title: "What are you?" Multiracial individuals' responses to racial identification inquiries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guided by a racial microaggression framework and utilizing a mixed-method approach, this study explores multiracial individuals' interpersonal experiences and perceptions of racial identification inquiries--queries directed toward them as others attempt to determine their racial background (e.g., "What are you?").
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an online study, multiracial college students (n = 40) were presented with a hypothetical situation in which racial identification inquiries were delivered by a White, racial minority, or racially unspecified communicator. Qualitative analyses identified the categories and thematic codes of participants' open-ended explanations of the personal relevance of these hypothetical situations and proposed endings. Nonparametric tests examined differences in situation, affect, and communication partner ratings based on race of the communicator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings affirmed that racial identification inquiries are commonly reported by diverse multiracial individuals (92.5% of the present sample). Qualitative coding of participants' explanations of personal relevance and proposed endings for the hypothetical situations, as well as ratings of situation, affect, and communication partner, revealed both positive and negative characterizations ascribed to racial identification inquiry experiences. Participants who imagined the queries came from a White communicator allotted less time to continuing the conversation than those in the control condition (communicator race unspecified).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A racial microaggression framework was relevant but not sufficient in reflecting the complex nature of racial identification inquiries for multiracial individuals. The insights into multiracial individuals' perceptions of these stimuli encourage more critical and dynamic thinking about racial categorization systems and interpersonal racial processes for this underrepresented but growing population.
authors.affiliation: College of Letters and Sciences.
authors.forename: Alisia G T T
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: College of Letters and Sciences.
authors.forename: Elisa R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: College of Letters and Sciences.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinez-Morales
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development & Family Studies.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Csizmadia
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology