title: 50-plus years of fungal viruses.
abstract: Mycoviruses are widespread in all major taxa of fungi. They are transmitted intracellularly during cell division, sporogenesis, and/or cell-to-cell fusion (hyphal anastomosis), and thus their life cycles generally lack an extracellular phase. Their natural host ranges are limited to individuals within the same or closely related vegetative compatibility groups, although recent advances have established expanded experimental host ranges for some mycoviruses. Most known mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes packaged in isometric particles, but an increasing number of positive- or negative-strand ssRNA and ssDNA viruses have been isolated and characterized. Although many mycoviruses do not have marked effects on their hosts, those that reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic fungal hosts are of considerable interest for development of novel biocontrol strategies. Mycoviruses that infect endophytic fungi and those that encode killer toxins are also of special interest. Structural analyses of mycoviruses have promoted better understanding of virus assembly, function, and evolution.
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. Electronic address: saghab00@email.uky.edu.
authors.forename: Said A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ghabrial
authors.affiliation: Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional Biotecnologıa/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Castón
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Daohong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Max L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nibert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology*; D058507:Host Specificity; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D014774:Virulence; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure
keywords: Biological control; Capsid structure; Chrysoviridae; Hypovirulence; Mycoviruses; Partitiviridae; Totiviridae; dsRNA viruses