title: Health Status and Psychological Distress in Patients with Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy: The Role of Burden Related to Symptoms and Genetic Vulnerability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is a cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular tribeculae and deep intertrabecular recesses. Because of its genetic underpinnings and physical disease burden, noncompaction cardiomyopathy is expected to be associated with a lower health status and increase in pscyhological distress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the health status and psychological distress in NCCM patients. We also examined the potential contribution of genetic predisposition and cardiac symptoms to health status and distress in NCCM, by comparing NCCM patients with (1) patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and (2) patients with acquired dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Using a case-control design, NCCM patients (N = 45, mean age 46.7 ± 15.1 years, 38 % male) were compared with 43 FH patients and 42 DCM patients. Outcome measures were health status (Short Form Health Survey-12), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCCM patients showed significantly worse health status (Physical Component Score F(1,84) = 9.58, P = .003; Mental Component Score F(1,84) = 16.65, P < .001), anxiety (F(1,85) = 9.63, P = .003) and depression scores (F(1,82) = 5.4, P = .023) compared to FH patients, also after adjusting age, sex, comorbidity, educational level and time since diagnosis. However, NCCM patients did not differ from DCM patients (Physical Component Score F(1,82) = 2,61, P = .11; Mental Component Score F(1,82) = .55, P = .46), anxiety (F(1,82) = 1.16, P = .28) and depression scores (F(1,82) = 1,95, P = .17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac symptoms are likely to play a role in the observed poor health status and elevated levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms in NCCM, whereas the burden of having a genetic condition may contribute less to these health status and psychological measures.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeanine E Roeters
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Van Lennep
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sijbrands
authors.affiliation: CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kop
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. sspedersen@health.sdu.dk.|Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. sspedersen@health.sdu.dk.|Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. sspedersen@health.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000523:psychology; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D056830:Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Anxiety; Cardiomyopathy; Depression; Familial hypercholesterolemia; Health status; Non-compaction cardiomyopathy; Psychological distress