title: Estimating air travel-associated importations of dengue virus into Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Southern Europe is increasingly at risk for dengue emergence, given the seasonal presence of relevant mosquito vectors and suitable climatic conditions. For example, Aedes mosquitoes, the main vector for both dengue and chikungunya, are abundant in Italy, and Italy experienced the first ever outbreak of chikungunya in Europe in 2007. We set out to estimate the extent of dengue virus importations into Italy via air travelers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We attempted to quantify the number of dengue virus importations based on modeling of published estimates on dengue incidence in the countries of disembarkation and analysis of data on comprehensive air travel from these countries into Italy's largest international airport in Rome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2005 to 2012, more than 7.3 million air passengers departing from 100 dengue-endemic countries arrived in Rome. Our Importation Model, which included air traveler volume, estimated the incidence of dengue infections in the countries of disembarkation, and the probability of infection coinciding with travel accounted for an average of 2,320 (1,621-3,255) imported dengue virus infections per year, of which 572 (381-858) were "apparent" dengue infections and 1,747 (1,240-2,397) "inapparent."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 2005 and 2012, we found an increasing trend of dengue virus infections imported into Rome via air travel, which may pose a potential threat for future emergence of dengue in Italy, given that the reoccurring pattern of peak importations corresponds seasonally with periods of relevant mosquito vector activity. The observed increasing annual trends of dengue importation and the consistent peaks in late summer underpin the urgency in determining the threshold levels for the vector and infected human populations that could facilitate novel autochthonous transmission of dengue in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden; Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mikkel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Quam
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Joacim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rocklöv
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology; D064870:Air Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D003716:Dengue Virus; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012621:Seasons