title: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Race TKTTF of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici that Caused a Wheat Stem Rust Epidemic in Southern Ethiopia in 2013-14.
abstract: A severe stem rust epidemic occurred in southern Ethiopia during November 2013 to January 2014, with yield losses close to 100% on the most widely grown wheat cultivar, 'Digalu'. Sixty-four stem rust samples collected from the regions were analyzed. A meteorological model for airborne spore dispersal was used to identify which regions were most likely to have been infected from postulated sites of initial infection. Based on the analyses of 106 single-pustule isolates derived from these samples, four races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici were identified: TKTTF, TTKSK, RRTTF, and JRCQC. Race TKTTF was found to be the primary cause of the epidemic in the southeastern zones of Bale and Arsi. Isolates of race TKTTF were first identified in samples collected in early October 2013 from West Arsi. It was the sole or predominant race in 31 samples collected from Bale and Arsi zones after the stem rust epidemic was established. Race TTKSK was recovered from 15 samples from Bale and Arsi zones at low frequencies. Genotyping indicated that isolates of race TKTTF belongs to a genetic lineage that is different from the Ug99 race group and is composed of two distinct genetic types. Results from evaluation of selected germplasm indicated that some cultivars and breeding lines resistant to the Ug99 race group are susceptible to race TKTTF. Appearance of race TKTTF and the ensuing epidemic underlines the continuing threats and challenges posed by stem rust not only in East Africa but also to wider-scale wheat production.
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Les J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Luster
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burgin
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hort
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patpour
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Annemarie F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Justesen
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Mogens S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hovmøller
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Getaneh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woldeab
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Endale
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hailu
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Bekele
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hundie
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Kebede
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tadesse
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pumphrey
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Ravi P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and twenty-second authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ninth and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; tenth and eleventh authors: U.K. Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; sixteenth and seventeenth authors: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; eighteenth author: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Assela, Ethiopia; nineteenth and twentieth authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; and twenty-first author: CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000235:genetics*; D005002:Ethiopia; D005838:Genotype; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010641:Phenotype; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: dispersal model; surveillance