title: Tuning the white light spectrum of light emitting diode lamps to reduce attraction of nocturnal arthropods.
abstract: Artificial lighting allows humans to be active at night, but has many unintended consequences, including interference with ecological processes, disruption of circadian rhythms and increased exposure to insect vectors of diseases. Although ultraviolet and blue light are usually most attractive to arthropods, degree of attraction varies among orders. With a focus on future indoor lighting applications, we manipulated the spectrum of white lamps to investigate the influence of spectral composition on number of arthropods attracted. We compared numbers of arthropods captured at three customizable light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (3510, 2704 and 2728 K), two commercial LED lamps (2700 K), two commercial compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs; 2700 K) and a control. We configured the three custom LEDs to minimize invertebrate attraction based on published attraction curves for honeybees and moths. Lamps were placed with pan traps at an urban and two rural study sites in Los Angeles, California. For all invertebrate orders combined, our custom LED configurations were less attractive than the commercial LED lamps or CFLs of similar colour temperatures. Thus, adjusting spectral composition of white light to minimize attracting nocturnal arthropods is feasible; not all lights with the same colour temperature are equally attractive to arthropods.
authors.affiliation: Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA longcore@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-2613
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Longcore
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Aldern
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lesly
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirshfield-Yamanishi
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laina N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Petrinec
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wilson A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Philips Research Europe, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barroso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003116:Color; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006798:Housing; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: arthropods; indoor lighting; light emitting diodes; phototaxis; vector-borne disease