title: Exogenous glycine and serine promote growth and antifungal activity of Penicillium citrinum W1 from the south-west Indian Ocean.
abstract: PcPAF is a novel antifungal protein identified by our recent study, which is produced by a fungal strain Penicillium citrinum W1 isolated from a south-west Indian Ocean sediment sample. The present study identified glycine as a potential metabolite which increased the fungal growth and promoted antifungal activity. Then, GC/MS based metabolomics was used to disclose the metabolic mechanism manipulated by glycine. With the aid of unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, the intracellular metabolite profiles were distinguished among two glycine-treated groups and control. 43 and 47 significantly varied metabolites were detected in 2.5 mM or 5 mM glycine-treated groups and involved in seven and eight pathways, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous serine, which is converted from glycine, showed the same potential as glycine did. Our findings not only identify glycine and serine as nutrients which promoted P. citrinum W1 growth and increased antifungal activity, but also highlight the way to utilize metabolomics for an understanding of metabolic mechanism manipulated by an exogenous compound.
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chang-wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xian-liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin-hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China pxuanx@sysu.edu.cn wangpeng@xmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuan-xian
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019156:Indian Ocean; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055442:Metabolome; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D013912:Threonine; D012694:Serine; D005998:Glycine
keywords: Penicillium citrinum; antifungal activity; glycine; growth; metabolomics; serine