title: Dietary products consumption in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and selenium level in Saudi children and adults.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health threat that has been associated with several chronic diseases. Selenium is an essential trace element because of role in major metabolic processes, immune function, thyroid hormone metabolism, male infertility, neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate for the first time in the Saudi population the association between vitamin D and selenium status with various dietary products consumption. A total of 259 children and 95 adults were included in this cross-sectional study. We estimated the consumption frequencies of various dietary food products using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and also measured serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and selenium. Associations between variables of interest were assessed. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in 80% of the boys, 90% of the girls, 64% of men and 50% of women. Modest associations were found between mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration and consumption frequencies of fresh milk in children (r=0.11; P<0.05), more specifically in girls (r=0.12; P<0.05), and to the overall consumption of dairy products in women (r=0.12; P<0.05). Vitamin D status was also inversely associated with selenium in adults (r=-0.43; P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between delta changes of serum selenium, triglycerides and HDL levels (P-values <0.05). Vitamin D and selenium levels are modestly associated with dietary products consumption. Changes in selenium levels were associated with increased serum triglyceride levels, indicating a potential biomarker for cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia. The widespread vitamin D deficiency observed in the present study highlight the need for adequate fortification of dairy products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Attas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sobhy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yakout
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City And King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naji
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aljohani
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Fawaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Majed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alokail
keywords: Vitamin D; dietary products; selenium