title: Identification of biomarkers for the detection of early stage lung adenocarcinoma by microarray profiling of long noncoding RNAs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung adenocarcinoma has one of the poorest outcomes of any cancer worldwide, in part due to the lack of a reliable means of early detection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be deregulated in some types of cancer; however, the contributions of lncRNAs to lung adenocarcinoma remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We described the expression profile of lncRNAs in human lung adenocarcinoma at an early stage and the corresponding adjacent nontumorous tissues (NT) by microarray. From the microarray analysis, a total of 1170 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in three early stage lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with NT (fold-change≥2.0, p≤0.05). Candidate biomarkers were selected from the significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs based on our established filtering pipeline; subsequently, marker optimization and validation by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on a total of 102 pairs of early stage lung adenocarcinoma and NT samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A panel of 5-lncRNA was identified that could distinguish early stage lung adenocarcinoma from NT samples with high sensitivity and specificity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for tumor identification in the training and validation sets were 0.978 and 0.987, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are the first to reveal differentially expressed lncRNAs in early stage lung adenocarcinoma and suggest that lncRNAs may be novel candidate biomarkers for the early detection of this disease.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Hailei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Southgene Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Tianle
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Zule
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors.forename: Honglian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors.forename: Qinghui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China. Electronic address: jlzhao@mail.sim.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jianlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China. Electronic address: hjmao@mail.sim.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Hongju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding
keywords: Biomarker; Early detection; Long noncoding RNA; Lung adenocarcinoma; Microarray