title: The effect of simulated elbow contracture on temporal and distance gait parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elbow contractures can be functionally debilitating. Extensive research has been published on treatments to restore elbow motion, but few have discussed clinical implications beyond the affected extremity. Reciprocal arm swing in normal gait has been shown to increase stability and reduce energy expenditure. The importance of arm swing has been clinically demonstrated in patients with cerebral palsy, stroke and Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that elbow contractures would result in an abnormal spatio-temporal gait parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty volunteer subjects walked on the Gaitmat II which provided real-time analysis of temporal and distance gait parameters. Five conditions were tested: no brace (control 1), elbow brace unlocked (control 2) and brace locked in 30°, 90° or 120° flexion (simulating fixed elbow contractures). Condition order was randomized for each subject. Each condition consisted of five walking trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three fixed elbow conditions (120°, 90° and 30°) demonstrated significantly decreased gait velocity (1.37, 1.39 and 1.39m/s) and stride length (1.45, 1.46 and 1.46m) compared to the control condition (1.42m/s and 1.48m, respectively). Single limb stance and double support times were decreased and increased, respectively, compared to control. There was no significant difference in cadence or limb asymmetry in the three fixed elbow conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite well-established functional limitations in elbow contracture patients and importance of arm swing in normal gait, the impact of elbow contractures on gait is unknown. This study demonstrates that simulated elbow contracture results in significant differences in spatio-temporal gait parameters suggesting that elbow contractures have a broader functional impact beyond the affected extremity.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Samir K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Trehan
authors.affiliation: Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 510 East 73rd Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Aviva L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 510 East 73rd Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Mandi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 510 East 73rd Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hillstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. Electronic address: daluiskia@hss.edu.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daluiski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003286:Contracture / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Elbow contracture; Spatio-temporal gait parameters; Stiff elbow