title: Surgical management of vasomotor rhinitis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is one of the most prevalent forms of nonallergic rhinitis. In the past, when maximal medical therapy failed, surgical options were limited. Vidian neurectomy (VN) was one option; however, it was fraught with complications and limited success. The advent of endoscopic sinus surgery revitalized interest in surgical procedures for VMR. This study was designed to review the available literature and assess the safety and efficacy of surgery on the vidian and posterior nasal nerves for treatment of VMR and when possible, compare the different approaches to one another in regard to safety and efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed of English language articles using Ovid and PubMed. Search terms included "endoscopic vidian neurectomy," "vidian neurectomy," "endoscopic posterior nasal neurectomy" (EPNN), and "posterior nasal neurectomy." Only clinical trials performed on humans with safety and or efficacy data were included. Independent extraction of articles by two authors using predefined data fields was performed. Safety defined by complication rates and efficacy defined as objective improvement on outcomes scores along with the overall length of benefit were the primary measures of treatment effect. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement for reporting systematic reviews was followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with open VN, endoscopic techniques were not associated with any long-term sequelae. Rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction were shown to improve after endoscopic VN (EVN) and the benefits were maintained for several years after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVN is well tolerated, safe, and effective in a majority of patients. Overall, the literature has shown that the endoscopic approach is associated with less morbidity than the traditional transantral approach. Currently, no literature exists on the effect of EPNN in patients with vasomotor rhinitis and further study is needed to elucidate the efficacy of this procedure in this subset of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halderman
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindwani
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008442:Maxillary Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012223:Rhinitis, Vasomotor / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome