title: Parental material and cultivation determine soil bacterial community structure and fertility.
abstract: Microbes are the key components of the soil environment, playing important roles during soil development. Soil parent material provides the foundation elements that comprise the basic nutritional environment for the development of microbial community. After 30 years artificial maturation of cultivation, the soil developments of three different parental materials were evaluated and bacterial community compositions were investigated using the high-throughput sequencing approach. Thirty years of cultivation increased the soil fertility and soil microbial biomass, richness and diversity, greatly changed the soil bacterial communities, the proportion of phylum Actinobacteria decreased significantly, while the relative abundances of the phyla Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Armatimonadetes and Nitrospira were significantly increased. Soil bacterial communities of parental materials were separated with the cultivated ones, and comparisons of different soil types, granite soil and quaternary red clay soil were similar and different with purple sandy shale soil in both parental materials and cultivated treatments. Bacterial community variations in the three soil types were affected by different factors, and their alteration patterns in the soil development also varied with soil type. Soil properties (except total potassium) had a significant effect on the soil bacterial communities in all three soil types and a close relationship with abundant bacterial phyla. The amounts of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as well as the abundances of the nifH gene in all cultivated soils were higher than those in the parental materials; Burkholderia and Rhizobacte were enriched significantly with long-term cultivation. The results suggested that crop system would not deplete the nutrients of soil parental materials in early stage of soil maturation, instead it increased soil fertility and changed bacterial community, specially enriched the nitrogen-fixing bacteria to accumulate nitrogen during soil development.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jusheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua R A
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qirong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China rfzhang@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruifu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D061271:Acidobacteria; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D044822:Biodiversity; D018533:Biomass; D005298:Fertility; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: bacterial community; nitrogen accumulation; soil maturity; soil parental material