title: Neurobasal medium toxicity on mature cortical neurons.
abstract: Neurobasal medium (NBM) is a widely used medium for neuronal cultures, originally formulated to support survival of rat hippocampal neurons, but then optimized for several other neuronal subtypes. In the present study, the toxic effect of NBM on long-term cortical neuron cultures has been reported and investigated. A significant neuronal cell loss was observed 24 h after the total medium change performed at days in vitro 10. The neurotoxic effect was specifically because of NBM-A, a commercially derived modification of classic NBM, as neurons exposed to minimum essential medium for 24 h did not show the same mortality rate. We showed that the toxic effect was mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) as its inactivation partly prevented NBM-induced neuronal loss, and the addition of NMDAr activators, such as L-cysteine or glycine to minimum essential medium, reproduced the same toxicity rate observed in NBM. Besides the toxicity associated with NMDAr activation, the decreased antioxidative defenses also worsen (because of glutathione depletion) neuronal death, thus amplifying the effect of excitotoxic amino acids. Indeed, glutathione supplementation by the addition of its precursor N-acetyl-cysteine resulted in an increase in neuronal survival that partially prevented NBM-A toxicity. These results evidenced, on the one hand, the unsuitability of NBM-A for long-term neuronal culture, and on the other, they highlight the importance of selection of more suitable culture conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monfrini
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tredici
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scuteri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000633:toxicity*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D003545:Cysteine; D005998:Glycine