title: Cumulative Radiation Exposure to Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Hip Preservation Surgery and Occupational Radiation Exposure to the Surgical Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify cumulative radiation exposure in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip preservation surgery and occupational exposure to operating room (OR) personnel during such surgery; a secondary objective of this study was to identify factors affecting radiation exposure in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiation exposure from all preoperative and intraoperative imaging studies was determined for 52 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Cumulative and effective radiation doses were calculated and correlated with pathology and body mass index (BMI). Badge dosimeters were worn by OR personnel to measure cumulative occupational exposure. A highly sensitive portable ion chamber was used to evaluate the radiation scatter during surgery performed on a high-BMI patient and a low-BMI patient to reflect a "worst-case scenario" and "best-case scenario," respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients underwent procedures for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and 9 underwent procedures for soft-tissue pathologies (ST). The median cumulative exposure was 8.6 mGy and 5.0 mGy for FAI patients and ST patients, respectively (P = .01). The cumulative effective radiation dose was 490 mrem and 350 mrem for FAI patients and ST patients, respectively (P = .47). BMI significantly correlated with cumulative exposure (P = .0004) and trended toward significance with cumulative effective dose (P = .073). OR staff cumulative occupational exposure was low (9 mrem for the surgeon). Ion chamber data showed that increasing patient BMI resulted in increased occupational exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median cumulative effective radiation dose to patients undergoing arthroscopic hip preservation surgery is 490 mrem and results in an excess lifetime risk of death from cancer of 0.025%. Greater BMI correlates with increased cumulative radiation exposure and may increase risk to OR personnel. Occupational exposure to the surgical team from hip arthroscopy ranges from 7 to 9 mrem per 50 hip arthroscopies (+0.0005% excess lifetime risk of death from cancer).
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, diagnostic.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Canham
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Hip Preservation Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.. Electronic address: brian_giordano@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D009873:Operating Rooms; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult