title: Quiet Submillimeter MR Imaging of the Lung Is Feasible with a PETRA Sequence at 1.5 T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess lung magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a respiratory-gated pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA) sequence at 1.5 T and compare it with imaging with a standard volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence, with extra focus on the visibility of bronchi and the signal intensity of lung parenchyma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and all subjects gave written informed consent. Twelve healthy volunteers were imaged with PETRA and VIBE sequences. Image quality was evaluated by using visual scoring, numbering of visible bronchi, and quantitative measurement of the apparent contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For preliminary clinical assessment, three young patients with cystic fibrosis underwent both MR imaging and computed tomography (CT). Comparisons were made by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for means and the McNemar test for ratios. Agreement between CT and MR imaging disease scores was assessed by using the κ test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PETRA imaging was performed with a voxel size of 0.86 mm(3). Overall image quality was good, with little motion artifact. Bronchi were visible consistently up to the fourth generation and in some cases up to the sixth generation. Mean CNR and SNR with PETRA were 32.4% ± 7.6 (standard deviation) and 322.2% ± 37.9, respectively, higher than those with VIBE (P < .001). Good agreement was found between CT and PETRA cystic fibrosis scores (κ = 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PETRA enables silent, free-breathing, isotropic, and submillimeter imaging of the bronchi and lung parenchyma with high CNR and SNR and may be an alternative to CT for patients with cystic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Gaël
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dournes
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grodzki
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macey
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Pierre-Olivier
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Girodet
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fayon
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chateil
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montaudon
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Inserm, Center for Cardiothoracic Research of Bordeaux, U1045, F-3300, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France (G.D., P.O.G., M.F., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Respiratory Disease, Department of Functional and Respiratory Examination, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (G.D., J.M., P.O.G., M.M., P.B., F.L.); Department for Imaging of the Woman and Child, Pediatric Pneumology Unit, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (M.F., J.F.C.); CHU de Bordeaux, CIC 0005, Bordeaux, France (M.F.); and Department of Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (D.G.).
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurent
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques