title: A tailored exercise program versus general exercise for a subgroup of patients with low back pain and movement control impairment: A randomised controlled trial with one-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise is an effective treatment for patients with sub-acute and chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Previous studies have shown that a subgroup of patients with NSLBP and movement control impairment (MCI) can be diagnosed with substantial reliability. However, which type of exercises are most beneficial to this subgroup is still unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effectiveness of a specific exercise treatment to improve movement control was tested in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT), we compared exercises that targeted MCI (MC) with a general exercise (GE) treatment. After randomisation, patients in both groups n(MC = 52; GE = 54) were treated in eight private physiotherapy practices and five hospital outpatient physiotherapy centres. Follow-up measurements were taken at post-treatment, six months and 12 months. The primary outcome measurement was the Patient Specific Function Scale (PSFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSFS showed no difference between groups after treatment, or at six months and 12 months. Secondary outcome analysis for pain and disability, measured with the Graded Chronic Pain scale and the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire respectively, showed that a small improvement post-treatment levelled off over the long term. Both groups improved significantly (p < 0.001) over the course of one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found no additional benefit of specific exercises targeting MCI.
authors.affiliation: Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, Postfach 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jeannette.saner@zhaw.ch.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saner
authors.affiliation: Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, Postfach 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland. Electronic address: jan.kool@kliniken-valens.ch.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.affiliation: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.sieben@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sieben
authors.affiliation: Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Technikumstrasse 71, Postfach 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland. Electronic address: hannu.luomajoki@zhaw.ch.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luomajoki
authors.affiliation: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Dept. of Epidemiology, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: chg.bastiaenen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Carolien H G
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bastiaenen
authors.affiliation: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Dept. of Epidemiology, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ra.debie@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009664:Norway; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013557:Switzerland; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinical trial; Disability; Exercise; Low back pain; Movement control impairment; Randomised controlled trial