title: Use of serial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the performance of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and MRI/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion-guided biopsy (FB) for monitoring patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing mp-MRI and FB of target lesions identified on mp-MRI between August 2007 and August 2014 were reviewed. Patients meeting AS criteria (Clinical stage T1c, Gleason grade ≤ 6, prostate-specific antigen density ≤ 0.15, tumor involving ≤ 2 cores, and ≤ 50% involvement of any single core) based on extended sextant 12-core TRUS biopsy (systematic biopsy [SB]) were included. They were followed with subsequent 12-core biopsy as well as mp-MRI and MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy at follow-up visits until Gleason score progression (Gleason ≥ 7 in either 12-core or MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy). We evaluated whether progression seen on mp-MRI (defined as an increase in suspicion level, largest lesion diameter, or number of lesions) was predictive of Gleason score progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 152 patients meeting AS criteria on initial SB (mean age of 61.4 years and mean prostate-specific antigen level of 5.26 ng/ml), 34 (22.4%) had Gleason score ≥ 7 on confirmatory SB/FB. Of the 118 remaining patients, 58 chose AS and had at least 1 subsequent mp-MRI with SB/FB (median follow-up = 16.1 months). Gleason progression was subsequently documented in 17 (29%) of these men, in all cases to Gleason 3+4. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of mp-MRI for Gleason progression was 53% (95% CI: 28%-77%) and 80% (95% CI: 65%-91%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of mp-MRI for increase in Gleason were also 53% and 80%, respectively. The number needed to biopsy to detect 1 Gleason progression was 8.74 for SB vs. 2.9 for FB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stable findings on mp-MRI are associated with Gleason score stability. mp-MRI appears promising as a useful aid for reducing the number of biopsies in the management of patients on AS. A prospective evaluation of mp-MRI as a screen to reduce biopsies in the follow-up of men on AS appears warranted.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Annerleim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walton Diaz
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Nabeel Ahmad
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shakir
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Arvin K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rais-Bahrami
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rothwax
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
authors.affiliation: Center for Interventional Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Cheng William
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Mohummad Minhaj
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Chinonyerem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okoro
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Dima
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raskolnikov
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Parnes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Center for Interventional Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Bradford J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Center for Interventional Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Electronic address: pintop@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Diagnosis; Management; PSA; fusion biopsy; prostate cancer