title: Some popular medicinal plants and diseases of the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Georgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palynological studies of cultural layers of cave sediments have been used in order to better understand traditional practices. The Upper Palaeolithic in Georgia (36,000-11,000 cal. BP) provides a rich source of such material. However, up to day from such sediments the identification of medicinal plants has hardly been achieved. Large quantities of pollen most notably from entomophilous taxa in fossil spectra can serve as a tool to identify traditionally important species. As these plants are used in modern popular medicine on the territory of Georgia (like Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia annua L., Artemisia absinthium L., Centaurea jacea L., Urtica dioica L.) can be served as an indirect evidence for their medicinal relevance from the Palaeolithic Period up to days. Their modern uses may point that the main diseases during the Upper Palaeolithic were the same as today.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Upper Palaeolithic sediments were studied palynologically come from four caves: Dzudzuana, Satsurblia, Kotias Klde and Bondi. Modern sediments were investigated from 6 caves. Fossil and modern samples were taken according to the standard procedure in palynology. The laboratory treatment was carried out as follows: first, 50g of the sample was boiled in 10% KOH. At the second stage, centrifuging of the material in cadmium liquid was performed. At the final stage, acetolysis treatment was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pollen of A. absinthium L. (Asteraceae), A. annua L. (Asteraceae), A. millefolium L. (Asteraceae), C. jacea L. (Asteraceae), and U. dioica L. (Urticaceae) are identified to species level. This species are not edible and are popular in present-day folk medicine. In the Upper Palaeolithic layers, significant amounts of studies species pollen were recorded in the cave, likely due to their flowering branches being brought in by humans for use. Detailed consideration of the pharmacological characteristics of the examined species showed that almost all of them have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial and antipyretic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fossil pollen complex of medicinal herbs, dominated by A. millefolium and Artemisia (A. annua and A. absinthium), suggests that the ancient population living in the studied caves could have been prone to malaria, rheumatism and gastrointestinal diseases. In the Upper Palaeolithic, the population inhabiting cave sites might have suffered from gout and callouses.
authors.affiliation: Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili Street, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Institute of Palaeobiology of Georgian National Museum, 3, Purtseladze Street, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia. Electronic address: imartkoplishvili@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martkoplishvili
authors.affiliation: Institute of Palaeobiology of Georgian National Museum, 3, Purtseladze Street, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia. Electronic address: ekvavadze@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Eliso
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kvavadze
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D019448:Ethnobotany / Q000379:methods; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000379:methods; D005580:Fossils; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D005846:Georgia (Republic); D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D011058:Pollen / Q000145:classification; D027003:Urticaceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Medicinal plants; Paleopharmacology; Palynology; Population diseases; Upper Palaeolithic cave