title: A case study evaluation of competitors undertaking an antarctic ultra-endurance event: nutrition, hydration and body composition variables.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nutritional demands of ultra-endurance racing are well documented. However, the relationship between nutritional consumption and performance measures are less obvious for athletes competing in Polar conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake, hydration status, body composition and performance times throughout an 800-km Antarctic race.
  
  
  METHODS
  The event organisers declared that 17 competitors would participate in the South Pole race. Of the 17 competitors, pre-race data were collected from 13 participants (12 males and 1 female (M ± SD): age: 40.1 ± 8.9 years; weight: 83.9 ± 10.3 kg; and body fat percentage: 21.9 ± 3.8%). Dietary recall, body composition and urinary osmolarity were assessed pre-race, midway checkpoint and end race. Data were compared on the basis of fast finishers (the Norwegian team (n = 3) who won in a record of 14 days) and slower finishers (the remaining teams (n = 10) reaching the South Pole between 22 and 28 days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage contribution of macronutrients to daily energy intake for all participants was as follows: carbohydrate (CHO) = 23.7% (221 ± 82 g.day(-1)), fat = 60.6% (251 ± 127 g.day(-1)) and protein = 15.7% (117 ± 52 g.day(-1)). Energy demands were closer met by faster finishers compared to slower finishers (5,332 ± 469 vs. 3,048 ± 1,140 kcal.day(-1), p = 0.02). Average reduction in body mass throughout the race was 8.3 ± 5.5 kg, with an average loss of lean mass of 2.0 ± 4.1 kg. There was a significant negative correlation between changes in lean mass and protein intake (p = 0.03), and lean mass and energy intake (p = 0.03). End-race urinary osmolarity was significantly elevated for faster finishers compared to slower finishers and control volunteers (faster finishers: 933 ± 157 mOsmol.L(-1); slower finishers: 543 ± 92 mOsmol.L(-1); control: 515 ± 165 mOsmol.L(-1), p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Throughout the race, both groups were subjected to a negative change in energy balance which partly explained reduced body mass. Carbohydrate availability was limited inferring a greater reliance on fat and protein metabolism. Consequently, loss in fat-free mass was more prevalent with insufficient protein and caloric intake, which may relate to performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paulin
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT UK.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: National Health Service, Rendcomb, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 7EY UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davis
keywords: Antarctica; Nutrition; South Pole; Ultra-endurance