title: Detection of inborn errors of metabolism using GC-MS: over 3 years of experience in southern China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been detected worldwide using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) since the 1980s, but few related reports exist on the incidence, spectrum, and clinical presentation features of IEM in southern China.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2009 to March 2012, 16,075 urine samples were collected from patients who were highly suspected of having IEM in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. The specimens were evaluated using GC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We diagnosed 303 cases of IEM by urine GC-MS analysis, including 197 cases with amino acid disorders, 86 cases with organic acidurias (OAs), 10 cases with fatty acid oxidative (FAO) disorders, and 10 cases with peroxisomal disorders. Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) was the most common (153 cases), followed by methylmalonic aciduria (48 cases), urea cycle disorders (21 cases), phenylketonuria (20 cases), propionic aciduria (11 cases), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (10 cases), multiple carboxylase deficiency (8 cases), glutaric aciduria type I (7 cases), isovaleric aciduria (6 cases), glutaric aciduria type II (4 cases), short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (4 cases), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (3 cases), maple syrup urine disease (2 cases), very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (1 case), malonic aciduria (1 case), mevalonic aciduria (1 case), Canavan disease (1 case), lysine protein intolerance (1 case), and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (1 case). The clinical and laboratory features of IEM are neurologic signs, jaundice, metabolic acidosis, ketotic hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, GC-MS provided a diagnostic clue to OAs, amino acid disorders, FAO, and peroxisomal disorders. Urease pretreatment is useful for the diagnosis of NICCD. In southern China, the majority of IEM were amino acid disorders and organic acid disorders. FAO disorders were relatively rare, which we need to investigate further.
authors.forename: MinYan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: HuiFen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: XiuZhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: YanNa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*