title: Women-specific factors to consider in risk, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: In the era of individualized medicine, gaps in knowledge remain about sex-specific risk factors, diagnostic and treatment options that might reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improve outcomes for both women and men. In this review, contributions of biological mechanisms involving the sex chromosomes and the sex hormones on the cardiovascular system will be discussed in relationship to the female-specific risk factors for CVD: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, menopause and use of hormonal therapies for contraception and menopausal symptoms. Additionally, sex-specific factors to consider in the differential diagnosis and treatment of four prevalent CVDs (hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure) will be reviewed with emphasis on areas where additional research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Biomedical, Engineering, Medical Sciences 4-20, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Ronée E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Biomedical, Engineering, Medical Sciences 4-20, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Biomedical, Engineering, Medical Sciences 4-20, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Department of Surgery, Medical Sciences, 4-20, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen
keywords: estrogen; menopause; pregnancy; sex chromosomes