title: Prolonged helium postconditioning protocols during early reperfusion do not induce cardioprotection in the rat heart in vivo: role of inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: Postconditioning of myocardial tissue employs short cycles of ischemia or pharmacologic agents during early reperfusion. Effects of helium postconditioning protocols on infarct size and the ischemia/reperfusion-induced immune response were investigated by measurement of protein and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Rats were anesthetized with S-ketamine (150 mg/kg) and diazepam (1.5 mg/kg). Regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was induced; additional groups inhaled 15, 30, or 60 min of 70% helium during reperfusion. Fifteen minutes of helium reduced infarct size from 43% in control to 21%, whereas 30 and 60 minutes of helium inhalation led to an infarct size of 47% and 39%, respectively. Increased protein levels of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-3) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were found after 30 or 60 min of helium inhalation, in comparison to control. 30 min of helium increased mRNA levels of CINC-3, IL-1β, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in myocardial tissue not directly subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. These results suggest that the effectiveness of the helium postconditioning protocol is very sensitive to duration of noble gas application. Additionally, helium was associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines; however, it is not clear whether this is causative of nature or part of an epiphenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gezina Tanya Mei Ling
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aslami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raphaela Priscilla
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kerindongo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renske Johanna
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Steenstra
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte Jacqueline Peter
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Beurskens
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tuip-de Boer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole Petra
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Juffermans
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Markus Werner
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nina Claudia
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D006371:Helium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D020107:Troponin T / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020107:Troponin T; D006371:Helium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase