title: Influence of predicting the diagnosis from history on the accuracy of physical examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to clarify the influence of predicting a correct diagnosis from the history on physical examination by comparing the diagnostic accuracy of auscultation with and without clinical information.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 102 medical students from the 2013 clinical clerkship course. Auscultation was performed with a cardiology patient simulator. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Each group listened to a different simulated heart murmur and then made a diagnosis without clinical information. Next, a history suggesting a different murmur was provided to each group and they predicted the diagnosis. Finally, the students listened to a murmur corresponding to the history provided and again made a diagnosis. Correct and incorrect diagnosis rates of auscultation were compared between students with and without clinical information, between students predicting a correct or incorrect diagnosis from the history (correct and incorrect prediction groups, respectively), and between students without clinical information and those making an incorrect prediction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For auscultation with or without clinical information, the correct diagnosis rate was 62.7% (128/204 participants) versus 54.4% (111/204 participants), showing no significant difference (P=0.09). After receiving clinical information, a correct diagnosis was made by 102/117 students (87.2%) in the correct prediction group versus 26/87 students (29.9%) in the incorrect prediction group, showing a significant difference (P=0.006). The correct diagnosis rate was also significantly lower in the incorrect prediction group than when the students performed auscultation without clinical information (54.4% versus 29.9%, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obtaining a history alone does not improve the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination. However, accurately predicting the diagnosis from the history is associated with higher diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, while incorrect prediction is associated with lower diagnostic accuracy of examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shikino
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikusaka
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Misa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
keywords: cardiac examination; clinical history; clinical reasoning; diagnostic accuracy; general medicine