title: Development and validation of an efficient ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds.
abstract: Flaxseed accumulates in its seedcoat a macromolecular complex composed of lignan (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, SDG), flavonol (herbacetin diglucoside, HDG) and hydroxycinnamic acids (p-couramic, caffeic and ferulic acid glucosides). Their antioxidant and/or cancer chemopreventive properties support their interest in human health and therefore, the demand for their extraction. In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of flaxseed phenolic compounds was investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging and histochemical analysis revealed the deep alteration of the seedcoat ultrastructure and the release of the mucilage following ultrasound treatment. Therefore, this method was found to be very efficient for the reduction of mucilage entrapment of flaxseed phenolics. The optimal conditions for UAE phenolic compounds extraction from flaxseeds were found to be: water as solvent supplemented with 0.2N of sodium hydroxide for alkaline hydrolysis of the SDG-HMG complex, an extraction time of 60 min at a temperature of 25°C and an ultrasound frequency of 30 kHz. Under these optimized and validated conditions, highest yields of SDG, HDG and hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides were detected in comparison to other published methods. Therefore, the procedure presented herein is a valuable method for efficient extraction and quantification of the main flaxseed phenolics. Moreover, this UAE is of particular interest within the context of green chemistry in terms of reducing energy consumption and valuation of flaxseed cakes as by-products resulting from the production of flax oil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Cyrielle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corbin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Thibaud
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fidel
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Emilie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Esmatullah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barakzoy
authors.affiliation: Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI) UPR3079, CNRS Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sagot
authors.affiliation: Service de Transformations Chimiques et Pharmaceutiques, ERL CNRS 3193, Le CNAM Paris, France.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falguiéres
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Sullivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renouard
authors.affiliation: Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI) UPR3079, CNRS Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Blondeau
authors.affiliation: Service de Transformations Chimiques et Pharmaceutiques, ERL CNRS 3193, Le CNAM Paris, France.
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferroud
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France; Ecole Sciences industrielles et technologies de l'information (SITI), Département Chimie Alimentation Santé Environnement Risque (CASER), Le CNAM Paris, France.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doussot
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lainé
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans, Chartres, France. Electronic address: hano@univ-orleans.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hano
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide
keywords: Flavanol; Flaxseed; Lignan; Phenolic compounds; Ultrasound-assisted extraction