title: Effects of ovarian hormones and oral contraceptive pills on cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ovarian hormones and the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise. Thirty physically active women aged 19-32 years were divided into two groups: OCP users (n = 17) and non-OCP users (n = 13). Participants were studied randomly at three different phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular (day 3.6 ± 1.2; range 1-5), ovulatory (day 14.3 ± 0.8; range 13-16) and midluteal (day 21.3 ± 0.8; range 20-24), according to endogenous (in non-OCP users) or exogenous (in OCP users) estradiol and progesterone variations. The cardiac vagal withdrawal was represented by the cardiac vagal index (CVI), which was obtained by the 4-s exercise test. Additionally, resting heart rate, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were obtained. The CVI was not significantly different between the three phases of the menstrual cycle in either the non-OCP users (early follicular: 1.58 ± 0.1; ovulatory: 1.56 ± 0.1; midluteal: 1.58 ± 0.1, P > 0.05) or OCP users (early follicular: 1.47 ± 0.1; ovulatory: 1.49 ± 0.1; midluteal: 1.47 ± 0.1, P > 0.05) (mean ± SEM). Resting cardiovascular responses were not affected by hormonal phase or OCP use, except that the SBP was higher in the OCP users than non-OCP users in all phases of the cycle (P < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise was not impacted by the menstrual cycle or OCP use in physically active women.
authors.affiliation: Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences-SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences-SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Plinio S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lauro C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.affiliation: Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences-SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Djalma R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ricardo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003267:Contraception; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D046910:Fertile Period / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D012146:Rest; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol