title: Effect of Public Reporting on MR Imaging Use for Low Back Pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination rates for low back pain before conservative therapy in the Medicare and privately insured populations changed after introduction of a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services public reporting initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board approval was obtained, with waiver of informed consent. A retrospective study was performed by using fee-for-service claims data from Medicare and a commercial carrier (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas [BCBSTX]) for Texas enrollees. OP-8 was calculated, which is a publicly reported measure as of 2009 of the proportion of MR imaging examinations performed for low back pain without history of conservative therapy. For 330 463 MR imaging examinations, OP-8 rates, trends, and regional variation were analyzed for 2008-2011 within different outpatient settings-outpatient hospital department (OHD) and nonhospital outpatient department (NOD)-according to payer. Largest-volume hospitals were also evaluated within the Medicare population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant reduction was found in annual OP-8 values for Medicare or BCBSTX (Medicare OHD, 0.35 for 2008 vs 0.36 for 2009 [P = .01]; BCBSTX OHD, 0.42 for 2008 vs 0.44 for 2009 [P = .03]; Medicare NOD, 0.33 for 2008 vs 0.35 for 2009 [P < .0001]; and BCBSTX NOD, 0.43 for 2008 vs 0.42 for 2009[P = .23]). These changes were not sustained during subsequent years in the BCBSTX population, and there were no further changes in Medicare rates. Among hospitals with highest Medicare volumes, those with the highest OP-8 rates in 2008 were associated with the highest decrease in their measure. (The annual change rate was negative for all years, with 2008 as the reference [P < .0001 for 2009-2011].) Hospitals with the lowest OP-8 rates had increases in OP-8 rates, which persisted in following years (P = .006 for 2009, P = .037 for 2010, and P = .004 for 2011). Hospitals with baseline OP-8 rates in the 25th-75th percentile remained relatively steady over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence was found that public reporting (OP-8) reduced MR imaging rates for low back pain without conservative therapy in either Medicare or commercially insured populations in hospital or nonhospital settings.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (C.M.G., L.F.); The Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY (M.Z.); Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Md (J.D.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Tex (S.D.J.).
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ganduglia
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (C.M.G., L.F.); The Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY (M.Z.); Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Md (J.D.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Tex (S.D.J.).
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zezza
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (C.M.G., L.F.); The Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY (M.Z.); Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Md (J.D.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Tex (S.D.J.).
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (C.M.G., L.F.); The Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY (M.Z.); Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Md (J.D.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Tex (S.D.J.).
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030 (C.M.G., L.F.); The Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY (M.Z.); Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Md (J.D.S.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Tex (S.D.J.).
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franzini
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting; D007348:Insurance, Health; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006278:Medicare; D017149:Private Sector; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States