title: Occurrence and potential transfer of mycotoxins in gilthead sea bream and Atlantic salmon by use of novel alternative feed ingredients.
abstract: Plant ingredients and processed animal proteins (PAP) are suitable alternative feedstuffs for fish feeds in aquaculture practice, although their use can introduce contaminants that are not previously associated with marine salmon and gilthead sea bream farming. Mycotoxins are well known natural contaminants in plant feed material, although they also could be present on PAPs after fungi growth during storage. The present study surveyed commercially available plant ingredients (19) and PAP (19) for a wide range of mycotoxins (18) according to the EU regulations. PAP showed only minor levels of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and the mycotoxin carry-over from feeds to fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream (two main species of European aquaculture) was performed with plant ingredient based diets. Deoxynivalenol was the most prevalent mycotoxin in wheat, wheat gluten and corn gluten cereals with levels ranging from 17 to 814 and μg kg(-1), followed by fumonisins in corn products (range 11.1-4901 μg kg(-1) for fumonisin B1+B2+B3). Overall mycotoxin levels in fish feeds reflected the feed ingredient composition and the level of contaminant in each feed ingredient. In all cases the studied ingredients and feeds showed levels of mycotoxins below maximum residue limits established by the Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC. Following these guidelines no mycotoxin carry-over was found from feeds to edible fillets of salmonids and a typically marine fish, such as gilthead sea bream. As far we know, this is the first report of mycotoxin surveillance in farmed fish species.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nácher-Mestre
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Roque
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: BioMar AS, N-7010 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: BioMar R&D, Grangemouth FK3 8UL, UK.
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karalazos
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: marc.berntssen@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Marc H G
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Berntssen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000378:metabolism; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000378:metabolism*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C025589:ochratoxin A; C056933:fumonisin B1; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Fish; Fish feed; Marine aquaculture; Mycotoxins; Plant ingredients; Processed animal proteins