title: Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding: results of a study in a non-smoking population in Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apart from the effects of vitamin D on bone metabolism, it is also known for its immunomodulatory properties. However, so far, it is not clear whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] exerts any beneficial effect on the periodontium. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the serum level of 25(OH)D is related to periodontal condition, measured by means of pocketing and gingival bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study is based on a non-smoking subpopulation without diabetes of the Finnish Health 2000 Survey (N = 1,262). Periodontal condition was measured as the number of teeth with deep (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets and the number of bleeding sextants per individual. Serum 25(OH)D level was determined by means of a standard laboratory measurement. Prevalence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were practically no associations between serum 25(OH)D level and teeth with deep (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets or bleeding sextants. A somewhat lower proportion of teeth with deep periodontal pockets was found in higher serum 25(OH)D quintiles among individuals with a good oral hygiene level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum 25(OH)D did not seem to be related to periodontal condition, measured as periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding in this low-risk, low-25(OH)D status population.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Georgios N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Antonoglou
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|‡National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|§Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|‖National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.affiliation: ¶Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knuuttila
authors.affiliation: *Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|†Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|§Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ylöstalo
authors.affiliation: *Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Meeri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojala
authors.affiliation: ‡National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.affiliation: #National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marniemi
authors.affiliation: ‡National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Annamari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.affiliation: *Department of Periodontology and Geriatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|¶Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|**Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu.
authors.forename: Tellervo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tervonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000097:blood*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Anti-inflammatories; blood serum; calcidiol; epidemiology; ercalcidiol; periodontitis.