title: Bacterial community composition and predicted functional ecology of sponges, sediment and seawater from the thousand islands reef complex, West Java, Indonesia.
abstract: In the present study, we assessed the composition of Bacteria in four biotopes namely sediment, seawater and two sponge species (Stylissa massa and Xestospongia testudinaria) at four different reef sites in a coral reef ecosystem in West Java, Indonesia. In addition to this, we used a predictive metagenomic approach to estimate to what extent nitrogen metabolic pathways differed among bacterial communities from different biotopes. We observed marked differences in bacterial composition of the most abundant bacterial phyla, classes and orders among sponge species, water and sediment. Proteobacteria were by far the most abundant phylum in terms of both sequences and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Predicted counts for genes associated with the nitrogen metabolism suggested that several genes involved in the nitrogen cycle were enriched in sponge samples, including nosZ, nifD, nirK, norB and nrfA genes. Our data show that a combined barcoded pyrosequencing and predictive metagenomic approach can provide novel insights into the potential ecological functions of the microbial communities. Not only is this approach useful for our understanding of the vast microbial diversity found in sponges but also to understand the potential response of microbial communities to environmental change.
authors.affiliation: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands Institute for Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Nicole.deVoogd@naturalis.nl.
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: de Voogd
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel F R
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana R M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Polónia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Newton C M
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D044822:Biodiversity; D057894:Coral Reefs; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D020564:Deltaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D007214:Indonesia; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics*; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D047131:Xestospongia / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: 16sRNA; Jakarta; Stylissa; Xestospongia; coral reef; pyrosequencing