title: Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) to the combined exposure of carbaryl and ultraviolet radiation.
abstract: The increase of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of increased ozone layer depletion has affected crop production systems and, in combination with pesticides used in agricultural activities, can lead to greater risks to the environment. The impact of UV radiation and carbaryl singly and in combination on Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Brassica rapa (turnip) was studied. The combined exposure was analyzed using the MixTox tool and was based on the conceptual model of independent action, where possible deviations to synergism or antagonism and dose-ratio or dose-level response pattern were also considered. Compared with the control, carbaryl and UV radiation individually led to reductions in growth, fresh and dry weight, and water content for both species. Combined treatment of UV and carbaryl was more deleterious compared with single exposure. For T. aestivum length, no interaction between the 2 stressors was found (independent action), and a dose-level deviation was the best description for the weight parameters. For B. rapa, dose-ratio deviations from the conceptual model were found when length and dry weight were analyzed, and a higher than expected effect on the fresh weight (synergism) occurred with combined exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria P R
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal.|Graduate Program in Plant Production, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi-Tocantins, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D014867:Water; D012721:Carbaryl
keywords: Brassica rapa; Carbaryl; Synergism; Triticum aestivum; Ultraviolet radiation