title: Subtyping novel zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I.
abstract: Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in humans. The lack of subtyping tools makes it impossible to determine the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology. To identify potential subtyping markers, we sequenced the genome of a human chipmunk genotype I isolate. Altogether, 9,509,783 bp of assembled sequences in 853 contigs were obtained, with an N50 of 117,886 bp and >200-fold coverage. Based on the whole-genome sequence data, two genetic markers encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) and a mucin protein (ortholog of cgd1_470) were selected for the development of a subtyping tool. The tool was used for characterizing chipmunk genotype I in 25 human specimens from four U.S. states and Sweden, one specimen each from an eastern gray squirrel, a chipmunk, and a deer mouse, and 4 water samples from New York. At the gp60 locus, although different subtypes were seen among the animals, water, and humans, the 15 subtypes identified differed mostly in the numbers of trinucleotide repeats (TCA, TCG, or TCT) in the serine repeat region, with only two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nonrepeat region. Some geographic differences were found in the subtype distribution of chipmunk genotype I from humans. In contrast, only two subtypes were found at the mucin locus, which differed from each other in the numbers of a 30-bp minisatellite repeat. Thus, Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I isolates from humans and wildlife are genetically similar, and zoonotic transmission might play a potential role in human infections.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Yaqiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cebelinski
authors.affiliation: Vermont Department of Health Laboratory, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matusevich
authors.affiliation: New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kerri A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Alderisio
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lebbad
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roellig
authors.affiliation: Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Chunfu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China yyfeng@ecust.edu.cn lxiao@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Yaoyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA yyfeng@ecust.edu.cn lxiao@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018503:Genome, Protozoan; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009518:New York; D010542:Peromyscus; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012589:Sciuridae; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013548:Sweden; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D015800:Protozoan Proteins