title: Costs of unstructured investigation of unexplained syncope: insights from a micro-costing analysis of the observational PICTURE registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The observational PICTURE (Place of Reveal In the Care pathway and Treatment of patients with Unexplained Recurrent Syncope) registry enrolled 570 patients with unexplained syncope, documented their care pathway and the various tests they underwent before the insertion of an implantable loop recorder (ILR). The aims were to describe the extent and cost of diagnostic tests performed before the implant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actual costs of 17 predefined diagnostic tests were characterized based on a combination of data from PICTURE and a micro-costing study performed at a medium-sized UK university hospital in the UK. The median cost of diagnostic tests per patient was £1114 (95% CI £995-£1233). As many patients received more than the median number of tests, the mean expenditure per patient was higher with £1613 (95% CI £1494-£1732), and for 10% of the patients the cost exceeded £3539. Tests were frequently repeated, and early use of specific and expensive tests was common. In the 12% of patients with types of tests entirely within the recommendations for an initial evaluation before ILR implant, the mean cost was £710.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important opportunities to reduce test-related costs before an ILR implant were identified, e.g. by more appropriate use of tests recommended in the initial evaluation, by decreasing repetition of tests, and by avoiding early use of specialized and expensive tests. A structured multidisciplinary approach would be the best model to achieve an optimal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Sahlgrenska Academy at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden nils.g.edvardsson@telia.com.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Edvardsson
authors.affiliation: Medtronic European Headquarters, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Medtronic Global Headquarters, Mounds View, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsintzos
authors.affiliation: Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.affiliation: The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Linker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics*; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000191:economics*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Cost; Guidelines; Implantable loop recorder; Investigation; Syncope