title: The mind, the lab, and the field: Three kinds of populations in scientific practice.
abstract: Scientists use models to understand the natural world, and it is important not to conflate model and nature. As an illustration, we distinguish three different kinds of populations in studies of ecology and evolution: theoretical, laboratory, and natural populations, exemplified by the work of R. A. Fisher, Thomas Park, and David Lack, respectively. Biologists are rightly concerned with all three types of populations. We examine the interplay between these different kinds of populations, and their pertinent models, in three examples: the notion of "effective" population size, the work of Thomas Park on Tribolium populations, and model-based clustering algorithms such as Structure. Finally, we discuss ways to move safely between three distinct population types while avoiding confusing models and reality.
authors.affiliation: Philosophy Department, UC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Electronic address: rgw@ucsc.edu.
authors.forename: Rasmus Grønfeldt
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Winther
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA; Integrative Biology, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010684:Philosophy; D011153:Population; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014231:Tribolium / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Ecology; Models; Ontology; Population Genetics; Reification; Statistics