Anti-diabetic nephropathy compounds from Cinnamomum cassia.
BACKGROUND
The bark of Cinnamomum cassia, called 'Rou-Gui', a traditional spice and medicine in China, is used to treat diseases resulted from kidney yang deficiency, including diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of Rou-Gui and the active compounds in it.


METHODS
The air-dried bark of C. cassia was extracted with 90% EtOH, the obtained residue was successively partitioned by petroleum ether, EtOAc, and n-BuOH followed by concentrating to give petroleum ether (RG-1), EtOAc (RG-2), n-BuOH (RG-3), and water fraction (RG-4), respectively. The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of fraction (RG-1-4) was evaluated in vitro by inhibiting the expression of fibronectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 in high-glucose-induced mesangial cells. By bioassay screenings, repeated column chromatography on fractions of RG-1, 2, and 3, led to the isolation of 23 compounds, whose structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated.


RESULTS
Four new sesquiterpenoids, cinnamoids A-D (1-4), a new natural product (5), and 18 known compounds (6-23) were isolated from the EtOH extract of the bark of C. cassia under the bioassay-guided screenings. The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity assay showed that fractions of RG-1, 2, and 3 could significantly inhibit the production of fibronectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 in high-glucose-stimulated mesangial cells at the concentration of 50 μg/ml; and sesquiterpenoids 5, 6, 14 and compound 20 could significantly inhibit the expression of fibronectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 at the concentration of 50 μM.


CONCLUSIONS
The results revealed that sesquiterpenoids may be the active compounds in C. cassia bark on diabetic nephropathy which provided new evidences for the traditional use of this herb to treat diabetic nephropathy and associated kidney diseases.
State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China.
Yong-Ming
YM
Yan
State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China.
Ping
P
Fang
State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China.
Mu-Tian
MT
Yang
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
Ning
N
Li
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
Qing
Q
Lu
State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China. Electronic address: yxcheng@mail.kib.ac.cn.
Yong-Xian
YX
Cheng
D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D032904:Cinnamomum aromaticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification
C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005353:Fibronectins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes
9α-diol (PubChem CID: 15599878); 9β-diol (PubChem CID: 44559977); Cinnamomum cassia; Diabetic nephropathy; Fibronectin; Interleukin-6; Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Sesquiterpenoids; caryolane-1; cinnamaldehyde (PubChem CID: 637511); cinnamic acid (PubChem CID: 444539); cinnamyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 5315892); cinnzeylanol (PubChem CID: 44559448); clovane-2β