title: Resilience Is Associated with Outcome from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: Resilient individuals manifest adaptive behavior and are better able to recover from adversity. The association between resilience and outcome from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is examined, and the reliability and validity of the Resilience Scale and its short form in mTBI research is evaluated. Patients with mTBI (n=74) and orthopedic controls (n=39) completed the Resilience Scale at one, six, and 12 months after injury. Additionally, self-reported post-concussion symptoms, fatigue, insomnia, pain, post-traumatic stress, and depression, as well as quality of life, were evaluated. The internal consistency of the Resilience Scale and the short form ranged from 0.91 to 0.93 for the mTBI group and from 0.86 to 0.95 for controls. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.82. Patients with mTBI and moderate-to-high resilience reported significantly fewer post-concussion symptoms, less fatigue, insomnia, traumatic stress, and depressive symptoms, and better quality of life, than the patients with low resilience. No association between resilience and time to return to work was found. Resilience was associated with self-reported outcome from mTBI, and based on this preliminary study, can be reliably evaluated with Resilience Scale and its short form in those with mTBIs.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .|2 Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Finland .
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Losoi
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia.|4 GF Strong Rehab Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia.
authors.forename: Noah D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Silverberg
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wäljas
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Senni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosti-Otajärvi
authors.affiliation: 5 School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere and Science Center , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Teemu Miikka Artturi
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Luoto
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Finland .
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Öhman
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School , Charlestown, Massachusetts.|7 MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program , Boston, Massachusetts.|8 Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological
keywords: head injury; patient outcome assessment; resilience; traumatic brain injury