title: Novel macrolide-resistance genes, mef(C) and mph(G), carried by plasmids from Vibrio and Photobacterium isolated from sediment and seawater of a coastal aquaculture site.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether mef(C) and mph(G), originally found on the transferable multi-drug plasmid pAQU1 from Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from seawater of a fish farm, are responsible for conferring macrolide resistance. Since these genes are localized head-to-tail on pAQU1 and only four nucleotides exist between them, the single- and combination-effect of these genes was examined. When mph(G) alone was introduced to Escherichia coli, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin increased, whereas introduction of mef(C) alone did not influence macrolide susceptibility. Introduction of both mef(C) and mph(G) dramatically increased the MICs to the same three macrolides, i.e. >512 μg ml(-1) , >512 μg ml(-1) and 128 μg ml(-1) respectively. These results suggest that the macrolide phosphotransferase encoded by mph(G) is essential for macrolide resistance, while the efflux pump encoded by mef(C) is required for high-level macrolide resistance. The tandem-pair arrangements of the mef(C) and mph(G) genes were conserved on plasmids ranging in size from 240 to 350 kb of the 22 erythromycin-resistant strains belonging to Vibrio and Photobacterium obtained from the fish farm. Sixteen of 22 plasmids ranged in size from 300 to 350 kb. This is the first report of novel macrolide resistance genes originating from a marine bacterium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, mef(C) and mph(G) were found to be novel macrolide-resistance genes, and this is the first report of macrolide-resistance genes originating from a marine bacterium. These genes may be responsible for previously reported cases of the emergence of erythromycin-resistant bacteria in aquaculture sites by an unknown mechanism. The introduction of the tandem arrangement of the mef(C) and mph(G) genes in Escherichia coli increased the MICs to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, suggesting a novel mechanism conferring high-level macrolide resistance via combined expression of the efflux pump and macrolide phosphotransferase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000235:genetics; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000235:genetics; D010776:Photobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D004917:Erythromycin; D017963:Azithromycin; D010770:Phosphotransferases; D017291:Clarithromycin
keywords: aquaculture; efflux pump; macrolide 2′-phosphotransferase; macrolide resistance; mef(C); mph(G)