title: Bone Marrow Edema in the Knee and Its Influence on Clinical Outcome After Matrix-Based Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Results After 3-Year Follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Third-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an established method for treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects in the knee joint. Subchondral bone marrow edema (BME) is frequently observed after ACI, with unknown pathogenesis and clinical relevance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the occurrence and clinical relevance of BME after third-generation ACI in the knee joint during the postoperative course of 36 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 38 circumscribed full-thickness cartilage defects in 30 patients were included in this study. All defects were treated with third-generation ACI (Novocart 3D). A standardized MRI examination was carried out after 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Bone marrow edema was observed in 78.9% of defects over the postoperative course, with initial occurrence in the first 12 months. The size of the BMEs were determined according to their maximum diameter and were classified as small (<1 cm), medium (<2 cm), large (<4 cm), and very large (diffuse; >4 cm). Clinical outcomes in patients were analyzed by use of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system and a visual analog scale for pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 5.3% (n=2) small, 28.9% (n=11) medium, 34.2% (n=13) large, and 10.5% (n=4) very large BMEs. In a subgroup analysis, cartilage defects of the medial femoral condyle showed significantly higher frequency of BME than did patellar defects. Clinical scores showed significant improvements throughout the entire study course (P<.05). Clinical patient outcome did not correlate with presence of BME at any time period (P>.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midterm clinical results of the matrix-based third-generation ACI showed a substantial amount of BME over a 36-month follow-up, but this did not correlate with worse clinical outcome. Patients with femoral cartilage defects were more often affected than were those with patellar cartilage defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Niethammer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mehmet F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gülecyüz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Roßbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ficklscherer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pietschmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany peter.mueller@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACI; autologous chondrocyte implantation; bone marrow edema; cartilage