title: Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Extracts of the African Medicinal Plant Ximenia caffra.
abstract: A method was developed for identification and quantification of polyphenols in the leaves of Ximenia caffra using HPLC/UV/MS. Based on analyzing the MS and UV data and in comparison to the authentic standards, a total of 10 polyphenols were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives. The total content of these compounds was found to be approximately 19.45 mg/g in the leaf and the most abundant is quercetin-rutinoside (9.08 mg/g). The total phenolic content as measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay was 261.87 ± 7.11 mg GAE/g and the total antioxidant capacity as measured in vitro was 1.46 ± 0.01 mmol Trolox/g. The antiproliferative effect of the leaf extract was measured by MTS assay with IC50 value of 239.0 ± 44.5 μg/mL. Cell-based assays show that the leaf extract inhibits the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α) by using RT-qPCR, implying its anti-inflammatory effects. It was further demonstrated that the underlying therapeutic mechanism involves the suppression of NF-κB, a shared pathway between cell death and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.affiliation: National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: PlantaPhile, 705B Park Avenue, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brendler
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery and Development Program, Science, Technology and Innovation Division, Multidisciplinary Research Center University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue Private Bag Box 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
authors.forename: Davis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mumbengegwi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Ah-Ng Tony
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Qingli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu