title: Reduced-Sodium Lunches Are Well-Accepted by Uninformed Consumers Over a 3-Week Period and Result in Decreased Daily Dietary Sodium Intakes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Processed foods are major contributors to excessive sodium intake in Western populations. We investigated the effect of food reformulation on daily dietary sodium intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether uninformed consumers accept reduced-sodium lunches and to determine the effect of consuming reduced-sodium lunches on 24-hour urinary sodium excretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blind randomized controlled pretest-posttest design with two parallel treatment groups was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants chose foods in an experimental real-life canteen setting at the Restaurant of the Future in Wageningen, the Netherlands, from May 16 until July 1, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a run-in period with regular foods for both groups, the intervention group (n=36) consumed foods with 29% to 61% sodium reduction (some were partially flavor compensated). The control group (n=38) continued consuming regular foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes for assessment of acceptance were the amount of foods consumed, energy and sodium intake, remembered food liking, and intensity of sensory aspects. Influence on daily dietary sodium intake was assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between and within-subject comparisons were assessed by analysis of covariance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy intake and amount consumed of each food category per lunch remained similar for both groups. Compared with the control group, the intervention group's sodium intake per lunch was significantly reduced by -1,093 mg (adjusted difference) (95% CI -1,285 to -901), equivalent to 43 mmol sodium. Remembered food liking, taste intensity, and saltiness were scored similarly for almost all of the reduced-sodium foods compared with the regular foods. After consuming reduced-sodium lunches, compared with the control group, intervention participants' 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was significantly lower by -40 mEq (adjusted difference) (95% CI -63 to -16) than after consuming regular lunches, and this reflects a decreased daily sodium intake of 1 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing the two treatment groups, consumption of reduced-sodium foods over a 3-week period was well accepted by the uninformed participants in an experimental real-life canteen setting. The reduced-sodium foods did not trigger compensation behavior during the remainder of the day in the intervention group compared with the control group, as reflected by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Therefore, offering reduced-sodium foods without explicitly informing consumers of the sodium reduction can contribute to daily sodium intake reduction.
authors.forename: Anke M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Willeke L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: van Stipriaan
authors.forename: Martijn W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Noort
authors.forename: Jeanne H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Elisabeth H M
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Temme
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013649:Taste; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Compensation behavior; Consumer acceptance; Salt intake; Sodium reduction; Urinary excretion