title: Blood pressure level and risk of major cardiovascular events and all-cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the relationship between BP and risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs) and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment (estimated GFR < 60 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)) treated in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33,356 patients (aged 75 ± 9 years, diabetes duration of 10 ± 8 years) with at least one serum creatinine and BP value available in the Swedish National Diabetes Register between 2005 and 2007 were followed up until 2011 or death. The relationships between mean BPs, CVEs and all-cause mortality were examined using time-dependent Cox models to estimate HRs, adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and ongoing medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period (mean 5.3 years), 11,317 CVEs and 10,738 deaths occurred. The lowest risks of CVEs and all-cause mortality were observed with a systolic BP (SBP) of 135-139 and a diastolic BP (DBP) of 72-74 mmHg, and the highest risks were observed for those with SBP intervals 80-120 (CVE HR 2.3 [95% CI 2.0, 2.6] and all-cause mortality HR 2.4, [95% CI 2.1, 2.7]) and 160-230 mmHg (CVE HR 3.0 [95% CI 2.6, 3.3] and all-cause mortality HR 2.0 [95% CI 1.8-2.3]) and DBP intervals 40-63 mmHg (CVE HR 2.0 [95% CI 1.8, 2.2], all-cause mortality HR 2.0 [95% CI 1.8, 2.2]) and 83-125 mmHg (CVE HR 2.3 [95% CI 2.0, 2.5], all-cause mortality HR 2.3 [95% CI 2.0, 2.6]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this nationwide cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, the risk of CVEs and all-cause mortality increased significantly with both high and low BPs, while an SBP of 135-139 mmHg and DBP of 72-74 mmHg were associated with the lowest risks of CVEs and death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Skaraborgs Sjukhus, Skövde, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Afghahi
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Mirnabi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirouzifard
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden