title: A new technique for avoiding barotrauma-induced complications in apnea testing for brain death.
abstract: Prompted by our experience with complications occurring with apnea testing (AT), we discuss complications reported in the literature. AT is an integral part of brain death assessment. Many complications of AT have been described, including hypoxemia, arterial hypotension, tension pneumothorax and cardiac arrest. We conclude that a commonly used technique in conducting AT can create auto-positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and contributes to many complications. The mechanism of occult auto-PEEP in AT is discussed. Intensive care unit patients may have a compensated and asymptomatic relative hypovolemia that can be decompensated by a small amount of auto-PEEP produced by air trapping during insufflating oxygen (O2) through a 7.0 endotracheal tube (ETT). It could then lead to decreased preload, decreased stroke volume, decreased cardiac output and thus, to hypotension and a compensatory tachycardia. The placement of the standard O2 tubing (6mm outside diameter [OD]) inside the 7.0 ETT (7mm inside diameter [ID]) greatly decreased the ETT lumen (73%). We changed our practice to instead use readily available small pressure tubing to insufflate O2 for AT to avoid excessive reduction in the ETT lumen. The change from standard O2 tubing (6mm OD) to pressure tubing (3mm OD) will greatly decrease the reduction in cross-sectional area of 7.0 ETT lumen from 73 to 18% and avoid potential complications of air trapping, auto-PEEP and barotrauma. We have successfully used this new simple technique with readily available equipment to eliminate auto-PEEP in AT while preserving oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: dennyjt@rwjms.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Graduate School of Nursing, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Darrick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chyu
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Shaul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 3100 CAB, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Arpit N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000209:etiology*; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000009:adverse effects; D011312:Pressure; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Apnea testing; Apnea-test complications; Auto-PEEP; Barotrauma; Brain death; Mechanical ventilation complications; Organ donation