title: Information presentation features and comprehensibility of hospital report cards: design analysis and online survey among users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improving the transparency of information about the quality of health care providers is one way to improve health care quality. It is assumed that Internet information steers patients toward better-performing health care providers and will motivate providers to improve quality. However, the effect of public reporting on hospital quality is still small. One of the reasons is that users find it difficult to understand the formats in which information is presented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the presentation of risk-adjusted mortality rate (RAMR) for coronary angiography in the 10 most commonly used German public report cards to analyze the impact of information presentation features on their comprehensibility. We wanted to determine which information presentation features were utilized, were preferred by users, led to better comprehension, and had similar effects to those reported in evidence-based recommendations described in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of 5 steps: (1) identification of best-practice evidence about the presentation of information on hospital report cards; (2) selection of a single risk-adjusted quality indicator; (3) selection of a sample of designs adopted by German public report cards; (4) identification of the information presentation elements used in public reporting initiatives in Germany; and (5) an online panel completed an online questionnaire that was conducted to determine if respondents were able to identify the hospital with the lowest RAMR and if respondents' hospital choices were associated with particular information design elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence-based recommendations were made relating to the following information presentation features relevant to report cards: evaluative table with symbols, tables without symbols, bar charts, bar charts without symbols, bar charts with symbols, symbols, evaluative word labels, highlighting, order of providers, high values to indicate good performance, explicit statements of whether high or low values indicate good performance, and incomplete data ("N/A" as a value). When investigating the RAMR in a sample of 10 hospitals' report cards, 7 of these information presentation features were identified. Of these, 5 information presentation features improved comprehensibility in a manner reported previously in literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically analyze the most commonly used public reporting card designs used in Germany. Best-practice evidence identified in international literature was in agreement with 5 findings about German report card designs: (1) avoid tables without symbols, (2) include bar charts with symbols, (3) state explicitly whether high or low values indicate good performance or provide a "good quality" range, (4) avoid incomplete data (N/A given as a value), and (5) rank hospitals by performance. However, these findings are preliminary and should be subject of further evaluation. The implementation of 4 of these recommendations should not present insurmountable obstacles. However, ranking hospitals by performance may present substantial difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communication, Faculty for Media, Information and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9521-5423
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Martin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0154-6641
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmert
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2666
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickel
authors.forename: Nina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-9346
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meszmer
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-5646
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kolb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: information presentation; public reporting; report cards