title: Resilience predicts functional outcomes in people aging with disability: a longitudinal investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the links between resilience and depressive symptoms, social functioning, and physical functioning in people aging with disability and to investigate the effects of resilience on change in functional outcomes over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal postal survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were mailed to a community sample of individuals with 1 of 4 diagnoses: multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, or spinal cord injury. The survey response rate was 91% at baseline and 86% at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of community-dwelling individuals (N=1594; age range, 20-94y) with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, or spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (to assess depressive symptoms) and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (to assess social role satisfaction and physical functioning).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, resilience was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r=-.55) and positively correlated with social and physical functioning (r=.49 and r=.17, respectively). Controlling for baseline outcomes, greater baseline resilience predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms (partial r=-.12) and an increase in social functioning (partial r=.12) 3 years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with a view of resilience as a protective factor that supports optimal functioning in people aging with disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Electronic address: arielles@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Arielle M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Alschuler
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ehde
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Aging; Multiple sclerosis; Muscular dystrophies; Postpoliomyelitis; Psychological resilience; Quality of life; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries