title: Rocking-horse phenomenon of the glenoid component: the importance of inclination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal glenoid version positioning has been recognized as a cause of glenoid component failure caused by the rocking horse phenomenon. In contrast, the importance of the glenoid inclination has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The computed tomography scans of 152 healthy shoulders were evaluated. A virtual glenoid component was positioned in 2 different planes: the maximum circular plane (MCP) and the inferior circle plane (ICP). The MCP was defined by the best fitting circle of the most superior point of the glenoid and 2 points at the lower glenoid rim. The ICP was defined by the best fitting circle on the rim of the inferior quadrants. The inclination of both planes was measured as the intersection with the scapular plane. We defined the force vector of the rotator force couple and calculated the magnitude of the shear force vector on a virtual glenoid component in both planes during glenohumeral abduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inclination of the component positioned in the MCP averaged 95° (range, 84°-108°) and for the ICP averaged 111° (range, 94°-126°). A significant reduction in shear forces was calculated for the glenoid component in the ICP vs the MCP: 98% reduction in 60° of abduction to 49% reduction in 90° of abduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shear forces are significantly higher when the glenoid component is positioned in the MCP compared with the ICP, and this is more pronounced in early abduction. Positioning the glenoid component in the inferior circle might reduce the risk of a rocking horse phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: anne.karelse@telenet.be.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karelse
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Tongel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verstraeten
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Consultant, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poncet
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieven F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: De Wilde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012540:Scapula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Rotator cuff; force couple; glenoid plane; inclination; retroversion; rocking horse