title: Process quality indicators targeting cognitive impairment to support quality of care for older people with cognitive impairment in emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop process quality indicators (PQIs) to support the improvement of care services for older people with cognitive impairment in emergency departments (ED).
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured research approach was taken for the development of PQIs for the care of older people with cognitive impairment in EDs, including combining available evidence with expert opinion (phase 1), a field study (phase 2), and formal voting (phase 3). A systematic review of the literature identified ED processes targeting the specific care needs of older people with cognitive impairment. Existing relevant PQIs were also included. By integrating the scientific evidence and clinical expertise, new PQIs were drafted and, along with the existing PQIs, extensively discussed by an advisory panel. These indicators were field tested in eight hospitals using a cohort of older persons aged 70 years and older. After analysis of the field study data (indicator prevalence, variability across sites), in a second meeting, the advisory panel further defined the PQIs. The advisory panel formally voted for selection of those PQIs that were most appropriate for care evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to seven previously published PQIs relevant to the care of older persons, 15 new indicators were created. These 22 PQIs were then field tested. PQIs designed specifically for the older ED population with cognitive impairment were only scored for patients with identified cognitive impairment. Following formal voting, a total of 11 PQIs were included in the set. These PQIs targeted cognitive screening, delirium screening, delirium risk assessment, evaluation of acute change in mental status, delirium etiology, proxy notification, collateral history, involvement of a nominated support person, pain assessment, postdischarge follow-up, and ED length of stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article presents a set of PQIs for the evaluation of the care for older people with cognitive impairment in EDs. The variation in indicator triggering across different ED sites suggests that there are opportunities for quality improvement in care for this vulnerable group. Applied PQIs will identify an emergency services' implementation of care strategies for cognitively impaired older ED patients. Awareness of the PQI triggers at an ED level enables implementation of targeted interventions to improve any suboptimal processes of care. Further validation and utility of the indicators in a wider population is now indicated.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research in Geriatric Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schnitker
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martin-Khan
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burkett
authors.forename: Elizabeth R A
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Len C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000458:organization & administration; D015995:Prevalence; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment