title: Cadmium sulfide quantum dots induce oxidative stress and behavioral impairments in the marine clam Scrobicularia plana.
abstract: Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots have a number of current applications in electronics and solar cells and significant future potential in medicine. The aim of the present study was to examine the toxic effects of CdS quantum dots on the marine clam Scrobicularia plana exposed for 14 d to these nanomaterials (10 µg Cd L(-1) ) in natural seawater and to compare them with soluble Cd. Measurement of labile Cd released from CdS quantum dots showed that 52% of CdS quantum dots remained in the nanoparticulate form. Clams accumulated the same levels of Cd regardless of the form in which it was delivered (soluble Cd vs CdS quantum dots). However, significant changes in biochemical responses were observed in clams exposed to CdS quantum dots compared with soluble Cd. Increased activities of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were significantly higher in clams exposed in seawater to Cd as the nanoparticulate versus the soluble form, suggesting a specific nano effect. The behavior of S. plana in sediment showed impairments of foot movements only in the case of exposure to CdS quantum dots. The results show that oxidative stress and behavior biomarkers are sensitive predictors of CdS quantum dots toxicity in S. plana. Such responses, appearing well before changes might occur at the population level, demonstrate the usefulness of this model species and type of biomarker in the assessment of nanoparticle contamination in estuarine ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, University of Nantes and Catholic University of the West, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Emmanuel
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Buffet
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, University of Nantes and Catholic University of the West, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zalouk-Vergnoux
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, University of Nantes and Catholic University of the West, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Faculty des Sciences, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Risso-de-Faverney
authors.affiliation: Faculty des Sciences, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guibbolini
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Consumer Protection European Commission, Ispra, Italy.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, University of Nantes and Catholic University of the West, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Hanane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perrein-Ettajani
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, West Midlands, United Kingdom.|Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valsami-Jones
authors.affiliation: LUNAM University, University of Nantes and Catholic University of the West, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mouneyrac
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D013440:Sulfides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; C034939:cadmium sulfide; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Behavior; Cadmium sulfide quantum dots; Oxidative stres; Scrobicularia plana