title: First record of black band disease in the Hawaiian archipelago: response, outbreak status, virulence, and a method of treatment.
abstract: A high number of coral colonies, Montipora spp., with progressive tissue loss were reported from the north shore of Kaua'i by a member of the Eyes of the Reef volunteer reporting network. The disease has a distinct lesion (semi-circular pattern of tissue loss with an adjacent dark band) that was first observed in Hanalei Bay, Kaua'i in 2004. The disease, initially termed Montipora banded tissue loss, appeared grossly similar to black band disease (BBD), which affects corals worldwide. Following the initial report, a rapid response was initiated as outlined in Hawai'i's rapid response contingency plan to determine outbreak status and investigate the disease. Our study identified the three dominant bacterial constituents indicative of BBD (filamentous cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria) in coral disease lesions from Kaua'i, which provided the first evidence of BBD in the Hawaiian archipelago. A rapid survey at the alleged outbreak site found disease to affect 6-7% of the montiporids, which is higher than a prior prevalence of less than 1% measured on Kaua'i in 2004, indicative of an epizootic. Tagged colonies with BBD had an average rate of tissue loss of 5.7 cm2/day over a two-month period. Treatment of diseased colonies with a double band of marine epoxy, mixed with chlorine powder, effectively reduced colony mortality. Within two months, treated colonies lost an average of 30% less tissue compared to untreated controls.
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Marine Biology Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Greta S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Aeby
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thierry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Work
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Marine Biology Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Runyon
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Microbiology Department, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shore-Maggio
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Microbiology Department, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Videau
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Microbiology Department, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beurmann
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, United States of America; Marine Biology Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America; Microbiology Department, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Callahan
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013431:Sulfates