title: STANDING, a four-step bedside algorithm for differential diagnosis of acute vertigo in the Emergency Department.
abstract: Vertigo is generally due to a benign disorder, but it is the most common symptom associated with misdiagnosis of stroke. In this pilot study, we preliminarily assessed the diagnostic performance of a structured bedside algorithm to differentiate central from non-central acute vertigo (AV). Adult patients presenting to a single Emergency Department with vertigo were evaluated with STANDING (SponTAneous Nystagmus, Direction, head Impulse test, standiNG) by one of five trained emergency physicians or evaluated ordinarily by the rest of the medical staff (control group). The gold standard was a complete audiologic evaluation by a clinicians who are experts in assessing dizzy patients and neuroimaging. Reliability, sensibility and specificity of STANDING were calculated. Moreover, to evaluate the potential clinical impact of STANDING, neuroimaging and hospitalisation rates were compared with control group. A total of 292 patients were included, and 48 (16.4%) had a diagnosis of central AV. Ninety-eight (33.4%) patients were evaluated with STANDING. The test had good interobserver agreement (k = 0.76), with very high sensitivity (100%, 95%CI 72.3-100%) and specificity (94.3%, 95%CI 90.7-94.3%). Furthermore, hospitalisation and neuroimaging test rates were lower in the STANDING than in the control group (27.6% vs. 50.5% and 31.6% vs. 71.1%, respectively). In conclusion, STANDING seems to be a promising simple structured bedside algorithm that in this preliminary study identified central AV with a very high sensitivity, and was associated with significant reduction of neuroimaging and hospitalisation rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanni
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Unit of Audiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecci
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casati
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Risso
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nazerian
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy;
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grifoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Unit of Audiology, Careggi Hospital, University of Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vannucchi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014717:Vertigo / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Bedside algorithm; Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; STANDING; Vestibular neuronitis