title: UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls of radish sprouts continues in the dark after irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health-promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV-B irradiation at 5 W m(-2) on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV-B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV-B irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis-related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high-quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanwu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000378:metabolism; D031224:Raphanus; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins
keywords: PAL; UV-B; anthocyanins; radish sprouts