title: Telephone, print, and Web-based interventions for physical activity, diet, and weight control among cancer survivors: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Broad-reach (non-face-to-face) modalities offer an accessible and cost-effective means to provide behavior change programs in diverse and growing cancer survivor populations. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of physical activity, dietary, and/or weight control interventions for cancer survivors in which telephone, short-message service, print, and/or Web is the primary method of delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and CENTRAL (May 2013) was conducted. Included studies focused and reported on physical activity (PA) and dietary change and/or weight control in adult cancer survivors, delivered at least 50% of intervention contacts by broad-reach modality and included a control group. Study design, intervention features, and behavioral/weight outcomes were extracted, tabulated, and summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven studies were included; 22 telephone, three Web, and two print. Sixteen studies targeted PA, two diet, and nine targeted multiple behaviors. Most studies (18/27) targeted a single survivor group, namely breast cancer (n = 12). Nineteen of 27 studies found evidence for initiation of behavior change, with only eight reporting on maintenance and one on cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides support for broad-reach modalities, particularly the telephone, in the delivery of lifestyle interventions to cancer survivors. Future research should evaluate (1) newer technologies (i.e., SMS and mobile phone applications), (2) interventions for diverse cancer survivors and those targeting multiple behaviors, (3) long-term outcomes, and 4) cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broad-reach lifestyle interventions are effective, with further research needed to evaluate their generalizability and integration into cancer care.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. a.goode@sph.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ana D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheleigh P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lawler
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brakenridge
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Marina M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Public Health Building, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Eakin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D000068959:Body Weight Maintenance / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008019:Life Style; D008402:Mass Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013689:Telephone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Broad-reach; Cancer survivors; Diet; Physical activity; Telephone; Weight loss