title: Small RNAs derived from tRNAs and rRNAs are highly enriched in exosomes from both old and new world Leishmania providing evidence for conserved exosomal RNA Packaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmania use exosomes to communicate with their mammalian hosts and these secreted vesicles appear to contribute to pathogenesis by delivering protein virulence factors to macrophages. In other eukaryotes, exosomes were found to carry RNA cargo, such as mRNAs and small non-coding RNAs, capable of altering recipient cell phenotype. Whether leishmania exosomes also contain RNAs which they are able to deliver to bystander cells is not known. Here, we show that leishmania exosomes indeed contain RNAs and compare and contrast the RNA content of exosomes released by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We purified RNA from exosomes collected from axenic amastigote culture supernatant and found that when compared with total leishmania RNA, exosomes mainly contained short RNA sequences. Exosomes with intact membranes were capable of protecting their RNA cargo from degradation by RNase. Moreover, exosome RNA cargo was delivered to host cell cytoplasm in vitro. Sequencing of exosomal RNA indicated that the majority of cargo sequences were derived from non-coding RNA species such as rRNA and tRNA. In depth analysis revealed the presence of tRNA-derived small RNAs, a novel RNA type with suspected regulatory functions. Northern blotting confirmed the specific and selective enrichment of tRNA-derived small RNAs in exosomes. We also identified a number of novel transcripts, which appeared to be specifically enriched in exosomes compared to total cell RNA. In addition, we observed the presence of sequences mapping to siRNA-coding regions in L. braziliensis , but not in L. donovani exosomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that leishmania exosomes are selectively and specifically enriched in small RNAs derived almost exclusively from non-coding RNAs. These exosomes are competent to deliver their cargo of novel, potential small regulatory RNAs to macrophages where they may influence parasite-host cell interactions. The remarkably high degree of congruence in exosomal RNA content between L. donovani and L. braziliensis, argues for the presence of a conserved mechanism for exosomal RNA packaging in leishmania. These findings open up a new avenue of research on non-canonical, small RNA pathways in this trypanosomatid, which may elucidate pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ulambertz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lambertz
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. moviedoo@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Mariana E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Oviedo Ovando
authors.affiliation: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. elton.vasconcelos@seattlebiomed.org.
authors.forename: Elton J R
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. punrau@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Unrau
authors.affiliation: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. peter.myler@seattlebiomed.org.|Departments of Global Health and Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington, Washington, WA, USA. peter.myler@seattlebiomed.org.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Myler
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ethan@mail.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Reiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D055354:Exosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated; D012343:RNA, Transfer