title: Cervical joint position sense in neck pain. Immediate effects of muscle vibration versus mental training interventions: a RCT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired cervical joint position sense is a feature of chronic neck pain and is commonly argued to rely on abnormal cervical input. If true, muscle vibration, altering afferent input, but not mental interventions, should have an effect on head repositioning acuity and neck pain perception.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to determine the short-term effects of neck muscle vibration, motor imagery, and action observation on cervical joint position sense and pressure pain threshold in people with chronic neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five blinded participants with neck pain received concealed allocation and were randomized in three treatment groups. A blinded assessor performed pre- and post-test measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from secondary outpatient clinics in the southwest of Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic, non specific neck pain patients without arm pain were recruited for this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single intervention session of 5 minutes was delivered to each blinded participant. Patients were either allocated to one of the following three interventions: (1) neck muscle vibration; (2) motor imagery; (3) action observation. Primary outcomes were cervical joint position sense acuity and pressure pain threshold. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to evaluate differences between groups and subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repositioning acuity displayed significant time effects for vibration, motor imagery, and action observation (all P<0.05), but revealed no time*group effect. Pressure pain threshold demonstrated a time*group effect (P=0.042) as only vibration significantly increased pressure pain threshold (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although motor imagery and action observation did not modulate proprioceptive, afferent input, they nevertheless improved cervical joint position sense acuity. This indicates that, against the common opinion, changes in proprioceptive input are not prerequisite to improve joint repositioning performance. However, the short-term applications of these cognitive treatments had no effect on pressure pain thresholds, whereas vibration reduced pressure pain thresholds. This implies different underlying mechanisms after vibration and mental training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental interventions were effective in improving cervical joint position sense and are easy to integrate in rehabilitation regimes. Neck muscle vibration is effective in improving cervical joint position sense and pressure pain thresholds within 5 minutes of application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Movement and Sports Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland - Konstantin.beinert@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beinert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preiss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taube
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*