title: Evaluation of methods for the estimation of threshold concentrations by the skin prick test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The allergen dose-response curve is flat; thus, small changes in wheal size reflect large differences in skin sensitivity. The sensitivity as measured by provocation tests is given by the threshold concentration that causes symptoms and/or objective signs. The threshold concentrations differ by several magnitudes between the most and the least sensitive individuals clinically allergic to the same allergen. Variation in technique can be minimized by relating allergen responses to that to histamine. The aim here is to present and validate simple methods for estimation of the skin sensitivity given as the concentration inducing a wheal of the same size as that with the positive reference, 10 mg/ml of histamine HCl, in the same patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from previously reported trials on the biological equilibration of allergen extracts were used to document a method to calculate the concentration of allergen required to induce a wheal of the same size as that with 10 mg/ml of histamine dihydrochloride in the same patient, and to validate the methods using the parallel line bioassay as the gold standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The validated methods correlated well with the results obtained using the gold standard method and provide results of skin prick testing based on threshold concentrations of allergen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The validated methods reduce the error of differences in testing techniques and make it possible to report skin sensitivity at threshold concentrations. A simple method to be used in clinical practice and a method suitable to describe changes in skin reactivity over time or during treatment are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Department of Pediatric Allergology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dreborg
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holgersson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000592:standards*; D002138:Calibration; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D032403:Parietaria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D006632:Histamine