title: Examination of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis using magnetic resonance imaging. New insights for age estimation in young footballers in FIFA tournaments.
abstract: Alongside a variety of clinical and forensic issues, age determination in living persons also plays a decisive role in the field of professional sport. Only methods of determining skeletal age which do not expose individuals to ionizing radiation are suitable for this purpose. The present study examines whether MRI diagnosis of the distal radial epiphysis can be utilised to monitor internationally relevant age limits in professional football. The wrist area of 152 male footballers aged 18 to 22 years belonging to regional clubs was prospectively examined using MRI. The ossification stage of the distal radial epiphysis was subsequently determined on the basis of established criteria used in determining the maturity of the medial clavicular epiphysis. For the first time, we ascertained evidence of an increase in the prevalence of the phenomenon of threefold linear stratification (hypointense line, hyperintense line, and hypointense line) in the representation of the fused epiphyseal plate of the radius using magnetic resonance imaging with increasing chronological age. Within our study population, test persons with an ossified epiphyseal plate without any verifiable epiphyseal scar were not represented. The presumably high minimum age of entry into this final stage of development (>22 years) must be verified in the course of further studies. According to the results of the present study, the fused epiphyseal plate of the distal radius provides potential maturation criteria which appear suitable for reliable monitoring of all relevant age limits in international football with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timme
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Schultheiss Clinic, Lengghalde 2, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Schultheiss Clinic, Lengghalde 2, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Electronic address: andreas.schmeling@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmeling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MRI; forensic age diagnosis; hand; radius; skeletal age