title: Hygienisation and nutrient conservation of sewage sludge or cattle manure by lactic acid fermentation.
abstract: Manure from animal farms and sewage sludge contain pathogens and opportunistic organisms in various concentrations depending on the health of the herds and human sources. Other than for the presence of pathogens, these waste substances are excellent nutrient sources and constitute a preferred organic fertilizer. However, because of the pathogens, the risks of infection of animals or humans increase with the indiscriminate use of manure, especially liquid manure or sludge, for agriculture. This potential problem can increase with the global connectedness of animal herds fed imported feed grown on fields fertilized with local manures. This paper describes a simple, easy-to-use, low-tech hygienization method which conserves nutrients and does not require large investments in infrastructure. The proposed method uses the microbiotic shift during mesophilic fermentation of cow manure or sewage sludge during which gram-negative bacteria, enterococci and yeasts were inactivated below the detection limit of 3 log10 cfu/g while lactobacilli increased up to a thousand fold. Pathogens like Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli EHEC O:157 and vegetative Clostridium perfringens were inactivated within 3 days of fermentation. In addition, ECBO-viruses and eggs of Ascaris suum were inactivated within 7 and 56 days, respectively. Compared to the mass lost through composting (15-57%), the loss of mass during fermentation (< 2.45%) is very low and provides strong economic and ecological benefits for this process. This method might be an acceptable hygienization method for developed as well as undeveloped countries, and could play a key role in public and animal health while safely closing the nutrient cycle by reducing the necessity of using energy-inefficient inorganic fertilizer for crop production.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gesellschaft zur Förderung von Medizin-, Bio- und Umwelttechnologien e. V. Erich-Neuß-Weg 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Scheinemann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Stöckel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005285:Fermentation; D005308:Fertilizers; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010271:Parasites / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012722:Sewage; D019344:Lactic Acid