title: Iron homeostasis and pulmonary hypertension: iron deficiency leads to pulmonary vascular remodeling in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron deficiency without anemia is prevalent in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated with reduced exercise capacity and survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that iron deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and iron replacement is a possible therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats were fed an iron-deficient diet (IDD, 7 mg/kg) and investigated for 4 weeks. Iron deficiency was evident from depleted iron stores (decreased liver, serum iron, and ferritin), reduced erythropoiesis, and significantly decreased transferrin saturation and lung iron stores after 2 weeks IDD. IDD rats exhibited profound pulmonary vascular remodeling with prominent muscularization, medial hypertrophy, and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration, associated with raised pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. IDD rat lungs demonstrated increased expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α and hypoxia-induced factor-2α, nuclear factor of activated T cells and survivin, and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 activation, which promote vascular cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Biochemical examination showed reduced mitochondrial complex I activity and mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization in mitochondria from IDD rat pulmonary arteries. Along with upregulation of the glucose transporter, glucose transporter 1, and glycolytic genes, hk1 and pdk1, lung fluorine-18-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ligand uptake was significantly increased in IDD rats. The hemodynamic and pulmonary vascular remodeling were reversed by iron replacement (ferric carboxymaltose, 75 mg/kg) and attenuated in the presence of iron deficiency by dichloroacetate and imatinib, 2 putative treatments explored for pulmonary arterial hypertension that target aerobic glycolysis and proliferation, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a major role for iron in pulmonary vascular homeostasis and support the clinical evaluation of iron replacement in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cotroneo
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashek
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bozorgi
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busbridge
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Kambiz N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Alavian
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.).
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (E.C., A.A., L.W., J.W., O.D., S.B., M.R.W., L.Z.) and Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine (K.N.A.), Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.B.). l.zhao@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006019:Glycolysis; D006397:Hematinics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008320:Maltose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D066253:Vascular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006397:Hematinics; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014168:Transferrin; C522335:ferric carboxymaltose; D008320:Maltose; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D005293:Ferritins; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid; D007501:Iron
keywords: STAT3; glycolysis; hypertension, pulmonary; iron; vascular remodeling