title: Superhydrophobic surfaces for applications in seawater.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Technological fields in which seawater is implied are numerorus, working in seawater (shipping, oil industry, marine aquaculture,..), and exploiting seawater in plants (cooling heat-exchange, desalination, power plants,..). All suffer from detrimental effects induced by biofouling mainly enhancing material failures and limiting energetic efficiencies. Among the remediation solutions, technologies coniugating economical, green and efficiency criteria should represent the direction. With the aim to meet these criteria, superhydrophobic (SH) technology attracted many researches for the protection of materials operating in contact with seawater.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, the literature focusing on such technology for the protection of surfaces in contact with seawater has been reviewed, mainly focusing on boat and ship hull protection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the growing interest around SH technology in seawater for fouling control and friction drag reduction of hulls, to date literature shows that superhydrophobicity in seawater is still limited if compared with a time window compatible with technological needs (set on years). An evaluation of the causes of early superhydrophobicity loss under operative conditions clearly indicates that, to the best of present knowledge, a SH surface cannot preserve this feature by itself alone (especially in real seawater). Hence, we have considered to highlight the behaviour of SH surfaces in seawater in relation to early stages of biocolonization (conditioning film and pioneering bioslime formation). Considering the annual costs sustained for the biofouling impact control, advantages coming from SH surfaces, in terms of foul control and friction drag reduction, would allow economical savings allowing to cover both the appliance of longevity keeping strategies of the SH surfaces and investments in green technologies of SH coating life cycle (production, storing). In addition a brief outlook is provided on technological fields exploiting seawater in pipelines (power and desalination plants), where the SH surface finishing finds potentially interesting application for fouling and corrosion prevention applications.
authors.affiliation: CNR - Institute for Energetics and Interphases, Via De Marini, 6, Genova, Italy. Electronic address: m.ferrari@ge.ieni.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: CNR - Institute for Energetics and Interphases, Via De Marini, 6, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedetti
keywords: Fouling; Marine environment; Protection; Superhydrophobicity