title: Women favour dyadic relationships, but men prefer clubs: cross-cultural evidence from social networking.
abstract: The ability to create lasting, trust-based friendships makes it possible for humans to form large and coherent groups. The recent literature on the evolution of sociality and on the network dynamics of human societies suggests that large human groups have a layered structure generated by emotionally supported social relationships. There are also gender differences in adult social style which may involve different trade-offs between the quantity and quality of friendships. Although many have suggested that females tend to focus on intimate relations with a few other females, while males build larger, more hierarchical coalitions, the existence of such gender differences is disputed and data from adults is scarce. Here, we present cross-cultural evidence for gender differences in the preference for close friendships. We use a sample of ∼112,000 profile pictures from nine world regions posted on a popular social networking site to show that, in self-selected displays of social relationships, women favour dyadic relations, whereas men favour larger, all-male cliques. These apparently different solutions to quality-quantity trade-offs suggest a universal and fundamental difference in the function of close friendships for the two sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: David-Barrett
authors.affiliation: Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, Kalevankatu 16, 00101, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotkirch
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Behncke Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jaimie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Krems
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Townley
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elinor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McDaniell
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byrne-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robin I M
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Dunbar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D060756:Social Networking; D066107:Social Skills; D055815:Young Adult