title: Bactericidal mode of action of bedaquiline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is not fully understood why inhibiting ATP synthesis in Mycobacterium species leads to death in non-replicating cells. We investigated the bactericidal mode of action of the anti-tubercular F1Fo-ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (Sirturo™) in order to further understand the lethality of ATP synthase inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mycobacterium smegmatis strains were used for all the experiments. Growth and survival during a bedaquiline challenge were performed in multiple media types. A time-course microarray was performed during initial bedaquiline challenge in minimal medium. Oxygen consumption and proton-motive force measurements were performed on whole cells and inverted membrane vesicles, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A killing of 3 log10 cfu/mL was achieved 4-fold more quickly in minimal medium (a glycerol carbon source) versus rich medium (LB with Tween 80) during bedaquiline challenge. Assessing the accelerated killing condition, we identified a transcriptional remodelling of metabolism that was consistent with respiratory dysfunction but inconsistent with ATP depletion. In glycerol-energized cell suspensions, bedaquiline caused an immediate 2.3-fold increase in oxygen consumption. Bedaquiline collapsed the transmembrane pH gradient, but not the membrane potential, in a dose-dependent manner. Both these effects were dependent on binding to the F1Fo-ATP synthase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Challenge with bedaquiline results in an electroneutral uncoupling of respiration-driven ATP synthesis. This may be a determinant of the bactericidal effects of bedaquiline, while ATP depletion may be a determinant of its delayed onset of killing. We propose that bedaquiline binds to and perturbs the a-c subunit interface of the Fo, leading to futile proton cycling, which is known to be lethal to mycobacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kiel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hards
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bald
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koul
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andries
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand gregory.cook@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D064687:Diarylquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D020102:Mycobacterium smegmatis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D064687:Diarylquinolines; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; C493870:bedaquiline
keywords: F1Fo-ATP synthase; R207910; TMC207; antimycobacterial agents; mycobacteria