title: Release of bisphenol A and its derivatives from orthodontic adhesive systems available on the European market as a potential health risk factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances requires the application of adhesive systems to enable secure fastening of brackets and retainers to the surface of tooth enamel. The orthodontic bonding systems are similar in terms of chemical composition to dental filling materials, the chemical stability of which is not satisfactory. Particularly alarming is the release of bisphenol A and its derivatives to the external environment, which has been well-documented for materials used in conservative dentistry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was an in vitro assessment of the release of biologically harmful bisphenol A and its derivatives from orthodontic adhesives available on the European market, as a potential health risk factor for orthodontic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study assessed levels of BPA, BPA polymers and Bis-GMA resin in eluates of six commonly used orthodontic adhesives: Light Bond, Transbond XT, Resilence, Aspire, GrĕnGloo and ConTec LC, obtained after one hour, 24 hours, 7 days and 31 days of material sample storage in water. The presence and concentration of the studied chemicals in the obtained solutions were identified using the HPLC method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest (p≤0.05) concentration of BPA at 32.10µg/ml was observed in the Resilence material eluates. The highest concentration of poly-bisphenol A was found in solutions obtained after incubation of ConTec LC adhesive at 371.90µg/ml, whereas the highest amount of Bis-GMA resin (425.07µg/ml) was present in Aspire material eluates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) In conditions of the current experiment it was demonstrated that most of the assessed orthodontic adhesive resins available on the European market and released into the outside environment - biologically harmful bisphenol A or its derivatives, posing a potential threat to the patients' health. 2) Release of BPA and its derivatives into aqueous solutions is the highest in the early stages of sample incubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Małkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turło
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Management, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marciniuk-Kluska
authors.affiliation: Lubuski College of Public Health, Zielona Góra, Poland.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grzech-Leśniak
authors.affiliation: Lubuski College of Public Health, Zielona Góra, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gąsior
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kluska
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009973:Orthodontics, Preventive / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds