title: The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation.
abstract: Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Filipek-Górniok
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haitina
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Habicher
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ledin
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kjellén
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001934:Branchial Region / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010802:Phylogeny; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D029941:Fish Proteins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C023079:N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase