title: Effect of stressful life events on changes in smoking among the French: longitudinal findings from GAZEL.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in life events may play a contributing role in changes in smoking behaviors. The objective was to examine the impact of stressful life events (SLEs) on smoking among French adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined smoking prevalence in 20 625 employees of the French GAZEL cohort for up to 5 years before and after a SLE during three time periods (years -1 vs. -5; years +1 vs. -1; years +5 vs. +1). Repeated measures analysis of time series data indexed to events were used, employing generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women, comparing 1 year after vs. 1 year before SLEs, decreased odds of smoking were found for employment promotion (OR: 0.80; 95% CI = 0.67-0.95), marriage (OR: 0.57; 95% CI = 0.48-0.68) and divorce (OR: 0.78; 95% CI = 0.68-0.90). Comparing 5 years after to 1 year after SLEs, women had decreased odds of smoking for important purchase (OR: 0.87; 95% CI = 0.79-0.96), children leaving home (OR: 0.83; 95% CI = 0.74-0.93), retirement (OR: 0.73; 95% CI = 0.64-0.83) and death of loved one (OR: 0.86; 95% CI = 0.79-0.93). For men, decreased odds of smoking were observed in all three time periods for all SLEs except when comparing 1 year before to 5 years before marriage (OR: 1.66; 95% CI = 1.09-2.52) and divorce (OR: 1.49; 95% CI = 1.25-1.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time surrounding SLEs during which individuals are susceptible to changing smoking behaviors may be an important consideration.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 2 Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA STamers@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tamers
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okechukwu
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 4 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: 5 INSERM U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, F-94807 Villejuif, France 6 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018, France.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guéguen
authors.affiliation: 5 INSERM U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, F-94807 Villejuif, France 6 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018, France.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: 5 INSERM U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, F-94807 Villejuif, France 6 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors