title: Interlimb communication following unexpected changes in treadmill velocity during human walking.
abstract: Interlimb reflexes play an important role in human walking, particularly when dynamic stability is threatened by external perturbations or changes in the walking surface. Interlimb reflexes have recently been demonstrated in the contralateral biceps femoris (cBF) following knee joint rotations applied to the ipsilateral leg (iKnee) during the late stance phase of human gait (Stevenson AJ, Geertsen SS, Andersen JB, Sinkjær T, Nielsen JB, Mrachacz-Kersting N. J Physiol 591: 4921-4935, 2013). This interlimb reflex likely acts to slow the forward progression of the body to maintain dynamic stability following the perturbations. We examined this hypothesis by unexpectedly increasing or decreasing the velocity of the treadmill before (-100 and -50 ms), at the same time, or following (+50 ms) the onset of iKnee perturbations in 12 healthy volunteers. We quantified the cBF reflex amplitude when the iKnee perturbation was delivered alone, the treadmill velocity change was delivered alone, or when the two perturbations were combined. When the treadmill velocity was suddenly increased (or decreased) 100 or 50 ms before the iKnee perturbations, the combined cBF reflex was significantly larger (or smaller) than the algebraic sum of the two perturbations delivered separately. Furthermore, unexpected changes in treadmill velocity increased the incidence of reflexes in other contralateral leg muscles when the iKnee perturbations were elicited alone. These results suggest a context dependency for interlimb reflexes. They also show that the cBF reflex changed in a predictable manner to slow the forward progression of the body and maintaining dynamic stability during walking, thus signifying a functional role for interlimb reflexes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers, Aalborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Andrew J T
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Svend S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Geertsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers, Aalborg, Denmark; Danish National Research Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sinkjær
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Jens B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers, Aalborg, Denmark; nm@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mrachacz-Kersting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gait; human; interlimb; reflex