title: New onset idiosyncratic liver enzyme elevations with biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-tumour necrosis factor α (anti-TNF) agents have been implicated in drug-induced liver injury. There is minimal data on this occurrence in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the characteristics of liver enzyme elevations following anti-TNF therapy initiation in IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort of patients initiating anti-TNF therapy were analysed for new onset alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation (≥60 U/L). We collected data on natural history, outcomes and patient characteristics compared with controls with persistent normal liver enzymes. Likelihood of causal association was assessed using the RUCAM score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1753 patients initiating an anti-TNF (1170 infliximab, 575 adalimumab, 8 certolizumab), 102 (6%) developed new onset ALT elevation. In 54 (53%), this could be linked to an alternate aetiology. Among those with idiopathic ALT elevations, the median time to ALT elevation from anti-TNF initiation was 18 weeks and median peak ALT was 96 U/L. Six underwent liver biopsy, all demonstrating hepatitis with autoimmune features. Compared to controls, cases were on a lower dose of infliximab (5.7 vs. 6.7 mg/kg, P = 0.02) but were otherwise similar in body mass index, sex and age. On follow-up, 34 continued the anti-TNF, 14 stopped therapy and 4 initiated steroids. Most (85%) normalised their LFTs after a median of 17 weeks including 28 (82%) of those who continued anti-TNF therapy. Ten patients were transitioned to a second anti-TNF without recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALT elevations occurred in 6% of IBD patients initiating anti-TNF therapy. Most idiopathic elevations were mild, transient and resolved despite therapy continuation.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaudrey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauk
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masia
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ananthakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000068582:Certolizumab Pegol; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069285:Infliximab; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000069285:Infliximab; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068582:Certolizumab Pegol