title: The XX Sex Chromosome Complement is Required in Male and Female Mice for Enhancement of Immunity Induced by Exposure to 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chemical propanil enhances antibody responses to a heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) vaccine. The enhanced response is dependent on gonads in females, but independent of gonads in males. The sex differences in the immune response may be due to sexual differentiation of the immune system or sex chromosome complement.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis that the immune system is sexually differentiated, newborn C57BL/6 pups were treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or placebo. The role of sex chromosome complement was investigated using the 4-core genotypes (FCG) model of XXF and XYF gonadal females (ovaries), and XXM and XYM gonadal males (testes). For some experiments, mice were gonadectomized or sham gonadectomized. All mice were vaccinated with HKSP, treated with propanil, and the antibody response determined at day seven.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal TP did not alter the response to HKSP. In FCG mice, propanil significantly enhanced the immune response in XXF females and XXM males, but not in XYF females or XYM males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immune system of females was not masculinized by neonatal TP treatment. Sex chromosome complement significantly contributes to the sexually dimorphic immune response after propanil exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holásková
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Bethany College, Bethany, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franko
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Molecular Pharmacology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schafer
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000276:immunology*; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C480141:3,4-dichloropropionanilide; D000813:Anilides; D006540:Herbicides; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D013739:Testosterone; D003165:Complement System Proteins
keywords: Propanil; sex chromosome; sex differences