title: Schizophrenia and psychoneuroimmunology: an integrative view.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since decades immunological aberrancies have been reported in schizophrenia patients. As schizophrenia represents a heterogenous disorder with a variety of clinical manifestations, complex interactions between the immune system in the brain might have important etiological implications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent findings of altered expression of immune-related genes, changes of peripheral and central cytokines, antibodies and immune cells point toward dysbalanced immune response processes in schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on immunogenetic factors, immune dysfunctions caused by infections, increased autoimmune reactivity and low-grade inflammatory processes in the periphery as well as in central nervous system may affect neurobiological circuits including changed neurotransmitter metabolisms contributing to pathophysiological alterations in schizophrenia. These immunological abnormalities might provide tools for better diagnostic characterization of this heterogenous disease and on the other side, they may also support the development of immune-related therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine bDivision of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sperner-Unterweger
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000276:immunology; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D011598:Psychoneuroimmunology; D011621:Pteridines / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011621:Pteridines; C045357:5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase