title: Photochemical fate and eco-genotoxicity assessment of the drug etodolac.
abstract: The photochemical behavior of etodolac was investigated under various irradiation conditions. Kinetic data were obtained after irradiation of 10(-4) M aqueous solutions by UVB, UVA and direct exposure to sunlight. The Xenon lamp irradiation was used in order to determine the photodegradation quantum yield under sun-simulated condition (ϕsun). The value was determined to be=0.10±0.01. In order to obtain photoproducts and for mechanistic purposes, experiments were carried out on more concentrated solutions by exposure to sunlight and to UVA and UVB lamps. The drug underwent photooxidative processes following an initial oxygen addition to the double bond of the five membered ring and was mainly converted into a spiro compound and a macrolactam. Ecotoxicity tests were performed on etodolac, its photostable spiro derivative and its sunlight irradiation mixture on two different aquatic trophic levels, plants (algae) and invertebrates (rotifers and crustaceans). Mutagenesis and genotoxicity were detected on bacterial strains. The results showed that only etodolac had long term effects on rotifers although at concentrations far from environmental detection values. A mutagenic and genotoxic potential was found for its derivative.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passananti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavorgna
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy. Electronic address: iesce@unina.it.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Iesce
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DellaGreca
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) UMR 6296, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brigante
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Criscuolo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cermola
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. Electronic address: marina.isidori@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isidori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003445:Crustacea; D017308:Etodolac / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010782:Photolysis; D012403:Rotifera; D013472:Sunlight; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017308:Etodolac
keywords: Acute and chronic toxicity; Etodolac; Genotoxicity; Indoles; Mutagenesis; NSAIDs; Photooxidation