title: Heavy metal mediated immunomodulation of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Anura:Ranidae) in urban wetlands.
abstract: Impacts of heavy metal toxicity on the immune system of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus, in Bellanwila Attidiya, an urban wetland polluted with high levels of heavy metals, compared to the reference site in Bolgoda, in Sri Lanka was investigated. Significantly higher accumulation of selected heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected by AAS in frog liver and gastrocnemius muscle, in the polluted site than in the reference site. Non-functional immunotoxicity tests; total WBC, splenocyte and bone marrow cell counts, spleen weight/body weight ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and basal immunoglobulin levels, and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages (immune functional test) were carried out using standard methodology. Test parameters recorded significantly lower values for frogs of the polluted site compared with their reference site counterparts, indicative of lowered immune response of frogs in the former site. In vitro phagocytic assay based on NBT dye reduction, measured the stimulation index (SI) of E. hexadactylus blood leukocytes, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages, where SIs of frogs in the polluted site were significantly lower. Also, in vitro exposure of frog phagocytes to Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd at 10(-2)-10(-10)M, showed immunomodulation i.e. low concentrations stimulated phagocytosis while increased concentrations showed a trend towards immunosuppression. IC50 values indicated Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb as the decreasing order of the potential of phagocytosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated immunomodulation of E. hexadactylus, stimulated by heavy metals. In-vitro studies evidently suggested the use of phagocytosis as a biomarker in Ecoimmunotoxicology to detect aquatic heavy metal pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Priyadarshani
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: W A N
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Madhushani
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Jayawardena
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wickramasinghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: dappvr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Udagama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D063188:Rana clamitans; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Heavy metals; Immune functional assays; Immunotoxicity; Non-functional immunotoxicity tests; Wetlands