title: Association of coffee intake with total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the rising consumption of coffee worldwide, few prospective cohort studies assessed the association of coffee intake with mortality including total and major causes of death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the association between habitual coffee drinking and mortality from all causes, cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, injuries, and other causes of death in a large-scale, population-based cohort study in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 90,914 Japanese persons aged between 40 and 69 y without a history of cancer, cerebrovascular disease, or ischemic heart disease at the time of the baseline study. Subjects were followed up for an average of 18.7 y, during which 12,874 total deaths were reported. The association between coffee intake and risk of total and cause-specific mortality was assessed by using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed an inverse association between coffee intake and total mortality in both men and women. HRs (95% CIs) for total death in subjects who consumed coffee compared with those who never drank coffee were 0.91 (0.86-0.95) for <1 cup/d, 0.85 (0.81-0.90) for 1-2 cups/d, 0.76 (0.70-0.83) for 3-4 cups/d, and 0.85 (0.75-0.98) for >5 cups/d (P-trend < 0.001). Coffee was inversely associated with mortality from heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and respiratory disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With this prospective study, we suggest that the habitual intake of coffee is associated with lower risk of total mortality and 3 leading causes of death in Japan.
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Norie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Taiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Mitsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.affiliation: From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (ES, M Inoue, NS, TS, TY, M Iwasaki, SS, and ST); the Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (ES and M Inoue); the Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (MN); and Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-fu, Japan (HI).
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: cardiovascular diseases/mortality; coffee; follow-up studies; neoplasms/mortality; respiratory diseases/mortality