title: Development and initial validation of a damage index (DIAPS) in patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), certain principal manifestations are associated with a worse prognosis and organ damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper is to describe the development and initial content, criterion and construct validity of a disease-specific cumulative damage index in patients with thrombotic APS (DIAPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Through expert panel agreement, 47 items were considered to reflect damage in APS. This preliminary version of the DIAPS was submitted to four local and international clinical and research experts in APS who ranked each item according to severity. A Delphi exercise resulted in a final 37 item instrument. In the second phase, a cross-sectional study was conducted applying the DIAPS in patients included in a multicenter electronic registry of patients with APS. Quality of life related to health status was evaluated with the EuroQol for construct validation. An α Cronbach and correlation with the EuroQol scale were calculated with SPSS 20.0 (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the DIAPS in 156 patients, 77% female, with a mean age at diagnosis 34.7 ± 5.5 years. A total of 69% had primary APS. Common comorbidities included obesity, depression and dyslipidemia. The most frequent manifestations resulting in sequelae were deep venous thrombosis and ischemic stroke. Blindness, retinal occlusive vessel disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac valve requiring replacement, mesenteric thrombosis, and renal insufficiency also occurred. Homogeneity: α Cronbach 0.619. DIAPS items correlated with EuroQol domains with the exception of pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates content, criterion and construct validity of a new physician-reported instrument to assess the DIAPS. In addition, the DIAPS correlated with the EuroQol.
authors.affiliation: ABC Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Mexico DF, Mexico marycarmenamigo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Amigo
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Regional 1, IMSS, Unidad de Invesitigaciόn en Epidemiología Clínica, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Goycochea-Robles
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Medicina Física y Rehabilitaciόn Centro, IMSS, Consulta Externa, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Cuervo
authors.affiliation: Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Unidad de Investigaciόn, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Hospital General de Zona 48, Departamento de Reumatología, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barragán-Garfias
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Departamento de Reumatología, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Escpecialidades Centro Médico La Raza, IMSS, Departamento de Enseñanza e Investigaciόn, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: L Javier
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Jara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000276:immunology; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid
keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome; Damage index; Hughes syndrome