Development of melamine-formaldehyde resin microcapsules with low formaldehyde emission suited for seed treatment.
To reduce the application frequency and improve the efficacy of insecticides, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin microcapsules suited for seed treatment containing a mixture of fipronil and chlorpyrifos were prepared by in situ polymerization. A formaldehyde/melamine molar ratio of 4:1 yielded microcapsules with the smallest size and the most narrow size distribution. The level of unreacted formaldehyde in the microcapsule suspension increased proportionally with the F/M molar ratio. When the MF resin microcapsule suspension was used as a seed treatment to coat peanut seeds, the unreacted formaldehyde did not significantly inhibit the seedling emergence, but the ongoing release of formaldehyde generated from the degradation of MF resins played an important role in inhibiting emergence. Melamine was shown to be an effective formaldehyde scavenger that mitigated this inhibition when it was incorporated within the microcapsule wall. Field experiments showed that MF-resin-encapsulated mixtures of fipronil and chlorpyrifos have much greater efficacies against white grubs than the conventional formulation.
Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
Huizhu
H
Yuan
Department of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
Guangxing
G
Li
Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
Lijuan
L
Yang
Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
Xiaojing
X
Yan
Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: yangdaibin@gmail.com.
Daibin
D
Yang
D016573:Agrochemicals; D000818:Animals; D010367:Arachis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000254:growth & development; D004339:Drug Compounding; D065546:Drug Liberation; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides; D007700:Kinetics; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D058105:Polymerization; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*
D016573:Agrochemicals; D002214:Capsules; D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D014227:Triazines; C504353:melamine formaldehyde; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C082360:fipronil
Formaldehyde emission; Formaldehyde–melamine resin; Microcapsule; Peanut seed; Safety