title: Prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among the elderly in urban and rural field practice areas of a tertiary care institution in Ludhiana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression, the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in India, where few population-based studies have addressed this problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of depression and identify the associated risk factors in the elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  3038 consenting elderly (>60 years old) rural and urban residents of both sexes from the field practice areas were interviewed and examined in a cross-sectional study. Physical impairment in the subjects was assessed with the Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI), depression by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and cognitive impairment by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data were analyzed using Epi Info version-6 software. Statistical analysis included proportions, χ[2] -test, odds ratio, and its 95% confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression was done using SPSS version 21.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression in the study population was 8.9%. It was significantly higher in urban residents, females, older elderly, nuclear families, in those living alone, those not working, illiterates, poor, functionally impaired, and cognitively impaired. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried/widowed status, unemployment, and illiteracy did not emerge as risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urban residence, female gender, higher age, nuclear family, poverty, and functional and cognitive impairment were found to be associated with depression even after controlling for other factors.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Paramita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Anoop I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D063128:Tertiary Health Care; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*