title: Bone material strength as measured by microindentation in vivo is decreased in patients with fragility fractures independently of bone mineral density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone mineral density (BMD) does not fully capture fracture risk as the majority of fractures occur in patients with osteopenia, suggesting that altered bone material properties and changes in microarchitecture may contribute to fracture risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between bone material strength (BMS), measured by microindentation in vivo, and fracture in patients with low bone mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMS was measured in 90 patients (mean age, 61.0 y; range, 40.4-85.5 y) with low bone mass with or without a fragility fracture. Sixty-three patients had sustained one or more fragility fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant negative correlation between age and BMS (r = -0.539; P < .001) and with the 10-year fracture probability with and without inclusion of femoral neck BMD as calculated by FRAX (r = -0.383; P < .001 and r = -0.426; P < .001, respectively). BMS values were lower in patients with a fragility fracture compared with nonfracture patients (79.9 ± 0.6 vs 82.4 ± 1.0; P = .032) despite similar BMD. BMS was comparable in patients with a fragility fracture whether they had osteopenia or osteoporosis (79.8 ± 0.8 vs 78.7 ± 1.1; P = .456). In patients with osteopenia, BMS was significantly lower in fracture patients than in nonfracture patients (80.3 ± 0.7 vs 83.9 ± 1.2; P = .015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that patients with fractures have altered material properties of bone that are not captured by BMD. Additional studies are required to establish the value of BMS in the prediction of fracture risk, especially in patients with osteopenia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malgo
authors.forename: Neveen A T
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: Socrates E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Papapoulos
authors.forename: Natasha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Appelman-Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology