title: Apocynin attenuates testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the possible protective effect of apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, against torsion/detorsion (T/D) induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar albino rats were divided into sham-operated control, and either vehicle, apocynin 20mg/kg- or apocynin 50mg/kg-treated T/D groups. In order to induce I/R injury, left testis was rotated 720° clockwise for 4 hours (torsion) and then allowed reperfusion (detorsion) for 4 hours. Left orchiectomy was done for the measurement of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and luminol, lucigenin, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite chemiluminescences (CL). Testicular morphology was examined by light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  I/R caused significant increases in tissue luminol, lucigenin, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite CL demonstrating increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites. As a result of increased oxidative stress tissue MPO activity, MDA levels were increased and antioxidant GSH was decreased. On the other hand, apocynin treatment reversed all these biochemical indices, as well as histopathological alterations that were induced by I/R. According to data, although lower dose of apocynin tended to reverse the biochemical parameters, high dose of apocynin provides better protection since values were closer to the control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of the present study suggest that NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin by inhibiting free radical generation and increasing antioxidant defense exerts protective effects on testicular tissues against I/R. The protection with apocynin was more pronounced with high dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: gsener@marmara.edu.tr.
authors.forename: T Emre
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Şener
authors.affiliation: Vocational School of Health Related Professions, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nagehan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Özyılmaz-Yay
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feriha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akbal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferruh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Şimşek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Göksel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Şener
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D015415:Biomarkers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C056165:acetovanillone
keywords: Apocynin; Reperfusion injury; Spermatic cord torsion; Testis