title: INSECTICIDAL AND OXIDATIVE EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE MODEL ORGANISM Galleria mellonella L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE).
abstract: The insecticidal effects, specifically, changes in hemolymph total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities of azadirachtin (AZA) given to the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae via force feeding were investigated. Bioassays showed that the LD50 and LD99 (lethal dose) values of AZA were 2.1 and 4.6 μg/larva, respectively. Experimental analyses were performed with five doses of AZA (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 μg/larva). Total protein level in larval hemolymph increased at all AZA doses at 24 h whereas a considerable decrease was observed at 2 and 3 μg/larva doses, and only an increase displayed at 1.5 μg/larva at 72 h. The level of MDA increased at 2 and 3 μg/larva doses at 24 h compared with controls. This trend was also observed at 1.5, 2, and 3 μg/larva doses at 72 h and MDA levels were lower when compared with those of 24 h at all doses except for 1.5 μg/larva dose. Catalase activity decreased at 1, 1.5, and 2 μg/larva doses at 24 h whereas increased at all doses except for 0.5 μg/larva at 72 h compared with controls. AZA led to a decline in superoxide dismutase activity at all experimental doses at 24 and 72 h except for 3 μg/larva doses at 72 h. An increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was evident at all AZA doses at 24 h. AZA displayed 68% decline in GST activity at 72 h post treatments when compared to 24 h. Consequently, We infer that the toxicity of AZA extends beyond its known actions in molting processes to redox homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Beyza
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dere
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altuntaş
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Z Ulya
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Nurullahoğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D036701:Limonins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D036701:Limonins; C010329:azadirachtin
keywords: Galleria mellonella; allelochemical; antioxidative enzyme; azadirachtin; force feeding