title: Associations between race-based and sex-based discrimination, health, and functioning: a longitudinal study of Marines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only a few studies have examined race-based discrimination (RBD) and sex-based discrimination (SBD) in military samples and all are cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined associations between both RBD and SBD experienced during Marine recruit training and several health and functioning outcomes 11 years later in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear multiple regression models were used to examine associations between sex, race/ethnicity, RBD and SBD, and later outcomes (physical health, self-esteem, and occupational/vocational functioning), accounting for baseline levels and covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a larger longitudinal investigation of US Marine Corps recruits. The sample (N=471) was comprised of white men (34.6%), white women (37.6%), racial/ethnic minority men (12.7%), and racial/ethnic minority women (15.1%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report measures of sex and race (T1), RBD and SBD (T2), social support (T2), mental health (T2), physical health (T2 and T5), self-esteem (T2 and T5), and occupational/vocational functioning (T5) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a decade later, experiences of RBD were negatively associated with physical health and self-esteem. Social support was the strongest predictor of occupational/vocational functioning. Effects of sex, SBD, and minority status were not significant in regressions after accounting for other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care providers can play a key role in tailoring care to the needs of these important subpopulations of veterans by assessing and acknowledging experiences of discrimination and remaining aware of the potential negative associations between discrimination and health and functioning above and beyond the contributions of sex and race/ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: *Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD †Department of Psychiatry, Boston University ‡VA Boston Healthcare System (116B-3), Boston, MA §VHA Central Office, Patient Care Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Foynes
authors.forename: Brian N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jillian C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shipherd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013022:South Carolina; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace