title: The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration and risk of disease death in men: modification by magnesium intake.
abstract: Low vitamin D status increases the risk of death. Magnesium plays an essential role in vitamin D metabolism and low magnesium intake may predispose to vitamin D deficiency and potentiate the health problems. We investigated whether magnesium intake modifies the serum 25(OH)D3 concentration and its associations with mortality in middle-aged and older men. We included 1892 men aged 42-60 years without cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1984-1989 from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Serum 25(OH)D3 was measured with the high-performance liquid chromatography using coulometric electrode array detection. Magnesium intake was assessed with 4-day food recording. Deaths were ascertained by a computer linkage to the national cause of death register. Deaths due accidents and suicides were excluded. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the associations. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death in the lowest (<32.1 nmol/L) versus the highest (>49.4 nmol/L) serum 25(OH)D3 tertile was 1.31 (95 % CI 1.07-1.60, Ptrend = 0.01). Stratified by the magnesium intake, the higher risk was observed only in the lower magnesium intake median (<414 mg/day); HR = 1.60 (95 % CI 1.19-2.13, Ptrend = 0.002) in the lowest versus the highest 25(OH)D3 tertile, whereas the corresponding HR = 1.07, 95 % CI 0.75-1.36, Ptrend = 0.63) in the higher magnesium intake median, P for interaction = 0.08. In this cohort of middle-aged and older men low serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was associated with increased risk of death mainly in those with lower magnesium intake.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland, jaakko.mursu@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mursu
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency; D002423:Cause of Death; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium; D002112:Calcifediol