title: Are andropause symptoms related to depression?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Andropause is a middle-age condition in which men experience changes in their physical, spiritual and emotional health. The association between andropause and psychological symptoms such as depression are not very clear yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was therefore to determine the association between the 'Aging Males Symptoms Scale' (AMS) and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was conducted among 521 old men. To collect data, the AMS and the Patient Health Questionnaires 2 and 9 were used to screen depression, in addition to questions on background and fertility. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between andropause symptoms and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on our results and the AMS score, 51.5% of the study population had clinical symptoms of androgen disorder, 3.7% of which had severe symptoms. There was a strong correlation between the AMS score and depression. Depression, diabetes, cigarette smoking and spousal age retained their significant associations even after entering the relevant demographic, anthropometric, smoking and disease variables in the multivariable model. As a positive predictive factor, depression had the strongest association with AMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, there is a direct association between andropause symptoms and depression, where the increasing AMS score corresponds with the severity of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the need of screening for depression when evaluating andropause symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty Member of Medicine, Tehran School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poorsina Avenue, Ghods Avenue, Enghelab St., Tehran, Iran. khosravi785@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan Eftekhar
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ardebili
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saharnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nedjat
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Tehran School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikbakht Nasrabadi
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad Eftekhar
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ardebili
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty Member of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dabiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samizadeh
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D047649:Andropause / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Aging; Andropause; Depression; Men’s health