title: Experimental analysis and modeling of ultrasound assisted freezing of potato spheres.
abstract: In recent years, innovative methods such as ultrasound assisted freezing have been developed in order to improve the freezing process. During freezing of foods, accurate prediction of the temperature distribution, phase ratios, and process time is very important. In the present study, ultrasound assisted immersion freezing process (in 1:1 ethylene glycol-water solution at 253.15K) of potato spheres (0.02 m diameter) was evaluated using experimental, numerical and analytical approaches. Ultrasound (25 kHz, 890 W m(-2)) was irradiated for different duty cycles (DCs=0-100%). A finite volume based enthalpy method was used in the numerical model, based on which temperature and liquid fraction profiles were simulated by a program developed using OpenFOAM® CFD software. An analytical technique was also employed to calculate freezing times. The results showed that ultrasound irradiation could decrease the characteristic freezing time of potatoes. Since ultrasound irradiation increased the heat transfer coefficient but simultaneously generated heat at the surface of the samples, an optimum DC was needed for the shortest freezing time which occurred in the range of 30-70% DC. DCs higher than 70% increased the freezing time. DCs lower than 30% did not provide significant effects on the freezing time compared to the control sample. The numerical model predicted the characteristic freezing time in accordance with the experimental results. In addition, analytical calculation of characteristic freezing time exhibited qualitative agreement with the experimental results. As the numerical simulations provided profiles of temperature and water fraction within potatoes frozen with or without ultrasound, the models can be used to study and control different operation situations, and to improve the understanding of the freezing process.
authors.affiliation: FRCFT, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiani
authors.affiliation: FRCFT, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Zhihang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: FRCFT, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. Electronic address: dawen.sun@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: Da-Wen
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling; D005615:Freezing; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: CFD; Finite Volume Method; OpenFOAM®; Phase change; Potato; Ultrasound assisted freezing