title: Gender differences in upper extremity motor performance of older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor performance declines with age. Although gender differences in motor strength and speed have been widely reported, the extent to which these differences are maintained in old age has not been well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upper extremity motor performance was assessed in 234 men and 530 women Catholic clergy members aged 65 years or older with no clinical evidence of dementia who were participants in the Religious Orders Study. As part of a uniform clinical evaluation, upper extremity motor performance including strength (grip and pinch dynamometry), movement speed including finger tapping and Purdue pegboard and muscle bulk of the arm were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men were stronger than women at all ages but this difference became less prominent at older ages. Women scored higher on the Purdue Pegboard than men whereas men had faster maximal finger tapping rates than women. Gender differences in speed were not modified by age. Men had greater muscle bulk than women at all ages and these differences were not modified by age. These relationships were not modified by participants with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease or stroke or by hormone replacement therapy in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in upper extremity speed and muscle bulk appear to be relatively stable with increasing age, whereas gender differences in strength were reduced in the oldest old. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if men and women differ in the rate of decline of strength in old age.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center,Department of Psychology, Rush University Medical Center andRush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Aron S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
keywords: aging; gender; movement speed; muscle bulk; strength