EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses.
The aim of this guidance paper of the European Psychiatric Association is to provide evidence-based recommendations on the early detection of a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis in patients with mental problems. To this aim, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting on conversion rates to psychosis in non-overlapping samples meeting any at least any one of the main CHR criteria: ultra-high risk (UHR) and/or basic symptoms criteria. Further, effects of potential moderators (different UHR criteria definitions, single UHR criteria and age) on conversion rates were examined. Conversion rates in the identified 42 samples with altogether more than 4000 CHR patients who had mainly been identified by UHR criteria and/or the basic symptom criterion 'cognitive disturbances' (COGDIS) showed considerable heterogeneity. While UHR criteria and COGDIS were related to similar conversion rates until 2-year follow-up, conversion rates of COGDIS were significantly higher thereafter. Differences in onset and frequency requirements of symptomatic UHR criteria or in their different consideration of functional decline, substance use and co-morbidity did not seem to impact on conversion rates. The 'genetic risk and functional decline' UHR criterion was rarely met and only showed an insignificant pooled sample effect. However, age significantly affected UHR conversion rates with lower rates in children and adolescents. Although more research into potential sources of heterogeneity in conversion rates is needed to facilitate improvement of CHR criteria, six evidence-based recommendations for an early detection of psychosis were developed as a basis for the EPA guidance on early intervention in CHR states.
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
F
F
Schultze-Lutter
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
C
C
Michel
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
S J
SJ
Schmidt
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
B G
BG
Schimmelmann
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade and Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
N P
NP
Maric
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
R K R
RK
Salokangas
Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
A
A
Riecher-Rössler
Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Psychosis Research, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands.
M
M
van der Gaag
Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
M
M
Nordentoft
Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia Public Health Centre, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Regional Working Group on Early Detection of Psychosis, Emilia Romagna Regional Health Service, Bologna, Italy.
A
A
Raballo
Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Centro per l'Individuazione e l'Intervento Precoce nelle Psicosi-Programma 2000, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy.
A
A
Meneghelli
School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; LANTERN Centre, Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
M
M
Marshall
School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West NHS Mental Health Trust, Manchester, UK.
A
A
Morrison
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
S
S
Ruhrmann
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: Joachim.klosterkotter@uk-koeln.de.
J
J
Klosterkötter
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D061345:Early Medical Intervention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
Attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS); Children and adolescents; Cognitive disturbances (COGDIS); Meta-analysis; Prevention of psychosis in Europe; Transient psychotic symptoms (BLIPS)