title: The Unique and Combined Effects of Apathy and Depression on Cognition in Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apathy and depression are associated with poor cognition in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the cognitive signature of each syndrome is not well understood. The cognitive consequences of having apathy or depression, versus apathy and depression, are also unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the unique and combined effects of apathy and depression on cognition in PD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD patients were identified from a clinical research database as having self-reported apathy (n = 21), depression (n = 11), or both (n = 43). PD patients without apathy or depression served as the Control group (n = 49). The groups were of similar age, education, disease severity, age of symptom onset, and medication status. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) compared the groups on 17 neuropsychological test scores in the domains of attention, motor and psychomotor speed, construction, language, episodic memory, and executive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant overall effect of group: F(18,276) = 2.12, p = 0.006, ηp2=0.12. Univariate analyses and planned contrasts revealed medium-sized effects distinguishing only the control group and the group with both apathy and depression (ηp2=0.06-0.12) on measures of verbal fluency and manual, processing, and psychomotor speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD patients with apathy alone or depression alone did not perform worse than PD controls on neuropsychological tests. Patients with apathy and depression performed worse than controls, but only on speed-based measures. This suggests that apathy and depression are associated with the same or similar circuits as those of cognitive and motor speed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; apathy; cognition; depression