title: Functional analysis of the stomatognathic system in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the effects of HIV type 1 on the function of the masticatory muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty individuals were selected from both genders, aged between 22 and 57years (mean 36.77±9.33years), and divided into two groups: Group HIVG, 30 individuals with HIV subtype 1, and Group CG, 30 healthy individuals (control group). The individuals were submitted to assessments of their masticatory muscle activity, biting strength and thickness of the masticatory muscles by means of electromyography, maximal molar bite force and ultrasound imaging, respectively. The resultant data were statistically analyzed by t-tests (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIVG normalized EMG data from a mandibular rest position, protrusion, right and left laterality movement of the jaw showed that HIVG presented a relative increase in EMG activity compared to the CG. The HIVG had a lower masticatory cycle ability while chewing Parafilm M®, Raisins and Peanuts when compared to CG. During rest conditions, the ultrasound images showed a greater average muscular thickness in the right and left temporal region compared to CG. Upon maximal voluntary contraction, an increased average thickness was seen in the temporalis muscles and left sternocleidomastoid muscle when compared to the CG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome showed muscular changes related to the stomatognathic system, especially concerning EMG activity and muscle thickness.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Pádua
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Unidade Especial de Tratamento em Doenças Infecciosas (UETDI), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alcyone Artioli
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Batista
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Donizetti
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Roza
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida Carneiro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Selma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siéssere
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semprini
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Electronic address: simone@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Simone Cecilio Hallak
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Regalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001732:Bite Force; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D013284:Stomatognathic System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV; Stomatognathic system; Surface electromyography; Ultrasonography