title: Aerobic physical exercise improved the cognitive function of elderly males but did not modify their blood homocysteine levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical exercise influences homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations, cognitive function and the metabolic profile. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of regular physical exercise on Hcy levels, the metabolic profile and cognitive function in healthy elderly males before and after an endurance exercise program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five healthy and sedentary volunteers were randomized into 2 groups: (1) a control group asked not to change their normal everyday activities and not to start any regular physical exercise program and (2) an experimental group trained at a heart rate intensity corresponding to ventilatory threshold 1 (VT-1) for 60 min/day 3 times weekly on alternate days for 6 months using a cycle ergometer. All volunteers underwent cognitive evaluations, blood sample analyses and ergospirometric assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement in cognitive function was observed in the experimental group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). No significant changes in Hcy levels were observed in the experimental group (p > 0.05), but there was a significant increase in peak oxygen consumption and workload at VT-1 as well as a significant improvement in cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, urea, T3, T4 and prostate-specific antigen compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that a physical exercise program does not reduce Hcy levels in healthy elderly males, although it improves the cardiovascular and metabolic profile as well as cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santos, Santo André, Brazil ; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício - CEPE, São Paulo, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hanna Karen M
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santo André, Brazil ; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício - CEPE, São Paulo, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Túlio
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: De Mello
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santo André, Brazil ; Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício - CEPE, São Paulo, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Aquino Lemos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruth Ferreira
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Santos-Galduróz
authors.affiliation: St. John's University, Queens, New York, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Camargo Galdieri
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Orlando Francisco
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Amodeo Bueno
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Almeida
keywords: Aerobic training; Cognitive function; Elderly subjects; Homocysteine; Metabolic profile; Physical exercise