title: Evaluation of the Waggoner Computerized Color Vision Test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical color vision evaluation has been based primarily on the same set of tests for the past several decades. Recently, computer-based color vision tests have been devised, and these have several advantages but are still not widely used. In this study, we evaluated the Waggoner Computerized Color Vision Test (CCVT), which was developed for widespread use with common computer systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of subjects with (n = 59) and without (n = 361) color vision deficiency (CVD) were tested on the CCVT, the anomaloscope, the Richmond HRR (Hardy-Rand-Rittler) (4th edition), and the Ishihara test. The CCVT was administered in two ways: (1) on a computer monitor using its default settings and (2) on one standardized to a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6500 K. Twenty-four subjects with CVD performed the CCVT both ways. Sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rates were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The screening performance of the CCVT was good (95% sensitivity, 100% specificity). The CCVT classified subjects as deutan or protan in agreement with anomaloscopy 89% of the time. It generally classified subjects as having a more severe defect compared with other tests. Results from 18 of the 24 subjects with CVD tested under both default and calibrated CCT conditions were the same, whereas the results from 6 subjects had better agreement with other test results when the CCT was set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Waggoner CCVT is an adequate color vision screening test with several advantages and appears to provide a fairly accurate diagnosis of deficiency type. Used in conjunction with other color vision tests, it may be a useful addition to a color vision test battery.
authors.affiliation: *OD, PhD, FAAO †PhD ‡BS Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California (JSN, ALN); Department of Psychology (ES) and Department of Mathematics (ALN), California State University, Fullerton, California; and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada (JEV, MAC).
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Self
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vanston
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crognale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000379:methods*; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult