title: The Effects of Hyper- and Hypocapnia on Phonatory Laryngeal Airway Resistance in Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The larynx has a dual role in the regulation of gas flow into and out of the lungs while also establishing resistance required for vocal fold vibration. This study assessed reciprocal relations between phonatory functions-specifically, phonatory laryngeal airway resistance (Rlaw)-and respiratory homeostasis during states of ventilatory gas perturbations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy women performed phonatory tasks while exposed to induced hypercapnia (high CO2), hypocapnia (low CO2), and normal breathing (eupnea). Effects of gas perturbations on Rlaw were investigated as were the reciprocal effects of Rlaw modulations on respiratory homeostasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rlaw remained stable despite manipulations of inspired gas concentrations. In contrast, end-tidal CO2 levels increased significantly during all phonatory tasks. Thus, for the conditions tested, Rlaw did not adjust to accommodate ventilatory needs as predicted. Rather, stable Rlaw was spontaneously accomplished at the cost of those needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings provide support for a theory of regulation wherein Rlaw may be a control parameter in phonation. Results also provide insight into the influence of phonation on respiration. The work sets the foundation for future studies on laryngeal function during phonation in individuals with lower airway disease and other patient populations.
authors.forename: Amanda I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Atwood
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verdolini Abbott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D055815:Young Adult