title: HIV-1 Superinfection Resembles Primary Infection.
abstract: The relevance of superinfection as a model to identify correlates of protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depends on whether the superinfecting transmission resembles primary infection, which has not been established. Here, we characterize the genetic bottleneck in superinfected individuals for the first time. In all 3 cases, superinfection produced a spike in viral load and could be traced to a single, C-C chemokine receptor 5-tropic founder virus with shorter, less glycosylated variable regions than matched chronic viruses. These features are consistent with primary HIV transmission and provide support for the use of superinfection as a model to address correlates of protection against HIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sheward
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ntale
authors.affiliation: Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town.
authors.forename: Zenda L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.affiliation: Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000737:chemistry; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015163:Superinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D015686:Gene Products, env; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine
keywords: HIV; T/F; correlates of protection; founder; superinfection; transmitted