title: Influence of metabolic indicators, smoking, alcohol and socioeconomic position on mortality after breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors differently distributed among social groups like obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol intake predict survival after breast cancer diagnosis and therefore might mediate part of the observed social inequality in survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study among 1250 postmenopausal breast cancer patients identified among 29 875 women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study. Participants completed questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were made at enrollment. Information on survival, socioeconomic position, and comorbidity was obtained by linkage to national Danish registries. Clinical information was obtained from the nationwide Danish Breast Cancer Database. Selected information was obtained from hospital records at time of diagnosis. All analyses were based on Cox proportional hazard models, using death from all causes as outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 9.6 years [interquartile range (IQR), 2.2-17.0 years]. The hazard ratio (HR) for death from all causes increased with lower education (p for trend, 0.01). Adjustment for disease-related prognostic factors, comorbidity and metabolic indicators measured as BMI, waist circumference and diabetes, and smoking and alcohol affected but did not explain the social gradient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that these factors explain some but not all the social inequality in survival after breast cancer and that improvement of lifestyle to some extent would improve survival among women with low socioeconomic position.
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark.
authors.forename: Signe Benzon
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kroman
authors.forename: Else Helene
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ibfelt
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Susanne Oksbjerg
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003718:Denmark; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference