title: The Neandertals of northeastern Iberia: new remains from the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona).
abstract: The present study describes a new juvenile hominin mandible and teeth and a new juvenile humerus from level V of the GP2 gallery of Cova del Gegant (Spain). The mandible (Gegant-5) preserves a portion of the right mandibular corpus from the M1 distally to the socket for the dc mesially, and the age at death is estimated as 4.5-5.0 years. Gegant-5 shows a single mental foramen located under the dm1/dm2 interdental septum, a relatively posterior placement compared with recent hominins of a similar developmental age. The mental foramen in Gegant-5 is also placed within the lower half of the mandibular corpus, as in the previously described late adolescent/adult mandible (Gegant-1) from this same Middle Paleolithic site. The Gegant-5 canine shows pronounced marginal ridges, a distal accessory ridge, and a pronounced distolingual tubercle. The P3 shows a lingually-displaced protoconid cusp tip and a distal accessory ridge. The P4 shows a slightly asymmetrical crown outline, a continuous transverse crest, a mesially placed metaconid cusp tip, a slight distal accessory ridge, and an accessory lingual cusp. The M1 shows a Y5 pattern of cusp contact and a well-developed and deep anterior fovea bounded posteriorly by a continuous midtrigonid crest. Gegant-4 is the distal portion of a left humerus from a juvenile estimated to be between 5 and 7 years old at death. The specimen shows thick cortical bone. Although fragmentary, the constellation of morphological and metric features indicates Neandertal affinities for these specimens. Their spatial proximity at the site and similar ages at death suggest these remains may represent a single individual. The addition of these new specimens brings the total number of Neandertal remains from the Cova del Gegant to five, and this site documents the clearest evidence for Neandertal fossils associated with Middle Paleolithic stone tools in this region of the Iberian Peninsula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024-5192, USA. Electronic address: rquam@binghamton.edu.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quam
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daura
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robson Brown
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, 09001 Burgos, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Flor
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villaescusa
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain; Laboratorio de Antropología, Depto de Medicina Legal, Toxicología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Av de Madrid, 11, 18012 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca del Quaternari-Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yagüe
authors.affiliation: Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ortega Martínez
authors.affiliation: Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fullola
authors.affiliation: Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre, 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zilhão
authors.affiliation: Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arsuaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005580:Fossils / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D059125:Neanderthals / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013030:Spain; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: Homo neanderthalensis; Humerus; Iberian Peninsula; Mandible; Tooth; Upper Pleistocene