title: Exhaled volatile organic compounds discriminate patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from healthy subjects.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by incompletely reversible airway obstruction. This clinically heterogeneous group of patients is characterized by different phenotypes. Spirometry and clinical parameters, such as severity of dyspnea and exacerbation frequency, are used to diagnose and assess the severity of COPD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be detected in the exhaled breath of patients with COPD and whether these VOCs could distinguish COPD patients from healthy subjects. Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether VOCs could be used as biomarkers for classifying patients into different subgroups of the disease. Ion mobility spectrometry was used to detect VOCs in the exhaled breath of COPD patients. One hundred and thirty-seven peaks were found to have a statistically significant difference between the COPD group and the combined healthy smokers and nonsmoker group. Six of these VOCs were found to correctly discriminate COPD patients from healthy controls with an accuracy of 70%. Only 15 peaks were found to be statistically different between healthy smokers and healthy nonsmokers. Furthermore, by determining the cutoff levels for each VOC peak, it was possible to classify the COPD patients into breathprint subgroups. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, body mass index, and C-reactive protein seem to play a role in the discrepancies observed in the different breathprint subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Besa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Essen-Duisburg, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teschler
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Amir Maqbul
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Oncology Unit, Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joerg Ingo
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Essen-Duisburg, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Urte
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sommerwerck
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kaid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Darwiche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001944:Breath Tests; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: COPD; breath analysis; ion mobility spectrometry; volatile organic compounds