title: Differences in volatile profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in two distinct regions of China and their responses to weather conditions.
abstract: Volatile compounds are considered important for plants to communicate with each other and interact with their environments. Most wine-producing regions in China feature a continental monsoon climate with hot-wet summers and dry-cold winters, giving grapes markedly different growing environments compared to the Mediterranean or oceanic climates described in previous reports. This study focused on comparing the volatile profiles of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon berries from two regions with distinct climate characteristics: Changli has a warm and semi-humid summer, and Gaotai has a cool-arid summer and a cold winter. The relationship between meteorological metrics and the concentrations of grape volatiles were also examined. In harvested grapes, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-hexanol and 1-octen-3-ol were more abundant in the Changli berries, while hexanal, heptanal, 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine, and (E)-β-damascenone presented higher levels in the Gaotai berries. The fluctuation in the accumulation of volatile compounds observed during berry development was closely correlated with variations in short-term weather (weather in a week), especially rainfall. The concentration of some volatiles, notably aliphatic aldehydes, was significantly related to diurnal temperature differences. The variability during berry development of concentrations for compounds such as C6 volatile compounds, 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine and (E)-β-damascenone strongly depended upon weather conditions. This work expands our knowledge about the influence of continental monsoon climates on volatile compounds in developing grape berries. It will also improve the comprehension of the plant response to their surrounding environments through the accumulation of volatiles. The results will help growers to alter viticultural practices according to local conditions to improve the aromatic quality of grapes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Qing
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Yi-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.affiliation: Centre for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China. Electronic address: chqduan@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chang-Qing
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002980:Climate; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014887:Weather; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Continental climate; Diurnal temperature difference; Short-term weather influence; Vitis vinifera; Volatile compounds