title: Molecular genotyping of human papillomavirus l1 gene in low-risk and high-risk populations in Bangkok.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in Thailand are a public health concern, but information on HPV infection in sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM) is limited. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV among low- and high-risk, HIV-negative populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 participants were categorized as general women, female sex workers, MSM, and MSM sex workers. Human papillomavirus infections were identified by the Papanicolaou test and nested polymerase chain reaction. A phylogenetic analysis of partial HPV L1 genes was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal cytology was found in 5% of general women, 10% of female sex workers, 24% of MSM, and 28% of MSM sex workers. Human papillomavirus was detected in 9% of general women, 13% of female sex workers, and 30% in both MSM and the MSM sex workers. The prevalence of HPV high-risk genotypes was significantly higher in female sex workers and MSM, whereas low-risk genotypes and genital warts were significantly higher in MSM sex workers. Significantly more patients with genital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I/anal intraepithelial neoplasia I harbored low-risk genotypes, whereas those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II/anal intraepithelial neoplasia II harbored high-risk genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High- and low-risk HPV genotypes persist in high-risk groups in Bangkok. Some genotypes infecting at-risk populations are not vaccine preventable. These findings may help to elucidate the prevalence of HPV infections in Thailand and serve as the basis for additional investigations into risk factors for these populations.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; †Sexually Transmitted Infections Cluster (Bangrak Hospital), Bureau of AIDS, TB and STIs, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand; ‡Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and §Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.
authors.forename: Pornsawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leaungwutiwong
authors.forename: Busara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bamrungsak
authors.forename: Akanitt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jittmittraphap
authors.forename: Pannamas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maneekan
authors.forename: Nathamon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kosoltanapiwat
authors.forename: Thareerat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalambaheti
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D020010:Heterosexuality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D060386:Sex Workers; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; C114580:HPV L1 protein, Human papillomavirus; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral