title: Is sport practice a risk factor for shoulder injuries in tetraplegic individuals?
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence rates of shoulder injuries diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in tetraplegic athletes and sedentary tetraplegic individuals. To evaluate whether sport practice increases the risk of shoulder injuries in tetraplegic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten tetraplegic athletes with traumatic spinal cord injury were selected among quad rugby athletes and had both the shoulders evaluated by MRI. They were compared with 10 sedentary tetraplegic individuals who were submitted to the same radiological protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All athletes were male with a mean age of 32.1 years (range 25-44 years, s.d.=6.44). Time since injury ranged from 6 to 17 years, with a mean value of 9.7 years and s.d. of 3.1 years. All sedentary individuals were male with a mean age of 35.9 years (range 22-47 years, s.d.=8.36). Statistical analysis showed a protective effect of sport in the development of shoulder injuries, with a weak correlation for infraspinatus and subscapularis tendinopathy (P=0.09 and P=0.08, respectively) and muscle atrophy (P=0.08). There was a strong correlation for acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) and labrum injuries (P=0.04), with sedentary individuals at a higher risk for these injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetraplegic athletes and sedentary individuals have a high incidence of supraspinatus tendinosis, bursitis and ACJ degeneration. Statistical analysis showed that there is a possible protective effect of sport in the development of shoulder injuries. Weak evidence was encountered for infraspinatus and subscapularis tendinopathy and muscle atrophy (P=0.09, P=0.08 and P=0.08, respectively). Strong evidence with P=0.04 suggests that sedentary tetraplegic individuals are at a greater risk for ACJ and labrum injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G I S
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C L M
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jesus
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M B
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Beraldo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Franca Urquiza
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil [2] Department of Electrical Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cliquet
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult