title: Responses of Preterm Pigs to an Oral Fluid Supplement During Parenteral Nutrition.
abstract: Nutrients and electrolytes in amniotic fluid swallowed by fetuses are important for growth and development. Yet, preterm infants requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) receive minimal or no oral inputs. With the limited availability of amniotic fluid, we evaluated the responses of preterm pigs receiving PN to an oral fluid supplement (OFS) based on the electrolyte and nutrient composition of amniotic fluid.
  
  
  
  Preterm pigs (92% of term) received a combination of PN (6 mL/kg-h) and 4 mL/kg-h of supplemental fluid as an experimental OFS (n = 9), lactated Ringer's either enterally (n = 10) or intravenously (n = 8). Outcome measures after 96 hours were weight gain, blood chemistry, organ weights, and small intestine mass and brush-border membrane carbohydrases.
  
  
  
  The OFS did not improve weight gain compared with providing lactated Ringer's orally or intravenously, or increase serum urea nitrogen values, but resulted in higher serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as improved glucoregulation and heavier intestines, livers, kidneys, and brains and lighter lungs.
  
  
  
  Providing supplemental fluid and electrolytes during PN either intravenously or orally increases weight gain after preterm birth. An oral fluid supplement based on amniotic fluid may accelerate development and maturation of organs critical for extrauterine life after preterm birth and may enhance neurodevelopment.
authors.affiliation: Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berding
authors.affiliation: Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Patty
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Makarem
authors.affiliation: Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hance
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Marie Dixen
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Axel
authors.affiliation: Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Vikki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Animal Care, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Karyl K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Buddington
authors.affiliation: Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA rbddngtn@memphis.edu.
authors.forename: Randal K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Buddington
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D013552:Swine; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C019822:carbohydrase
keywords: amniotic fluid; development; growth; nutrition; parenteral; pig; preterm infant