title: Relative invasion risk for plankton across marine and freshwater systems: examining efficacy of proposed international ballast water discharge standards.
abstract: Understanding the implications of different management strategies is necessary to identify best conservation trajectories for ecosystems exposed to anthropogenic stressors. For example, science-based risk assessments at large scales are needed to understand efficacy of different vector management approaches aimed at preventing biological invasions associated with commercial shipping. We conducted a landscape-scale analysis to examine the relative invasion risk of ballast water discharges among different shipping pathways (e.g., Transoceanic, Coastal or Domestic), ecosystems (e.g., freshwater, brackish and marine), and timescales (annual and per discharge event) under current and future management regimes. The arrival and survival potential of nonindigenous species (NIS) was estimated based on directional shipping networks and their associated propagule pressure, environmental similarity between donor-recipient ecosystems (based on salinity and temperature), and effects of current and future management strategies (i.e., ballast water exchange and treatment to meet proposed international biological discharge standards). Our findings show that current requirements for ballast water exchange effectively reduce invasion risk to freshwater ecosystems but are less protective of marine ecosystems because of greater environmental mismatch between source (oceanic) and recipient (freshwater) ecoregions. Future requirements for ballast water treatment are expected to reduce risk of zooplankton NIS introductions across ecosystem types but are expected to be less effective in reducing risk of phytoplankton NIS. This large-scale risk assessment across heterogeneous ecosystems represents a major step towards understanding the likelihood of invasion in relation to shipping networks, the relative efficacy of different invasion management regimes and seizing opportunities to reduce the ecological and economic implications of biological invasions.
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Casas-Monroy
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Linley
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Farrah T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: D Andrew R
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D005618:Fresh Water; D058865:Introduced Species; D010839:Phytoplankton; D010933:Plankton; D018570:Risk Assessment; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D014873:Water Pollutants; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants