title: Parental transmission of risk for cannabis use disorders to offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) among probands as a function of parental psychopathology and explored parent-offspring gender concordance as a mechanism of parental CUD transmission to offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four waves of data collection from a longitudinal epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were selected randomly from western Oregon, USA, and were initially assessed during mid-adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reference sample included 719 probands and their biological mothers and fathers.
  
  
  METHODS
  CUD episodes among probands were assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews between mid-adolescence and young adulthood. Life-time psychiatric disorders among parents of probands were assessed when probands were approximately 24 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increased risk for CUD onset among probands with parental histories of CUD [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-2.88], hard drug use disorders (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.32-2.90) or antisocial personality disorder (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.06-2.82). A significant parent-offspring gender concordance effect indicated that females with a maternal CUD history were at higher risk for CUD onset compared with females without a maternal CUD (HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.52-6.34). Maternal CUD was not associated with CUD onset among males (P = 0.570), nor was there evidence for parent-offspring gender concordance effects for paternal CUD-specific transmission (P = 0.114).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental histories of antisocial personality and illicit substance use disorders are associated with increased risk for cannabis use disorder onset in offspring, especially among females with maternal cannabis use disorder histories.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Derek B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kosty
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gau
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lewinsohn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cannabis use disorders; familial transmission; gender concordance; marijuana; parental psychopathology; substance use disorders