title: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of an aqueous cyanophyta extract derived from Arthrospira platensis: contribution to bioactivities by the non-phycocyanin aqueous fraction.
abstract: The goal for this work was to characterize basic biological properties of a novel Arthrospira platensis-based aqueous cyanophyta extract (ACE), enriched in the known anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor phycocyanin (PC), but also containing a high level of non-PC bioactive compounds. Antioxidant properties were tested in parallel in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (chemical antioxidant capacity) and in the cellular antioxidant protection (CAP-e) bioassay, where both the PC and the non-PC fractions contributed to the antioxidant capacity and CAP of ACE. In contrast to the COX-2 inhibition seen in the presence of PC, the inhibition of enzymatic activity of the inflammatory mediator Lipoxygenase was associated specifically with the non-PC fraction of ACE. Inhibition of formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using polymorphonuclear cells from healthy human donors. The inhibition of ROS formation was seen for both the PC and non-PC fractions, with ACE showing the most robust effect. The effects of PC, non-PC, and ACE on clotting and clot lysing was tested using a modified Euglobulin fibrinolytic assay in vitro. In the presence of PC, non-PC, and ACE, the time for clot formation and lysis was not affected; however, the clots were significantly more robust. This effect was statistically significant (p<.05) at doses between 125-500 μg/mL, and returned to baseline at lower doses. Both PC and the non-PC fraction contributed to the antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory effects, without a negative impact on blood clotting in vitro. This suggests a potential benefit for the consumable ACE extract in assisting the reduction of inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: 1 NIS Labs , Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA .
authors.forename: Gitte S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Attridge
authors.forename: Joni L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Beaman
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehmann
authors.forename: Kathleen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000032:analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010798:Phycocyanin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D010798:Phycocyanin; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: CAP-e; COX-2; ROS formation; cellular antioxidant protection; clotting; fibrinolysis; lipoxygenase; phycocyanin; polymorphonuclear cells