title: Defining normal ranges and centiles for heart and respiratory rates in infants and children: a cross-sectional study of patients attending an Australian tertiary hospital paediatric emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Key components in the assessment of a child in the emergency department (ED) are their heart and respiratory rates. In order to interpret these signs, practitioners must know what is normal for a particular age. The aim of this paper is to develop age-specific centiles for these parameters and to compare centiles with the previously published work of Fleming and Bonafide, and the Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) reference ranges.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ED of the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Afebrile, Triage Category 5 (low priority) patients aged 0-15 years attending the ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centiles were developed using quantile regression analysis, with cubic B-splines to model the centiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centile charts were compared with previous studies by concurrently plotting the estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  668 616 records were retrieved for ED attendances from 1995 to 2011, and 111 696 heart and respiratory rates were extracted for inclusion in the analysis. Graphical comparison demonstrates that with heart rate, our 50th centile agrees with the results of Bonafide, is considerably higher than the Fleming centiles and fits well between the APLS reference ranges. With respiratory rate, our 50th centile was considerably lower than the comparison centiles in infants, becomes higher with increasing age and crosses the lower APLS range in infants and upper range in teenagers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should consider adopting these centiles when assessing acutely unwell children. APLS should review their normal values for respiratory rate in infants and teenagers.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Fenton
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.affiliation: The Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lockie
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peat
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012016:Reference Values; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Accident & Emergency; General Paediatrics; Physiology; Resuscitation