title: Age at menarche and diet among adolescents in slums of Nashik, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of dietary patterns in determining age at menarche is insufficiently understood in low-income countries. The relationship between dietary patterns, particularly the consumption of oil, and age at menarche in a slum-dwelling adolescent population in India is examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a cross-sectional baseline survey and anthropometric measurements among 10- to 19-year-old adolescents (n=545, female respondents 272, of whom 160 were post-menarcheal) and a household survey in two slums in the city of Nashik, Western India. By using mixed effects linear regression models, the association between age at menarche and household-wise use of sources of animal protein and oil and fat is examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at menarche (mean 13.7 years) in the slums studied was relatively high according to Indian standards. Age at menarche and the consumption of dairy products, meat, fish and eggs were not associated. The household per capita consumption of vegetable oil had an inverse association with a girl's age at menarche, and there was an indication of a positive association between use of ghee (clarified butter) and age at menarche. These associations did not disappear when controlling for anthropometric status and socio-economic characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of fats and foods that are important sources of protein among underprivileged households in India is low and reflected in the relatively late age at menarche. The potential differences in the association between various types of fatty acids, energy intake and age at menarche in conditions of undernutrition requires further prospective study.
authors.forename: Sushama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khopkar
authors.forename: Sangita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kulathinal
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Säävälä
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008460:Meat / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008572:Menarche; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014504:Urban Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins