title: From Select Agent to an Established Pathogen: The Response to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean Rust) in North America.
abstract: The pathogen causing soybean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was first described in Japan in 1902. The disease was important in the Eastern Hemisphere for many decades before the fungus was reported in Hawaii in 1994, which was followed by reports from countries in Africa and South America. In 2004, P. pachyrhizi was confirmed in Louisiana, making it the first report in the continental United States. Based on yield losses from countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, it was clear that this pathogen could have a major economic impact on the yield of 30 million ha of soybean in the United States. The response by agencies within the United States Department of Agriculture, industry, soybean check-off boards, and universities was immediate and complex. The impacts of some of these activities are detailed in this review. The net result has been that the once dreaded disease, which caused substantial losses in other parts of the world, is now better understood and effectively managed in the United States. The disease continues to be monitored yearly for changes in spatial and temporal distribution so that soybean growers can continue to benefit by knowing where soybean rust is occurring during the growing season.
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Heather Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Dufault
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Isard
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Loren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Giesler
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Marois
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson 38301; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; fourth author: Departments of Plant Pathology and Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68182; seventh author: Department of Agronomy, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), University of Florida, Quincy 32351; and eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, NFREC, University of Florida, Quincy 32351 and Gainesville 32611.
authors.forename: Glen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D009656:North America; D010571:Pest Control; D000067563:Phakopsora pachyrhizi / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases; D013025:Glycine max / Q000382:microbiology*