title: Contextual analysis of determinants of late diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in medicare patients.
abstract: Patient- and county-level characteristics associated with advanced liver disease (ALD) at hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis were examined in three Medicare cohorts: (1) elderly born before 1945; (2) disabled born 1945-1965; and (3) disabled born after 1965. We used Medicare claims (2006-2009) linked to the Area Health Resource Files. ALD was measured over the period of 6 months before to 3 months after diagnosis. Using weighted multivariate modified Poisson regression to address generalizability of findings to all Medicare patients, we modeled the association between contextual characteristics and presence of ALD at HCV diagnosis. We identified 1,746, 3,351, and 592 patients with ALD prevalence of 28.0%, 23.0%, and 15.0% for birth cohorts 1, 2, and 3. Prevalence of drug abuse increased among younger birth cohorts (4.2%, 22.6%, and 35.6%, respectively). Human immunodeficiency virus coinfection (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.80; P = 0.001), dual Medicare/Medicaid eligibility (PR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80-0.98; P = 0.017), residence in counties with higher median household income (PR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.95; P = 0.008), higher density of primary care providers (PR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98; P = 0.022), and more rural health clinics (PR = 0.90; 0.81-1.01; P = 0.081) were associated with lower ALD risk. End-stage renal disease (PR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.21-1.63; P = 0.001), alcohol abuse (PR = 2.57; 95% CI: 2.33-2.84; P = 0.001), hepatitis B virus (PR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09-1.59; P = 0.004), and Midwest residence (PR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.41; P = 0.010) were associated with higher ALD risk. Living in rural counties with high screening capacity was protective in the elderly, but associated with higher ALD risk among the disabled born 1945-1965.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALD prevalence patterns were complex and were modified by race, elderly/disability status, and the extent of health care access and screening capacity in the county of residence. These study results help inform treatment strategies for HCV in the context of coordinated models of care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Viktor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Chirikov
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD.|University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Fadia T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Shaya
authors.affiliation: Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology