title: An automated behavioral box to assess forelimb function in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rodent forelimb reaching behaviors are commonly assessed using a single-pellet reach-to-grasp task. While the task is widely recognized as a very sensitive measure of distal limb function, it is also known to be very labor-intensive, both for initial training and the daily assessment of function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using components developed by open-source electronics platforms, we have designed and tested a low-cost automated behavioral box to measure forelimb function in rats. Our apparatus, made primarily of acrylic, was equipped with multiple sensors to control the duration and difficulty of the task, detect reach outcomes, and dispense pellets. Our control software, developed in MATLAB, was also used to control a camera in order to capture and process video during reaches. Importantly, such processing could monitor task performance in near real-time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We further demonstrate that the automated apparatus can be used to expedite skill acquisition, thereby increasing throughput as well as facilitating studies of early versus late motor learning. The setup is also readily compatible with chronic electrophysiological monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compared to a previous version of this task, our setup provides a more efficient method to train and test rodents for studies of motor learning and recovery of function after stroke. The unbiased delivery of behavioral cues and outcomes also facilitates electrophysiological studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, our automated behavioral box will allow high-throughput and efficient monitoring of rat forelimb function in both healthy and injured animals.
authors.affiliation: Neurology & Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Chelsea C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Neurology & Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Dhakshin S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.affiliation: Neurology & Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Tanuj
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.affiliation: Neurology & Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Seok Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Neurology & Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: karunesh.ganguly@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Karunesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganguly
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
keywords: Electrophysiology; Motor learning; Reach