title: Affinity states of biocides determine bioavailability and release rates in marine paints.
abstract: A challenge for the next generation marine antifouling (AF) paints is to deliver minimum amounts of biocides to the environment. The candidate AF compound medetomidine is here shown to be released at very low concentrations, ie ng ml(-1) day(-1). Moreover, the release rate of medetomidine differs substantially depending on the formulation of the paint, while inhibition of barnacle settlement is independent of release to the ambient water, ie the paint with the lowest release rate was the most effective in impeding barnacle colonisation. This highlights the critical role of chemical interactions between biocide, paint carrier and the solid/aqueous interface for release rate and AF performance. The results are discussed in the light of differential affinity states of the biocide, predicting AF activity in terms of a high surface affinity and preserved bioavailability. This may offer a general framework for the design of low-release paint systems using biocides for protection against biofouling on marine surfaces.
authors.affiliation: a Unit for Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces , SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden , Borås , Sweden.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahlström
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: Per R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Göransson
authors.forename: Liselott
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arnebrant
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinori
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elwing
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berglin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001682:Biological Availability; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010150:Paint; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014043:Tolazoline / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014043:Tolazoline; D020926:Medetomidine
keywords: RP-HPLC; antifouling biocides; barnacle; ellipsometry; release; surface adsorption