title: Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with acute spinal cord injury revealed by resting-state functional MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous neuroimaging studies have provided evidence of structural and functional reorganization of brain in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it remains unknown whether the spontaneous brain activity changes in acute SCI. In this study, we investigated intrinsic brain activity in acute SCI patients using a regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 patients with acute SCI and 16 healthy controls participated in the study. The ReHo value was used to evaluate spontaneous brain activity, and voxel-wise comparisons of ReHo were performed to identify brain regions with altered spontaneous brain activity between groups. We also assessed the associations between ReHo and the clinical scores in brain regions showing changed spontaneous brain activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the controls, the acute SCI patients showed decreased ReHo in the bilateral primary motor cortex/primary somatosensory cortex, bilateral supplementary motor area/dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral caudate; and increased ReHo in bilateral precuneus, the left inferior parietal lobe, the left brainstem/hippocampus, the left cingulate motor area, bilateral insula, bilateral thalamus and bilateral cerebellum. The average ReHo values of the left thalamus and right insula were negatively correlated with the international standards for the neurological classification of spinal cord injury motor scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that acute distant neuronal damage has an immediate impact on spontaneous brain activity. In acute SCI patients, the ReHo was prominently altered in brain regions involved in motor execution and cognitive control, default mode network, and which are associated with sensorimotor compensatory reorganization. Abnormal ReHo values in the left thalamus and right insula could serve as potential biomarkers for assessment of neuronal damage and the prediction of clinical outcomes in acute SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Guangyao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Jielan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Fuchun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012146:Rest; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*