title: Hyperbilirubinemia exaggerates endotoxin-induced hypothermia.
abstract: Systemic inflammation is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by either fever or hypothermia (or both). To study aseptic systemic inflammation, it is often induced in rats by the intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knowing that bilirubin is a potent ROS scavenger, we compared responses to LPS between normobilirubinemic Gunn rats (heterozygous, asymptomatic; J/+) and hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats (homozygous, jaundiced; J/J) to establish whether ROS mediate fever and hypothermia in aseptic systemic inflammation. These two genotypes correspond to undisturbed versus drastically suppressed (by bilirubin) tissue accumulation of ROS, respectively. A low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg) caused a typical triphasic fever in both genotypes, without any intergenotype differences. A high dose of LPS (1,000 μg/kg) caused a complex response consisting of early hypothermia followed by late fever. The hypothermic response was markedly exaggerated, whereas the subsequent fever response was strongly attenuated in J/J rats, as compared to J/+ rats. J/J rats also tended to respond to 1,000 μg/kg with blunted surges in plasma levels of all hepatic enzymes studied (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase), thus suggesting an attenuation of hepatic damage. We propose that the reported exaggeration of LPS-induced hypothermia in J/J rats occurs via direct inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis by bilirubin and possibly via a direct vasodilatatory action of bilirubin in the skin. This hypothermia-exaggerating effect might be responsible, at least in part, for the observed tendency of J/J rats to be protected from LPS-induced hepatic damage. The attenuation of the fever response to 1,000 μg/kg could be due to either direct actions of bilirubin on thermoeffectors or the ROS-scavenging action of bilirubin. However, the experiments with 10 μg/kg strongly suggest that ROS signaling is not involved in the fever response to low doses of LPS.
authors.affiliation: a FeverLab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix , AZ USA.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pakai
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garami
authors.forename: Tatiane B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.forename: Andrei I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Andrej A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romanovsky
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011911:Rats, Gunn; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003404:Creatinine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COX, cyclooxygenase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; Gunn rats; LPS; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NO, nitric oxide; PG, prostaglandin; ROS; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Ta, ambient temperature; Tb, body temperature; antioxidants; bilirubin; fever; hepatic damage; lipopolysaccharides; liver; reactive oxygen species; transferases