title: Evaluation of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in smokers and Maras powder users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in smokers, Maras powder users and non-users of tobacco products by using the Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Scale (ASRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed on 446 males presenting to family health centers in Kahramanmara, Turkey. Of 446 participants, 104 were Maras powder users, 133 were smokers and 209 were volunteers not using any tobacco products. Data were collected with a questionnaire composed of questions about socio-demographic features and features of smoking and Maras powder use, and the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Scale and the ASRS. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 33.94 ± 10.68 years (min = 18, max = 64). There was no significant difference in age between the study groups (P = 0.089). Thirty-one participants (7.0%) received scores higher than the cut-off value (≥ 14 points) for the short form of the ASRS. Twenty-one participants (4.7%) achieverd scores higher than the cut-off value (≥ 44 points) for the ASRS. The smokers received the highest scores of 8.42 ± 3.79 for all the subscales of the short version of the ASRS, 26.87 ± 10.46 for the ASRS, 12.57 ± 6.47 for the attention deficit subscale and 14.30 ± 5.35 for the hyperactivity and impulsivity subscale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher rates of the smokers and the Maras powder users had symptoms of ADHD. Considering nicotine may decrease symptoms of ADHD, it can be assumed that the rates of the smokers and Maras powder users with ADHD are higher.
authors.affiliation: a Hamit Sirri Keten, Department of Family Medicine , Onikisubat Community Health Center , Kahramanmaras , Turkey.
authors.forename: Hamit Sirri
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Keten
authors.affiliation: b Hakan Onay, Faculty of Arts And Humanities, Arts, Sciences & Technology University , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onay
authors.affiliation: c Ozgur Ersoy, Department of Public Health , Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Kahramanmaras , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.affiliation: d Oguz Isik, Department of Family Medicine , Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Kahramanmaras , Turkey.
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.affiliation: e Salih Gencoglan, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey.
authors.forename: Salih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gencoglan
authors.affiliation: f Huseyin Ucer, Department of Family Medicine , Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Kahramanmaras , Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ucer
authors.affiliation: g Mustafa Celik, Department of Family Medicine , Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Kahramanmaras , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Attention deficit; Cigarettes; Hyperactivity; Maras powder; Smokeless tobacco