title: Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) have Higher Oxidative Stress in Comparison to Chronic Viral Hepatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We compared the presence of oxidative stress and cytokines in 25 patients with NAFLD with 25 age, sex and BMI-matched patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and 25 healthy volunteers (HV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxidative stress was studied biochemically by markers of lipid peroxidation and biochemical assessment of anti-oxidant status and various cytokines were studied by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.000) and conjugated dienes (CD) (p = 0.000) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD also had significantly higher MDA levels (p = 0.000) in comparison to CVH patients. Patients with NAFLD had significantly lower GSH levels (p = 0.004) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD had higher GPx activity (p = 0.028) in comparison to HVs. Catalase activity was significantly decreased in both NAFLD (p = 0.001) and CVH patients (p = 0.000) in comparison to HVs. Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher SOD activity (p = 0.000) in comparison to CVH patients. There was no difference in serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α amongst three groups. Patients with CVH were found to have higher IL-8 serum levels (p = 0.039) in comparison to HVs. CVH patients also had higher TGF-β levels (p = 0.002) in comparison to both NAFLD patients and HVs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the markers of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant status between NAFLD, CVH and healthy volunteers suggest presence of higher oxidative stress in patients with NAFLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duseja
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Ashim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Radha K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Krishan K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhansali
keywords: ALT, alanine transaminase; AMA, antimitochondrial antibody; ANA, anti nuclear anti bodies; ANOVA, analysis of variance; ASMA, anti smooth muscle antibody; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CD, conjugated dienes; CHB, chronic hepatitis B; CHC, chronic hepatitis C; CI, confidence intervals; CVH, chronic viral hepatitis; EDTA, ethylene diammine tetraacetic acid; ELISA, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione reduced; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of insulin resistance; HV, healthy volunteers; ICMR, Indian Council of Medical Research; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; KF rings, Kayser–Fleischer rings; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; MS, metabolic syndrome; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; RBC, red blood corpuscles (or cells); SOD, superoxide dismutase; TG, triglycerides; TGF-β, transforming growth factor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ULN, upper limit of normal; WBC, white blood corpuscles (or cells); WHR, waist hip ratio; anti LKM, anti liver kidney microsomal antibody; cytokines; hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); oxidative stress