title: Lipidomic changes of LDL in overweight and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects taking phytosterol- and omega-3-supplemented milk.
abstract: The benefits of dietary phytosterols (PhySs) and long-chain n-3 PUFA (ω3) have been linked to their effects as cholesterol- and triglyceride (TGL)-lowering agents. However, it remains unknown whether these compounds have further metabolic effects on LDL lipid composition. Here, we studied the effects of PhyS- or ω3-supplemented low-fat milk (milk) on the LDL-lipidome. Overweight and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 32) were enrolled in a two-arm longitudinal crossover study. Milk (250 ml/day), enriched with either 1.57 g PhyS or 375 mg ω3 (EPA + DHA), was given to the participants during two sequential 28 day intervention periods. Compared with baseline, PhyS-milk induced a higher reduction in the LDL cholesterol (LDLc) level than ω3-milk. LDL resistance to oxidation was significantly increased after intervention with PhyS-milk. Changes in TGL and VLDL cholesterol were only evident after ω3-milk intake. Lipidomic analysis revealed a differential effect of the PhyS- and ω3-milk interventions on the LDL lipid metabolite pattern. Content in LDL-glycerophospholipids was reduced after PhyS-milk intake, with major changes in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine subclasses, whereas ω3-milk induced significant changes in the long-chain polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters and in the ratio PC36:5/lysoPC16:0, associated to a reduced inflammatory activity. In conclusion, daily intake of milk products containing PhyS or ω3 supplements induce changes in the LDL-lipidome that indicate reduced inflammatory and atherogenic effects, beyond their LDLc- and TGL-lowering effects.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Padro
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vilahur
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: CAPSA FOOD Nutrition Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Medicament Research Center (CIM), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Antonijoan
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Badimon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010840:Phytosterols; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: atherosclerosis; cholesterol; diet and dietary lipids; glycerophospholipids; low density lipoprotein-lipid metabolites; mass spectrometry; phospholipids; triglycerides