title: Modern screen-use behaviors: the effects of single- and multi-screen use on energy intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of using multiple screens at once on energy intake (EI) are unknown. This study compared EI of participants with access to multiple screens (television + iPad + smartphone) versus a single screen (television).
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory-based, randomized, two-arm parallel (multi-screen vs. single-screen) trial was conducted in 78 adolescents (ages, 13-18 years). Food and drink were available during a 1-hour exposure period. Total EI was the primary outcome. Linear regression analyses were conducted to test the treatment difference, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and appetite at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total EI did not differ significantly between the two groups (multi-screen, 758 kcal [standard error = 75] vs. single-screen, 681 kcal [standard error = 75]; difference, +77 kcal; 95% confidence interval, -166 to +320).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EI did not differ between adolescents with access to multiple screens and those with access to a single screen; however, limitations in the study design may have decreased the power of the study.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: sam.marsh@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cliona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ni Mhurchu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yannan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maddison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D001066:Appetite; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D012737:Sex Factors; D000068997:Smartphone; D013690:Television
keywords: Adolescents; Cell phones; Energy intake; Screen use; Sedentary behavior; Television