title: CYP2C9 genotype vs. metabolic phenotype for individual drug dosing--a correlation analysis using flurbiprofen as probe drug.
abstract: Currently, genotyping of patients for polymorphic enzymes responsible for metabolic elimination is considered a possibility to adjust drug dose levels. For a patient to profit from this procedure, the interindividual differences in drug metabolism within one genotype should be smaller than those between different genotypes. We studied a large cohort of healthy young adults (283 subjects), correlating their CYP2C9 genotype to a simple phenotyping metric, using flurbiprofen as probe drug. Genotyping was conducted for CYP2C9*1, *2, *3. The urinary metabolic ratio MR (concentration of CYP2C9-dependent metabolite divided by concentration of flurbiprofen) determined two hours after flurbiprofen (8.75 mg) administration served as phenotyping metric. Linear statistical models correlating genotype and phenotype provided highly significant allele-specific MR estimates of 0.596 for the wild type allele CYP2C9*1, 0.405 for CYP2C9*2 (68 % of wild type), and 0.113 for CYP2C9*3 (19 % of wild type). If these estimates were used for flurbiprofen dose adjustment, taking 100 % for genotype *1/*1, an average reduction to 84 %, 60 %, 68 %, 43 %, and 19 % would result for genotype *1/*2, *1/*3, *2/*2, *2/*3, and *3/*3, respectively. Due to the large individual variation within genotypes with coefficients of variation ≥ 20 % and supposing the normal distribution, one in three individuals would be out of the average optimum dose by more than 20 %, one in 20 would be 40 % off. Whether this problem also applies to other CYPs and other drugs has to be investigated case by case. Our data for the given example, however, puts the benefit of individual drug dosing to question, if it is exclusively based on genotype.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogl
authors.affiliation: Seminar for Statistics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roman W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schönfelder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lutz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011355:Prodrugs; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9