title: Microscale characterization and trace element distribution in bacteriogenic ferromanganese coatings on sand grains from an intertidal zone of the East China Sea.
abstract: An ancient wood layer dated at about 5600 yr BP by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C was discovered in an intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Extensive and horizontally stratified sediments with black color on the top and yellowish-red at the bottom, and some nodule-cemented concretions with brown surface and black inclusions occurred in this intertidal zone. Microscale analysis methods were employed to study the microscale characterization and trace element distribution in the stratified sediments and concretions. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscattered electron imaging (BSE) revealed the presence of different coatings on the sand grains. The main mineral compositions of the coatings were ferrihydrite and goethite in the yellowish-red parts, and birnessite in the black parts using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). SEM observations showed that bacteriogenic products and bacterial remnants extensively occurred in the coatings, indicating that bacteria likely played an important role in the formation of ferromanganese coatings. Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized middle rare earth element (MREE) enrichment patterns of the coatings indicated that they were caused by two sub-sequential processes: (1) preferentially release of Fe-Mn from the beach rocks by fermentation of ancient woods and colloidal flocculation in the mixing water zone and (2) preferential adsorption of MREE by Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides from the seawater. The chemical results indicated that the coatings were enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, especially with respect to Co, Ni. The findings of the present study provide an insight in the microscale features of ferromanganese coatings and the Fe-Mn biogeochemical cycling during the degradation of buried organic matter in intertidal zones or shallow coasts.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Centre on Selenium, Suzhou 215123, China; Advanced Lab for Selenium and Human Health, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Linxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
authors.forename: Liguang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Centre on Selenium, Suzhou 215123, China; Advanced Lab for Selenium and Human Health, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Xuebin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; C083456:ferro-manganese alloy; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron