title: Systemic diseases and the risk of developing salivary stones: a case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible relationship between the presence of salivary stones and systemic diseases, medication, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, case control study. Medical records of patients with salivary stones and those of control patients without salivary stones were retrospectively reviewed. Data regarding the affected salivary gland, the presence of systemic disease, and the use of medication, tobacco, and alcohol were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher Exact tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical records of 208 patients with salivary stones and those of 208 control patients were reviewed. Of the patients diagnosed with salivary stones, the submandibular gland was affected in 85.6% of the patients, the parotid gland in 9.6%, and the sublingual gland in 2.4% of the patients. None of the recorded systemic diseases was more prevalent in patients with salivary stones. Patients with salivary stones used significantly more antibiotics compared with the control group (P = .037). No significant differences were observed for other types of medication. There was no correlation between salivary stone formation, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggested that systemic diseases, medication, smoking, and alcohol consumption play no or only a limited role in the onset of salivary stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kraaij
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K Hakki
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Karagozoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology VU University Medical Center and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne A G
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kenter
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pijpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilijamse
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical-Dental Interaction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: hbrand@acta.nl.
authors.forename: Henk S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015494:Salivary Gland Calculi / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects