title: Prevalence of human papillomavirus in esophageal carcinoma in Tangshan, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in esophageal carcinoma in Tangshan, China, a high-incidence area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 198 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from 2011 to 2013 were obtained from a pathology department in Tangshan. DNA was extracted from all 198 specimens to detect HPV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). β-globin PCR was performed to check the quality of the DNA extraction procedure. PCR was performed to detect a wide range of HPV types, and type-specific PCR was performed to detect HPV types 16 and 18. Negative and positive controls were used for HPV 16 and 18 detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DNA extraction method in this study appeared to be more effective than other previously reported methods. After DNA extraction, more than 98% of the tissue specimens had an acceptable result in the DNA qualification test (β-globin PCR). The overall prevalence of HPV in tumor tissues by GP6+/GP5+ PCR was 79.79%, and the prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 was 40.40% and 47.47%, respectively. PCR demonstrated the presence of HPV, and direct sequencing confirmed the HPV genotypes. All HPV-positive PCR products were checked by DNA sequence analysis using DNAman and compared with the known HPV sequences listed in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool database to evaluate the HPV types. This analysis confirmed the presence of HPV types 16 and 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 is present in esophageal tumors, implicating HPV as a possible etiologic factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mehryar
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Bai
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Mohammadreza Mohammadzad Mehryar, Fan Li, Fang Zhang, Yu-Bai Zhou, Yi Zeng, Jin-Tao Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Esophageal carcinoma; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue; Human papillomavirus; Polymerase chain reaction