title: Prevalence of tuberculosis in adolescents, western Kenya: implications for control programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in adolescents in western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of 5004 adolescents aged 12-18 years was conducted. Adolescents were screened for prevalent TB using clinical criteria, history of TB contact, and a Mantoux test. Cases of suspected TB were investigated through two sputum examinations (microscopy and liquid culture) and chest radiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 5004 adolescents enrolled, 1960 (39.2%) were identified with suspected TB, including 1544 with a positive Mantoux (prevalence 1544/4808, 32.1%), 515 with symptoms suggestive of TB (10.3%), and 144 (2.9%) with household TB contact. Sixteen culture-confirmed (definite) and 18 probable pulmonary TB (PTB) cases were identified, reflecting a prevalence estimate of 3.2/1000 (definite) and 6.8/1000 all PTB, respectively. Only one smear-positive case was detected. The case notification rate among 12-18-year-old adolescents for all TB was 101/100000, yielding a patient diagnostic rate of 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.03-3.7) cases detected per person-year for all TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PTB among adolescents is high, with the majority of cases not detected routinely. Innovative active case finding including the wider use of Xpert MTB/RIF is needed to detect smear-negative TB among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CGHR Research and Public Health Collaboration, TB Research Branch, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research (CRDR), Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: vnduba@kemricdc.org.
authors.forename: Videlis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nduba
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CGHR Research and Public Health Collaboration, TB Research Branch, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna H Van't
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hoog
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CGHR Research and Public Health Collaboration, TB Research Branch, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onyango
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CGHR Research and Public Health Collaboration, TB Research Branch, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health, CDC Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Kayla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laserson
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CGHR Research and Public Health Collaboration, TB Research Branch, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya; Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; Center for Global Health, CDC Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Martien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borgdorff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Mantoux; Pulmonary; Tuberculosis