title: Congenital diaphragmatic eventration in children: 12 years' experience with 177 cases in a single institution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to summarize the diagnostic and treatment aspects of congenital diaphragmatic eventration (CDE) in children by retrospectively analyzing their medical records to identify and understand the complications of CDE, its treatment, and to evaluate the long-term outcomes of diaphragmatic plication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of children who received treatment for CDE from January 2000 to December 2011 at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China were analyzed. Data analyzed included the following: age, sex, symptom, location of eventration, associated anomalies, surgical procedures, complications, and survival and follow up details after diaphragmatic plication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medical records of 177 children (boys: 128, girls: 49, mean age: 10.28±2.35 months) with CDE were included in this study. Specific symptoms of eventration of the diaphragm were reported for 86 cases; and the typical symptoms included rapid breathing, vomiting, and recurrent respiratory infections. Except for a bilateral case, all the other patients had unilateral CDE. Associated malformations were observed in 31 cases (17.5%), hypoplastic lung (10 cases) was the most common followed by congenital heart disease (9 cases), and cryptorchidism (3 cases). Interestingly, 91 patients were asymptomatic. Diaphragmatic plication was performed in all symptomatic patients (86 cases, 48.5%) and none had recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical symptoms of CDE varied in severity, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to life-threatening respiratory distress. Timely accurate diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic CDE could effectively resolve respiratory morbidity and reduce complications. The diaphragm plication surgery provided good results among the study population with no recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Shengde
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhengxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000293:Adolescent; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000601:surgery; D003965:Diaphragmatic Eventration / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Children; Congenital diaphragmatic eventration; Plication; Respiratory distress