title: Relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and tongue coating volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acetaldehyde is the first metabolite of ethanol and is produced in the epithelium by mucosal ALDH, while higher levels are derived from microbial oxidation of ethanol by oral microflora such as Candida species. However, it is uncertain whether acetaldehyde concentration in human breath is related to oral condition or local production of acetaldehyde by oral microflora. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the relationship between physiological acetaldehyde concentration and oral condition in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five volunteers (51 males and 14 females, aged from 20 to 87 years old) participated in the present study. Acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was measured using a portable monitor. Oral examination, detection of oral Candida species and assessment of alcohol sensitivity were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetaldehyde concentration [median (25%, 75%)] in mouth air was 170.7 (73.5, 306.3) ppb. Acetaldehyde concentration in participants with a tongue coating status score of 3 was significantly higher than in those with a score of 1 (p<0.017). After removing tongue coating, acetaldehyde concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05). Acetaldehyde concentration was not correlated with other clinical parameters, presence of Candida species, smoking status or alcohol sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiological acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was associated with tongue coating volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry,, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry,, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry,, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ekuni
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry,, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomofuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kashiwazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry,, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde