title: Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes.
abstract: MSCs are an extensively used cell type in clinical trials today. The initial rationale for their clinical testing was based on their differentiation potential. However, the lack of correlation between functional improvement and cell engraftment or differentiation at the site of injury has led to the proposal that MSCs exert their effects not through their differentiation potential but through their secreted product, more specifically, exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle. We propose here that MSC exosomes function as an extension of MSC's biological role as tissue stromal support cells. Like their cell source, MSC exosomes help maintain tissue homeostasis for optimal tissue function. They target housekeeping biological processes that operate ubiquitously in all tissues and are critical in maintaining tissue homeostasis, enabling cells to recover critical cellular functions and begin repair and regeneration. This hypothesis provides a rationale for the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs and their secreted exosomes in a wide spectrum of diseases. Here, we give a brief introduction of the biogenesis of MSC exosomes, review their physiological functions and highlight some of their biochemical potential to illustrate how MSC exosomes could restore tissue homeostasis leading to tissue recovery and repair.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ruenn Chai
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ronne Wee Yeh
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: saikiang.lim@imb.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Sai Kiang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome
keywords: Exosome; Homeostasis; Mesenchymal stem cell