title: Estimation of the hip joint centre in human motion analysis: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inaccuracies in locating the three-dimensional position of the hip joint centre affect the calculated hip and knee kinematics, force- and moment-generating capacity of muscles and hip joint mechanics, which can lead to incorrect interpretations and recommendations in gait analysis. Several functional and predictive methods have been developed to estimate the hip joint centre location, and the International Society of Biomechanics recommends a functional approach for use with participants that have adequate range of motion at the hip, and predictive methods in those with insufficient range of motion. The purpose of the current systematic review was to substantiate the International Society of Biomechanics recommendations. This included identifying the most accurate functional and predictive methods, and defining 'adequate' range of motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search with broad search terms was performed including five databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systematic search yielded to 801 articles, of which 34 papers were included. Eleven different predictive and 13 different functional methods were identified. The results showed that the geometric sphere fit method and Harrington equations are the most accurate functional and predictive approaches respectively that have been evaluated in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In regard to the International Society of Biomechanics recommendations, the geometric sphere fit method should be used in people with sufficient active hip range of motion and the Harrington equations should be used in patients without sufficient hip range of motion. Multi-plane movement trials with at least 60° of flexion-extension and 30° of ab-adduction range of motion are suggested when using functional methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Queensland Children's Gait Laboratory, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: hans.kainz@griffithuni.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kainz
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Queensland Children's Gait Laboratory, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Carty
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Modenese
authors.affiliation: Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Roslyn N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis
keywords: Accuracy; Functional method; Gait analysis; Hip joint centre; Predictive method