title: Molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma: potential clinical implications.
abstract: Glioblastomas, (grade 4 astrocytomas), are aggressive primary brain tumors characterized by histopathological heterogeneity. High-resolution sequencing technologies have shown that these tumors also feature significant inter-tumoral molecular heterogeneity. Molecular subtyping of these tumors has revealed several predictive and prognostic biomarkers. However, intra-tumoral heterogeneity may undermine the use of single biopsy analysis for determining tumor genotype and has implications for potential targeted therapies. The clinical relevance and theories of tumoral molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St Leonards, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole Renee
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St Leonards, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khong
authors.affiliation: Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St Leonards, NSW , Australia ; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathon Fergus
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.affiliation: Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St Leonards, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Viive Maarika
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , St Leonards, NSW , Australia ; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital , St Leonards, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Helen Ruth
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wheeler
keywords: biomarkers; glioblastoma; glioma; heterogeneity; intra-tumoral heterogeneity; molecular; transcriptional subtype