title: Biocompatibility of calcium phosphate bone cement with optimized mechanical properties.
abstract: The broad aim of this work was to investigate and optimize the properties of calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) for use in vertebroplasty to achieve effective primary fixation of spinal fractures. The incorporation of collagen, both bovine and from a marine sponge (Chondrosia reniformis), into a CPC was investigated. The biological properties of the CPC and collagen-CPC composites were assessed in vitro through the use of human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytotoxicity, proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation were evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase, PicoGreen, and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively. The addition of both types of collagen resulted in an increase in cytotoxicity, albeit not to a clinically relevant level. Cellular proliferation after 1, 7, and 14 days was unchanged. The osteogenic potential of the CPC was reduced through the addition of bovine collagen but remained unchanged in the case of the marine collagen. These findings, coupled with previous work showing that incorporation of marine collagen in this way can improve the physical properties of CPCs, suggest that such a composite may offer an alternative to CPCs in applications where low setting times and higher mechanical stability are important.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Iwan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: KliniPharm GmbH, D-60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schatton
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Fraser J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003094:Collagen; C020243:calcium phosphate
keywords: bioactivity; biocompatibility; calcium phosphate bone cement; collagen; optimized mechanical properties