title: Genotoxicity assessment of reactive and disperse textile dyes using human dermal equivalent (3D cell culture system).
abstract: Thousands of dyes are marketed daily for different purposes, including textile dyeing. However, there are several studies reporting attributing to dyes deleterious human effects such as DNA damage. Humans may be exposed to toxic dyes through either ingestion of contaminated waters or dermal contact with colored garments. With respect to dermal exposure, human skin equivalents are promising tools to assess in vitro genotoxicity of dermally applied chemicals using a three-dimensional (3D) model to mimic tissue behavior. This study investigated the sensitivity of an in-house human dermal equivalent (DE) for detecting genotoxicity of textile dyes. Two azo (reactive green 19 [RG19] and disperse red 1[DR1]) dyes and one anthraquinone (reactive blue 2 [RB2]) dye were analyzed. RG19 was genotoxic for DE in a dose-responsive manner, whereas RB2 and DR1 were nongenotoxic under the conditions tested. These findings are not in agreement with previous genotoxicological assessment of these dyes carried out using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, which showed that DR1 was genotoxic in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and RG19 was nongenotoxic for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). These discrepant results probably may be due to differences between metabolic activities of each cell type (organ-specific genotoxicity, HepG2 and fibroblasts) and the test setup systems used in each study (fibroblasts cultured at 2D and three-dimensional [3D] culture systems). Genotoxicological assessment of textile dyes in context of organ-specific genotoxicity and using in vitro models that more closely resemble in vivo tissue architecture and physiology may provide more reliable estimates of genotoxic potential of these chemicals.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Biologia Celular , Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Morais
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leme
authors.forename: Fernando Lucas
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Primo
authors.forename: Graciely Gomides
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Gobo
authors.forename: Cleber Rafael Vieira
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Antonio Claudio
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.forename: Danielle Palma
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004249:DNA Damage; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents