title: Finite element analysis of lordosis restoration with anterior longitudinal ligament release and lateral hyperlordotic cage placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Restoring sagittal alignment is an important factor in the treatment of spinal deformities. Recent investigations have determined that releasing the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) and placing hyperlordotic cages can increase lordosis, while minimizing need for 3 column osteotomies. The influences of parameters such as cage height and angle have not been determined. Finite element analysis was employed to assess the extent of lordosis achievable after placement of different sized lordotic cages.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-dimensional model of a L3-4 segment was used. Disc distraction was simulated by inserting interbody cages mid-body in the disc space. Analyses were performed in the following conditions: (1) intact, (2) ALL release, (3) ALL release + facetectomy, and (4) ALL release + posterior column osteotomy. Changes in segmental lordosis, disc height, foraminal height, and foraminal area were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ALL resection and insertion of hyperlordotic cages, lordosis was increased in all cases. The lordosis achieved by the shorter cages was less due to posterior disc height maintained by the facet joints. A facetectomy increased segmental lordosis, but led to contact between the spinous processes. For some configurations, a posterior column osteotomy was required if the end goal was to match cage angle to intradiscal angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased segmental lumbar lordosis is achievable with hyperlordotic cages after ALL resection. Increased cage height tended to increase the amount of lordosis achieved, although in some cases additional posterior bone resection was required to maximize lordosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact on regional lumbar lordosis.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, 7th Floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA, juribe@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Juan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Alexander W L
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mundis
authors.forename: Behrooz A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Akbarnia
mesh_terms: D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D008141:Lordosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*