title: Differential patterns of spinal cord and brain atrophy in NMO and MS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate spinal cord and brain atrophy in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and its relationship with other MRI measurements and clinical disability, compared with patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 35 patients with NMO, 35 patients with MS, and 35 HC, who underwent both spinal cord and brain MRI. Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA), brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), gray matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF), and spinal cord and brain lesion loads were measured and compared among groups. Multivariate associations between MUCCA and brain volume measurement and clinical variables were assessed by partial correlations and multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with NMO showed smaller MUCCA than HC (p = 0.004), and patients with MS had a trend of smaller MUCCA compared to HC (p = 0.07), with no significant difference between the patient groups. Patients with NMO showed lower BPF than HC, and patients with MS had lower BPF and GMF than patients with NMO. In NMO, MUCCA was correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS), number of relapses, and total spinal cord lesion length, while in MS, MUCCA was correlated with WMF and EDSS. MUCCA was the only independent variable for predicting clinical disability measured by EDSS in NMO (R(2) = 0.55, p < 0.001) and MS (R(2) = 0.17, p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMO showed predominately spinal cord atrophy with mild brain atrophy, while MS demonstrated more brain atrophy, especially in the gray matter. MUCCA is the main MRI-derived parameter for explaining clinical disability in NMO and MS, and may serve as a potential biomarker for further clinical trials, especially in NMO.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany. asiaeurope80@gmail.com kunchengli55@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yaou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daams
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yunyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Zhuoqiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Huiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vrenken
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mike P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wattjes
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Fu-Dong
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany. asiaeurope80@gmail.com kunchengli55@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kuncheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., Y.D., J.H., Z.R., K.L.) and Neurology (J.Y., H.D.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (Y.L., M.D., H.V., M.P.W., F.B.), and the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience (M.D.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute (Y.L., F.-D.S.), Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, China; the Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders (J.W.), Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments (J.W.), Hangzhou, China; and Fraunhofer MEVIS (F.W., H.K.H.), Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult