title: Influence of Health Insurance Expansion on Disparities in the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of the 2006 Massachusetts (MA) health reform on disparities in the management of acute cholecystitis (AC).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Immediate cholecystectomy has been shown to be the optimal treatment for AC, yet variation in care persists depending upon insurance status and patient race. How increased insurance coverage impacts these disparities in surgical care is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of patients admitted with AC in MA and 3 control states from 2001 through 2009 was performed using the Hospital Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases. We examined all nonelderly white, black, or Latino patients by insurance type and patient race, evaluating changes in the probability of undergoing immediate cholecystectomy and disparities in receiving immediate cholecystectomy before and after Massachusetts health reform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 141,344 patients hospitalized for AC were analyzed. Before the 2006 reform, government-subsidized/self-pay (GS/SP) patients had a 6.6 to 9.9 percentage-point lower (P < 0.001) probability of immediate cholecystectomy in both MA control states. The MA insurance expansion was independently associated with a 2.5 percentage-point increased probability of immediate cholecystectomy for all GS/SP patients in MA (P = 0.049) and a 5.0 percentage-point increased probability (P = 0.011) for nonwhite, GS/SP patients compared to control states. Racial disparities in the probability of immediate cholecystectomy seen before health care reform were no longer statistically significant after reform in MA while persisting in control states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MA health reform was associated with increased probability of undergoing immediate cholecystectomy for AC and reduced disparities in undergoing cholecystectomy by insurance status and patient race.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Surgery and †Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA ‡National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Loehrer
authors.forename: Zirui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hugh G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Auchincloss
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hutter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult