title: Negative Consequences of Poor Driving Outcomes Reported by Adolescents With and Without ADHD.
abstract: Although adolescents with ADHD report less driving experience, a greater proportion of adolescents with ADHD report receiving at least one ticket; however, no study has examined the severity of infractions committed by adolescent drivers with ADHD.
  
  
  
  A total of 61 adolescents (28 ADHD, 33 controls) aged 16 to 17 with a valid driver's license completed a self-report Driving History Questionnaire (DHQ), which asked about months of driving experience, negative driving outcomes, and severity of consequences.
  
  
  
  A greater proportion of adolescents with ADHD reported receiving fines, points on their driver's license, and remedial driving class. Furthermore, adolescents with ADHD reported attending a greater number of hours in remedial driving class, and a greater expense associated with fines.
  
  
  
  Importantly, ADHD-related negative driving outcomes manifest early in driving careers. Furthermore, increased negative consequences of poor and/or risky driving among adolescents with ADHD were evident despite having fewer months of independent driving.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.|2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Narad
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Annie A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.|2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tanya N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.|2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kingery
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: 1 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.|2 University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ADD/ADHD; adolescents; driving safety