title: Gastrointestinal complications in renal transplant recipients detected by endoscopic biopsies in a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. The renal transplant recipients are susceptible to a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) complications such as infections, ulcer disease, and malignancies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the frequency of pathological lesions in GI endoscopic biopsies in recipients of live related renal transplantation in our setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective survey was carried out at Histopathology Department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, from December 2010 to January 2011. All consecutive renal transplant patients of all ages and both genders on regular follow up, presenting with GI complaints and in whom GI endoscopic biopsies were performed, were included. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were retrieved from case files and the pathological diagnoses from the original biopsy reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 200 consecutive renal transplant patients were enrolled. The biopsies comprised of 19 (9.5 %) esophageal biopsies, 119 (59.5 %) gastric biopsies, 148 (74 %) duodenal biopsies, and 66 (33 %) colorectal biopsies. The main pathological lesions included cytomegalovirus infection in 22 (11 %) of all patients, Helicobacter pylori in 11 (9.2 %) of gastric biopsies, cryptosporidium in 4 (1.6 %), giardiasis in 30 (15 %), immunoproliferative small intestinal disease in 5 (3.4 %), tropical sprue in 33 (15 %), tuberculosis in 3 (2 %) of the small intestinal biopsies, and gastric adenocarcinoma in 1 (1.7 %) gastric biopsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide spectrum of pathological lesions including opportunistic infections was seen in GI endoscopic biopsies in renal transplant patients. Endoscopic biopsies play an important role in the diagnosis and management of GI disease in renal transplant patients.
authors.affiliation: Javed I. Kazi Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishaque
authors.forename: Rahma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mubarak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult