title: Ambiguous findings concerning potential advantages of depot antipsychotics: in search of clinical relevance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review the recent literature on the comparative efficacy/effectiveness of antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) vs. oral antipsychotics. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), mirror-image studies and cohort studies are reviewed, and the strength and weaknesses of each design discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data are conflicting and differ by trial design. RCTs tend to show equivalence for the two treatments, whereas mirror-image studies and cohort studies are more likely to show benefits for LAIs, although a prescribing/channelling bias in cohort studies suggests that LAIs are prescribed to more severely ill patients. Two recent, large RCTs, in a more real-world treatment setting, found a longer time to relapse or treatment failure with a LAI versus oral antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each of the three trial designs has strengths and weaknesses. The traditional RCT does not seem to be the gold standard to compare the effectiveness of oral antipsychotics and LAIs because of selective recruitment and altered ecology of the treatment. Conversely, weaknesses of observational studies include lack of blinding and difficulty disentangling the effect of treatment from prescribing bias and confounders. The best approach to determining comparative effectiveness may be a pragmatic RCT with broad inclusion criteria and minimal exclusion criteria and minimal assessment following baseline assessment and randomization.
authors.affiliation: aGreater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust bNeuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK cKeio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan dZucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks eHofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead fFeinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset gAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Taishiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015982:Bias; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations