title: Comparative Cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots from Different Geographical Origins Against Immortal Human Keratinocyte (HaCaT), Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) and Liver Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells.
abstract: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as 'liquorice', is a well-known medicinal plant. Roots of this plant have long been used as a sweetening and flavouring agent in food and pharmaceutical products, and also as a traditional remedy for cough, upper and lower respiratory ailments, kidney stones, hepatitis C, skin disorder, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal ulcers and stomach ache. Previous pharmacological and clinical studies have revealed its antitussive, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. While glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting triterpene saponin, is the principal bioactive compound, several bioactive flavonoids and isoflavonoids are also present in the roots of this plant. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts of nine samples of the roots of G. glabra, collected from various geographical origins, was assessed against immortal human keratinocyte (HaCaT), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines using the in vitro 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide cell toxicity/viability assay. Considerable variations in levels of cytotoxicity were observed among various samples of G. glabra.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norazah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basar
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.|Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olayinka Ayotunde
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Oridupa
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.
authors.forename: Lutfun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.
authors.forename: Nashwa Mostafa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: ADAS UK Ltd, Rosemaund, Preston Wynne, Hereford, HR1 3PG, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: Habibjon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kushiev
authors.affiliation: Selçuk University, Selçuk-Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK.
authors.forename: Satyajit D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sarker
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005843:Geography; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes
keywords: Fabaceae; Glycyrrhiza glabra; MTT; cancer; cytotoxicity; liquorice