title: Dengue on islands: a Bayesian approach to understanding the global ecology of dengue viruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmission of dengue viruses (DENV), the most common arboviral pathogens globally, is influenced by many climatic and socioeconomic factors. However, the relative contributions of these factors on a global scale are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly selected 94 islands stratified by socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. With a Bayesian model, we assessed factors contributing to the probability of islands having a history of any dengue outbreaks and of having frequent outbreaks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimum temperature was strongly associated with suitability for DENV transmission. Islands with a minimum monthly temperature of greater than 14.8°C (95% CI: 12.4-16.6°C) were predicted to be suitable for DENV transmission. Increased population size and precipitation were associated with increased outbreak frequency, but did not capture all of the variability. Predictions for 48 testing islands verified these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis clarified two key components of DENV ecology: minimum temperature was the most important determinant of suitability; and endemicity was more likely in areas with high precipitation and large, but not necessarily dense, populations. Wealth and connectivity, in contrast, had no discernable effects. This model adds to our knowledge of global determinants of dengue risk and provides a basis for understanding the ecology of dengue endemicity.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., Boston, MA 02215, USA Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; USA.
authors.forename: Leora R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Feldstein
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Autumn St., Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn St., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brownstein
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Simon I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920, USA mjohansson@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002980:Climate; D003715:Dengue / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D062312:Islands; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058974:Phylogeography
keywords: Dengue; Ecology; Epidemiology; Islands; Transmission dynamics