Educational attainment influences levels of homozygosity through migration and assortative mating.
Individuals with a higher education are more likely to migrate, increasing the chance of meeting a spouse with a different ancestral background. In this context, the presence of strong educational assortment can result in greater ancestry differences within more educated spouse pairs, while less educated individuals are more likely to mate with someone with whom they share more ancestry. We examined the association between educational attainment and F roh (= the proportion of the genome consisting of runs of homozygosity [ROHs]) in ~2,000 subjects of Dutch ancestry. The subjects' own educational attainment showed a nominally significant negative association with F roh (p = .045), while the contribution of parental education to offspring F roh was highly significant (father: p < 10(-5); mother: p = 9 × 10(-5)), with more educated parents having offspring with fewer ROHs. This association was significantly and fully mediated by the physical distance between parental birthplaces (paternal education: pmediation = 2.4 × 10(-4); maternal education: pmediation = 2.3 × 10(-4)), which itself was also significantly associated with F roh (p = 9 × 10(-5)). Ancestry-informative principal components from the offspring showed a significantly decreasing association with geography as parental education increased, consistent with the significantly higher migration rates among more educated parents. Parental education also showed a high spouse correlation (Spearman's ρ = .66, p = 3 × 10(-262)). We show that less educated parents are less likely to mate with the more mobile parents with a higher education, creating systematic differences in homozygosity due to ancestry differences not directly captured by ancestry-informative principal components (PCs). Understanding how behaviors influence the genomic structure of a population is highly valuable for studies on the genetic etiology of behavioral, cognitive, and social traits.
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abdel
A
Abdellaoui
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Jouke-Jan
JJ
Hottenga
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Gonneke
G
Willemsen
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Meike
M
Bartels
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Toos
T
van Beijsterveldt
Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America.
Erik A
EA
Ehli
Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America.
Gareth E
GE
Davies
Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America.
Andrew
A
Brooks
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
Patrick F
PF
Sullivan
Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Brenda W J H
BW
Penninx
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Eco J
EJ
de Geus
Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Dorret I
DI
Boomsma
D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015894:Genome, Human; D006720:Homozygote; D063426:Human Migration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010290:Parents; D012042:Registries; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014195:Travel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*