title: Characterization of sleep breathing pattern in patients with type 2 diabetes: sweet sleep study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), it is unknown whether or not subjects with and without T2D share the same sleep breathing pattern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional study in patients with SAHS according to the presence (n = 132) or not (n = 264) of T2D. Both groups were matched by age, gender, BMI, and waist and neck circumferences. A subgroup of 125 subjects was also matched by AHI. The exclusion criteria included chronic respiratory disease, alcohol abuse, use of sedatives, and heart failure. A higher apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was observed in T2D patients [32.2 (10.2-114.0) vs. 25.6 (10.2-123.4) events/hours; p = 0.002). When sleep events were evaluated separately, patients with T2D showed a significant increase in apnea events [8.4 (0.1-87.7) vs. 6.3 (0.0-105.6) e/h; p = 0.044), as well as a two-fold increase in the percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation <90% [15.7 (0.0-97.0) vs. 7.9 (0.0-95.6) %; <0.001)], higher rates of oxygen desaturation events, and also higher daily sleepiness [7.0 (0.0-21.0) vs. 5.0 (0.0-21.0); p = 0.006)] than subjects without T2D. Significant positive correlations between fasting plasma glucose and AHI, the apnea events, and CT90 were observed. Finally, multiple linear regression analyses showed that T2D was independently associated with AHI (R2 = 0.217), the apnea index (R2 = 0.194), CT90 (R2 = 0.222), and desaturation events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2D patients present a different pattern of sleep breathing than subject without diabetes. The most important differences are the severity of hypoxemia and the number of apneas whereas the incidence of hypopnea episodes is similar.
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, IRB-Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lecube
authors.affiliation: CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Sleep Unit, Neurophysiology Department, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sampol
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Sleep Unit, Neurophysiology Department, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciudin
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Endocrinology Department, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simó
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*