title: Anti-inflammatory components of the Vietnamese starfish Protoreaster nodosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of a methanolic extract, dichloromethane fraction, water layer, and polyhydroxylated sterols (1-4) isolated from the Vietnamese starfish Protoreaster nodosus on pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α) production in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methanolic extract and dichloromethane fraction exerted potent inhibitory effects on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.60 ± 0.01 to 26.19 ± 0.64 μg/mL. Four highly pure steroid derivatives (1-4) were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction and water layer of P. nodosus. Potent inhibitory activities were also observed for (25S) 5α-cholestane-3β,4β,6α,7α,8β,15α,16β,26-octol (3) on the production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 (IC50s = 3.11 ± 0.08 and 1.35 ± 0.03 μM), and for (25S) 5α-cholestane-3β,6α,8β,15α,16β,26-hexol (1) and (25S) 5α-cholestane-3β,6α,7α,8β,15α,16β,26-heptol (2) on the production of IL-12 p40 (IC50s = 0.01 ± 0.00 and 1.02 ± 0.01 μM). Moreover, nodososide (4) exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on IL-12 p40 and IL-6 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of the anti-inflammatory activity from the starfish P. nodosus. The main finding of this study is the identification oxygenated steroid derivatives from P. nodosus with potent anti-inflammatory activities that may be developed as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
authors.forename: Nguyen Phuong
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Thao
authors.forename: Bui Thi Thuy
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Luyen
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Sohyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Nguyen Xuan
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Cuong
authors.forename: Nguyen Hoai
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Phan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Kiem
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chau
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Minh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D013215:Starfish / Q000737:chemistry*; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013256:Steroids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha