title: Electrochromic graphene molecules.
abstract: Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also called Graphene Molecules (GMs), with chemical composition C132H36(COOH)2 were synthesized in situ on the surface of transparent nanocrystalline indium tin oxide (nc-ITO) electrodes and their electronic structure was studied electrochemically and spectro-electrochemically. Variations in the potential applied onto the nc-ITO/GM electrodes induce only small changes in the observed current, but they produce dramatic changes in the absorption of the GMs, which are associated with their oxidation and reduction. Analysis of the absorption changes using a modified Nernst equation is used to determine standard potentials associated with the individual charge transfer processes. For the GMs prepared here, these were found to be E1,ox(0) = 0.77 ± 0.01 V and E2,ox(0) = 1.24 ± 0.02 V vs NHE for the first and second oxidation and E1,red(0) = -1.50 ± 0.04 V for the first reduction. The charge transfer processes are found to be nonideal. The nonideality factors associated with the oxidation and reduction processes are attributed to strong interactions between the GM redox centers. Under the conditions of potential cycling, GMs show rapid (seconds) color change with high contrast and stability. An electrochromic application is demonstrated wherein the GMs are used as the optically active component.
authors.affiliation: †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Doorn
authors.affiliation: †Chemistry Division, ‡Materials Physics, Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nano-Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sykora
keywords: electrochemistry; electrochromism; graphene; graphene molecule; graphene quantum dot; nanographene; spectro-electrochemistry