title: The significance of duration and amount of sodium reduction intervention in normotensive and hypertensive individuals: a meta-analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to establish the time for achievement of maximal blood pressure (BP) efficacy of a sodium reduction (SR) intervention and the relation between the amount of SR and the BP response in individuals with hypertension and normal BP. Relevant studies were retrieved from a pool of 167 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the period 1973-2010 and integrated in meta-analyses. Fifteen relevant RCTs were included in the maximal efficacy analysis. After initiation of sodium reduction (range: 55-118 mmol/d), there were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between measurements at weeks 1 and 2 (∆SBP: -0.18 mmHg/∆DBP: 0.12 mmHg), weeks 1 and 4 (∆SBP: -0.50 mmHg/∆DBP: 0.35 mmHg), weeks 2 and 4 (∆SBP: -0.20 mmHg/∆DBP: -0.10 mmHg), weeks 2 and 6 (∆SBP: -0.50 mmHg/∆DBP: -0.42 mmHg), and weeks 4 and 6 (∆SBP: 0.39 mmHg/∆DBP: -0.22 mmHg). Eight relevant RCTs were included in the dose-response analysis, which showed that within the established usual range of sodium intake [<248 mmol/d (5700 mg/d)], there was no relation between the amount of SR (range: 136-188 mmol) and BP outcome in normotensive populations [∆SBP: 0.99 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.12, 4.10 mm Hg), [corrected] P = 0.53; ∆DBP: -0.49 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.0, 3.03), P = 0.79]. In contrast, prehypertensive and hypertensive populations showed a significant dose-response relation (range of sodium reduction: 77-140 mmol/d) [∆SBP: 6.87 mmHg (95% CI: 5.61, 8.12, P < 0.00001); ∆DBP: 3.61 mmHg (95% CI: 2.83, 4.39, P < 0.00001)]. Consequently, the importance of kinetic and dynamic properties of sodium reduction, as well as baseline BP, should probably be considered when establishing a policy of sodium reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology 4242, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; graudal@dadlnet.dk.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graudal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Thorbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hubeck-Graudal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Gesche
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: McCarron
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy*; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
keywords: blood pressure; dietary guidelines; meta-analysis; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; salt; sodium