title: Adherence to the Western Pattern Is Potentially an Unfavorable Indicator of Asthenozoospermia Risk: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this case-control study was to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and asthenozoospermia risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 107 incident asthenozoospermic men and 235 age-matched controls were interviewed through the infertility clinics in Tehran, Iran, from January 2012 to November 2013. Usual dietary intakes were collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and semen quality data were analyzed according to the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. The first tertile served as the reference category for regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In principal component analysis, 2 dietary patterns emerged: a "prudent pattern" (leafy green vegetables, yellow vegetables, other vegetables, tomatoes, fish and other seafood, fruits and natural fruit juices, legumes, whole grains, poultry, tea and coffee, low-fat dairy products, and vegetable oils) and a "Western pattern" (organ meats, red and processed meats, sugar, soft drinks and confectionary, pasta, rice and refined grains, potatoes, french fries and fast foods, high-fat dairy products, hydrogenated fats, mayonnaise and fatty sauces, and snacks). After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of the prudent pattern scores had 54% lower risk of asthenozoospermia compared to those in the lowest (p for trend: 0.003). Being in the highest tertile of the Western pattern was positively associated with asthenozoospermia risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-2.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that adherence to the Western pattern is potentially an unfavorable indicator of asthenozoospermia risk and a diet composed mainly of plant-based foods may be associated with a reduced risk.
authors.affiliation: a Students' Research Committee, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute , Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eslamian
authors.affiliation: d Department of Andrology and Embryology, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute , ACECR, Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amirjannati
authors.affiliation: b Department of Community Nutrition (B.R.), National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute , Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rashidkhani
authors.affiliation: d Department of Andrology and Embryology, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute , ACECR, Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Ahmad-Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Baghestani
authors.affiliation: c Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics (A.H.), National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute , Tehran , IRAN.
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hekmatdoost
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053627:Asthenozoospermia / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055101:Semen Analysis
keywords: asthenozoospermia; dietary patterns; male infertility; sperm quality