title: Structural characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of kojic dipalmitate loaded w/o/w multiple emulsions intended for skin disorders.
abstract: Multiple emulsions (MEs) are intensively being studied for drug delivery due to their ability to load and increase the bioavailability of active lipophilic antioxidant, such as kojic dipalmitate (KDP). The aim of this study was to structurally characterize developed MEs by determining the average droplet size (Dnm) and zeta potential (ZP), performing macroscopic and microscopic analysis and analyzing their rheological behavior and in vitro bioadhesion. Furthermore, the in vitro safety profile and antioxidant activity of KDP-loaded MEs were evaluated. The developed MEs showed a Dnm of approximately 1 micrometer and a ZP of -13 mV, and no change was observed in Dnm or ZP of the system with the addition of KDP. KDP-unloaded MEs exhibited ''shear thinning" flow behavior whereas KDP-loaded MEs exhibited Newtonian behavior, which are both characteristic of antithixotropic materials. MEs have bioadhesion properties that were not influenced by the incorporation of KDP. The results showed that the incorporation of KDP into MEs improved the safety profile of the drug. The in vitro antioxidant activity assay suggested that MEs presented a higher capacity for maintaining the antioxidant activity of KDP. ME-based systems may be a promising platform for the topical application of KDP in the treatment of skin disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maíra Lima
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1090-3062
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonçalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diana Gleide
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Marcussi
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana Maria Fioramonti
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calixto
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Campus, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlus
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6698-0545
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chorilli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010168:Palmitates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012212:Rheology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004655:Emulsions; D010168:Palmitates; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011753:Pyrones; C011890:kojic acid