title: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in two major Indian cities and projections for associated cardiovascular disease.
abstract: India is experiencing an alarming rise in the burden of noncommunicable diseases, but data on the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are sparse. Using the Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia surveillance study (a population-based survey of Delhi and Chennai, India) we estimated overall, and age-, sex-, city-, and diabetes-specific prevalence of CKD, and defined the distribution of the study population by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification scheme. The likelihood of cardiovascular events in participants with and without CKD was estimated by the Framingham and Interheart Modifiable Risk Scores. Of the 12,271 participants, 80% had complete data on serum creatinine and albuminuria. The prevalence of CKD and albuminuria, age standardized to the World Bank 2010 world population, was 8.7% (95% confidence interval: 7.9-9.4%) and 7.1% (6.4-7.7%), respectively. Nearly 80% of patients with CKD had an abnormally high hemoglobin A1c (5.7 and above). Based on KDIGO guidelines, 6.0, 1.0, and 0.5% of study participants are at moderate, high, or very high risk for experiencing CKD-associated adverse outcomes. The cardiovascular risk scores placed a greater proportion of patients with CKD in the high-risk categories for experiencing cardiovascular events when compared with participants without CKD. Thus, 1 in 12 individuals living in two of India's largest cities have evidence of CKD, with features that put them at high risk for adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India [3] Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Shuchi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Roopa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dimple
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kondal
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Binukumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Montez-Rath
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vamadevan S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ajay
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: K M Venkat
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.affiliation: 1] CoE-CARRS, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India [2] Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human