title: Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSV) was identified in, and shown to be the probable cause of, trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease. To date, serological analyses have revealed that TSV infection is common among adults in the general population of Europe and Australia. However, there have been no reports of TSV in Asia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence of TSV infection in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  TSV-VP1 expressed in a recombinant baculovirus expression system in an insect cell line, Tn5, self-assembled into virus-like particles. Overall, 1000 serum samples were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using virus-like particles of TSV as antigen. Participants ranged in age from 0 to 94 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 629 of 1000 serum samples (62.9%) were positive for anti-TSV antibodies. The seropositive rate increased with age and the seroprevalence of TSV significantly increased from 17.1% (25/146) in children aged from 0 to 4 years to 78.7% (472/600) in adults aged over 20 years (odds ratio = 0.056, 95% confidence interval = 0.035-0.900, P = 0.000, Chi-squared test). TSV seropositivity was not different between sera obtained in 1980 and 2012, and was not associated with sex. Competitive assay demonstrated that TSV antibodies did not cross-react with BK virus or Merkel cell polyomavirus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that TSV circulates widely in the Japanese population, with primary exposure occurring mainly at early childhood, similar to that previously reported in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tian-Cheng
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Electronic address: katano@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Harutaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001739:BK Virus / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006201:Hair Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007642:Keratosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D059965:Merkel cell polyomavirus / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011120:Polyomavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011537:Pruritus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Human polyomavirus; Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus