title: The effects of reduced gluten barley diet on humoral and cell-mediated systemic immune responses of gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques.
abstract: Celiac disease (CD) affects approximately 1% of the general population while an estimated additional 6% suffers from a recently characterized, rapidly emerging, similar disease, referred to as non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires removal of gluten sources from the diet. Since required adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is difficult to accomplish, efforts to develop alternative treatments have been intensifying in recent years. In this study, the non-human primate model of CD/NCGS, e.g., gluten-sensitive rhesus macaque, was utilized with the objective to evaluate the treatment potential of reduced gluten cereals using a reduced gluten (RG; 1% of normal gluten) barley mutant as a model. Conventional and RG barleys were used for the formulation of experimental chows and fed to gluten-sensitive (GS) and control macaques to determine if RG barley causes a remission of dietary gluten-induced clinical and immune responses in GS macaques. The impacts of the RG barley diet were compared with the impacts of the conventional barley-containing chow and the GFD. Although remission of the anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) serum responses and an improvement of clinical diarrhea were noted after switching the conventional to the RG barley diet, production of inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by peripheral CD4+ T helper lymphocytes, persisted during the RG chow treatment and were partially abolished only upon re-administration of the GFD. It was concluded that the RG barley diet might be used for the partial improvement of gluten-induced disease but its therapeutic value still requires upgrading-by co-administration of additional treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. ksestak@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sestak
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. hthwin@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Resources, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. jdufour@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Resources, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. dliu1@tulane.edu.|Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. dliu1@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Pyone P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Aye
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA. dliu1@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Arcadia Biosciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA. max.moehs@arcadiabio.com.
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Moehs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D016209:Interleukin-8; D005983:Glutens; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005903:Gliadin