title: Altered serum glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end product (AGE) and soluble AGE receptor levels indicate carbonyl stress in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: Recent cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate that measurements of peripheral blood carbonyl stress markers such as the advanced glycation end product (AGE) pentosidine and the reactive carbonyl-detoxifying B6 vitamin pyridoxal could be used as therapeutic biological markers in subpopulations of schizophrenia patients. Glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGE) have strong neurotoxicity, and soluble receptors for AGEs (sRAGE) may ameliorate the effects of AGEs. In the present study, we measured Glycer-AGEs and sRAGE levels to determine their potential as diagnostic, therapeutic, or clinical biological markers in patients with schizophrenia. After enrollment of 61 admitted Japanese patients with acute schizophrenia and 39 healthy volunteers, 54 patients were followed up from the acute stage to remission. Serum biomarkers were measured in blood samples taken before breakfast using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Glycer-AGEs were significantly higher and sRAGE levels were significantly lower in patients with acute schizophrenia than in healthy controls. Glycer-AGEs/sRAGE ratios were also higher in schizophrenia patients and were stable during the clinical course. Furthermore, discriminant analyses confirmed that Glycer-AGEs and Glycer-AGEs/sRAGE ratios are significant diagnostic markers for schizophrenia, and distinguished between patients and healthy controls in 70.0% of cases. However, these markers of carbonyl stress were not correlated with clinical features, including disease severity, or with daily chlorpromazine doses. These data indicate the potential of Glycer-AGEs, RAGEs, and their relative ratios as diagnostic markers for patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: tohru.oonuma@nifty.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Narimasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsuta
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeshima
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takebayashi
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimon
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sannohe
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanzawa
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gohda
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomino
authors.affiliation: Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects (JUSP), Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Heii
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D005985:Glyceraldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D005985:Glyceraldehyde
keywords: Carbonyl stress; Clinical course; Glycer-AGEs; Schizophrenia; sRAGE