title: Effects of sodium tri- and hexametaphosphate on proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenic potential of human dental pulp cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the effects of 2 inorganic polyphosphates (poly[P]) are linear polymers of orthophosphate (Pi) residues linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride poly(P) compounds, sodium triphosphate (STP, Na5P3O10) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP, Na15P13O40 ∼ Na20P18O40) on the proliferation, odontoblastic differentiation, and angiogenic potential of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiation was measured by alkaline phosphatase activity, calcified nodule formation by alizarin red staining, and marker messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vitro angiogenesis was quantified by migration, mRNA levels of angiogenic genes, and endothelial tube formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STP and SHMP dose dependently increased the proliferation and ALP activity and enhanced mineralized nodule formation and odontoblast marker mRNAs of HDPCs. STP and SHMP resulted in the up-regulation of angiogenic genes in HDPCs. Endothelial cells treated with conditioned medium collected from STP- and SHMP-exposed HDPCs showed an increase in migration and capillary tube formation. Knockdown of the expression of the genes encoding of inorganic pyrophosphate by small interfering RNA attenuated the STP- and SHMP-induced odontogenic differentiation and angiogenic potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that STP and SHMP promote the growth, differentiation, and angiogenic potential of HDPCs. These results suggest that STP and SHMP may be candidates for dental pulp tissue engineering and regenerative endodontics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Jung
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jue
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hoi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: eckim@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Cheol
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D011122:Polyphosphates; C005692:triphosphoric acid; C009285:sodium polymetaphosphate
keywords: Angiogenesis; differentiation; growth; human dental pulp cells; sodium hexametaphosphate; sodium triphosphate