title: Intercomparison of real-time tailpipe ammonia measurements from vehicles tested over the new world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle (WLTC).
abstract: Four light-duty vehicles (two diesel, one flex-fuel, and one gasoline vehicle) were tested as part of an intercomparison exercise of the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) aiming at measuring real-time ammonia emissions from the vehicles' raw exhaust at the tailpipe. The tests were conducted in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory (VELA) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC), Ispra, Italy. HORIBA, CGS, and the Sustainable Transport Unit of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) took part in the measurement and analysis of the four vehicles' exhaust emissions over the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle class 3, version 5.3 using a HORIBA MEXA 1400 QL-NX, a CGS BLAQ-Sys, and the JRC Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The measured ammonia concentrations and the emission profiles revealed that these three instruments are suitable to measure ammonia from the vehicles' raw exhaust, presenting no significant differences. Furthermore, results showed that measurement of ammonia from the vehicle exhaust using online systems can be performed guaranteeing the reproducibility and repeatability of the results. While no ammonia was detected for any of the two diesel vehicles (even though, one was equipped with a selective catalytic reduction system), we report average ammonia emission factors 8-10 mg/km (average concentrations 20-23 ppm) and 10-12 mg/km (average concentrations 22-24 ppm) for the flex-fuel and gasoline vehicles, respectively.
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy, ricardo.suarez-bertoa@jrc.ec.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suarez-Bertoa
authors.forename: Alessandro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zardini
authors.forename: Velizara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lilova
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hibel
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ewers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clairotte
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Covadonga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Astorga
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D007558:Italy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D000641:Ammonia