title: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and maternal plant sex on seed germination and early plant establishment.
abstract: •
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi usually enhance overall plant performance, yet their effects on seed germination and early plant establishment, crucial steps in plant cycles, are generally overlooked. In gynodioecious species, sexual dimorphism in these traits has been reported, with females producing seeds that germinate at a faster rate than seeds from hermaphrodites.•
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the gynodioecious plant Geranium sylvaticum, I investigated in a greenhouse experiment whether the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores affects seed germination and early plant establishment, examining at the same time whether the sex of the mother producing the seeds also influences these parameters and whether sex-specific interactions between these two factors exist.•
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores in the soil decreased seed germination, did not affect plant survival, but did increase plant growth. Moreover, no significant differences in seed traits were detected between the sexes of the plants producing the seeds.•
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may have contrasting effects for plants during early life stages and that mycorrhizal effects can take place even at the precolonization stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varga
mesh_terms: D031315:Geranium / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018525:Germination; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Geranium sylvaticum; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores; gynodioecy; seedling; sexual dimorphism