title: Functional hindrance due to spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation and 1 year thereafter.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess functional hindrance due to spasticity during inpatient rehabilitation and 1 year thereafter in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine factors that influence the hindrance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight specialized rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 203 patients with recent SCI rated the hindrance they perceived due to spasticity in daily living at the start of active rehabilitation (t1), 3 months later (t2), at discharge (t3) and 1 year after discharge (t4). Hindrance was dichotomized into absent or negligible and present. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to determine the course of functional hindrance due to spasticity and its associations with possible determinants-namely, age, gender, cause, lesion level, motor completeness, spasticity and anti-spasticity medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of individuals that indicated functional hindrance due to spasticity ranged from 54 to 62% over time and did not change significantly over time (Δt3t1 odds ratio (OR)=0.85, P=0.44; Δt3t2 OR=1.20, P=0.41; Δt3t4 OR=0.91, P=0.67). The percentage of individuals who experienced a lot of hindrance due to spasticity during specific activities ranged from 4 to 27%. The odds for experiencing functional hindrance due to spasticity were significantly higher for individuals with tetraplegia (OR=2.17, P=0.0001), more severe spasticity (OR=5.51, P<0.0001) and for those using anti-spasticity medication (OR=4.18, P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional hindrance due to spasticity occurred in the majority of persons with SCI and did not change significantly during inpatient rehabilitation and 1 year thereafter. Factors that influence hindrance were determined.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre Roessingh, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: van Cooten
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre Roessingh, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre Roessingh, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nene
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Centre | Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience and Centre of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht and De Hoogstraat, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult