title: Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) leaves increase SR-BI expression and reduce cholesterol levels in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.
abstract: In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. yosieandriani@gmail.com.|Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu (UNIB), Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia. yosieandriani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yosie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Andriani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. sifzizul@umt.edu.my.
authors.forename: Tengku Sifzizul
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tengku-Muhammad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. habsah@umt.edu.my.
authors.forename: Habsah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. ijaxzt@umt.edu.my.
authors.forename: Jasnizat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saidin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. desy@umt.edu.my.
authors.forename: Desy Fitrya
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Syamsumir
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat 3350, Australia. h.chew@ballarat.edu.au.
authors.forename: Guat-Siew
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia. effendy@umt.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Effendy
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Abdul Wahid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein / Q000378:metabolism*; D029645:Thymelaeaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; C031616:high density lipoprotein receptors; D002784:Cholesterol