title: Mouse hallucal metatarsal cross-sectional geometry in a simulated fine branch niche.
abstract: Mice raised in experimental habitats containing an artificial network of narrow "arboreal" supports frequently use hallucal grasps during locomotion. Therefore, mice in these experiments can be used to model a rudimentary form of arboreal locomotion in an animal without other morphological specializations for using a fine branch niche. This model would prove useful to better understand the origins of arboreal behaviors in mammals like primates. In this study, we examined if locomotion on these substrates influences the mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of mouse metatarsals. Thirty CD-1/ICR mice were raised in either arboreal (composed of elevated narrow branches of varying orientation) or terrestrial (flat ramps and walkways that are stratified) habitats from weaning (21 days) to adulthood (≥4 months). After experiments, the hallucal metatarsal (Mt1) and third metatarsal (Mt3) for each individual were isolated and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans were obtained to calculate mid-shaft cross-sectional area and polar section modulus. Arboreal mice had Mt1s that were significantly more robust. Mt3 cross sections were not significantly different between groups. The arboreal group also exhibited a significantly greater Mt1/Mt3 ratio for both robusticity measures. We conclude that the hallucal metatarsal exhibits significant phenotypic plasticity in response to arboreal treatment due to habitual locomotion that uses a rudimentary hallucal grasp. Our results support the hypothesis that early adaptive stages of fine branch arboreality should be accompanied by a slightly more robust hallux associated with the biomechanical demands of this niche.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia.
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Byron
authors.affiliation: Departement d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversite, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France.|Department of Vertebrate Evolutionary Morphology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, UGCT, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pauwels
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, UGCT, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Amelie De
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Muynck
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.|Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Biren A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006214:Hallux / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D000090023:Metallothionein 3; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D023421:Models, Animal; D011323:Primates / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: arboreal; cross-sectional geometry; foot; hallux; micro-CT; pedal grasping