title: The Usefulness of Captive Kept Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) as the Semen Donors for Artificial Insemination and Gene Pool Preservation In vitro.
abstract: Captive breeding of birds threatened by extinction in zoological gardens or other closed aviary centres is one of the methods allowing their protection and gene pool preservation ex situ in vivo. Such birds are usually kept in captivity lifelong and serve as parents of several new generations that can be further released into natural environment, or males are used as semen donors for artificial insemination and gene banking. Therefore, the fecundity of such flocks (number of laid egg and spermatozoa quantity and quality) is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of captive kept capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) as semen donors in three subsequent reproductive seasons, based on the assessment of manually collected semen quality. Male response to dorso-abdominal massage, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated individually at three succeeding years. Depending on individual male properties and year of collection, the number of positive reactions to semen collection attempts (i.e. ending with ejaculation) varied from 44.4% to 100.0%; single ejaculate volume ranged from 10 to 300 μl, spermatozoa concentration from 10 × 10(6) per ml to 3520 × 10(6) per ml and percentage of live morphologically normal spermatozoa from 19.3 to 80.3%. The highest average value (66.7) of semen quality factor (SQF) was noted for a 2-year-old male (varying from 1.9 to 258.1), while the lowest for ten- (4.8; varying from 0.1 to 17.0) and 7-year-old (6.6; varying between 0.6 and 13.6). Assuming that for AI purposes, the ejaculate quality has to be at minimum 10 SQF, obtained results indicate that majority of capercaillie kept in captivity, both young (2-3 years old) and older (up to 10 years old), can be valuable semen producers in succeeding seasons.
authors.affiliation: Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Łukaszewicz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D005788:Gene Pool; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D014019:Tissue Donors