title: Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcome of pericarditis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, etiology, management, and outcomes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and pericarditis
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 81 patients who were diagnosed of SLE according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and had 82 episodes of pericarditis between 2002 and 2010. The diagnosis of pericarditis was defined as the presence of pericardial effusion alone by echocardiography or having 2 out of 4 of the following criteria: retrosternal pain, pericardial friction rub, widespread ST-segment elevation, and new/worsening pericardial effusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of them (92%) were female with the median disease duration (range) of 1 (0-312) month. Cardiac tamponade occurred in 16% (95% CI 8.72-25.58%). There was no statistically significant difference between patients who developed tamponade and those who did not. The causes ofpericarditis included active SLE (93%), and suspected tuberculosis (TB) (5%), with 2% inconclusive. In patients with lupus pericarditis, 71% had other active organ involvement. Most lupus pericarditis patients (79%) had good response to steroid or NSAIDs. Diagnosis of TB pericarditis was made by clinical suspicion without microbiological or pathological evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an endemic area of TB, lupus pericarditis was still the most common cause of pericarditis in SLE. Most patients responded well to steroid.
authors.forename: Tanas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buppajamrntham
authors.forename: Nattawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palavutitotai
authors.forename: Wanruchada
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katchamart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010495:Pericarditis, Tuberculous / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids