title: Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in children's recreation areas with varying degrees of access for animals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contamination, seasonal and vertical distributions of Toxocara eggs in children's recreation areas were estimated with respect to their accessibility to domestic and stray animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  During autumn 2011 and spring 2012, a total 88 composite samples of soil/sand (300g each) were taken twice, from 2 depths, from 11 sandpits and 11 play areas situated in the city of Łódź, Poland. From the collected material, 528 samples (20g) were tested using the flotation method. Half the sample sites were secured from access to dogs and cats, while the other half were not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in the numbers of positive samples from sandpits and playing areas was significant (c 2 = 13.72, p = 0.0002). The highest rate of contamination was observed in poorly-secured play areas (15.8% of positive samples and 1.2 eggs/100 g of soil/sand). The average density of Toxocara eggs in secured play areas was 6 times less than that found in unsecured areas, while secured sandpits were 3 times less contaminated than those unsecured. The contamination rate was similar in autumn 2011 and spring 2012 (6.4% and 6.8%, respectively). An inverse relationship between the sand/soil depth and number of recovered Toxocara eggs was observed. Additionally, other intestinal helminth eggs (Ancylostomidae, Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp.) and oocysts of Isospora spp. were also detected from soil samples collected from playing fields.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of Toxocara eggs recovered decreased following fence construction around the examined children's play areas, but it did not sufficiently prevent the contamination by eggs. These data indicate the necessity for educational programmes which should be implemented for the protection of the local child population from zoonotic infection.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Błaszkowska
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Góralska
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wójcik
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurnatowski
authors.affiliation: Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szwabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D000068316:Parks, Recreational; D011044:Poland; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D014119:Toxocara / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil