title: Effects of music on psychophysiological responses and opioid dosage in patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present authors examined the effects of listening to music on psychophysiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate) during preoperative and postoperative days and determined whether listening to music could lower pain intensity and opioid dosage during postoperative days in patients who underwent total knee replacements.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a two group repeated measures design for 30 subjects aged 53-85 years who were scheduled for total knee replacement. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a music group or a control group. Psychophysiological parameters were obtained from patients' monitors. A visual analog scale was used to assess postoperative pain. Opioid dosage was recorded and converted to standardized units. Mann-Whitney U-test and generalized estimating equation analysis were used to compare groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory rates while in the surgical waiting area were lower for the music group than for the control group (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between these groups for blood pressure, heart rate, pain intensity, or opioid dosage. However, a within-group comparison showed that systolic blood pressure in the music group was significantly and consistently decreased during postoperative recovery (Wald = 9.21, P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that listening to music stabilized systolic blood pressure in patients during postoperative recovery. However, the effects of music on psychophysiological parameters, pain intensity, and opioid dosage in a surgical setting require further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Ji
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.|Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsung-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiung-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Music, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.|Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000523:psychology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011601:Psychophysics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: music; opioids; pain intensity; psychophysiology; total knee replacement