title: Understanding and reducing disability in older adults following critical illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review how disability can develop in older adults with critical illness and to explore ways to reduce long-term disability following critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar for studies reporting disability outcomes (i.e., activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and mobility activities) and/or cognitive outcomes among patients treated in an ICU who were 65 years or older. We also reviewed the bibliographies of relevant citations to identify additional citations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 19 studies evaluating disability outcomes in critically ill patients who were 65 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiologic data on disability after critical illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newly acquired disability in activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and mobility activities was commonplace among older adults who survived a critical illness. Incident dementia and less severe cognitive impairment were also highly prevalent. Factors related to the acute critical illness, ICU practices, such as heavy sedation, physical restraints, and immobility, as well as aging physiology, and coexisting geriatric conditions can combine to result in these poor outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older adults who survive critical illness have physical and cognitive declines resulting in disability at greater rates than hospitalized, noncritically ill and community dwelling older adults. Interventions derived from widely available geriatric care models in use outside of the ICU, which address modifiable risk factors including immobility and delirium, are associated with improved functional and cognitive outcomes and can be used to complement ICU-focused models such as the ABCDEs.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. 2Department of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. 3Department of Medicine, Center for Quality of Aging, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. 4The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Critical and Complex Care, Columbus, OH. 5Geriatric Research Group, Brescia, Italy. 6Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Hospital Ancelle, Cremona, Italy. 7Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. 8Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. 9Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Brummel
authors.forename: Michele C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Balas
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors