title: A guide to the management of tuberculosis in patients with chronic liver disease.
abstract: Tuberculosis remains one of the 'Captains of the Men of Death' even today, particularly in the developing world. Its frequency is increased 14-fold in patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) and liver cirrhosis, more so in those with decompensated disease, probably due to the cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction syndrome, and case-fatality rates are high. The diagnosis of tuberculosis, particularly the interpretation of the Mantoux test, is also fraught with difficulties in CLD, especially after previous BCG vaccination. However, the greatest challenge in the patient with CLD or liver cirrhosis and tuberculosis is managing their therapy since the best first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs are hepatotoxic and baseline liver function is often deranged. Frequency of hepatotoxicity is increased in those with liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C, possibly related to increased viral loads and may be decreased following antiviral therapy. If hepatotoxicity develops in those with liver cirrhosis, particularly decompensated cirrhosis, the risk of severe liver failure is markedly increased. Currently, there are no established guidelines for anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) in CLD and liver cirrhosis although the need for such guidelines is self-evident. It is proposed that ATT should include no more than 2 hepatotoxic drugs (RIF and INH) in patients with CLD or liver cirrhosis and stable liver function [Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) ≤7], only a single hepatotoxic drug (RIF or INH) in those with advanced liver dysfunction (CTP 8-10) and no hepatotoxic drugs with very advanced liver dysfunction (CTP ≥11). A standard protocol should be followed for monitoring ATT-related hepatotoxicity and for stop rules and reintroduction rules in all these patients, on the lines proposed here. It is hoped that these proposals will introduce uniformity and result in streamlining the management of these difficult patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Radha K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 160014, India.
authors.forename: Vivek A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saraswat
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Harshal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rajekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chawla
keywords: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ATD, anti-tuberculosis drugs; ATT, anti-tuberculosis therapy; HAART, highly active anti-retroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; anti-tuberculosis drugs; cirrhosis; hepatotoxicity; treatment; tuberculosis