title: First report of L1014F kdr mutation in Culex quinquefasciatus in Mexico.
abstract: The L1014F mutation in the voltage-sodium channel gene has been associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in various arthropod species including mosquitoes. We determined the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation in 16 field populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from Northeastern Mexico collected between 2008 and 2013. The L1014F was present in all populations analyzed with the lowest frequency (3.33%) corresponding to the population from Monclova collected in 2012, and the highest frequency (63.63%) from the Monterrey population collected in 2012. The presence of a kdr mutation in populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus from northeastern Mexico provides evidence of pyrethroid resistance. This requires a special attention, considering that pyrethroid-based insecticides are commonly used in vector-control campaigns, especially against Aedes aegypti (L.).
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Iram P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Selene M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Torrado
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Saúl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lozano-Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lopez-Monroy
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000235:genetics*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides; D008800:Mexico; D009154:Mutation; D011722:Pyrethrins; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
keywords: Culex quinquefasciatus; L1014F mutation; insecticide resistance; kdr