title: From observational to analytical morphology of the stratum corneum: progress avoiding hazardous animal and human testings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cosmetic science, noninvasive sampling of the upper part of the stratum corneum is conveniently performed using strippings with adhesive-coated discs (SACD) and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings (CSSSs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Under controlled conditions, it is possible to scrutinize SACD and CSSS with objectivity using appropriate methods of analytical morphology. These procedures apply to a series of clinical conditions including xerosis grading, comedometry, corneodynamics, corneomelametry, corneosurfametry, corneoxenometry, and dandruff assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With any of the analytical evaluations, SACD and CSSS provide specific salient information that is useful in the field of cosmetology. In particular, both methods appear valuable and complementary in assessing the human skin compatibility of personal skincare products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A set of quantitative analytical methods applicable to the minimally invasive and low-cost SACD and CSSS procedures allow for a sound assessment of cosmetic effects on the stratum corneum. Under regular conditions, both methods are painless and do not induce adverse events. Globally, CSSS appears more precise and informative than the regular SACD stripping.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium ; University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Gérald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Piérard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Courtois
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritacco
authors.affiliation: University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France ; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Ferial
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fanian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging (LABIC), Department of Clinical Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium ; Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Department of Dermatology, Regional Hospital of Huy, Huy, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piérard-Franchimont
keywords: irritation; morphometry; quantitative morphology; stripping