Ultrastructure of the replication sites of positive-strand RNA viruses.
Positive strand RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and induce intracellular membranous compartments harboring the sites of viral RNA synthesis. These replication factories are supposed to concentrate the components of the replicase and to shield replication intermediates from the host cell innate immune defense. Virus induced membrane alterations are often generated in coordination with host factors and can be grouped into different morphotypes. Recent advances in conventional and electron microscopy have contributed greatly to our understanding of their biogenesis, but still many questions remain how viral proteins capture membranes and subvert host factors for their need. In this review, we will discuss different representatives of positive strand RNA viruses and their ways of hijacking cellular membranes to establish replication complexes. We will further focus on host cell factors that are critically involved in formation of these membranes and how they contribute to viral replication.
Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Christian
C
Harak
Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: volker_lohmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
Volker
V
Lohmann
D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000821:virology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000821:virology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014779:Virus Replication
Host factor; Membrane; Positive strand RNA virus; RNA replication; RNA synthesis; Replication factory