement in leisure has a wide range of beneficial health effects. Yet, this evidence is derived from between-person methods that do not examine the momentary within-person processes theorized to explain leisure's benefits.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined momentary relationships between leisure and health and well-being in daily life.


METHODS
A community sample (n = 115) completed ecological momentary assessments six times a day for three consecutive days. At each measurement, participants indicated if they were engaging in leisure and reported on their mood, interest/boredom, and stress levels. Next, participants collected a saliva sample for cortisol analyses. Heart rate was assessed throughout the study.


RESULTS
Multilevel models revealed that participants had more positive and less negative mood, more interest, less stress, and lower heart rate when engaging in leisure than when not.


CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest multiple mechanisms explaining leisure's effectiveness, which can inform leisure-based interventions to improve health and well-being.
Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA, mzawadzki@ucmerced.edu.
Matthew J
MJ
Zawadzki
Joshua M
JM
Smyth
Heather J
HJ
Costigan
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
D006854:Hydrocortisone