title: Oriented cell division shapes carnivorous pitcher leaves of Sarracenia purpurea.
abstract: Complex morphology is an evolutionary outcome of phenotypic diversification. In some carnivorous plants, the ancestral planar leaf has been modified to form a pitcher shape. However, how leaf development was altered during evolution remains unknown. Here we show that the pitcher leaves of Sarracenia purpurea develop through cell division patterns of adaxial tissues that are distinct from those in bifacial and peltate leaves, subsequent to standard expression of adaxial and abaxial marker genes. Differences in the orientation of cell divisions in the adaxial domain cause bifacial growth in the distal region and adaxial ridge protrusion in the middle region. These different growth patterns establish pitcher morphology. A computer simulation suggests that the cell division plane is critical for the pitcher morphogenesis. Our results imply that tissue-specific changes in the orientation of cell division underlie the development of a morphologically complex leaf.
authors.affiliation: 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukaya
authors.affiliation: 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuyasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasebe
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000166:cytology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000378:metabolism; D052583:Sarraceniaceae / Q000254:growth & development*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D012313:RNA