title: Direct control of the temperature rise in parallel transmission by means of temperature virtual observation points: Simulations at 10.5 Tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A method using parallel transmission to mitigate B1+ inhomogeneity while explicitly constraining the temperature rise is reported and compared with a more traditional SAR-constrained pulse design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finite difference time domain simulations are performed on a numerical human head model and for a 16-channel coil at 10.5 Tesla. Based on a set of presimulations, a virtual observation point compression model for the temperature rise is derived. This compact representation is then used in a nonlinear programming algorithm for pulse design under explicit temperature rise constraints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the example of a time-of-flight sequence, radiofrequency pulse performance in some cases is increased by a factor of two compared with SAR-constrained pulses, while temperature rise is directly and efficiently controlled. Pulse performance can be gained by relaxing the SAR constraints, but at the expense of a loss of direct control on temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the importance of accurate safety control at ultrahigh field and the lack of direct correspondence between SAR and temperature, this work motivates the need for thorough thermal studies in normal in vivo conditions. The tools presented here will possibly contribute to safer and more efficient MR exams.
authors.affiliation: CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin, Unirs, Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boulant
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adriany
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitter
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uğurbil
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Van de Moortele
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005246:Feedback; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: optimization; parallel transmission; temperature; ultrahigh field; virtual observation points