title: Red and far-red fluorescent dyes for the characterization of head and neck cancer at the cellular level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary upper aerodigestive tract malignancy remains a cancer having a poor prognosis, despite current progress in treatment, due to a generally late diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a preliminary assessment of five dyes approved for human use for the imaging of head and neck tissues at the cellular level, which could be considered for clinical examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated fluorescence endomicroscopic images on fresh samples obtained from head and neck surgeries after staining with hypericin, methylene blue, toluidine blue, patent blue or indocyanine green to provide a preliminary consideration as to whether these images contain enough information for identification of non-pathologic and pathologic tissues. The distribution pattern of dye has been examined using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) in ex vivo specimens and compared with corresponding histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most samples, the image quality provided by pCLE with both dyes allowed pathologists to recognize histological characteristics to identify the tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of pCLE imaging with these dyes provides interpretable images close to conventional histology; a promising clinical tool to assist physicians in examination of upper aerodigestive tract, as long as depth imaging issues can be overcome.
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Cytometry Platform, UMS AMMICA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.|UMR CNRS 8081- IR4M, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Casiraghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Temam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferchiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosq
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Cytometry Platform, UMS AMMICA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.|UMR CNRS 8081- IR4M, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Leeuw
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Breuskin
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Cytometry Platform, UMS AMMICA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.|UMR CNRS 8081- IR4M, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laplace-Builhé
mesh_terms: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: endomicroscopy; head and neck cancer; indocyanine green; methylene blue; patent blue V; toluidine blue