title: Increased impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for bipolar disorder: evidence from self-report and experimental measures in two high-risk populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heightened impulsivity has been suggested as a possible risk factor for bipolar disorder (BD). However, studies on high-risk populations are scarce and have mainly focused on individuals with a genetic risk. The present study investigated two high-risk samples for BD with regard to several aspects of the impulsivity construct.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unaffected relatives of BD patients (genetically defined high-risk group, N=29) and participants scoring high on the Hypomanic Personality Scale (psychometrically defined high-risk sample, N=25) were being compared to respective control groups (N=27 and N=25) using a multi-method approach. Participants were accessed on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11, trait impulsivity), the Stop Signal Task (response inhibition), and the Cambridge Gambling Task (impulsive behavior in decision-making processes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both high-risk groups reported heightened impulsivity on the BIS-11, as well as impulsive decision-making, whereas no significant group differences in response inhibition were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations were the lack in specificity of the results for BD and the cross-sectional study design, which does not allow conclusions about the influence of impulsivity on the development of or resilience for BD in risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the assumption that increased trait impulsivity and impulsive decision-making are a vulnerability marker for and an endophenotype of BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: wessa@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wessa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kollmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schönfelder
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Social Neuroscience, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Decision-making; First-degree relatives; Hypomanic personality; Punishment; Reward