title: Bidirectional relationship between the body mass index and substance use in young men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and substance use are major concern in young people. This study explored the bidirectional longitudinal relationships between the body mass index (BMI) of young men and their use of (1) 4 classes of nonmedical prescription drugs; (2) alcohol; (3) tobacco; and (4) cannabis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and follow-up data from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors were used (N = 5007). A cross-lagged panel model, complemented by probit models as sensitivity analysis, was run to determine the bidirectional relationships between BMI and substance use. Alcohol was assessed using risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD); tobacco, using daily smoking; and cannabis, using hazardous cannabis use (defined as twice-weekly or more cannabis use). Nonmedical prescription drugs use (NMPDU) included opioid analgesics, sedatives/sleeping pills, anxiolytics, and stimulants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different associations were found between BMI and substance use. Only RSOD (β = -.053, P = .005) and NMPDU of anxiolytics (β = .040, P = .020) at baseline significantly predicted BMI at follow-up. Baseline RSOD predicted a lower BMI at follow-up, whereas baseline NMPDU of anxiolytics predicted higher BMI at follow-up. Furthermore, BMI at baseline significantly predicted daily smoking (β = .050, P = .007) and hazardous cannabis use (β = .058, P = .030).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest different associations between BMI and the use of various substances by young men. However, only RSOD and NMPDU of anxiolytics predicted BMI, whereas BMI predicted daily smoking and hazardous cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: N'Goran
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deline
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Henchoz
authors.affiliation: e Institute for Social Sciences, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: f Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Meichun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohler-Kuo
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.affiliation: a Alcohol Treatment Centre , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland.|b Addiction Switzerland , Lausanne , Switzerland.|c Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.|d University of the West of England , Frenchay Campus , Bristol , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Alcohol; BMI; NMPDU; cannabis; cigarette smoking; longitudinal study