title: Association of parental history of diabetes with cardiovascular disease risk factors in children with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine if parental diabetes (DM) is associated with unhealthier cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and whether associations differed by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family history was available for 382 youth with T2D from 2001 prevalent and 2002-2005 incident SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth cohorts. Parental DM was evaluated in two ways: two-category-any parent vs. no parent DM (evaluated overall and stratified by race/ethnicity); and four-category-both parents, mother only, father only, or no parent DM (evaluated overall only). Associations with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting lipids, blood pressure (BP), and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) were examined using regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, sample characteristics included: 35.9% male, 19.1% non-Hispanic white (NHW), mean T2D duration 26.6±22.2months, mean HbA1c 7.9%±2.5% (62.6±27.8mmol/mol). Unadjusted two-category comparisons showed that youth with parental DM had higher HbA1c, higher DBP, and higher frequency of elevated ACR. Adjusted two-category comparisons showed associations remaining in non-stratified analysis for ACR [OR (95% CI)=2.3 (1.1, 5.0)] and in NHW youth for HbA1c [6.8%±0.4 vs. 8.0±0.4 (51.1±4.8 vs. 63.9±4.2mmol/mol), p=.015], DBP (67.7%±4.5 vs. 76.9±4.4mm Hg, p=.014) and lnTG (4.7±0.3 vs. 5.3±0.3, p=.008). There were no significant findings in the adjusted four-category evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental history of diabetes may be associated with unhealthier CVD risk factors in youth with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: lawj@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Tessa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Crume
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005192:Family Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Childhood; Complications; Family history; Type 2 diabetes