title: Role of wild birds as carriers of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli and Escherichia vulneris.
abstract: Emergence and distribution of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in environments pose a risk to human and animal health. A total of 82 isolates of Escherichia spp. were recovered from cloacal swabs of migrating and non-migrating wild birds. All bacterial isolates were identified and characterized morphologically and biochemically. 72% and 50% of isolates recovered from non-migrating and migrating birds, respectively, showed positive congo red dye binding (a virulence factor). Also, hemolysin production (a virulence factor) was showed in 8% of isolates recovered from non-migrating birds and 75% of isolates recovered from migrating birds. All isolates recovered from non-migrating birds were found resistant to Oxacillin while all isolates recovered from migrating birds demonstrated resistance to Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline and Lincomycin. Some bacterial isolates recovered from non-migrating birds and migrating birds exhibited MDR phenotype. The MDR isolates were further characterized by API 20E and 16S rRNA as E. coli and E. vulneris. MDR Escherichia isolates contain ~1-5 plasmids of high-molecular weights. Accordingly, wild birds could create a potential threat to human and animal health by transmitting MDR bacteria to water streams and other environmental sources through their faecal residues, and to remote regions by migration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Taif Taif Saudi Arabia Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Taif, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Shobrak
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Taif Taif Saudi Arabia Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Taif, Taif, Saudi Arabia. ; Division of Microbiology Department of Botany Faculty of Science Sohag University Sohag Egypt Division of Microbiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
authors.forename: Aly E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Abo-Amer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001717:Birds; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004925:Escherichia / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: 16S rRNA; API 20E; E. coli; E. vulneris; congo red binding; hemolysin; migrating and non-migrating birds; multi-drug resistance (MDR); plasmid profile