title: Trends of non-union and prescriptions for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the United States, 1993-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical care and pain management for patients with fractures have evolved over the years. We wanted to ascertain if there were any changes in the incidence of non-unions and, if so, whether the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including COX-2 selective inhibitors, might have an effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to estimate the annual number of patients hospitalized for surgical treatment of a non-union between 1993 and 2012, and calculated age-adjusted rates of non-union. We estimated the prevalence of prescriptions for NSAIDs from 1996 through 2012 using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The interrupted time-series analysis was used to relate quarterly rates of non-union to changes in prescriptions for NSAIDs between 1996 and 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual estimate of non-unions in the USA declined 30% from 25,634 in 1993 to 17,815 in 2012 (p < 0.001). Specifically, the age-adjusted rate of non-unions decreased by 44% from 8.6 per 10(5) persons in 1996 to 4.8 per 10(5) persons in 2012 (p < 0.001). However, there was an 8% increase in the incidence rate of non-unions (p = 0.003) between 2000 and 2004, when certain COX-2 selective inhibitors were on the market and their prescriptions were prevalent at around 6% among those with fractures. A drop in non-union estimates from 22,321 in 2010 to 18,789 in 2011 (p = 0.04) also coincided with a marked decrease in prescriptions for NSAIDs in patients with fractures, from 22% to 14% (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-unions in the USA declined substantially between 1993 and 2012, but this was interrupted by changes in prescriptions for NSAIDs, with sustained increases between 2000 and 2004 followed by transient decreases in 2005 and 2011.
authors.affiliation: a Section of Clinical and Investigative Orthopedics, Clinical Trials and Outcomes Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Section of Clinical and Investigative Orthopedics, Clinical Trials and Outcomes Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D055553:Prescription Drugs