title: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in Liaoning province, China: a population-based cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in northeast area of China with a population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population of 3173 (aged from 20 to 80 years old) was stratified by geographical location and age in Liaoning province, China. Prediabetes and diabetes were diagnosed according to the guideline of American Diabetes Association. Retinal photographs were obtained by using digital non-mydriatic camera for the presence and grading of DR according to the modified ETDRS Airlie house classification. Blood samples and comprehensive questionnaires were obtained for evaluation of laboratory results and risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes was 20.7% and 10.4%, respectively. Among diabetes patients, DR prevalence was 11.9%. Age, obesity, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension, living in rural areas and diabetes family history are all risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes. Waist-to-hip circumference rate served as a better obesity index to estimate diabetes risk compared with body mass index and waist circumference. Among all risk factors that we investigated, only the length of diabetes history was associated with the incidence of DR. However, DR prevalence in the newly discovered patients in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to this study, 1 in 10 people has diabetes, 2 in 10 people have prediabetes, and 1 in 10 diabetics has DR in Liaoning province. In rural areas, diabetes was poorly recognized with limited medical resources, which probably resulted in more diabetes patient at a high risk of DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; Diabetic Eye Center of Liaoning province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuedong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; The key Laboratory of Endocrine diseases of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; Diabetic Eye Center of Liaoning province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; Diabetic Eye Center of Liaoning province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; Diabetic Eye Center of Liaoning province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China; The key Laboratory of Endocrine diseases of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, the People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult