Testosterone and cortisol in relation to aggression in a non-clinical sample of boys and girls.
Testosterone and cortisol have been proposed to jointly regulate aggressive behavior. However, few empirical studies actually investigated this joint relation in humans, and reported inconsistent findings. Also, samples in these studies were small and/or specific, and consisted largely of males. Therefore, in the current study testosterone and cortisol in relation to aggression were investigated in a non-clinical sample of 259 boys and girls (mean age 16.98 years, SD = 0.42, 56% boys). A positive testosterone/cortisol ratio, that is, high testosterone relative to cortisol, was found to be associated with aggressive behavior, explaining 7% of the variance. The interaction between testosterone and cortisol was not related to aggressive behavior and gender differences were not found. The ratio may reflect an imbalance leaving the individual more prone to rewarding aspects, than fearful of negative implications of aggressive behavior. Current findings indicate that this relation can be generalized to aggression in non-clinical adolescents.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Evelien
E
Platje
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Arne
A
Popma
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Curium-Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Robert R J M
RR
Vermeiren
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Theo A H
TA
Doreleijers
Research Center Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Tilburg School of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
Wim H J
WH
Meeus
Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Pol A C
PA
van Lier
Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Hans M
HM
Koot
Research Center Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Susan J T
SJ
Branje
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Lucres M C
LM
Jansen
D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology
D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
aggression; cortisol; testosterone