title: Development and validation of the East Africa Alcohol Expectancy Scale (AFEXS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the East Africa Alcohol Expectancy Scale (AFEXS), a measure of alcohol expectancies for use with HIV-positive adults in East Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in several phases. The first involved development of the scale and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a total of 209 HIV-positive, Ugandan men (n = 120) and women (n = 89). The second phase involved a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as well as validity analyses with a second, demographically similar, sample of 181 HIV-positive Ugandan men (n = 109) and women (n = 72). All participants were recruited from two ongoing cohort studies taking place at an HIV clinic in rural southwestern Uganda.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EFA resulted in a 13-item, three-factor scale that explained 67% of the variance and showed excellent internal consistency (α = .89). The CFA showed good model fit with a final 11-item scale, χ(2)(41) = 68.60, p = .004; comparative fit index = .97; root mean square error of approximation = .06, 90% CI [.03, .09], that again showed excellent internal consistency and yielded the following three factors: sex-related (α = .94), release of inhibition (α = .61), and negative expectancies (α = .73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AFEXS is the first psychometrically validated alcohol expectancy scale available for use in Africa. The extent to which the AFEXS can be used with other populations and with adults from countries outside of East Africa requires ongoing validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Woolf-King
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fatch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Nneka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emenyonu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muyindike
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Carrico
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D055815:Young Adult