title: Update of the results of the Spanish branch of the European Randomized Study on Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of prostate cancer (PC) screening is currently being questioned. The objective of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) was to demonstrate whether PC screening reduced mortality from this disease. The results from the Spanish branch of this study are presented: all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, the characteristics of the detected tumors, primary treatments and progression to advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18,612 men, between the ages of 45 and 70, were invited to participate in the study, excluding those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. The men were randomized to the screening arm (serum prostate-specific antigen [PSA] reading) or the control arm (no diagnostic tests). Randomized transrectal ultrasound-guided sextant prostate biopsies were indicated for the men in the screening arm with PSA levels ≥3ng/ml. The detected PCs were identified (stage and primary treatment), as well as the deaths that occurred (date and cause of death).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was performed with 4276 men (2415 in the screening arm and 1861 in the control arm). The median age and serum PSA level were 57 years and 0.90ng/mL, respectively. The median follow-up time was 15.8 years. A total of 242 PCs were diagnosed, 162 (6.7%) in the screening arm and 80 (4.3%) in the control arm (P<.001). Of these, 214 (88.4%) had an organ-confined clinical stage at onset (91.4% in the screening arm vs. 82.5% in the control arm; P=.024). A total of 112 patients (46.3%) underwent radical prostatectomy, 53 (21.9%) underwent prostate radiation therapy, 24 (9.9%) underwent hormone therapy and 47 (19.4%) were kept under observation. A total of 18 PCs progressed to advanced disease (M+ or PSA levels >100ng/mL), with no differences between the study arms (P=.938). A total of 618 (14.5%) patients died during follow-up: 340 (14.1%) in the screening arm and 278 (14.9%) in the control arm, with no differences between the arms in terms of cancer-specific (P=.907) or all-cause (P=.399) mortality. The main causes of death were neoplasia (54.0%), cardiovascular (17.6%), respiratory (8.7%) and gastrointestinal (4.0%), with no difference between study arms. Of the 334 patients who died from neoplasia, only 12 (3.6%) died from PC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC screening results in a shifting of the diagnosis towards earlier stages. Nevertheless, we have not demonstrated a benefit in terms of overall or cancer-specific survival after more than 15 years of follow-up. The low mortality from this disease in our community could be one of the main factors that explain these results.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Parla, Madrid, España. Electronic address: mlujang@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luján
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Á
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Páez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andrés
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gimbernat
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Redondo
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Madrid Norte Sanchinarro, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenguer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cáncer de próstata; Mortalidad; Mortality; Prostate cancer; Screening