title: Study on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of wheat seedlings under [C₄mim][OAc] (1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate) with Cd²⁺ stress.
abstract: In this paper, the joint effect of 0.5 mmol·L(-1) Cd(2+) and various concentrations (50-400 mg·L(-1)) of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate ([C4min][OAc]) on the growth and photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings in hydroponic culture was investigated. Seedlings grown in presence of Cd(2+) and [C4min][OAc] showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in growth (shoot and root lengths and dry weights) and photosynthetic performance (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b) compared to seedlings grown in the presence of Cd(2+) but without [C4min][OAc]. However, this only happened under the lower range of [C4min][OAc] concentrations (50-200 mg·L(-1)). In addition, significant reduction in the level of Cd(2+) was also observed in the leaf tissue of wheat seedlings grown in the presence of 0.5 mmol·L(-1) Cd(2+) and 100 mg·L(-1) [C4min][OAc]. Overall, Cd(2+) exerted a stronger inhibition than [C4min][OAc] on the growth and photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings. However, when both Cd(2+) and [C4min][OAc] were present in the culture, the toxicity of Cd(2+) could be mitigated by lower concentrations of [C4mim][OAc]. This phenomenon could be due to [C4mim][OAc] forming metal complexes with Cd(2+), thus reducing the toxicity of Cd(2+).
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 10036, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhonglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sunan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; C518739:1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium