title: Effect of nesting environment on incubation temperature and hatching success of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in an urban lake of Southeastern Mexico.
abstract: Incubation temperature is an important aspect in terms of biological performance among crocodiles, and several controlled experiments have demonstrated a significant relationship between incubation temperature, success in hatching and survival of hatchlings. However, a few studies have tested these relationships in the wild. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of nest characteristics and environment (hatch year, nest basal area and height, clutch size, distance to shore line, and vegetation cover), to incubation temperature and hatching success among Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii). The study was carried out during the nesting seasons of Morelet's crocodile, from 2007 to 2009 in the Laguna de Las Ilusiones, an urban lake located in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. We physically characterized 18 nests and inserted a temperature data logger in each nest chamber. At the end of the nesting season and prior to hatching, we recovered the crocodile eggs and data loggers and calculated hatching success, under laboratory conditions. We related the environmental variables of the nest with the mean and fluctuation (standard deviation) of nest temperature, using linear models. We also related the environmental variables affecting the nest, to mean nest temperature and fluctuation in incubation temperature and to hatching success, using linear models. Although we found differences in incubation temperature between nests, mean incubation temperature did not differ between years, but there were differences in nest thermal fluctuation between years. The mean incubation temperature for 11 nests (61.1%) was lower than the suggested Female-Male pivotal temperature (producing 50% of each sex) for this species, and all hatchlings obtained were males. There were no differences in clutch size between years, but hatching success varied. Our study indicates that hatching success depends on certain environmental variables and nest conditions to which the eggs are subjected, including season, nest size and clutch size. We also discuss the importance of the fluctuation of incubation temperature on hatching success and sex determination.
authors.affiliation: División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas km. 0.5 s/n, Entrq. Bosques de Saloya, 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Electronic address: marco.lopez@ujat.mx.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: López-Luna
authors.affiliation: División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas km. 0.5 s/n, Entrq. Bosques de Saloya, 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Electronic address: mhidalgo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mircea G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hidalgo-Mihart
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Congregación El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Electronic address: gustavo.aguirre@inecol.mx.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguirre-León
authors.affiliation: División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas km. 0.5 s/n, Entrq. Bosques de Saloya, 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Electronic address: marianagr1586@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana Del C
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: González-Ramón
authors.affiliation: División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas km. 0.5 s/n, Entrq. Bosques de Saloya, 86039 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Electronic address: juranmen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rangel-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D052284:Clutch Size; D005260:Female; D060106:Lakes; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Crocodylus moreletii; Hatching success; Incubation temperature; Nesting environment; Southeastern Mexico; Urban lake