title: Surgical checklist application and its impact on patient safety in pediatric surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical care is an essential component of health care of children worldwide. Incidences of congenital anomalies, trauma, cancers and acquired diseases continue to rise and along with that the impact of surgical intervention on public health system also increases. It then becomes essential that the surgical teams make the procedures safe and error proof. The World Health Organization (WHO) has instituted the surgical checklist as a global initiative to improve surgical safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acceptance, application and adherence to the WHO Safe Surgery Checklist in Pediatric Surgery Practice at a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, spanning 2 years, the checklist was implemented for all patients who underwent operative procedures under general anesthesia. The checklist identified three phases of an operation, each corresponding to a specific period in the normal flow of work: Before the induction of anesthesia ("sign in"), before the skin incision ("time out") and before the patient leaves the operating room ("sign out"). In each phase, an anesthesiologist,-"checklist coordinator," confirmed that the anesthesia, surgery and nursing teams have completed the listed tasks before proceeding with the operation and exit. The checklist was used for 3000 consecutive patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major perioperative errors were noted. In 54 (1.8%) patients, children had the same names and identical surgical procedure posted on the same operation list. The patient identification tag was missing in four (0.1%) patients. Mention of the side of procedures was missing in 108 (3.6%) cases. In 0.1% (3) of patients there was mix up of the mention of side of operation in the case papers and consent forms. In 78 (2.6%) patients, the consent form was not signed by parents/guardians or the side of the procedure was not quoted. Antibiotic orders were missing in five (0.2%) patients. In 12 (0.4%) cases, immobilization of the patients was suboptimal, which led to displacement of diathermy grounding pad. In 54 (1.8%) patients, the checklist was not used at all. In 76 (2.5%) patients the checklist was found to be incompletely filled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study supports the use of the checklist as an essential safety tool and reinforcement of the same. The checklist may act as a valuable prompt to focus the team, to ensure that even the simple things have been cared for.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Dr. DY Patil University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Oak
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Garasia
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Parelkar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057189:Checklist / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety; D010372:Pediatrics; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000592:standards; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards*; D014944:World Health Organization