title: Clinical correlates of parenting stress in children with Tourette syndrome and in typically developing children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of tic severity in children with Tourette syndrome on parenting stress and the impact of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology on parenting stress in both children with Tourette syndrome and typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with diagnosed Tourette syndrome (n=74) and tic-free typically developing control subjects (n=48) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parenting stress was greater in the group with Tourette syndrome than the typically developing group. Increased levels of parenting stress were related to increased ADHD symptomatology in both children with Tourette syndrome and typically developing children. Symptomatology of OCD was correlated with parenting stress in Tourette syndrome. Parenting stress was independent of tic severity in patients with Tourette syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For parents of children with Tourette syndrome, parenting stress appears to be related to the child's ADHD and OCD comorbidity and not to the severity of the child's tic. Subthreshold ADHD symptomatology also appears to be related to parenting stress in parents of typically developing children. These findings demonstrate that ADHD symptomatology impacts parental stress both in children with and without a chronic tic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO. Electronic address: stewarts@npg.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Deanna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Christina N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lessov-Schlaggar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Bradley L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schlaggar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D016487:Parenting; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*