title: Noninvasive neurostimulation in chronic stroke: a double-blind randomized sham-controlled testing of clinical and corticomotor effects.
abstract: Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (RPMS) is a painless and noninvasive method to produce afferents via the depolarization of the peripheral nervous system. A few studies tested RPMS after-effects on cerebral plasticity and motor recovery in stroke individuals, but evidences remain limited.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to explore whether RPMS could mediate improvements in corticomotor and clinical outcomes associated with ankle impairments in chronic stroke.
  
  
  
  Eighteen subjects with chronic stroke were randomly allocated to RPMS or sham group and compared to 14 healthy subjects. Stimulation was applied over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA). Ankle impairments on the paretic side and ipsilesional TA cortical motor representation were tested clinically and by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), respectively.
  
  
  
  In the RPMS group, ankle dorsiflexion mobility and maximal isometric strength increased and resistance to plantar flexor stretch decreased. The magnitude of change seemed to be related to cortical and corticospinal integrity. Sham stimulation yielded no effect. Changes in TMS outcome and their relationships with clinical improvements were limited.
  
  
  
  RPMS improved ankle impairments in chronic stroke likely by a dynamic influence of sensory inputs on synaptic plasticity. The neurophysiological mechanisms potentially underlying the clinical effects are unclear. More studies are warranted to test the spinal and hemispheric changes responsible for the clinical improvements with emphasis on circuits spared by the lesion.
authors.forename: Louis-David
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Massé-Alarie
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods
keywords: Ankle impairments,; Chronic stroke; Cortical motor function,; Peripheral neurostimulation,; Primary motor cortex,; Transcranial magnetic stimulation,