title: The effect of community-level smoke-free ordinances on smoking rates in men based on Community Health Surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As one of smoke-free policies, communities have established the smoke-free ordinances since August 2010. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of community-level smoke-free ordinances (SFO) on smoking rates in men using multiyear Community Health Survey (CHS) data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on community-level SFO were collected from a website on Enhanced Local Laws and Regulation Information System. Regional smoking-related data were obtained from CHS data from 2008 to 2012 and the age-standardized rates of current smoking in men, attempts to quit smoking, and smoke-free campaign experiences including the mean number of cigarettes smoked (smoking amount) were calculated. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of regional implementation of SFO and the duration on change of smoking rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall current smoking rates and daily mean cigarettes smoked were lower in community where SFO had been implemented compared to those without implementation, and there was a significant difference in smoking rates between 2010 and 2008. Cross-sectional analysis of the effects of regional SFO revealed clear difference in rate of current smoking, but longitudinal analysis showed no significant differences. Stratifying by age groups, however, showed that groups less than 30 years of age had low smoking rates in community with ordinance compared to those without SFO since 2010. Yearly surveys measuring the number of cigarettes smoked, attempts to quit smoking, and experiences of smoke-free campaigns showed regional differences in the duration of implementation, but these differences were not significant in longitudinal analysis. Furthermore, there was a difference in regional socioeconomic characteristics between community with and without SFO implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For effective smoking control, it is necessary to evaluate current policies and develop indices to evaluate the practical implementation of ordinances. As more communities to pass the SFO, long-term observation and assessments required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyunghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung-Choi
keywords: Ecological study; Smoke-free ordinance; Smoking; South Korea