title: Factors related to self-efficacy among men and women undergoing outpatient chemotherapy in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to examine factors that influence self-efficacy in Japanese patients with cancer receiving outpatient chemotherapy and to identify whether there are gender-specific similarities or differences that determine self-efficacy in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 156 patients with cancer (86 men and 70 women) undergoing chemotherapy as outpatients across five hospitals in Japan. The patients completed the European Organization for Research and Cancer Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), the Self-Efficacy for Advanced Cancer questionnaire (SEAC) which consists of three subscales (affect regulation efficacy, symptom-coping efficacy and activities of daily living efficacy), and a patient information form. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with self-efficacy in men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both men and women, insomnia was related to affect regulation efficacy, while fatigue and nausea/vomiting correlated with activities of daily living efficacy. For male patients, fatigue and nausea/vomiting also correlated with affect regulation efficacy and symptom-coping efficacy. Emotional functioning influenced self-efficacy for both genders, while physical functioning affected self-efficacy in female patients only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that to enhance self-efficacy in Japanese patients with cancer undergoing outpatient chemotherapy, effective intervention is required with regard to the management of both emotional and physical functioning, specifically symptoms such as fatigue, nausea/vomiting and insomnia in both genders. Furthermore, women with a reduced level of physical function may require particular attention, as they may be at risk of lower levels of self-efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: cancer; chemotherapy; gender; outpatients; self-efficacy