title: Patterns of total cost and economic consequences of progression for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have addressed the cost patterns of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) before and after first relapse. This US claims analysis evaluated, from a US health plan perspective, patterns of total direct costs of care from treatment initiation to progression for patients with MM treated with novel agents, using time to next therapy (TTNT) as a proxy measure for progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted using a large US claims database, evaluating patients with claims for MM between 2006 and 2013. Patients with claims for stem cell transplant (SCT) were excluded. The analysis focused on patients receiving lenalidomide (LEN) or bortezomib (BORT) based treatment, for whom complete claim history was available through initiation of subsequent treatment. Average patient monthly direct costs were determined, including medical and pharmacy costs, and total cost patterns over quarterly time periods were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population comprised 2843 patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) and 1361 with relapsed MM. Total monthly cost for patients with NDMM declined steadily, from $15,734 initially to $5082 at 18+ months after therapy. Upon initiation of second-line therapy, total monthly costs rose to $13,876 and declined to $6446 18 months later. Although NDMM cost levels for individual ordinal months were similar between the LEN and BORT groups, TTNT was longer for LEN-based treatments (37 months). The BORT-treated cohort had higher average monthly total costs for NDMM and for the common time period through 37 months after initiation of therapy ($7534 vs $10,763 for LEN and BORT, respectively). Key limitations of this study, in addition to the lack of mortality and staging information available from claims data, include the definition of TTNT based on change in treatment or a defined gap in therapy prior to retreatment, which may differ from actual time of progression in some patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with NDMM receiving either LEN- or BORT-based treatment without SCT, followed until TTNT, total direct monthly costs (drug + medical) declined steadily over time. Monthly costs returned to near initial levels when patients began second-line therapy and then followed a similar pattern of decline. Due to the longer TTNT for patients initiated on LEN and the associated longer period of below-average costs, patients initiated with LEN-based treatments had mean monthly total costs >$3200 lower than total costs for patients initiated on BORT during the first 3 years after starting treatment, cumulating to nearly $120,000 in lower costs for patients initiated on LEN.
authors.affiliation: Genesis Research , Hoboken, NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Arikian
authors.forename: Dejan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milentijevic
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: X Henry
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yasir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagarwala
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Corvino
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Surinach
authors.forename: Saad Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Usmani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000069286:Bortezomib / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013792:Thalidomide; D000069286:Bortezomib; D000077269:Lenalidomide
keywords: Bortezomib; Cost analysis; Cost comparison; Economic analysis; Lenalidomide; Myeloma; Newly diagnosed