title: Collaterals: Implications in cerebral ischemic diseases and therapeutic interventions.
abstract: Despite the tremendous progress made in the treatment of cerebrovascular occlusive diseases, many patients suffering from ischemic brain injury still experience dismal outcomes. Although rehabilitation contributes to post-stroke functional recovery, there is no doubt that interventions that promote the restoration of blood supply are proven to minimize ischemic injury and improve recovery. In response to the acutely decreased blood perfusion during arterial occlusion, arteriogenesis, the compensation of blood flow through the collateral circulation during arterial obstructive diseases can act not only in a timely fashion but also much more efficiently compared to angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries, and a mechanism occurring in a delayed fashion while increases the total resistance of the vascular bed of the affected territory. Interestingly, despite the vast differences between the two vascular remodeling mechanisms, some crucial growth factors and cytokines involved in angiogenesis are also required for arteriogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling after ischemic brain injury is a critical step towards the development of effective therapies for ischemic stroke. The present article will discuss our current views in vascular remodeling acutely after brain ischemia, namely arteriogenesis, and some relevant clinical therapies available on the horizon in augmenting collateral flow that hold promise in treating ischemic brain injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Electronic address: jialing.liu@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Jialing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D066253:Vascular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Anastomosis; Angiogenesis; Arteriogenesis; Carotid disease; Stroke; Vascular remodeling