title: Aortic Disease Presentation and Outcome Associated With ACTA2 Mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ACTA2 mutations are the major cause of familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. We sought to characterize these aortic diseases in a large case series of individuals with ACTA2 mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aortic disease, management, and outcome associated with the first aortic event (aortic dissection or aneurysm repair) were abstracted from the medical records of 277 individuals with 41 various ACTA2 mutations. Aortic events occurred in 48% of these individuals, with the vast majority presenting with thoracic aortic dissections (88%) associated with 25% mortality. Type A dissections were more common than type B dissections (54% versus 21%), but the median age of onset of type B dissections was significantly younger than type A dissections (27 years versus 36 years). Only 12% of aortic events were repair of ascending aortic aneurysms, which variably involved the aortic root, ascending aorta, and aortic arch. Overall, cumulative risk of an aortic event at age 85 years was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.86). After adjustment for intrafamilial correlation, sex and race, mutations disrupting p.R179 and p.R258 were associated with significantly increased risk for aortic events, whereas p.R185Q and p.R118Q mutations showed significantly lower risk of aortic events compared with other mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACTA2 mutations are associated with high risk of presentation with an acute aortic dissection. The lifetime risk for an aortic event is only 76%, suggesting that additional environmental or genetic factors play a role in expression of aortic disease in individuals with ACTA2 mutations.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Ellen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Regalado
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Dong-chuan
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bensend
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estrera
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Hazim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Child
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arno
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jondeau
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morisaki
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morisaki
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Reed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pyeritz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coselli
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.).
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: LeMaire
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine (E.S.R., D.G., S.P., T.A.B., K.F., D.M.M.), Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (A.E., H.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (D.L.); Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA (J.H.); Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (A.C., G.A.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Centre National de Référence pour le syndrome de Marfan et apparentés, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), Université Paris 7, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Boulogne, France (C.B.), and INSERM, U1148, Paris, France (C.B., G.J.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France (G.J.); Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.B.); Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (R.M.); Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.M., H.M.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.P.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.C., S.L.); and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston (J.C., S.L.). Dianna.M.Milewicz@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Dianna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Milewicz
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D000071837:Fibrillins; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C541116:ACTA2 protein, human; D000199:Actins; D000071837:Fibrillins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
keywords: ACTA2; aortic diseases; aortic dissection; familial aortic dissection; genetics