title: Risk factors for naturally-occurring early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HBV-associated liver cirrhosis in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (males and females under the age of 40 or 50 years old, respectively) has a significant prevalence and poor prognosis; however, few studies have reported the risk factors and development of HCC in such cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we retrospectively analyzed clinical, laboratory and demographic data from 588 treatment-naïve HCC patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver cirrhosis (LC) and 708 age-matched HBV-associated LC patients as control in Beijing 302 Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15.1% (89/588) of the HCC patients and 36.7% (181/708) of the LC patients were classified as early onset. Compared with age-matched LC controls, male gender (odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, P < 0.05), family history of HBV infection (OR = 2.45, P < 0.05) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) > 200 ng/ml (OR = 30.8, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for early-onset HCC. Comparing late-onset LC controls, male gender (OR = 1.92, P < 0.05), age (OR = 1.04, P < 0.05), family history of HCC (OR = 2.06, P < 0.05), history of smoking (OR = 1.68, P < 0.05) and AFP > 200 ng/ml (OR = 12.0, P < 0.05) were associated with the development of naturally occurring HCC. Overall, male gender and AFP > 200 ng/ml is associated with HCC development across all ages, whereas a family history of HBV infection may identify younger HBV-associated LC patients at risk for HCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a family history of HBV infection is a unique risk factor for naturally-occurring early-onset HCC patients with HBV-associated LC, who should be considered for intensive screening programs.
authors.affiliation: Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School Beijing 100853, China ; Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Jianfei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Liver Failure, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Dongping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School Beijing 100853, China ; Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Sheng
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: HBV-associated liver cirrhosis; Risk factors; hepatocellular carcinoma