title: Botulinum toxin for the treatment of refractory erythema and flushing of rosacea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent erythema and severe rosacea flushing can cause significant physical discomfort and emotional stress to patients. Currently, no satisfactory treatments are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of refractory flushing and erythema of rosacea that were successfully treated with intradermal botulinum toxin injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good cosmetic results were achieved for both patients. The side effects during and after treatment were mild pain and localized bruising; these symptoms resolved within several days without further treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intradermal botulinum toxin injection may be an effective treatment for refractory erythema and rosacea flushing that deserves further study in a larger patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kui Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Moo Yeol
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Se Yeong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Beom Joon
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myeung Nam
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang Kwun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D065087:Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004890:Erythema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005483:Flushing / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008875:Middle Aged; D019233:Retreatment; D012393:Rosacea / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D065087:Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A