title: [Increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term risk of developing type II diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) for women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two search strategies were used in PubMed and Embase to determine the long-term risks of developing T2D and CVD after a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. After critical appraisal of the papers found, 11 papers were included, involving a total of 328,423 patients. Absolute and relative risks (RRs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies (n=276,829) reported on the long-term risk of T2D and 4 (n=141,048) on the long-term risk of CVD. Follow-up ranged from 3.5 to 11.5 years for T2D and from 1.2 to 74.0 years for CVD. Women with gestational diabetes had a risk of T2D varying between 9.5% and 37.0% and a risk of CVD of between 0.28% and 15.5%. Women with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of T2D (weighted RR: 13.2; 95% CI: 8.5-20.7) and CVD (weighted RR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.7) compared to women without gestational diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus have a significantly increased risk of developing T2D and CVD. It is very important that gestational diabetes is recognised as a cardiovascular risk factor in daily practice. It would be desirable to screen this group of women for the presence of hyperglycaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors. Further research is required to be able to specify the long-term risk of T2D and CVD and to demonstrate whether such screening is cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: GGZ Centraal, Bussum.
authors.forename: Tara-Eileen  J P
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hopmans
authors.forename: Chantal  B
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Houten
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasius
authors.forename: Ouliana I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Kouznetsova
authors.forename: Ly A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Sanne V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Rooijmans
authors.forename: Daphne N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Voormolen
authors.forename: Elvira O G
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franx
authors.forename: M P H Wendy
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Koster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors