title: Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness.
abstract: Research suggesting that political conservatives are happier than political liberals has relied exclusively on self-report measures of subjective well-being. We show that this finding is fully mediated by conservatives' self-enhancing style of self-report (study 1; N = 1433) and then describe three studies drawing from "big data" sources to assess liberal-conservative differences in happiness-related behavior (studies 2 to 4; N = 4936). Relative to conservatives, liberals more frequently used positive emotional language in their speech and smiled more intensely and genuinely in photographs. Our results were consistent across large samples of online survey takers, U.S. politicians, Twitter users, and LinkedIn users. Our findings illustrate the nuanced relationship between political ideology, self-enhancement, and happiness and illuminate the contradictory ways that happiness differences can manifest across behavior and self-reports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. swojcik@uci.edu phditto@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Arpine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hovasapian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motyl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. swojcik@uci.edu phditto@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ditto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011057:Politics; D057566:Self Report; D012647:Self-Assessment; D014481:United States