title: The association between congenital diaphragmatic hernia and undescended testes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undescended testes (UDT) is a common abnormality treated by pediatric surgeons. Embryological development of the genitourinary ridge is in close proximity with the pleuroperitoneal fold. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and UDT.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the DHREAMS (Diaphragmatic Hernia Research and Exploration: Advancing Molecular Science) study (www.cdhgenetics.com), all living children had tissue banked and analyzed for common genetic mutations and had a health assessment performed by telephone consultation with the parents at two years of age. The incidence of UDT was then compared to clinical and genetic findings previously identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five males had complete information from their 2year health assessment. Of these, twelve (18%) had a UDT repaired by the time of the 2year assessment. Of the twelve who had a repair, no child had a unilateral UDT which was contralateral to the side of the CDH. There were no differences in rate or number of mutations of any of the genes we checked as part of our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that a deficiency of diaphragm tissue may affect the first or transabdominal phase of the testicular descent, leading to an increased incidence of UDT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR. Electronic address: azarow@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Azarow
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska College of Medicine/Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cusick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mychaliska
authors.affiliation: Colorado Fetal Care Center, Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Crombleholme
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Dai H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Foong Yen
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Potoka
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Brad W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Gundrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aspelund
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Arkovitz
mesh_terms: D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH); Cryptorchidism; ECMO; Survival; Undescended testicle (UDT)