title: Echocardiographic correlates of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare echocardiographic (ECHO) measures of ventricular function and hemodynamics of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) and normal controls; and to examine their association with clinical outcomes in PPHN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of ECHOs of mechanically ventilated infants (≥ 34 weeks gestational age) with PPHN. Infants with congenital heart disease were excluded. Controls had normal ECHOs within 1 week of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECHOs measures included a) right (RVO) and left ventricular output (LVO) b) RV and LV myocardial performance index (MPI) c) right ventricular systolic to diastolic duration (S/D) ratio and d) eccentricity index in systole (EIs) and diastole (EId).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants with PPHN (n = 117), 63% of whom were males, had mean (SD) GA and birth weights of 38.6 (1.9) weeks and 3.3 (0.65) kg respectively. LVO, RVO and EIs were significantly lower and heart rate, MPI and RV S/D ratio were significantly higher in infants with PPHN, compared to controls (n = 35). The mean RV S/D ratios were significantly higher in infants with PPHN who died or required ECMO (n = 61), compared to survivors without ECMO (n = 56). Increasing RV S/D ratio was independently associated with a reduction in survival without ECMO [0.21; 95% C.I. 0.06-0.74, p = 0.015]. RV S/D ratio >1.3 had a sensitivity of 93 (95% C.I. 85-99) % for death or ECMO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated RV S/D ratio, a marker of global RV dysfunction, was associated with adverse outcomes in PPHN. Its routine measurement in this population may aid risk-identification and targeted interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: gnatara@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Girija
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Natarajan
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016276:Ventricular Function
keywords: Echocardiogram; Pulmonary hypertension; Systolic to diastolic duration ratio