title: Memristors in the Venus flytrap.
abstract: A memristor is a nonlinear element because its current-voltage characteristic is similar to that of a Lissajous pattern for nonlinear systems. We investigated the possible presence of memristors in the electrical circuitry of the Venus flytrap's upper and lower leaves. The electrostimulation of this plant by bipolar sinusoidal or triangle periodic waves induces electrical responses in the upper and lower leaves of the Venus flytrap with fingerprints of memristors. The analysis was based on cyclic voltammetric characteristics where the memristor, a resistor with memory, should manifest itself. Tetraethylammonium chloride, an inhibitor of voltage gated K(+) channels, or NPPB, a blocker of voltage gated Cl(-) and K(+) channels, transform a memristor to a resistor in plant tissue. Uncouplers carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and carbonylcyanide-4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl hydrazone (FCCP) decrease the amplitude of electrical responses at low and high frequencies of bipolar periodic electrostimulating waves. Our results demonstrate that voltage gated K(+) channels in the Venus flytrap have properties of memristors of type 1 and type 2. The discovery of memristors in plants creates a new direction in the modeling and understanding of electrical phenomena in plants.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Oakwood University; Huntsville, AL USA.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Volkov
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Forde-Tuckett
authors.forename: Jada
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reedus
authors.forename: Colee M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Maya I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Volkova
authors.forename: Vladislav S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Markin
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chua
mesh_terms: D031257:Droseraceae / Q000502:physiology*; D004560:Electricity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D061209:Proton Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D061209:Proton Ionophores
keywords: Venus flytrap; electrophysiology; ion channels; memristor; signal transduction