title: Contributions of acculturation, enculturation, discrimination, and personality traits to social anxiety among Chinese immigrants: A context-specific assessment.
abstract: Based on the diathesis-stress model of anxiety, this study examined the contributions of cultural processes, perceived racial discrimination, and personality traits to social anxiety among Chinese immigrants. Further guided by the theory of intergroup anxiety, this study also adopted a context-specific approach to distinguish between participants' experience of social anxiety when interacting with European Americans versus with other Chinese in the United States. This quantitative and ex post facto study used a convenience sample of 140 first-generation Chinese immigrants. Participants were recruited through e-mails from different university and community groups across the United States. The sample includes 55 men and 82 women (3 did not specify) with an average age of 36 years old. Results showed that more social anxiety was reported in the European American context than in the Chinese ethnic context. The full models accounted for almost half the variance in anxiety in each context. Although personality accounted for the most variance, the cultural variables and discrimination contributed 14% of the unique variance in the European American context. Notably, low acculturation, high neuroticism, and low extraversion were unique contributors to social anxiety with European Americans, whereas in the Chinese ethnic context only low extraversion was a unique contributor; more discrimination was uniquely significant in both contexts. The findings suggest a need to contextualize the research and clinical assessment of social anxiety, and have implications for culturally sensitive counseling with immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Counseling Psychology, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Division of Counseling Psychology, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Myrna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: Division of Counseling Psychology, Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology.
authors.forename: Alex L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pieterse
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D000075384:Neuroticism; D010551:Personality; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States