title: Uptake and bioavailability of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from grape/blueberry juice and smoothie in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The goal of eating five servings of fruits and vegetables a day has not yet been achieved. The intake of polyphenols such as anthocyanins (ACN) could be improved by consuming smoothies and juices that are increasingly popular, especially in children; however, bioavailability data concerning food matrix effects are scarce. Thus, we conducted a randomised, cross-over, bioavailability study (n 10) to determine the bioavailability of ACN and their metabolites from an ACN-rich grape/blueberry juice (841 mg ACN/litre) and smoothie (983 mg ACN/litre) in vivo, and the uptake of a corresponding grape/blueberry extract in vitro. After the intake of beverage (0·33 litres), plasma and fractionated urine samples were collected and analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to MS. The most abundant ACN found in plasma and urine were malvidin and peonidin as native ACN and as glucuronidated metabolites as well as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB); minor ACN (delphinidin, cyanidin and petunidin) were only detected as native glycosides. Plasma pharmacokinetics and recoveries of urinary metabolites of ACN were not different for juice or smoothie intake; however, the phenolic acid 3,4-DHB was significantly better bioavailable from juice in comparison to smoothie. In vitro data with absorptive intestinal cells indicated that despite their weak chemical stability, ACN and 3,4-DHB could be detected at the basal side in their native forms. Whether smoothies as well as juices should be recommended to increase the intake of potentially health-promoting ACN and other polyphenols requires the consideration of other ingredients such as their relatively high sugar content.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudloff
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asseburg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borsch
authors.affiliation: Geisenheim Research Center, Section of Wine Analysis and Beverage Technology,Geisenheim,Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fröhling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dold
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Römpp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001628:Beverages; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D058870:Food, Organic; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005858:Germany; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D020719:Glucuronides; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: In vitro studies