title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficiency associated with increased platelet count and aggregability in nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was recently identified as an inhibitor of megakaryopoiesis and platelet aggregability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied PACAP levels in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS), which is associated with thrombocytosis, platelet hyperaggregability, and an increased risk of thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four children with congenital NS (CNS) and 24 children with idiopathic NS (INS), plasma and urine levels of PACAP and ceruloplasmin were measured, as were platelet counts and platelet aggregation responses to collagen. In CNS patients, in vitro megakaryopoiesis and nuclear factor-κB expression in platelet lysates were also measured. All tests were performed during the nephrotic state and the non-nephrotic state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary losses of PACAP and ceruloplasmin were observed during the nephrotic state, and disappeared during the non-nephrotic state. Plasma PACAP deficiency was more pronounced in CNS patients than in INS patients. Thrombocytosis was observed in all CNS patients and in 11 of 29 INS patients during the nephrotic state. During the PACAP-deficient state, in vitro megakaryopoiesis was increased for CNS patients, and this effect could be reversed by the addition of recombinant PACAP. Platelet hyperaggregability was observed during the nephrotic state in both CNS and INS patients. In INS patients, the addition of recombinant PACAP to patients' platelets was studied, and resulted in decreased aggregation during the nephrotic state. Platelet aggregation correlated inversely with plasma PACAP levels, but not with serum albumin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate urinary losses of PACAP and plasma PACAP deficiency in children with NS, associated with thrombocytosis and platelet hyperaggregability.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eneman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Hoyweghen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Collard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vande Walle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Geet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levtchenko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D010976:Platelet Count
chemical_list: D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
keywords: PACAP; ceruloplasmin; nephrotic syndrome; platelets; thrombosis