title: Patterns of energy drink advertising over US television networks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience for television channels with high levels of energy drink advertising airtime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of energy drink advertising airtime over US network and cable television channels (n = 139) from March, 2012 to February, 2013. Programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in each channel's base audience were extracted from cable television trade reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Energy drink advertising airtime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Channels were ranked by airtime; programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience were summarized for the 10 channels with the most airtime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study year, 36,501 minutes (608 hours) were devoted to energy drink advertisements; the top 10 channels accounted for 46.5% of such airtime. Programming themes for the top 10 channels were music (n = 3), sports (n = 3), action-adventure lifestyle (n = 2), African American lifestyle (n = 1), and comedy (n = 1). MTV2 ranked first in airtime devoted to energy drink advertisements. Six of the 10 channels with the most airtime included adolescents aged 12-17 years in their base audience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy drink manufacturers primarily advertise on channels that likely appeal to adolescents. Nutritionists may wish to consider energy drink media literacy when advising adolescents about energy drink consumption.
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH. Electronic address: Jennifer.A.Emond@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilbert-Diamond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061215:Energy Drinks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013690:Television / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States
keywords: adolescents; energy drinks; marketing; television