title: Identification of bacteriology and risk factor analysis of asymptomatic bacterial colonization in pacemaker replacement patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent researches revealed that asymptomatic bacterial colonization on PMs might be ubiquitous and increase the risk of clinical PM infection. Early diagnosis of patients with asymptomatic bacterial colonization could provide opportunity for targeted preventive measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study explores the incidence of bacterial colonization of generator pockets in pacemaker replacement patients without signs of infection, and to analyze risk factors for asymptomatic bacterial colonization.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2011 to December 2013, 118 patients underwent pacemaker replacement or upgrade. Identification of bacteria was carried out by bacterial culture and 16S rRNA sequencing. Clinical risk characteristics were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total bacterial positive rate was 37.3% (44 cases), and the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus detection rate was the highest. Twenty two (18.6%) patients had positive bacterial culture results, of which 50% had coagulase-negative staphylococcus. The bacterial DNA detection rate was 36.4 % (43 cases). Positive bacterial DNA results from pocket tissues and the surface of the devices were 22.0% and 29.7%, respectively. During follow-up (median, 27.0 months), three patients (6.8%, 3/44) became symptomatic with the same genus of microorganism, S. aureus (n=2) and S. epidermidis (n=1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that history of bacterial infection, use of antibiotics, application of antiplatelet drugs, replacement frequency were independent risk factors for asymptomatic bacterial colonization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high incidence of asymptomatic bacterial colonization in pacemaker patients with independent risk factors. Bacterial culture combined genetic testing could improve the detection rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266100, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266100, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266100, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001432:Bacteriology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000382:microbiology*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S