title: Risk factors for high-risk and multi-type Human Papillomavirus infections among women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concurrent infection with multiple types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer; yet, little is known about risk factors for concurrent HPV infection in Vietnam. This study investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for high-risk-type HPV and multi-type HPV infections among women in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a population-based survey of 1,550 women (mean age = 42.4; SD = 9.5), using a multi-stage sampling process. Socio-demographic and behavioral variables were obtained by self-report. HPV genotypes in cervical specimens were identified using PCR protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any high-risk HPV infection was 9.0%, and of multi-type HPV infection was 1.9%. In the HPV+ subsample, the percentage of high-risk HPV was 84% and of multi-type HPV was 20%. All multi-type HPV infections were high-risk-type. Lifetime smoking and older age of first sex were significantly associated with any high-risk and multi-type HPV infections. Regular condom use was inversely associated with high-risk and multi-type HPV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for high-risk and multi-type HPV infections were similar. Further research and intervention are needed to reduce HPV infections in order to prevent HPV-related cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, Ly.T.Tran@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ly Thi-Hai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Loi Thi
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Thanh Cong
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Dung Thi-Kieu
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nyitray
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Chau Bao
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Vu-Tran
authors.forename: Lu-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral