title: Determinants of trends in breast-feeding indicators in Nigeria, 1999-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to examine the trends and differentials in key breast-feeding indicators in Nigeria for the period 1999-2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of trends (1999-2013) in optimal feeding practices using a series of population-based Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys. Trends in socio-economic, health service and individual characteristics associated with key breast-feeding indicators were examined using multilevel regression analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n 88 152) aged under 24 months (n 8199 in 1999; n 7620 in 2003; n 33 385 in 2008; n 38 948 in 2013).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among educated mothers, there was an increase in prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding (26% in 1999 to 30% in 2013) and predominant breast-feeding (27% in 1999 to 39% in 2013) compared with mothers with no schooling. A similar increasing trend was evident for mothers from wealthier households and mothers who had a higher frequency of health service access compared with mothers from poorer households and women who reported no health service access, respectively. Mothers with no schooling predominantly breast-fed, but the odds for bottle-feeding were higher among educated mothers and women from wealthier households. The odds for early initiation of breast-feeding were lower for mothers who reported no health service contacts and mothers of lower socio-economic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant increasing trends in key breast-feeding indicators were evident among mothers with higher socio-economic status and mothers who had more health service access in Nigeria. Broader national and sub-national policies that underpin nursing mothers in work environments and a comprehensive community-based approach are proposed to improve feeding practices in Nigeria.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Science and Health,University of Western Sydney,Campbelltown Campus,Locked Bag 1797,Penrith,NSW 2571,Australia.
authors.forename: Felix Akpojene
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ogbo
authors.affiliation: 1School of Science and Health,University of Western Sydney,Campbelltown Campus,Locked Bag 1797,Penrith,NSW 2571,Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: 1School of Science and Health,University of Western Sydney,Campbelltown Campus,Locked Bag 1797,Penrith,NSW 2571,Australia.
authors.forename: Kingsley E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Agho
authors.affiliation: 2School of Social Science,The University of Queensland,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Claudio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007225:Infant Food; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breast-feeding; Mortality; Nigeria; Trends