title: Serial order learning of subliminal visual stimuli: evidence of multistage learning.
abstract: It is widely known that statistical learning of visual symbol sequences occurs implicitly (Kim et al., 2009). In this study, we examined whether people can learn the serial order of visual symbols when they cannot detect them. During the familiarization phase, triplets or quadruplets of novel symbols were presented to one eye under continuous flash suppression (CFS). Perception of the symbols was completely suppressed by the flash patterns presented to the other eye [binocular rivalry (BR)]. During the test phase, the detection latency was faster for symbols located later in the triplets or quadruplets. These results indicate that serial order learning occurs even when the participants cannot detect the stimuli. We also found that detection became slower for the last item of the triplets or quadruplets. This phenomenon occurred only when the participants were familiarized with the symbols under CFS, suggesting that the subsequent symbols interfered with the processing of the target symbol when conscious perception was suppressed. We further examined the nature of the interference and found that it occurred only when the subsequent symbol was not fixed. This result suggests that serial order learning under BR is restricted to fixed order sequences. Statistical learning of the symbols' transition probability might not occur when the participants cannot detect the symbols. We confirmed this hypothesis by conducting another experiment wherein the transition probability of the symbol sequence was manipulated.
authors.affiliation: Information Processing Center, Osaka Kyoiku University Kashihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaede
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makioka
keywords: binocular rivalry; continuous flash suppression (CFS); serial order learning; statistical learning; subliminal processing