title: Gluten-Free Diet and Lipid Profile in Children With Celiac Disease: Comparison With General Population Standards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A gluten-free diet (GFD) may carry high energy and fat load. We verified lipid profile and dietary indicators cross-sectionally and prospectively in patients with celiac disease (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In any consecutive child receiving a GFD (group 1) or newly diagnosed as having CD (group 2), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric data, physical activity, and a 24-hour food diary were collected during follow-up visits (yearly in group 1 and during the first year of GFD in group 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 (132 girls, 73 boys, 10.7 ± 4.2 years), TC (P = 0.006), TG (P = 0.014), and HDL (P = 0.019) were significantly higher in girls than in boys. Compared with the general pediatric population, group 1 girls had higher TC, TG, HDL, and low-density lipoprotein; group 1 boys had lower TC, TG, and low-density lipoprotein and higher HDL. TC was significantly and positively affected by age, sex, and time receiving GFD, whereas HDL was significantly and positively affected by body mass index, diastolic BP, and sex; TG was negatively affected by diastolic BP. Compared with recommendations, group 1 children introduced less calories, iron, and calcium; one-third more sodium; similar amounts of fiber; and twice as many proteins. In group 2 (20 girls, 10 boys, 8.6 ± 3.55 years), TC did not change over time and TG diminished, whereas HDL, blood glucose, and body mass index increased; saturated fats and caloric intake were below recommendations, whereas proteins were excessively introduced. Fibers were optimal. HDL was inversely correlated to calories and saturated fat (R² = 80, P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipid profiles of children with CD differ across sexes and from reference population. GFD, being unexpectedly appropriate in fibers and fat proportion, may be a contributor.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, Bologna †Department of Pediatrics, Forlí ‡Department of Histology, Medical School, Bologna §Department of Internal Medicine, University of Padua ||Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical School, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Forchielli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernicola
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diani
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scrivo
authors.forename: Nunzio C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Salfi
authors.forename: Achille C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pessina
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pession
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol