title: Selective catalytic reduction operation with heavy fuel oil: NOx, NH3, and particle emissions.
abstract: To meet stringent NOx emission limits, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is increasingly utilized in ships, likely also in combination with low-priced higher sulfur level fuels. In this study, the performance of SCR was studied by utilizing NOx, NH3, and particle measurements. Urea decomposition was studied with ammonia and isocyanic acid measurements and was found to be more effective with heavy fuel oil (HFO) than with light fuel oil. This is suggested to be explained by the metals found in HFO contributing to metal oxide particles catalyzing the hydrolysis reaction prior to SCR. At the exhaust temperature of 340 °C NOx reduction was 85-90%, while at lower temperatures the efficiency decreased. By increasing the catalyst loading, the low temperature behavior of the SCR was enhanced. The drawback of this, however, was the tendency of particle emissions (sulfate) to increase at higher temperatures with higher loaded catalysts. The particle size distribution results showed high amounts of nanoparticles (in 25-30 nm size), the formation of which SCR either increased or decreased. The findings of this work provide a better understanding of the usage of SCR in combination with a higher sulfur level fuel and also of ship particle emissions, which are a growing concern.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehtoranta
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vesala
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.affiliation: ‡Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Post Office Box 196, FI-00531 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korhonen
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D002384:Catalysis; D005648:Fuel Oils; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012767:Ships; D013455:Sulfur; D013696:Temperature; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D013455:Sulfur; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea