title: Recent developments toward the safer use of opioids, with a focus on hydrocodone.
abstract: Opioids have become a mainstay of treatment for pain in the United States, with over 250 million prescription issued in 2012 alone. The increased prescribing of these medications has also contributed to the unintended consequence of a widening prevalence of abuse and misuse, and therefore safety has become a top agenda item for both government and health care providers alike. The move toward new abuse-deterrent formulation technologies, enhanced regulatory requirements from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and developments in national/state policies have worked together to target a goal of promoting safer clinician prescribing, pharmacy dispensing and patient use of opioids. Hydrocodone in particular, as the most widely prescribed opioid product, has recently been subject to a myriad of changes, both through the federal rescheduling of hydrocodone-combination products (HCPs) to Schedule II, as well as the introduction of two new extended-release formulations to the USA market. These efforts represent a first step toward tackling the opioid harms epidemic, although continuing follow-up through research and policy implementation is needed to see any measureable impact on safety in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA. Electronic address: covveyj@duq.edu.
authors.forename: Jordan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Covvey
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D061891:Controlled Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D061891:Controlled Substances; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006853:Hydrocodone
keywords: Controlled substance scheduling; Drug Enforcement Administration; Food and Drug Administration