title: Shuangshen Ningxin Capsule, a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Preparation, Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia through Autophagy Regulation.
abstract: Shuangshen Ningxin capsule (SSNX), a modern Chinese formula, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in Eastern Asia. Our study focuses on the autophagy regulation of SSNX against coronary artery injuries. Myocardial infarction model was established in Chinese miniswines (CMS) by coronary artery balloon injury. SSNX was administered to the CMS for 8 weeks with 4 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg. Myocardial cells were incubated with 20% SSNX medicated serum for 2 hours. Assays were performed to detect the effects of SSNX on (i) coronary artery diameter by angiography, (ii) hemodynamics by noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring system, (iii) plaque burden and plaque volume by intravenous ultrasound (iv) coronary artery histology by H&E staining, (v) autophagosome by transmission electron microscopy, (vi) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and (vii) Beclin-1 and LC3-I/II expressions by Western blot. The results showed that CMS treated with SSNX exhibited the correction for the disturbed cardiac hemodynamics, increase of coronary artery diameter, reduction of high plaque burden and plaque volume, and decrease of LDH. The inhibitory effect of SSNX on CMS autophagy was demonstrated by the reduction of autophagosome and the downregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-I/II. SSNX may protect coronary artery and increase the stability of plaque through the suppression of myocardial cellular autophagy, which suggests the potentially therapeutic effect of SSNX on ischemic cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China ; Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dong Zhi Men Nei Nan Xiao Jie, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Jincai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Chengren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Jianxun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medicine, 1 Xiyuan Caochang, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Jianxun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu