title: Sequence analysis and characterisation of virally induced viperin in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).
abstract: A number of pathogens have been detected in crocodiles, however little is known about their ability to control these pathogens. The interferon stimulated gene (ISG), viperin, has gained attention recently as an important host protein involved in multiple arms of the immune response. Viperin in concert with a number of other ISGs was upregulated in response to viral nucleic acid mimics and sendai virus in the C. porosus cell line, LV-1, indicating an intact early innate response to viral infection in these animals for the first time. Viperin was cloned from the LV-1 cell line and shown to have similar localisation patterns as human viperin, as well as demonstrating extremely high conservation with the human orthologue, excepting at the N-terminus. Interestingly, C. porosus viperin was also able to inhibit Dengue virus replication in vitro, showing a high level of intact functionality for this protein across divergent animal species, and perhaps demonstrating its importance in the early innate response to pathogens in the animal kingdom.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological and Clinical Science, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Milic
authors.affiliation: Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah Farm, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Berrimah, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia.
authors.forename: Jillian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological and Clinical Science, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Australia.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isberg
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: karla.helbig@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Karla J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helbig
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000276:immunology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007372:Interferons / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D010802:Phylogeny; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D029082:Sendai virus / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014779:Virus Replication; D000090123:Viperin Protein
chemical_list: D007372:Interferons; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D011506:Proteins; C444427:RSAD2 protein, human; D000090123:Viperin Protein
keywords: Antiviral function; Crocodile; Innate immunity; Interferon stimulated gene; Viperin