title: In vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activity of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii.
abstract: Girinimbine is a carbazole alkaloid isolated from the stem bark and root of Murraya koenigii. Here we report that girinimbine is an inhibitor of angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. MTT results showed that girinimbine inhibited proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, while results from endothelial cell invasion, migration, tube formation, and wound healing assays demonstrated significant time- and dose-dependent inhibition by girinimbine. A proteome profiler array done on girinimbine-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that girinimbine had mediated regulation of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic proteins. The anti-angiogenic potential of girinimbine was also evidenced in vivo in the zebrafish embryo model wherein girinimbine inhibited neo vessel formation in zebrafish embryos following 24 hours of exposure. Together, these results showed that girinimbine could effectively suppress angiogenesis, suggestive of its therapeutic potential as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Venoos
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Iman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karimian
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Syam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Yahya Hasan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hobani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Ibrahim
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Noordin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Rais
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suzita Mohd
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Noor
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D032101:Murraya / Q000737:chemistry*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; C034052:girinimbine
keywords: angiogenesis; carbazole alkaloid; inhibitor; zebrafish