title: Resource investigation of traditional medicinal plant Panax japonicus (T.Nees) C.A. Mey and its varieties in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panax japonicus, the perennial herb in the Araliaceae family, was used as the natural medicinal herb by Chinese traditional doctors for more than thousand years. Its rhizome was mainly used as a tonic, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic agent in China. Most of the therapeutic effects of P. japonicus had been reported due to the presence of tetracyclic or pentacyclic triterpene saponins. Volatile oil, polysaccharides and amino acids had also been found in P. japonicus species and reported in the pharmacological functions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A three-year survey was conducted to determine the current resource status of P. japonicus (T.Nees) C. A. Mey and its varieties (P. japonicus var. major (Burkill) C.Y.Wu & Feng and P. japonicus var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) C.Y.Wu & Feng) in 10 provinces of southern and southwestern China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole plants were sampled at 64 sites. Resource distribution, habitat type, morphological variation and market trend of them were studied and discussed. The natural resource in China is rarely available due to extensive exploitation and continual environment deterioration in recent decades, Abundance of P. japonicus was much lower than previous records, mainly found in Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan province. Wild resources of P.japonicus var. major and P.japonicus var. bipinnatifidus were even scarcer, only found in Guizhou and Yunan province. Despite their dramatic rise of market trend, the artificial cultivation of them was still not fully developed in China, but progressed rapidly in Hubei province.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we synthesized our understandings of the current resource state of P. japonicus׳s existence, variation and cultivation in China. This study will aid further investigations and increased protection of these plants, which are very valuable to traditional herbal medicine.
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Shaopeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038, PR China.
authors.forename: Rufeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Wanyong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China.
authors.forename: Yonglian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Biology and Pharmaceutical engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China. Electronic address: chenpingvip24@163.com.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Chinese traditional medicine; Ethanol (CID: 702); Formaldehyde (CID: 712); Habitat; Panax japonicus; Resource distribution