title: Experimental and computational investigation of the trajectories of blood drops ejected from the nose.
abstract: Blood expirated from the nose may leave a characteristic bloodstain at a crime scene which can provide important clues for reconstructing events during a violent assault. Little research has been done on the typical velocities, trajectories and size distribution that can be expected from expirated blood. An experimental fluid dynamics technique known as stereoscopic particle image velocimetry is used in this work to obtain the air velocity field inside and outside the nostrils during exhalation. A numerical model was then used to compute the trajectory of blood drops of 0.5 and 2 mm. The drops were tracked until ground plane impact below the nostril exit. Three heights were investigated, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 m. For an expiration flow rate of 32 l/min in vivo, there is a maximum exit velocity from the nostril of approximately 4 m/s, with a 0.5 m/s difference between nostrils. After the drops have traversed the distances investigated, drops of 0.5 and 2 mm in diameter from both nostrils are at a similar velocity. This implies that the gravitational acceleration after the drops leave the jet has the most influence on velocity. It is however shown that exit velocity does affect impact location. Drop size affects both impact location and impact velocity. An increase in height increases the distance traversed. Compared to the 2-mm drop, the 0.5 mm had a lower impact velocity, but its impact location in the ground plane was further from the nostril exit. Understanding the physics of expirated blood flight allows better interpretation of expirated stains at crime scenes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8041, New Zealand. patrick.geoghegan@canterbury.ac.nz.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Geoghegan
authors.affiliation: Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd., Auckland, 1741, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C J T
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8041, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8041, New Zealand.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kabaliuk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Christchurch, Canterbury, 8041, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8041, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jermy
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D003198:Computer Simulation; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009666:Nose; D012212:Rheology
keywords: Bloodstain pattern analysis; Expirated blood; Forensic investigation; Nasal cavity; Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry