title: Acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides act as antagonists against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death via Bcl-2/Bax signal pathway.
abstract: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), depolymerized products of chitosan composed of β-(1→4) D-glucosamine units, have broad range of biological activities such as antitumour, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. In this study, peracetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PACOs) and N-acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (NACOs) were prepared from the COSs by chemcal modification. The structures of these monomers were identified using NMR and ESI-MS spectra. Their antagonist effects against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death were investigated. The results showed that pretreatment of PC12 cells with the PACOs markedly inhibited glutamate-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The PACOs were better glutamate antagonists compared to the COSs and the NACOs, suggesting the peracetylation is essential for the neuroprotective effects of chitosan oligosaccharides. In addition, the PACOs pretreatment significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species production. It also attenuated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further studies indicated that the PACOs inhibited glutamate-induced cell death by preventing apoptosis through depressing the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that PACOs might be promising antagonists against glutamate-induced neural cell death.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. haocui2010@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. xialigao1214@163.com.
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. zhangyiran_ouc@126.com.
authors.forename: Yiran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. wwwakin@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. glyu@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. hsguan@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. lijuanzhang@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. lchunxia@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D048271:Chitosan; D053148:Caspase 3