title: Spinal Traumas and their Treatments According to Avicenna's Canon of Medicine.
abstract: Spinal Traumas have been categorized as disabling diseases that cause irretrievable personal and social problems. Having conducted a rather comprehensive diagnosis of the anatomy of the backbone and spinal cord as well as their functions, Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980-1037) stated the levels and kinds of spinal impairments that are caused by spinal traumas in his great masterpiece Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). He also based his treatment process on his etiological diagnosis of such impairments. Avicenna had used the following methods to treat spinal traumas: food and drug therapy and regimental therapies such as massage, phlebotomy, cupping, dry sauna, and surgery. The authors of the present article review the bases of Avicenna's viewpoints regarding spinal traumas and their treatment.
authors.affiliation: School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ghaffariinfo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.affiliation: Traditional Iranian Medicine, Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naseri
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Movahhed
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zargaran
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000266:history*; D005197:Famous Persons; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008514:Medicine, Arabic / Q000266:history*; D019071:Persia; D010820:Physicians / Q000266:history*; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D013782:Textbooks as Topic / Q000266:history*; D014194:Traumatology / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods
keywords: Avicenna; Persian medicine; Spinal traumas