title: Medication safety activities of hospital pharmacists in Ghana; challenges and perceived impact on patient care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacists by their training have the competences and skills to promote safe use of medicines which is an essential component of patient safety. This study explored the perceptions of hospital pharmacists' role in medication safety in Ghana, identified their attendant challenges and ways of enhancing such roles in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to 200 pharmacists selected conveniently from the 10 regions of Ghana. Questions in the questionnaire were based on a systematic literature review that had catalogued and summarised all the activities of hospital pharmacists related to medication safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 176 (88% response rate) questionnaires were completed and returned. Almost all pharmacists (97.7%) believed that they were involved in medication safety activities in their daily routine. The frequently performed activities were counselling of out-patient (91.8%), training pharmacy and other clinical students (72.2%), reporting on medication errors (70%), and reconciling medications (69.2%). The mean weekly time spent on the activities ranged from 6.5 to 19.8 hours. Participants who had clinical pharmacy related additional qualifications (χ2 = 37.749; p = 0.049) and worked in tertiary care hospitals (χ2 = 26.6; p = 0.377) undertook more medication safety activities than those without. The cited challenges faced by participants included inadequate time available (62.7%), spending most time in managerial activities (47.3%), lack of formal structures of engagement (43.8%), lack of motivation by superiors (34.9%), and no formal schedule by supervisor (32%). Only 7.7% stated they lack interest in performing those activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists undertake many medication safety activities routinely that they perceive to have impact on patient care outcomes. Restructuring of their managerial roles will contribute to freeing time for pharmacists to engage more in those activities.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Acheampong
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Berko Panyin
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Anto
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D059065:Medication Reconciliation / Q000458:organization & administration; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D061214:Patient Safety; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Ghana; Pharmacist; error reporting; hospital; patient safety