title: Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Historical High-Frequency Plasma Apparatus in Comparison With 2 Modern, Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today, highly sophisticated devices deliver cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) with a multitude of bioactive properties, opening the window to a new medical field: plasma medicine. Different techniques to create the optimal plasma device for different medical indications are currently being explored. However, even a 100 years ago, CAPP was briefly used in the related form of high-frequency therapy. The objective of our study was to compare historic with modern techniques regarding antimicrobial efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, 26 different clinical isolates of relevant wound pathogens were treated in vitro with a historic violet wand (VW) and 2 modern plasma sources (kINPen 09 and dielectric barrier discharge [DBD]) and the obtained inhibition areas (IAs) were compared. Second, a biofilm model was used to compare biofilm inactivation by VW, DBD, ethanol, and polyhexanide treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DBD with the largest electrode produced the largest IAs. VW showed results similar to 2 different modes of the kINPen 09. IAs of VW were enlargeable by attaching a larger electrode. Against biofilms, VW was less effective than DBD but more effective than ethanol 70% and polyhexanide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proven antimicrobial efficacy of VW may encourage the development of new, potent plasma devices based on the very simple and inexpensive technique of the historic high-frequency apparatus.
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany georg.daeschlein@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daeschlein
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napp
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Podewils
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emmert
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Napp
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spitzmueller
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gümbel
authors.affiliation: Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jünger
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D008954:Models, Biological; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D058626:Plasma Gases
keywords: biomedical engineering; surgical oncology; tissue engineering