title: Preparation and evaluation of biocompatible long-term radiopaque microspheres based on polyvinyl alcohol and lipiodol for embolization.
abstract: The aim of this work was to develop long-term radiopaque microspheres (LRMs) by entrapping lipiodol in biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol with multiple emulsions chemical crosslinking method. The high content of lipiodol (0.366 g/mL) was hardly released from LRMs in vitro and the radiopacity could maintain at least 3 months after subcutaneous injection in mice without weakening. A series of tests was performed to evaluate the feasibility of LRMs for embolization. LRMs were proved to be smooth, spherical, and well dispersed with diameter range of 100-1200 μm. Young's modulus of LRMs was 55.39 ± 9.10 kPa and LRMs could be easily delivered through catheter without aggregating or clogging. No toxicity of LRMs was found to mouse L929 fibroblasts cells and only moderate inflammatory in surrounding tissue of mice was found after subcutaneous injection of LRMs. After LRMs were embolized in renal artery of a rabbit, the distribution and radiopacity of LRMs in vivo were easily detectable by X-ray fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT) imaging, respectively. More accurate distribution of LRMs in embolized kidney and vessels could be detected by high-revolution visualization of micro-CT ex vivo. In conclusion, the LRMs were proved to be biocompatible and provide long-term radiopacity with good physical and mechanical properties for embolization.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jing
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China tianyuan_fan@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tian-Yuan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dai-Chao
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shui-Sheng
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-Zhao
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D011817:Rabbits; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol
keywords: Microspheres; embolization; lipiodol; polyvinyl alcohol; radiopaque