title: Effects of oxidized and reduced forms of methylthioninium in two transgenic mouse tauopathy models.
abstract: Given the repeated failure of amyloid-based approaches in Alzheimer's disease, there is increasing interest in tau-based therapeutics. Although methylthioninium (MT) treatment was found to be beneficial in tau transgenic models, the brain concentrations required to inhibit tau aggregation in vivo are unknown. The comparative efficacy of methylthioninium chloride (MTC) and leucomethylthioninium salts (LMTX; 5-75 mg/kg; oral administration for 3-8 weeks) was assessed in two novel transgenic tau mouse lines. Behavioural (spatial water maze, RotaRod motor performance) and histopathological (tau load per brain region) proxies were applied. Both MTC and LMTX dose-dependently rescued the learning impairment and restored behavioural flexibility in a spatial problem-solving water maze task in Line 1 (minimum effective dose: 35 mg MT/kg for MTC, 9 mg MT/kg for LMTX) and corrected motor learning in Line 66 (effective doses: 4 mg MT/kg). Simultaneously, both drugs reduced the number of tau-reactive neurons, particularly in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in Line 1 and in a more widespread manner in Line 66. MT levels in the brain followed a sigmoidal concentration-response relationship over a 10-fold range (0.13-1.38 μmol/l). These data establish that diaminophenothiazine compounds, like MT, can reverse both spatial and motor learning deficits and reduce the underlying tau pathology, and therefore offer the potential for treatment of tauopathies.
authors.affiliation: aSchool of Medicine and Dentistry bSchool of Medical Sciences cDepartment of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK dCharite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Melis
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magbagbeolu
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horsley
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goatman
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Goatman
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deiana
authors.forename: Steve P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zabke
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamer
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dietze
authors.forename: Karima
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: John M D
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Claude M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wischik
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Theuring
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D024801:Tauopathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue