title: Influence of yogurt fermentation and refrigerated storage on the stability of protein toxin contaminants.
abstract: Dairy products sold in a ready-to-eat form present the risk that adulterants persisting through manufacturing, storage, and distribution would reach consumers. Pathogenic microbes, including shigatoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and the toxins they produce, are common food safety hazards associated with dairy products. Ricin and abrin are plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein toxins related to the shiga-like toxins produced by E. coli. Limited information exists on the effects of manufacturing processes on the stabilities of these heat-resistant ribosome-inactivating proteins in the presence of foods. The goal of this study was to determine how typical yogurt manufacturing and storage processes influence ribosome-inactivating protein toxins. Ricin and abrin were added to skim or whole milk and batch pasteurized. Complete inactivation of both toxins was observed after 30 minutes at 85 °C. If the toxins were added after pasteurization, the levels of ricin and abrin in yogurt and their cytotoxic activities did not change significantly during fermentation or refrigerated storage for 4 weeks. The activities of ricin and abrin were inhibited by skim milk, nonfat yogurt, whole milk, and whole milk yogurt. The results showed minimal effects of the toxins on yogurt pH and %titratable acidity but inhibitory effects of yogurt on toxin activity.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 6502 S. Archer Rd., Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Odbert A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Triplett
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, USA. Electronic address: william.tolleson@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tolleson
mesh_terms: D000036:Abrin / Q000737:chemistry; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D061353:Food Storage; D061352:Pasteurization; D012034:Refrigeration; D012276:Ricin / Q000737:chemistry; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000036:Abrin; D012276:Ricin
keywords: Abrin; Dairy; Manufacture; Ricin; Stability; Yogurt