title: Variability in response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis patients are exposed to blood and blood products more than the general population and are also at higher risk for hepatitis B (HB) contamination. For these reasons, it is highly recommended that this patient population gets the HB vaccine. The efficacy of the vaccine is measured by measuring titers of antibody in the serum of the patient. A minimum titer of 10 mIU/mL is considered to be a response. The conversion rate in hemodialysis patients ranges from 50% to 80%, as compared to the general population where the conversion rate is over 95%. As opposed to the general population, end-stage renal patients on hemodialysis do not always respond to the vaccine. The main objective in this study was to try to identify factors that may hinder the response. Correction of these factors in the future may help non-responders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective chart review at a single hemodialysis center to compare the laboratory and clinical differences between responders and non-responders. Inclusion criteria are hemodialysis patients who received the HB vaccine and patients with concomitant hepatitis C. Exclusion criteria are patients who refused the vaccine and patients who did not complete the vaccine course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are a total of 108 subjects included in the study, out of which 44 (42.3%) are responders to the HB vaccine. A multivariate logistic regression was performed using the statistically significant risk factors as identified by the univariate logistic regression, including age range, albumin, hemodialysis vintage, vascular access and diabetes status. The results from the multivariate logistic regression show that advanced age (P = 0.005) and diabetes status (P = 0.003) are found to be strong independent risk factors of responder status. The type of vascular access (AVF or other types) is also marginally statistically significant (P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective chart review comparing HB vaccine in responders versus non-responders, we found that advanced age and a history of diabetes are independent risk factors in predicting responder status.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: El-Charabaty
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Chadi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saifan
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Majed Mark
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Samarneh
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Sayegh
keywords: Hemodialysis; Hepatitis B vaccine