title: Interleukin-1 as a common denominator from autoinflammatory to autoimmune disorders: premises, perils, and perspectives.
abstract: A complex web of dynamic relationships between innate and adaptive immunity is now evident for many autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, the first deriving from abnormal activation of innate immune system without any conventional danger triggers and the latter from self-/non-self-discrimination loss of tolerance, and systemic inflammation. Due to clinical and pathophysiologic similarities giving a crucial role to the multifunctional cytokine interleukin-1, the concept of autoinflammation has been expanded to include nonhereditary collagen-like diseases, idiopathic inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. As more patients are reported to have clinical features of autoinflammation and autoimmunity, the boundary between these two pathologic ends is becoming blurred. An overview of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders, PFAPA syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, uveitis, pericarditis, Behçet's disease, gout, Sjögren's syndrome, interstitial lung diseases, and Still's disease is presented to highlight the fundamental points that interleukin-1 displays in the cryptic interplay between innate and adaptive immune systems.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopalco
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantarini
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Florenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iannone
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Anelli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andreozzi
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lapadula
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigante
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000502:physiology; D056660:Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1