title: Effects of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on the rat skeletal system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caffeic acid, predominantly as esters linked to quinic acid (chlorogenic acids), is a phenolic acid present at high levels in coffee. The aim of the study was to investigate effects of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on the skeletal system of female rats with normal estrogen levels and estrogen-deficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caffeic acid (5 and 50 mg/kg p.o. daily) and chlorogenic acid (100 mg/kg p.o. daily) were administered for 4 weeks to non-ovariectomized and bilaterally ovariectomized mature Wistar rats, and their effects were compared with appropriate controls. Moreover, estradiol (0.2 mg/kg p.o. daily) was administered to ovariectomized rats. Bone turnover markers, mass, mineralization and mechanical properties were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although caffeic acid at a low dose exerted some unfavorable effects on the skeletal system, at high doses, caffeic and chlorogenic acids slightly increased mineralization in the tibia and improved mechanical properties of the femoral diaphysis (compact bone). Unlike estradiol, they did not counteract the worsening of the tibial metaphysis bone strength (cancellous bone) and increases in osteocalcin concentration induced by estrogen deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High doses of the phenolic acids slightly favorably affected the rat skeletal system independently of the estrogen status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland. jfolwarczna@sum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Folwarczna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pytlik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zych
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cegieła
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowinska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sliwinski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trzeciak
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Trzeciak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013977:Tibia / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D004967:Estrogens; D015675:Osteocalcin; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D004958:Estradiol; C040048:caffeic acid