title: Local patient dose diagnostic reference levels in pediatric interventional cardiology  in Chile using age bands and patient weight values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the results of a patient dose evaluation program in pediatric cardiology and propose local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for different types of procedure and age range, in addition to suggesting approaches to correlate patient dose values with patient weight. This study was the first conducted in Latin America for pediatric interventional cardiology under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over three years, the following data regarding demographic and patient dose values were collected: age, gender, weight, height, number of cine series, total number of cine frames, fluoroscopy time (FT), and two dosimetric quantities, dose-area product (DAP) and cumulative dose (CD), at the patient entrance reference point. The third quartile values for FT, DAP, CD, number of cine series, and the DAP/body weight ratio were proposed as the set of quantities to use as local DRLs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and seventeen patients were divided into four age groups. Sample sizes by age group were 120 for <1 yr; 213 for 1 to <5 yr; 82 for 5 to <10 yr; and 102 for 10 to <16 yr. The third quartile values obtained for DAP by diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and age range were 1.17 and 1.11 Gy cm2 for <1 yr; 1.74 and 1.90 Gy cm2 for 1 to <5 yr; 2.83 and 3.22 Gy cm2 for 5 to <10 yr; and 7.34 and 8.68 Gy cm2 for 10 to <16 yr, respectively. The third quartile value obtained for the DAP/body weight ratio for the full sample of procedures was 0.17 (Gy cm2/kg) for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented in this paper are an initial attempt at establishing local DRLs in pediatric interventional cardiology, from a large sample of procedures for the standard age bands used in Europe, complemented with the values of the ratio between DAP and patient weight. This permits a rough estimate of DRLs for different patient weights and the refining of these values for the age bands when there may be large differences in child size. These DRLs were obtained at the largest pediatric hospital in Chile, with an active optimization program, and could be used by other hospitals in the Latin America region to compare their current patient dose values and determine whether corrective action is appropriate.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ubeda
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002677:Chile; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012015:Reference Standards; D012737:Sex Factors