title: Dietary Effects on Plasma Glycerophospholipids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human milk provides a complex mixture of animal lipids, whereas the fat supply of most modern infant formula is based on vegetable oils. We studied the effects of breast-feeding and of feeding infant formula either without or with dairy goat lipids on the composition of infant plasma glycerophospholipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy-term infants were randomized double blind to feeding with infant formula based on whole goats' milk (GIF, approximately 60% milk fat and 40% vegetable oils) or a control cows' milk infant formula based on vegetable oils (VIF) from 2 weeks after birth. A reference group of fully breast-fed infants was also followed. At the age 4 months, blood samples were collected and plasma glycerophospholipids were analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of breast-fed infants showed significantly higher contents of glycerophospholipid species containing sn-2 palmitic acid [PC(16:0/16:0) and PC(18:0/16:0)] and significantly higher contents of glycerophospholipid species containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than infants in both formula groups. The GIF group demonstrated significantly higher glycerophospholipid species containing myristic acid [LPC(14:0), PC(14:0/18:1), PC(16:0/14:0)] and palmitoleic acid [LPC(16:1), PC(16:0/16:1), and PC(16:1/18:1)] than the VIF group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that breast-feeding induces marked differences in infant plasma glycerophospholipid profiles compared with formula feeding, whereas the studied different sources of formula fat resulted in limited effects on plasma glycerophospholipids.
authors.affiliation: *Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, München, Germany †Woman's and Children's Health Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia ‡Dairy Goat Co-operative (NZ) Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand §School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demmelmair
authors.forename: Shao J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrides
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D020404:Glycerophospholipids / Q000097:blood*; D006041:Goats; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D019814:Myristic Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D020404:Glycerophospholipids; D019814:Myristic Acid; C008757:palmitoleic acid