title: Tracing nitrogenous disinfection byproducts after medium pressure UV water treatment by stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals, pesticides) in (drinking) water treatment. Studies indicate that medium pressure (MP) UV/H2O2 treatment leads to a positive response in Ames mutagenicity tests, which is then removed after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. The formed potentially mutagenic substances were hitherto not identified and may result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM). In this study we present an innovative approach to trace the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of MP UV water treatment, based on stable isotope labeled nitrate combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that after MP UV treatment of artificial water containing NOM and nitrate, multiple nitrogen containing substances were formed. In total 84 N-DBPs were detected at individual concentrations between 1 to 135 ng/L bentazon-d6 equivalents, with a summed concentration of 1.2 μg/L bentazon-d6 equivalents. The chemical structures of three byproducts were confirmed. Screening for the 84 N-DBPs in water samples from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant based on MP UV/H2O2 treatment showed that 22 of the N-DBPs found in artificial water were also detected in real water samples.
authors.affiliation: †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolkman
authors.affiliation: ‡PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2046, 1990 AA, Velserbroek, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Martijn
authors.affiliation: †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vughs
authors.affiliation: †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baken
authors.affiliation: †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.|§Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemarie P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Wezel
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011312:Pressure; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009566:Nitrates; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009584:Nitrogen