title: Meta-analysis and time series modeling allow a systematic review of primary HIV-1 drug-resistant prevalence in Latin America and Caribbean.
abstract: Here we review the prevalence of HIV-1 primary drug resistance in Latin America and Caribbean using meta-analysis as well as time-series modeling. We also discuss whether there could be a drawback to HIV/AIDS programs due to drug resistance in Latin America and Caribbean in the next years. We observed that, although some studies report low or moderate primary drug resistance prevalence in Caribbean countries, this evidence needs to be updated. In other countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, the prevalence of drug resistance appears to be rising. Mutations conferring resistance against reverse transcriptase inhibitors were the most frequent in the analyzed populations (70% of all mutational events). HIV-1 subtype B was the most prevalent in Latin America and the Caribbean, although subtype C and B/F recombinants have significant contributions in Argentina and Brazil. Thus, we suggest that primary drug resistance in Latin America and the Caribbean could have been underestimated. Clinical monitoring should be improved to offer better therapy, reducing the risk for HIV-1 resistance emergence and spread, principally in vulnerable populations, such as men who have sex with men transmission group, sex workers and intravenous drug users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, PE, Postal Code: 50740-600, Brazil. avccbio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio Victor Campos
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Ronald Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: De Moura
authors.forename: Ronaldo Celerino
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Anselmo Jiro
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.forename: Rafael Lima
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Lucas André Cavalcanti
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.forename: Hemílio Fernandes Campos
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crovella
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D060386:Sex Workers
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents