title: Nocturnal Hypoxemia and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea are Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Population Cohort of Men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies examining the longitudinal association of untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with diabetes in population samples are limited. This study therefore examined the relationship between previously undiagnosed OSA with incident type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling men aged ≥ 40 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) Study is a longitudinal population-based cohort in Adelaide, South Australia. Clinic assessments at baseline and follow-up identified diabetes (self-reported doctor diagnosed, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5% or diabetes medication use) and included anthropometry. At cohort follow-up (2010-2012), n = 837 underwent full in-home unattended polysomnography (PSG, Embletta X100, Broomfield, CO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 736 men free of diabetes at baseline, incident diabetes occurred in 66 (9.0%) over a mean follow-up time of 56 mo (standard deviation = 5, range: 48-74 mo). Incident diabetes was associated with current oxygen desaturation index (3%) ≥ 16 events/h (odds ratio [OR]: 1.85 [1.06-3.21]), and severe OSA [OR: 2.6 (1.1-6.1)], in adjusted models including age, percentage total body fat, and weight gain (> 5 cm waist circumference). An age-adjusted association of incident diabetes with percentage of total sleep time with oxygen saturation < 90% did not persist after adjustment for percentage of body fat. No modification of these relationships by excessive daytime sleepiness was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe undiagnosed OSA and nocturnal hypoxemia were independently associated with the development of diabetes. A reduction in the burden of undiagnosed OSA and undiagnosed diabetes is likely to occur if patients presenting with one disorder are assessed for the other.
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Institute of Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia, Australia.|NHMRC Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vakulin
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Institute of Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia, Australia.|Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: R Doug
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.|Freemason's Centre for Men's Health, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wittert
authors.affiliation: Freemason's Centre for Men's Health, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Population Research & Outcomes Studies, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Janet F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Population Research & Outcomes Studies, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Institute of Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia, Australia.|Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Antic
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Institute of Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia, Australia.|Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Catcheside
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cohort study; epidemiology; men; nocturnal hypoxemia; obstructive sleep apnea; polysomnography; type 2 diabetes