title: A longitudinal study of smokers' exposure to cigarette smoke and the effects of spontaneous product switching.
abstract: A challenge in investigating the effect of public health policies on cigarette consumption and exposure arises from variation in a smoker's exposure from cigarette to cigarette and the considerable differences between smokers. In addition, limited data are available on the effects of spontaneous product switching on a smoker's cigarette consumption and exposure to smoke constituents. Over 1000 adult smokers of the same commercial 10mg International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tar yield cigarette were recruited into the non-residential, longitudinal study across 10 cities in Germany. Cigarette consumption, mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine and biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone were measured every 6months over a 3 and a half year period. Cigarette consumption remained stable through the study period and did not vary significantly when smokers spontaneously switched products. Mouth level exposure decreased for smokers (n=111) who switched to cigarettes of 7mg ISO tar yield or lower. In addition, downward trends in mouth level exposure estimates were observed for smokers who did not switch cigarettes. Data from this study illustrate some of the challenges in measuring smokers' long-term exposure to smoke constituents in their everyday environment.
authors.affiliation: Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Anthony_Cunningham@bat.com.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sommarström
authors.affiliation: Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oscar M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.affiliation: Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ajit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sisodiya
authors.affiliation: Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013638:Tars / Q000009:adverse effects; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009602:Nitrosamines; D012906:Smoke; D013638:Tars; C024746:tobacco tar; D009538:Nicotine; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
keywords: Biomarkers of exposure; Cigarette consumption; Compensatory smoking behaviour; Longitudinal; Mouth level exposure; Tobacco smoke