title: Ecotype evolution in Glossina palpalis subspecies, major vectors of sleeping sickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of environmental factors in driving adaptive trajectories of living organisms is still being debated. This is even more important to understand when dealing with important neglected diseases and their vectors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we analysed genetic divergence, computed from seven microsatellite loci, of 614 tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina palpalis palpalis, major vectors of animal and human trypanosomes) from 28 sites of West and Central Africa. We found that the two subspecies are so divergent that they deserve the species status. Controlling for geographic and time distances that separate these samples, which have a significant effect, we found that G. p. gambiensis from different landscapes (Niayes of Senegal, savannah and coastal environments) were significantly genetically different and thus represent different ecotypes or subspecies. We also confirm that G. p. palpalis from Ivory Coast, Cameroon and DRC are strongly divergent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide an opportunity to examine whether new tsetse fly ecotypes might display different behaviour, dispersal patterns, host preferences and vectorial capacities. This work also urges a revision of taxonomic status of Glossina palpalis subspecies and highlights again how fast ecological divergence can be, especially in host-parasite-vector systems.
authors.affiliation: IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso; IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Meeûs
authors.affiliation: IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.affiliation: IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso; IRD (INTERTRYP), UMR177 IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D060146:Ecotype; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000635:transmission*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics