title: Effects of organism preparation in metallothionein and metal analysis in marine invertebrates for biomonitoring marine pollution.
abstract: Metallothionein (MT) is established as a potentially useful biomarker for monitoring aquatic pollution. This paper addresses widespread inconsistencies in storage conditions, tissue type selection and pre-treatment of samples before MT and metal analysis in biomarker studies. This variation hampers comparability and so the widespread implementation of this monitoring approach. Actively sampled Mytilus edulis in Southampton Water, UK were exposed to different storage temperatures, a variety of tissue types were analysed, and various pre-treatments of transportation on ice, transportation in seawater, depuration, and rapid dissection in the field were examined. Storage temperatures of -20 °C were found to be adequate for periods of at least ten weeks, as MT was not reduced by protein degradation compared with samples kept at -80 °C. Whole tissue and digestive gland concentrations of MT and metals were significantly positively correlated and directly relatable. MT in the digestive gland appeared to be more responsive to metals than in whole tissue, where it may be diluted, masking MT responses. However, longer study periods may suffer the effects of mass changes to the digestive gland, which alters MT concentration, and it may therefore be advisable to measure whole tissue. Depuration and transportation in seawater reduced both MT and metal concentrations in the digestive gland, and few correlations between MT and metals were identified for these treatments. It is therefore recommended that: i) samples are transported to the laboratory on ice and dissected as soon as possible thereafter, ii) depuration should not be used when examining MT response to metal exposure until further research clarifying its utility is reported, iii) either whole tissue or the digestive gland can be used to measure MT, though whole tissue may be preferable on long-term studies, and iv) organisms can be stored at -20 °C before analysis for up to ten weeks. These practices can be applied to future biomonitoring studies and will improve the comparability and repeatability of using MT as a biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jfpo1g13@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oaten
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mdh@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: acj@noc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: idw@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D049880:Mytilus edulis; D012623:Seawater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008668:Metallothionein
keywords: Biomonitoring; Digestive gland; Marine invertebrates; Metal pollution; Metallothionein; Pre-treatments