title: ECG left ventricular hypertrophy is a stronger risk factor for incident cardiovascular events in women than in men in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular events. ECG is the most widely used method for LVH detection. Despite the abundance of ECG LVH criteria, their prognostic values have been compared in only a few studies, and little has been known about how sex modifies the prognostic value of LVH. We assessed the relationship between ECG LVH and incident cardiovascular events in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several ECG LVH criteria were measured in 3059 women and 2456 men participating in the Health 2000 Study - a national general population survey. Association between ECG LVH and cardiovascular events were analyzed with Cox proportional-hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECG LVH was more prevalent in women than in men when measured with Cornell-based criteria, but less prevalent or nondifferent when measured with other criteria. The association between ECG LVH and events showed higher hazard ratios for women than in men. Sex × LVH interaction terms were statistically significant in part of the LVH criteria. In adjusted Cox models, Sokolow-Lyon voltage performed the best. The composite of Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell voltage was statistically significantly associated with events in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex affects both the prevalence rates and prognostic values of ECG LVH criteria in the general population, while showing higher prognostic value of ECG LVH in women than in men. For clinical use, the composite of the Sokolow-Lyon voltage and the Cornell voltage seems to be a good option.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki bDivision of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku cDepartment of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku/Helsinki dDepartment of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere eTampere University Hospital, Tampere fInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and University Central Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porthan
authors.forename: Teemu J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Niiranen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varis
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kantola
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karanko
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Markku S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.forename: Heikki V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Huikuri
authors.forename: Antti M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors