title: Historical perspectives in kidney transplantation: an updated review.
abstract: The present state of success in kidney transplantation, including its benefits to patients with end-stage renal failure, was achieved through relentless research, both in experimental animal models and human volunteers. Kidney transplantation has evolved during the past century thanks to various milestones in surgical techniques, immunology, immunosuppressive drugs, expansion of donor sources, organ preservation, transplant against immunological barriers (ABO blood group-incompatible and positive crossmatch transplants), and research on induction of tolerance, xenotransplants, and stem cell technology. Despite significant improvements in graft and patient survival, several issues still must be addressed to reduce the growing number of patients with kidney failure waiting to receive organs. This article provides an up-to-date review of the milestones in the history of kidney transplantation and highlights strategies to resolve current problems faced by patients and the transplant community.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Badri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haylor
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raftery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000266:history; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000266:history*; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000266:history