title: Reproducibility of phase rotation stimulated echo acquisition mode at 3T in schizophrenia: Emphasis on glutamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the reproducibility and reliability of glutamine (Gln), measured with a very short echo time phase rotation stimulated echo acquisition mode (VTE-PR STEAM) sequence at 3T, in subjects with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven subjects with schizophrenia were scanned twice with VTE-PR STEAM in a Siemens 3T TIM Trio scanner with a 32-channel head coil. Spectroscopic data were collected from two voxels in gray matter, one in the dorsal anterior cingulate and the other in the medial occipital cortex. Reproducibility was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs) and reliability with standard error of measurement and intraclass correlations (ICCs). Phantoms containing increasing concentrations of Gln in a physiologic solution of other neurometabolites with overlapping resonances were scanned to assess the validity of spectral Gln measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very good reliability and reproducibility for Gln in both regions of interest were supported by CVs of ≤10.0% and ICCs of ≥0.6, respectively. Phantom studies documented a robust correspondence between known Gln concentrations and VTE-PR STEAM measurements of this metabolite (R(2)  = 0.988).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VTE-PR STEAM approach at 3T permits the longitudinal assessment of Gln and other (1) H MR spectroscopy neurometabolites in a clinically plausible setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bustillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rediske
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: S Andrea
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wijtenburg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine
keywords: STEAM; glutamate; glutamine; schizophrenia; spectroscopy