title: Norovirus genotype diversity in community-based sporadic gastroenteritis incidents: a five-year study.
abstract: Although norovirus is a known cause of sporadic gastroenteritis, the incidence and genotypes of norovirus associated with sporadic community-based gastroenteritis are poorly understood. The current study examined this issue by using material from alleged food poisoning incidents in the state of Victoria, Australia, for the period 2008-2012. Norovirus was identified, by either ORF (open reading frame) 1 or ORF 2 RT-PCR methodology, in 159 of 379 (42.0%) sporadic gastroenteritis incidents, thereby showing that norovirus was an important cause of sporadic gastroenteritis. The number of sporadic norovirus incidents did not vary significantly from year to year, indicating that the pool of circulating norovirus remained constant. Norovirus ORF 1 genotypes identified included GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.b, GI.d, GII.2, GII.4 (including variants 2006a, 2006b, 2007, and 2009), GII.16, GII.22, GII.b, GII.e, and GII.g. Norovirus ORF 2 genotypes identified included GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 (variants 2006b, 2009, 2009-like, 2012, and "unknown"), GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.12, and GII.13. Five ORF 1/ORF 2 norovirus recombinant forms were confirmed: GII.b/GII.3, GII.e/GII.4 (2012), GII.e/GII.4 (unknown), GII.g/GII.12 and GII.16/GII.2. Although the incidence of ORF 2 GI.3 was significantly higher in children than in adults, this was not the case for other major ORF 2 genotypes (GII.2, GII.4, and GII.6) which occurred equally in all age groups. The findings demonstrate the importance and diverse nature of norovirus in sporadic community-based gastroenteritis incidents and indicate that the development of successful vaccine strategies may be difficult.
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Leesa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bruggink
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013997:Time Factors; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: ORF 1 genotypes; ORF 2 genotypes; recombinants; vaccination