title: Pain during sexual activity before and after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexual life may be impaired by pain during sexual activity in patients with inguinal hernia. On the other hand, inguinal hernia repair has also been reported to cause sexual dysfunction in terms of pain during sexual activity and ejaculation. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pain during sexual activity before and after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, and the secondary, to describe pain location, frequency of pain during sexual activity, and to which degree sexual life was affected by the pain. Furthermore, to examine whether preoperative pain during sexual activity was a risk factor for postoperative pain during sexual activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective questionnaire study before and 6 months after hernia repair was conducted. Men (age 18-85 years) undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 160 men were included. Overall, 23% of patients complained preoperatively of pain during sexual activity. Sexual life was affected in moderate-to-severe degree in 17%. Ten percent had pain during sexual activity 6 months after hernia repair. The prevalence of men with pain during sexual activity was not increased after hernia repair (p = 0.080). Instead, there was a trend toward a reduction. Both before and after hernia repair sexually related pain was primarily located in the groin area and in the scrotum. Patients with preoperative pain during sexual activity had a higher risk of postoperative pain during sexual activity compared with patients without pain preoperatively (p = 0.0007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having an inguinal hernia may be related to pain during sexual activity before operation. We did not find an increase in sexually related pain after operation. On the contrary, there was a trend toward decreased pain related to sexual activity after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Preoperative pain during sexual activity predisposed to postoperative pain during sexual activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. mette.astrup@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mette A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tolver
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004414:Dyspareunia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Inguinal hernia; Laparoscopic; Pain; Sexual activity