title: Melioidosis in children: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in Singapore and can present as localized or disseminated disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic data, clinical features, investigation results, treatments, and outcomes in patients aged <16 years diagnosed with melioidosis at KK Women's and Children's Hospital between January 2002 and January 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Data for patients with primary skin disease and those with other organ involvement were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen children were diagnosed with melioidosis. Their median age was 12.5 years (range: 2-15 years). Nine (53%) patients presented with localized cutaneous melioidosis and five (29%) with localized lymphadenitis, pneumonia, or septic arthritis. The remaining three (18%) patients had melioidosis sepsis; two of these patients died from septic shock. Treatment included an initial 1-2 weeks of IV antibiotics followed by 3-6 months of oral combination antibiotics. All cases of localized cutaneous disease resolved completely with no recurrences. Three (60%) of the five patients with localized involvement of other organ systems achieved complete resolution of disease, and the remaining two were lost from follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although uncommon, melioidosis can occur in children living in endemic regions. Patients with localized skin disease have good outcomes with no recurrences. Systemic disease can be fatal, especially in the presence of underlying immunodeficiency. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, and treatment requires prolonged combination antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yee-Wah
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Foong
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.
authors.forename: Natalie Woon-Hui
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.
authors.forename: Chia-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.
authors.forename: Koh-Cheng
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thoon
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nancy Wen-Sim
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mark Jean-Aan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008199:Lymphadenitis / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008554:Melioidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology; D012846:Singapore; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents