title: Eating traits questionnaires as a continuum of a single concept. Uncontrolled eating.
abstract: Research on eating behaviour has identified several potentially relevant eating-related traits captured by different questionnaires. Often, these questionnaires predict Body Mass Index (BMI), but the relationship between them has not been explicitly studied. We studied the unity and diversity of questionnaires capturing five common eating-related traits: Power of Food, Eating Impulsivity, emotional eating, Disinhibition, and binge eating in women from Estonia (n = 740) and Canada (n = 456). Using bifactor analysis, we showed that a) these questionnaires are largely explained by a single factor, and b) relative to this shared factor, only some questionnaires offered additional variance in predicting BMI. Hence, these questionnaires seemed to characterise a common factor, which we label Uncontrolled Eating. Item Response Theory techniques were then applied to demonstrate that c) within this common factor, the questionnaires could be placed on a continuum of Uncontrolled Eating. That is, Eating Impulsivity focused on the milder degree, Power of Food Scale, emotional eating scales, and Disinhibition on intermediate degrees, and the Binge Eating Scale on the most severe degrees of Uncontrolled Eating. In sum, evidence from two samples showed that questionnaires capturing five common BMI-related traits largely reflected the same underlying latent trait - Uncontrolled Eating. In Estonia, some questionnaires focused on different severities of this common construct, supporting a continuum model of Uncontrolled Eating. These findings provide a starting point for developing better questionnaires of the neurobehavioural correlates of obesity, and provide a unifying perspective from which to view the existing literature. R scripts and data used for the analysis are provided.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Näituse 2, 50410, Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: uku.vainik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Uku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vainik
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neseliler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Näituse 2, 50410, Tartu, Estonia; National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, Tallinn 11619, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kenn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konstabel
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Lesley K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Fellows
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dagher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002032:Bulimia / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D004957:Estonia; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Binge eating; Disinhibition; Emotional eating; Impulsivity; Item response theory; Personality