title: Successful embolization in childhood hemoptysis due to abnormal systemic arterial bleeding of the lung and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemoptysis in children is a rare but potentially life-threatening symptom of an underlying respiratory tract abnormality. Hemoptysis, when massive and untreated, has a mortality rate of more than 50%. With interventional radiological procedures and surgery, this rate has dropped to 7%-18%. The experience with bronchial arterial embolization in childhood is very limited; only a few case reports with short-term follow-up have been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report herein two patients with massive hemoptysis due to abnormal systemic arterial bleeding of the lung; neither patient had any lung or systemic disease. In both cases, the bleeding was controlled with endovascular embolization. The first case had bronchopulmonary arterial anastomosis and represents the first reported case with this anomaly. The second case had recurrent massive hemoptysis due to bronchial artery bleeding, and repeat embolization was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both of these children had rare vascular anomalies without parenchymal lung disease and were treated successfully with bronchial arterial embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Massive hemoptysis due to abnormal systemic bleeding of the lung in the absence of parenchymal disease is an uncommon and severe symptom in childhood. Embolization can be a treatment option in children with abnormal vasculature bleeding and can be repeated safely when needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. tsismanlar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tugba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sismanlar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Koray
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emetullah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cindil
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Onal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanım Eğitim ve Araştırma Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Beyza
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D001981:Bronchial Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: bronchial artery embolization; children; hemoptysis; treatment