title: Interventions that may reduce depressive symptoms among prostate cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer patients are at increased risk of depression yet there is no standard intervention to address this. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of interventions in reducing depressive symptoms in men with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches for studies were conducted in four databases and by hand. Randomized controlled trials of any intervention relative to control for depression in prostate cancer patients at any stage of their cancer treatment were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 11 studies that randomized men with prostate cancer to either an intervention meant to improve some aspect of quality of life or control and reported depressive symptoms scores before and after the intervention or control condition. Two of these were not used in our meta-analysis either for concerns about quality or for lack of depression scores. The interventions identified in the remaining nine articles were exercise (four), information (three), psychotherapy or peer support (three), massage therapy (one), and medication (one). Several publications included more than one type of intervention. A meta-analysis of all studies showed that an intervention of some types significantly improved depressive symptom scores relative to the control condition (improvement in depression score by -0.86 unit (95% CI: -1.42, -0.31)). Isolating the peer support/psychotherapy studies also showed significant improvement (improvement in depression score by -1.09 unit (95% CI: -2.05, -0.13)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatments to improve depressive symptoms in men with prostate cancer may be effective, with the best evidence supporting the use of peer support/psychotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.affiliation: Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.|Division of Hospital & Specialty Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Julie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.|Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University - OHSU, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ganzini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Marian S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McDonagh
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Cancer; Depression; Exercise; Information; Oncology; Psychotherapy; prostate