title: Temporal Changes in Pneumococcal Colonization in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Mother-Child Pairs Following Transitioning From 7-valent to 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Soweto, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the impact of infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) immunization on pneumococcal colonization among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected mother-child pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pneumococcal colonization was assessed in May 2010-February 2011 (period 1; 7-valent PCV era) and May 2012-April 2013 (period 2; 13-valent PCV era). Standard microbiological methods were used for pneumococcus isolation and serotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children 0-12 years, PCV13-serotype colonization decreased from period 1 to period 2 among HIV-uninfected (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], .25-.40) and HIV-infected children (adjusted OR, 0.37; 95% CI, .28-.49), while there was an increase in nonvaccine serotype colonization. Decreases in PCV13-serotype colonization were observed in HIV-uninfected women (adjusted OR, 0.44; 95% CI, .23-.81), with a similar trend in HIV-infected women. HIV-infected compared to -uninfected women had higher prevalence of overall (20.5% vs 9.7% in period 1; 13.8% vs 9.7% in period 2) and PCV13-serotype colonization (8.7% vs 5.4% in period 1; 4.8% vs 2.0% in period 2), P < .04 for all observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted PCV vaccination of African infants in a setting with high HIV prevalence was associated with PCV13-serotype colonization reduction, including among unvaccinated HIV-infected women.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nzenze
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD): a division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gottberg
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Tinevimbo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiri
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD): a division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Gouveia
authors.affiliation: Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Avy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Violari
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Marta C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD): a division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham.
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009035:Mothers; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D015995:Prevalence; D065288:Serogroup; D012703:Serotyping; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: C538862:13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
keywords: HIV; indirect effect; mother-infant pairs; nasopharyngeal colonization; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine