title: Evaluation of mathematical algorithms for automatic patient alignment in radiosurgery.
abstract: Image registration techniques based on anatomical features can serve to automate patient alignment for intracranial radiosurgery procedures in an effort to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the alignment process as well as potentially eliminate the need for implanted fiducial markers. To explore this option, four two-dimensional (2D) image registration algorithms were analyzed: the phase correlation technique, mutual information (MI) maximization, enhanced correlation coefficient (ECC) maximization, and the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. Digitally reconstructed radiographs from the treatment planning computed tomography scan of a human skull were used as the reference images, while orthogonal digital x-ray images taken in the treatment room were used as the captured images to be aligned. The accuracy of aligning the skull with each algorithm was compared to the alignment of the currently practiced procedure, which is based on a manual process of selecting common landmarks, including implanted fiducials and anatomical skull features. Of the four algorithms, three (phase correlation, MI maximization, and ECC maximization) demonstrated clinically adequate (ie, comparable to the standard alignment technique) translational accuracy and improvements in speed compared to the interactive, user-guided technique; however, the ICP algorithm failed to give clinically acceptable results. The results of this work suggest that a combination of different algorithms may provide the best registration results. This research serves as the initial groundwork for the translation of automated, anatomy-based 2D algorithms into a real-world system for 2D-to-2D image registration and alignment for intracranial radiosurgery. This may obviate the need for invasive implantation of fiducial markers into the skull and may improve treatment room efficiency and accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA School of Computer Science and Engineering, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA kwilliams@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wroe
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: enhanced correlation coefficient; image registration; iterative closest point; mutual information; patient alignment; phase correlation; radiosurgery