title: Therapeutic evaluation of interleukin 1-beta antagonist Anakinra against traumatic brain injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of Anakinra, an IL-1ß antagonist with anti-inflammatory effects, in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four rats underwent TBI after a weighted object was dropped onto a metal disc secured to their skulls. Animals were randomized into 3 main groups: control (n=18), TBI + saline (n=18; six animals per time-point) with samples obtained at the first, sixth and twenty-fourth h postoperatively, and TBI + Anakinra (n=18; six animals per time-point) with brain samples obtained at the first, sixth and twenty-fourth h postoperatively. Brain tissue and blood serum were extracted for the analysis of IL-1ß, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. Tissue sections were evaluated histopathologically under a light microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After trauma, tissue and serum IL-1ß levels were significantly elevated and after Anakinra administration, these levels substantially decreased. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity decreased following TBI and Anakinra administration proved effective in increasing the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological analysis confirmed that Anakinra might protect the brain tissue and nerve cells from injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate that Anakinra reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury events associated with TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. aehasturk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Askin Esen
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hasturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdal Resit
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turkoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hayri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kertmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bahriye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horasanli
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayirli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Imge Berrin
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Erguder
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Evirgen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase