title: Selective dysfunction of basal ganglia subterritories: From movement to behavioral disorders.
abstract: Historically, Parkinson's disease (PD) was defined as a pure movement disorder. Currently, it is widely accepted that this disease is also characterized by nonmotor signs, such as depression, apathy, and anxiety. On the other hand, the consideration of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) as a neuropsychiatric disorder has also been debated. In this review, we will focus on these two disorders, which combine both motor and behavioral features and in which dysfunction of cortical and subcortical regions was suggested. Anatomical, experimental, and clinical data are reported to support the involvement of basal ganglia (BG) in cognitive and motivational functions in addition to motor control. In PD, the nonmotor signs could result from the heterogeneity of dopaminergic lesions and excessive activation of the dopamine receptors, particularly within the limbic neuronal networks. Experimental results obtained on nonhuman primates using local disinhibition within functional territories of BG allowed the precise mapping of their motor and nonmotor functions. Thus, impairment of inhibitory control inside specific striatal territories induced behavioral disorders and abnormal movements, which had striking similarities to clinical expressions of GTS. Establishing such a relationship between BG subterritories and motor and behavioral disorders could potentially be helpful for future target choices for DBS in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, it is also of great interest for therapeutic research and for the efficient targeting of symptom relief to determine the precise pharmacological effects of the two main modulators of BG function, which are dopamine and serotonin.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 5229, CNRS-Université de Lyon 1, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Léon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR-S975, CRICM-Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Worbe
authors.affiliation: Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 5229, CNRS-Université de Lyon 1, Bron, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Lyon, France.|Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thobois
authors.affiliation: Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 5229, CNRS-Université de Lyon 1, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sgambato-Faure
authors.affiliation: UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR-S975, CRICM-Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Féger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology
keywords: GABA inhibition; MPTP; Parkinson's disease; Tourette's syndrome; basal ganglia; deep brain stimulation; dopamine; dopamine dysregulation syndrome; dyskinesia; fast spiking interneurons; impulse control disorders; nonhuman primate; pallidum; serotonin; striatum