title: Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and recurrence of major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research found that variants of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (9β, ER22/23EK, BclI, TthIIIl, NR3C1-1 and N363S) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene polymorphism (-2 C/G and I180V) are associated with both glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity and major depressive disorder (MDD). There are no data which investigated prospectively whether these variants are associated with recurrence of MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) which used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to determine MDD. Polymorphisms in the GR and MR gene were determined and haplotypes were characterized. We analyzed in retrospect whether recurrent MDD (n=951) in comparison with first onset MDD (n=919) was associated with polymorphisms in the GR and MR gene. Furthermore, we analyzed prospectively for 4 years the time to recurrence among 683 subjects with a remitted MDD diagnosis. Time to recurrence of MDD was assessed using the CIDI and a life chart interview. Additionally, we analyzed interactions of the investigated polymorphisms with childhood trauma and recent negative life events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GR and MR gene polymorphisms and derived haplotypes were not associated with recurrence of depression in both retrospective and prospective analyses. In addition, no consistent interactions between GR and MR polymorphisms and childhood trauma or life events were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not find consistent associations between GR and MR gene polymorphisms, interactions between GR and MR haplotypes and stressful conditions and recurrence of MDD.
authors.affiliation: Pro Persona, Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 70, 6710 RR Ede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.hardeveld@propersona.nl.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hardeveld
authors.affiliation: Pro Persona, Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 70, 6710 RR Ede, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spijker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research/Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Pro Persona, Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 70, 6710 RR Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research/Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research/Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D012008:Recurrence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
keywords: Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms; Major depressive disorder; Mineralocorticoid receptor polymorphisms; Recurrence