title: Theoretical evaluation of the acoustic field in an ultrasonic bioreactor.
abstract: Ultrasound-assisted bioreactors that provide mechanical conditioning to cells have broad applicability in tissue engineering, but biological experiments with ultrasound are very sensitive to environmental conditions. A mathematical model was developed to complement experimental measurements, as well as to describe ultrasonic fields existing in regions where measurements are impossible, specifically, within microporous tissue engineering scaffolds. The model uniquely combines Biot theory to predict the ultrasonic field in the scaffold with an electromechanical transducer model to couple the mechanical stimulation experienced by cells to the external electrical input. In the specific example examined here, cells immobilized on scaffolds are subjected to different forms of ultrasonic stimulation due to the formation of standing wave fields and vertical high-pressure bands. The model confirms the sensitivity of the supplied acoustic power to the liquid level in sonobioreactors and identifies the input electrical impedance as a method of detecting resonance effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Tobias M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Electronic address: hviljoen1@unlnotes.unl.edu.
authors.forename: Hendrik J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D019149:Bioreactors; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Bio-acoustics; Biot theory; Finite volume method; Mechanotransduction; Spectral method; Tissue engineering; Ultrasound