title: Late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer on fine motor function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer has been associated with deterioration of fine motor skill. Which aspects of motor performance are underlying this problem is unclear but important because manual motor deterioration could affect quality of life. The current study aims to investigate late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer on fine motor function, using both speed and accuracy measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared fine motor function of 174 women who had received adjuvant Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy for breast cancer on average 20 years ago with that of a population sample of 195 women without a history of cancer. Fine motor function was measured with the Purdue Pegboard Test and the Archimedes spiral test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer survivors was slower in drawing an Archimedes spiral than the reference group. Furthermore, in the chemotherapy-exposed subjects, we found that older age is related to more crossings of the spiral template, more return movements, and more deviations from the template. Such relationships were not observed within the reference group. No significant between-group differences were found for any of the Purdue Pegboard measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a population-based reference group, Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy-exposed breast cancer survivors demonstrated motor slowing while drawing an Archimedes spiral, on average 20 years after completion of primary treatment. Furthermore, the Archimedes spiral test is a more sensitive measure than the Purdue Pegboard Test to assess fine manual motor performance in long-term breast cancer survivors following chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yoo Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hoogendam
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Schagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Arfan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boogerd
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seynaeve
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Rachael D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Seidler
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Monique M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Breteler
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Van der Geest
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koppelmans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate