title: Introduction to noninvasive cardiac mapping.
abstract: From the dawn of the twentieth century, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has revolutionized the way clinical cardiology has been practiced, and it has become the cornerstone of modern medicine today. Driven by clinical and research needs for a more precise understanding of cardiac electrophysiology beyond traditional ECG, inverse solution electrocardiography has been developed, tested, and validated. This article outlines the important progress from ECG development, through more extensive measurement of body surface potentials, and the fundamental leap to solving the inverse problem of electrocardiography, with a focus on mathematical methods and experimental validation.
authors.affiliation: IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Diseases and Electrophysiology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8086, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: pcuculic@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Phillip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cuculich
authors.affiliation: IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernus
authors.affiliation: IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 390E Whitaker Hall, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Efimov
authors.affiliation: IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France.
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Electrocardiogram; Forward problem; Inverse solution; Mapping