title: Validation of an acoustic location system to monitor Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) long calls.
abstract: The long call is an important vocal communication signal in the widely dispersed, semi-solitary orangutan. Long calls affect individuals' ranging behavior and mediate social relationships and regulate encounters between dispersed individuals in a dense rainforest. The aim of this study was to test the utility of an Acoustic Location System (ALS) for recording and triangulating the loud calls of free-living primates. We developed and validated a data extraction protocol for an ALS used to record wild orangutan males' long calls at the Tuanan field site (Central Kalimantan). We installed an ALS in a grid of 300 ha, containing 20 SM2+ recorders placed in a regular lattice at 500 m intervals, to monitor the distribution of calling males in the area. The validated system had the following main features: (i) a user-trained software algorithm (Song Scope) that reliably recognized orangutan long calls from sound files at distances up to 700 m from the nearest recorder, resulting in a total area of approximately 900 ha that could be monitored continuously; (ii) acoustic location of calling males up to 200 m outside the microphone grid, which meant that within an area of approximately 450 ha, call locations could be calculated through triangulation. The mean accuracy was 58 m, an error that is modest relative to orangutan mobility and average inter-individual distances. We conclude that an ALS is a highly effective method for detecting long-distance calls of wild primates and triangulating their position. In combination with conventional individual focal follow data, an ALS can greatly improve our knowledge of orangutans' social organization, and is readily adaptable for studying other highly vocal animals.
authors.affiliation: Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spillmann
authors.affiliation: Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Noordwijk
authors.affiliation: Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tatang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitra Setia
authors.affiliation: Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wipfli
authors.affiliation: Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carel P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schaik
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
keywords: loud call; microphone array; passive recording and monitoring; triangulation