title: Eicosapentaenoic acid in cancer improves body composition and modulates metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review article is to present the most recent intervention studies with EPA on nutritional outcomes in cancer patients, e.g. nutritional status, weight & lean body mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose a PubMed(®) and MedLine(®) search of the published literature up to and including January 2014 that contained the keywords: cancer, sarcopenia, EPA, ω-3 fatty acids, weight, intervention trial, muscle mass was conducted. The collected data was summarized and written in text format and in tables that contained: study design, patient' population, sample size, statistical significance and results of the intervention. The paper will cover malignancy, body composition, intervention with EPA, physiological mechanisms of action of EPA, effect of EPA on weight and body composition, future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cancer patients deterioration of muscle mass can be present regardless of body weight or Body Mass Index (BMI). Thus, sarcopenia in cancer patients with excessive fat mass (FM), entitled sarcopenic obesity, has gained greater relevance in clinical practice; it can negatively influence patients' functional status, tolerance to treatments & disease prognosis. The search for an effective nutritional intervention that improves body composition (preservation of muscle mass and muscle quality) is of utmost importance for clinicians and patients. The improvement of muscle quality is an even more recent area of interest because it has probable implications in patients' prognosis. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been identified as a promising nutrient with the wide clinical benefits. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain EPA potential benefits on body composition: inhibition of catabolic stimuli by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines production and enhancing insulin sensitivity that induces protein synthesis; also, EPA may attenuate deterioration of nutritional status resulting from antineoplastic therapies by improving calorie and protein intake as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indeed, cancer-related sarcopenia/cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by inflammation, anorexia, weight loss, and muscle/adipose tissue loss mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. TNF-α and IL-6, resulting in increased chemotherapy toxicity, costs, morbidity and mortality. With this review we found that EPA can reduce inflammation and has the potential to modulate nutritional status/body composition. In view of the modest survival benefits of chemotherapy/radiotherapy in some cancers, important issues for physicians are to optimize well-being, Quality of Life via nutritional status and adequate body composition. Thus, improvement in nutritional status is a central outcome.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Nutrição da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pappalardo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Nutrição da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Nutrição da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: p.ravasco@medicina.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravasco
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Body composition; Cancer; Eicosapentanoic acid; Muscle mass; Nutrition