title: [When science becomes technology: epistemological and ethical consequences of the Adduction].
abstract: Notwithstanding that the sciences are every day closest to technology, the Philosophy of Science has not yet well realized the epistemological and ethical differences that make different the "Traditional Naturalistic Science" (TNS) and the technological, artefactual, intrusive science that I called: "Post-Modern Meta-Naturalistic Science" (P-MM-NS). The first type of science has as a primary scope the knowledge of nature, using a methodology that departs from the methodic doubt, realizes a hypothesis, defines the aim(s), adopts a protocol, interprets and discusses the results, inferentially derives the conclusions, according to the classical philosophical reasonings of induction, deduction, abduction. In my philosophical reasoning, I realized that P-MM-NS follows an absolutely different epistemological procedure. The technological science prefigures a scope, produces a non-natural technically-modified object, gives for sure the occurrence of the effect for which the object has been manufactured. This means that only "in retrospect" it will ascertain whether or not the promised effect has occurred, considering that any technical artifact could be rejected by that natural environment in which it has been, acritically, delivered, without knowing how to remedy in case of an unexpected effect. In such a circumstance, the technological science has totally failed in its scope and effect, The potential failure of the predicted effect will prove that P-MM-NS follows a logical reasoning that is substantially and formally "sui generis" with respect to the epistemology and ethics of NS. This divergence from the classic reasoning of induction, deduction, abduction, has been called by me: "Adduction", because of the following considerations: the scientific procedure doesn't depart from the methodic doubt and hypothesis, only declares a scope, for which it is produced a technically-manufactured object, and gives for sure which will be the expected effect, but, not knowing how to remedy to negative results in case of a failure. It is, thus, clearly visible that the adduction is a type of logical reasoning that is self-referential and tautogical, being only based on a declaration of intents, adducted for justifying the production of a technical artifact, assuring an effect without suspecting that it could not respond to the promised scope.
authors.affiliation: Già Professore di Medicina Interna, Università "Sapienza" di Roma, Italia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cugini
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D010811:Natural Science Disciplines; D010686:Philosophy, Medical
keywords: adduction philosophical; epistemology of science; ethics of science; naturalistic science; post-modern meta-naturalistic science