title: Adiponectin oligomers are similarly distributed in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children irrespective of feeding in their first year.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrition and growth in early postnatal life have a role in future diseases. Our aim was to investigate adiponectin oligomers in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children with respect to type and duration of feeding in the first year of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adiponectin oligomers and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in 113 adequate-for-gestational-age obese children, divided into group A (prolonged breast feeding, >6 mo), group B (short breast feeding, 1-6 mo), and group C (formula feeding from birth).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the parameters were similar among the groups. Adiponectin oligomers did not correlate with gestational age, months of breast feeding, and time of weaning. Total and high-molecular weight adiponectin were differently distributed across gender and pubertal stages (P < 0.02), being lower in males from the start of puberty. Prepregnancy BMI and at the end of the pregnancy were negatively associated (P < 0.04) with total and medium-molecular weight adiponectin in female and male offspring, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adiponectin oligomers and metabolic characteristics are similarly distributed in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children, irrespective of the type and duration of the feeding in the first year of life. Gender and mother's BMI in pregnancy are contributors to adiponectin regulation. Further studies will explain whether breastfeeding protects against metabolic impairment later in life.
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [2] Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [3] Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study (ICOS), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prodam
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [2] Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roccio
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trovato
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ricotti
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moia
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giglione
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [2] Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study (ICOS), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Gillian E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [2] Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study (ICOS), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellone
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [2] Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study (ICOS), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy [3] Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bona
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin