title: Multilevel effects of wealth on women's contraceptive use in Mozambique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper analyzes the impact of wealth on the use of contraception in Mozambique unmixing the contextual effects due to community wealth from the individual effects associated with the women's situation within the community of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 2011 Mozambican Demographic and Health Survey on women who are married or living together are analyzed for the entire country and also for the rural and urban areas separately. We used single level and multilevel probit regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single level probit regression reveals that region, religion, age, previous fertility, education, and wealth impact contraceptive behavior. The multilevel analysis shows that average community wealth and the women's relative socioeconomic position within the community have significant positive effects on the use of modern contraceptives. The multilevel framework proved to be necessary in rural settings but not relevant in urban areas. Moreover, the contextual effects due to community wealth are greater in rural than in urban areas and this feature is associated with the higher socioeconomic heterogeneity within the richest communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis highlights the need for the studies on contraceptive behavior to specifically address the individual and contextual effects arising from the poverty-wealth dimension in rural and urban areas separately. The inclusion in a particular community of residence is not relevant in urban areas, but it is an important feature in rural areas. Although the women's individual position within the community of residence has a similar effect on contraceptive adoption in rural and urban settings, the impact of community wealth is greater in rural areas and smaller in urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), BRU-Business Research Unit, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIES-Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Sociologia, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel Tiago
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009073:Mozambique; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult