title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications in inhalable antimicrobial therapy.
abstract: Inhaled antimicrobials provide a promising alternative to the systemically delivered drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic lung infections. The delivery of antimicrobials via inhalation route decreases the systemic exposure while increasing the local concentration in the lungs, enabling the use of antimicrobials with severe systemic side effects. The inhalation route of administration has several challenges in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments. This review discusses various issues that need to be considered during study, data analysis, and interpretation of PK and PD of inhaled antimicrobials. Advancements overcoming the challenges are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0494, USA.
authors.forename: Jatinder Kaur
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mukker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0494, USA.
authors.forename: Ravi Shankar Prasad
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0494, USA. Electronic address: hartmut@cop.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derendorf
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antimicrobials; Inhalation therapy; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Sputum concentrations; Systemic exposure; Time–kill curve