title: Radiographic angles in hallux valgus: Comparison between protractor and iPhone measurements.
abstract: Radiographic angles are used to assess the severity of hallux valgus deformity, make preoperative plans, evaluate outcomes after surgery, and compare results between different methods. Traditionally, hallux valgus angle (HVA) has been measured by using a protractor and a marker pen with hardcopy radiographs. The main objective of this study is to compare HVA measurements performed using a smartphone and a traditional protractor. The secondary objective was to compare the time taken between those two methods. Six observers measured major HVA on 20 radiographs of hallux valgus deformity with both a standard protractor and an Apple iPhone. Four of the observers repeated the measurements at least a week after the original measurements. The mean absolute difference between pairs of protractor and smartphone measurements was 3.2°. The 95% confidence intervals for intra-observer variability were ±3.1° for the smartphone measurement and ±3.2° for the protractor method. The 95% confidence intervals for inter-observer variability were ±9.1° for the smartphone measurement and ±9.6° for the protractor measurement. We conclude that the smartphone is equivalent to the protractor for the accuracy of HVA measurement. But, the time taken in smartphone measurement was also reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong-Zheng
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei-Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
authors.forename: Mao-Wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography
keywords: hallux valgus; measurement variability; radiographic angles; smartphone