title: Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection improves cognitive impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice used as multitarget anti-Alzheimer's drug candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection (CEGI), a multitargeted neurotrophic drug, has been widely used in the treatment of central and peripheral nerve injuries, such as stroke, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and diabetic neuropathy in the People's Republic of China. However, data regarding the effect of CEGI on Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CEGI on learning and memory in an APPswe/PS1dE9 double-transgenic mouse model, a suitable animal model of AD, and elucidate its possible mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-month-old APP/PS1 mice were intraperitoneally administered 6.6 mL/kg or 13.2 mL/kg of CEGI for 1 month. After 1 month of administration, all mice received Morris water maze training and a probe test. Mouse brain sections were detected by standard biochemical and immunohistochemical measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEGI treatment significantly improved the spatial learning and memory deficits and decreased cerebral amyloid-β42 levels in brain homogenates of APP/PS1 mice. CEGI treatment elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde. CEGI attenuated neuronal damage in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and upregulated protein and gene expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. CEGI treatment decreased the number of Iba1(+) activated microglia in the cortex of the APP/PS1 mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that CEGI prevents memory impairment, possibly by decreasing the amyloid-β42 levels in APP/PS1 mice and inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, making CEGI a promising therapeutic agent for AD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya-Zhuo
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Research and Technology Service Center, PLA 302 Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui-Sheng
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Tao
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatrics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lu-Ning
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid-β; apoptosis; cognitive impairment; inflammation; oxidative stress