title: Measuring absorbed dose for i-CAT CBCT examinations in child, adolescent and adult phantoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Design and construct child and adolescent head phantoms to measure the absorbed doses imparted during dental CBCT and compare with the absorbed dose measured in an adult phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A child phantom was developed to represent the smallest patients receiving CBCT, usually for craniofacial developmental concerns, and an adolescent phantom was developed to represent healthy orthodontic patients. Absorbed doses were measured using a thimble ionization chamber for the custom-built child and adolescent phantoms and compared with measurements using a commercially available adult phantom. Imaging was performed with an i-CAT Next Generation (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) CBCT using two different fields of view covering the craniofacial complex (130 mm high) or maxilla/mandible (60 mm high).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured absorbed doses varied depending on the location of the ionization chamber within the phantoms. For CBCT images obtained using the same protocol for all phantoms, the highest absorbed dose was measured in all locations of the small child phantom. The lowest absorbed dose was measured in the adult phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Images were obtained with the same protocol for the adult, adolescent and child phantoms. A consistent trend was observed with the highest absorbed dose being measured in the smallest phantom (child), while the lowest absorbed dose was measured in the largest phantom (adult). This study demonstrates the importance of child-sizing the dose by using dedicated paediatric protocols optimized for the imaging task, which is critical as children are more sensitive to harmful effects of radiation and have a longer life-span post-irradiation for radiation-induced symptoms to develop than do adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006257:Head / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000528:radiation effects; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: paediatric dentistry; radiation dosimetry; radiographic phantoms; radiology