title: Factors associated with resistant hypertension in a large cohort of hypertensive patients: the Pol-Fokus study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with resistant hypertension (RHT) are at high risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), compared with the general hypertensive population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate factors associated with RHT in a large sample of hypertensive patients under the care of general practitioners and specialists in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 12 375 patients (mean age, 64.0 ±12.3 years; age range, 18-98 years; women, 59%) with hypertension treated for at least 1 year. Patients were divided into 3 groups: with controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension (not fulfilling the criteria for RHT), and RHT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, and RHT were found in 47.3%, 27.9%, and 24.7% of the patients, respectively. The RHT rate was higher in patients visiting specialist offices (29.8%) and in patients with diabetes (32.5%), CAD (31.5%), CVD (33.3%), and impaired renal function (31.9%). Patients with RHT were characterized by the highest rate of high (23.5%) and very high (60.5%) added cardiovascular risk. An underuse of preferred antihypertensive drug combinations and aldosterone antagonists in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and RHT was observed. In a multivariate analysis, RHT was independently associated with male sex, higher pulse pressure, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CAD, CVD, diseases requiring treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of patients with RHT carry a high or very high cardiovascular risk. In addition, the underuse of preferred antihypertensive drug combinations and aldosterone antagonists has been observed.
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prejbisz
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klocek
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gąsowski
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topór-Mądry
authors.forename: Wiktoria
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leśniak
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czarnecka
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawecka-Jaszcz
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narkiewicz
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Januszewicz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents