title: Dendritic cell type-specific HIV-1 activation in effector T cells: implications for latent HIV-1 reservoir establishment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Latent HIV type I (HIV-1) infections can frequently occur in short-lived proliferating effector T lymphocytes. These latently infected cells could revert into resting T lymphocytes and thereby contribute to the establishment of the long-lived viral reservoir. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells can revert latency in effector T cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we investigated the latency activation properties of tissue-specific immune cells, including a large panel of dendritic cell subsets, to explore in which body compartments effector T cells are most likely to maintain latent HIV-1 provirus and thus potentially contribute to the long-lived reservoir.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that blood or genital tract dendritic cells do not activate latent provirus in effector T cells, whereas gut or lymphoid dendritic cells induce virus production from latently infected effector T cells in our in-vitro model for latency. Toll-like receptor 3-induced interferon production by myeloid dendritic cells abolished the dendritic cells' ability to induce viral gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we show that HIV-1 provirus residing in effector T cells is activated from latency by tissue-specific dendritic cell subsets and other immune cells with remarkably different efficiencies.Our new assay system points to an important, neglected aspect of HIV-1 research: the ability of other immune cells, especially dendritic cells, to differentially affect latency establishment as well as virus reactivation.
authors.affiliation: aLaboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) bDepartment of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA) cDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands dDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Renée M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
authors.forename: Toni M M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: van Capel
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Speijer
authors.forename: Rogier W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
authors.forename: Esther C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Rienk E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jeeninga
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Montfort
mesh_terms: D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011533:Proviruses / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D014775:Virus Activation; D017735:Virus Latency