title: [Failed preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer, possible causes and implications for the surgery - the analysis of 3014 procedures].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to review the cases of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer in which preoperative lymphoscintigraphy had shown no axillary hot spot; to assess the frequency of failed examinations and possible causes of the failure; to analyze subsequent surgical procedures and hence to provide a general recommendation on what to do in such a situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective overview of 3014 lymphoscintigraphy examinations at the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute from 2001 to 2011 with a more detailed analysis of the cases with axillary hot spot visualization failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The axillary hot spot was not shown in 71 examinations (2.4%). The frequency of failed lymphoscintigraphy during the time period did not change substantially. The possible risk factors of failed lymphoscintigraphy include: previous surgery on the breast or the axilla, obturation of the lymphatic drainage with the cancer, and the absence of the tracer injection site massage. The most common surgical procedures to respond to a failed examination were: the application of patent blue and surgical exploration of the axilla, no axillary surgery, or axillary dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When repeated scanning with the gamma camera through the first several hours is performed, the frequency of failed lymphoscintigraphy procedures remains very low (2.4%). If there is no axillary hot spot shown, patent blue is to be injected and the axilla should be surgically explored. This solution will be successful in most patients. If the sentinel lymph node cannot be detected even using the combined method, the surgical procedure needs to be selected with regard to the individual clinical context.Key words: breast cancer - sentinel lymph node - sentinel lymph node biopsy - lymphoscintigraphy - failed detection.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Coufal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zapletal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vrtělová
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vašina
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Řehák
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy; D008408:Mastectomy; D057234:Preoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*