title: Clinically significant differences in acute pain measured on self-report pain scales in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the minimum and ideal clinically significant differences (MCSD, ICSD) in pain intensity in children for the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) and the Color Analog Scale (CAS) and to identify any differences in these estimates based on patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of children aged 4 to 17 years with acute pain presenting to two urban pediatric emergency departments. Participants self-reported their pain intensity using the FPS-R and CAS and qualitatively described their changes in pain. Changes in pain score reported using the FPS-R and CAS that were associated with "a little less" and "much less" pain (MCSD and ICSD, respectively) were identified using a receiver operating characteristic-based method and expressed as raw change score and percent reductions. Estimates of MCSD and ICSD were determined for each category of initial pain intensity (mild, moderate, and severe) and patient characteristics (age, sex, and ethnicity). Post hoc exploratory analyses evaluated categories of race, primary language, and etiology of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 314 children with acute pain were enrolled; mean (±SD) age was 9.8 (±3.8) years. The FPS-R raw change score and percent reduction MCSD estimates were 2/10 and 25%, with ICSD estimates of 3/10 and 60%. For the CAS, raw change score and percent reduction MCSD estimates were 1/10 and 15%, with ICSD estimates of 2.75/10 and 52%. For both scales, raw change score and percent reduction estimates of the MCSD remained unchanged in children with either moderate or severe pain. For both scales, estimates of ICSD were not stable across categories of initial pain intensity. There was no difference in MCSD or ICSD based on age, sex, ethnicity, race, primary language, or etiology of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MCSD estimates can be expressed as raw change score and percent reductions for the FPS-R and CAS. These estimates appear stable for children with moderate to severe pain, irrespective of age, sex, and ethnicity. Estimates of ICSD were not stable across different categories of initial pain intensity, therefore limiting their potential generalizability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Tsze
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: Carl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bulloch
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dayan
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report