title: The relationship between prosthesis use, phantom pain and psychiatric symptoms in male traumatic limb amputees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify psychiatric symptoms by comparing male patients with traumatic leg amputations (LAs) with healthy controls and to determine the association between these psychiatric symptoms and phantom pain and prosthesis use characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred four volunteers, 51 LA patients (group 1) and 53 healthy controls (group 2) were included. Demographic data including age, height, weight, time since amputation, duration of prosthesis use, and Satisfaction with Prosthesis Questionnaire scores were recorded. Phantom pain was measured a visual analog scale (VAS). Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-R, Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Correlations were determined between time since amputation, duration of prosthesis use and satisfaction with prosthesis questionnaire scores and psychiatric scale scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amputee patients had higher phobic anxiety, state anxiety, trait anxiety and sleep disturbance scores (p<0.05) than the controls. No difference was determined in terms of psychiatric symptoms between the phantom pain and no phantom pain groups (p>0.05). There were significant negative correlations between time since amputation, duration of prosthesis use, duration of daily prosthesis use, and satisfaction with prosthesis questionnaire scores and psychiatric symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from anxiety (state, trait or phobic) and disturbed sleep, other psychiatric symptoms in amputee patients undergoing lengthy prosthetic rehabilitation may not differ from those of healthy controls. The presence and severity of phantom pain appear to be unrelated to general psychiatric symptomatology. Length of time since amputation, length of prosthesis use, daily length of prosthesis use and prosthesis satisfaction are negatively correlated with general psychiatric symptoms. These characteristics must be borne in mind in psychiatric and prosthetic rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Durmus
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Turkish Armed Forces Rehabilitation Center, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Safaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Turkish Armed Forces Rehabilitation Center, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adıgüzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Turkish Armed Forces Rehabilitation Center, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayça
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uran
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. Electronic address: gokhansarisoy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarısoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Turkish Armed Forces Rehabilitation Center, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Salim
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Goktepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Turkish Armed Forces Rehabilitation Center, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arif Kenan
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000674:Amputees / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult