title: Prevalence of intermediate-stage age-related macular degeneration in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of intermediate-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of patients with AIDS enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intermediate-stage AMD was determined from enrollment retinal photographs by graders at a centralized Reading Center, using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study grading system. Graders were masked as to clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1825 participants with AIDS and no ocular opportunistic infections, 9.9% had intermediate-stage AMD. Risk factors included age, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6, 2.3, P < .001) for every decade of age; the prevalence of AMD ranged from 4.0% for participants 30-39 years old to 24.3% for participants ≥60 years old. Other risk factors included the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk groups of injection drug use (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.5, 3.9, P < .001) or heterosexual contact (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.3, 2.8, P = .001). Compared with the HIV-uninfected population in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, there was an approximate 4-fold increased age-adjusted prevalence of intermediate-stage AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AIDS have an increased age-adjusted prevalence of intermediate-stage AMD compared with that found in a non-HIV-infected cohort evaluated with similar methods. This increased prevalence is consistent with the increased prevalence of other age-related diseases in antiretroviral-treated, immune-restored, HIV-infected persons when compared to non-HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Center for Clinical Trials, Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: douglas.jabs@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jabs
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Trials, Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Van Natta
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Trials, Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Efe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sezgin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jeong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Danis
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015593:Retinal Drusen / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents