title: Direct comparison of MRI and X-ray CT technologies for 3D imaging of root systems in soil: potential and challenges for root trait quantification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roots are vital to plants for soil exploration and uptake of water and nutrients. Root performance is critical for growth and yield of plants, in particular when resources are limited. Since roots develop in strong interaction with the soil matrix, tools are required that can visualize and quantify root growth in opaque soil at best in 3D. Two modalities that are suited for such investigations are X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Due to the different physical principles they are based on, these modalities have their specific potentials and challenges for root phenotyping. We compared the two methods by imaging the same root systems grown in 3 different pot sizes with inner diameters of 34 mm, 56 mm or 81 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods successfully visualized roots of two weeks old bean plants in all three pot sizes. Similar root images and almost the same root length were obtained for roots grown in the small pot, while more root details showed up in the CT images compared to MRI. For the medium sized pot, MRI showed more roots and higher root lengths whereas at some spots thin roots were only found by CT and the high water content apparently affected CT more than MRI. For the large pot, MRI detected much more roots including some laterals than CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both techniques performed equally well for pots with small diameters which are best suited to monitor root development of seedlings. To investigate specific root details or finely graduated root diameters of thin roots, CT was advantageous as it provided the higher spatial resolution. For larger pot diameters, MRI delivered higher fractions of the root systems than CT, most likely because of the strong root-to-soil contrast achievable by MRI. Since complementary information can be gathered with CT and MRI, a combination of the two modalities could open a whole range of additional possibilities like analysis of root system traits in different soil structures or under varying soil moisture.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Jonen- Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metzner
authors.affiliation: Development Center X-Ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems IIS, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eggert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Jonen- Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Dusschoten
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Jonen- Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pflugfelder
authors.affiliation: Development Center X-Ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems IIS, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerth
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Jonen- Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schurr
authors.affiliation: Development Center X-Ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems IIS, Flugplatzstraße 75, 90768 Fürth, Germany.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Jonen- Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jahnke
keywords: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 3D imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); Non-destructive; Root system architecture; Roots in soil; X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)