title: Increased levels of plasma glial-derived neurotrophic factor in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence suggests that neurotrophic growth factor systems, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, might be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is from the transforming growth factor-β family and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, where it plays a role in the development and function of hippocampal cells. To date, no association studies have been done between ADHD and GDNF. Thus, here we investigate the hypothesis that there are differences in plasma GDNF levels between children with ADHD and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma GDNF levels were measured in 86 drug-naïve children with ADHD and 128 healthy children. The severity of ADHD symptoms was determined by scores on the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) in patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median plasma GDNF levels in ADHD patients was 74.0 (IQR: 23.4-280.1) pg/ml versus 24.6 (IQR: 14.5-87.3) pg/ml in healthy controls; thus the median plasma GDNF levels in ADHD patients were significantly higher than in healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.01). Plasma GDNF levels were correlated positively with K-ARS subscale scores (inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity and total), determined by Spearman's correlation test in ADHD patients and healthy controls (r = 0.371, P < 0.01; r = 0.331, P < 0.01; and r = 0.379, P < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest increased plasma GDNF levels in untreated ADHD patients. In addition, plasma GDNF levels had a significant positive correlation with inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity and K-ARS total scores in ADHD patients and healthy controls. Further studies are required to determine the source and role of circulating GDNF in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: a Se-Hoon Shim, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital , Cheonan City , Bongmyoung Dong 23-20 Choongnam Province 330-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: b Young Hwangbo, Department of Preventive medicine , Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital , Cheonan City , Bongmyoung Dong Choongnam Province 330-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hwangbo
authors.affiliation: c Hee-jung Yoon, Department of Internal Medicine , Eulji University Graduate School , Daejeon , South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: d Young-Joon Kwon, Department of Psychiatry , Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital , Cheonan City , Bongmyoung Dong 23-20 Choongnam Province 330-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: e Hwa-Young Lee, Department of Psychiatry , Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital , Cheonan City , Bongmyoung Dong 23-20 Choongnam Province 330-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: f Jung-A Hwang, Department of Psychiatry , Korea University Ansan Hospital , Ansan City , Gojan Dong, 516, Kyunggi Province 425-020, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: g Yong-Ku Kim, Department of Psychiatry , Korea University Ansan Hospital , Ansan City , Gojan Dong, 516, Kyunggi Province 425-020, and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University , South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ku
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C495039:GDNF protein, human; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C579455:BDNF protein, human
keywords: ADHD; GDNF; Neurodevelopment; Neurotrophin