title: Identification of possible factors influencing temperatures elevation during implant site preparation with piezoelectric technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overheating during implant site preparation negatively affects the osseointegration process as well the final outcome of implant rehabilitations. Piezoelectric techniques seem to provide to a gentle implant preparation although few scientific reports have investigated the heat generation and its underlying factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, through a proper methodological approach, the main factors influencing temperature rise during piezoelectric implant site preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different piezoelectric tips (IM1s, IM2, P2-3, IM3, Mectron Medical Technology, Carasco, Italy) have been tested. The experimental set-up consisted in a mechanical positioning device equipped with a load cell and a fluoroptic thermometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first tip of the sequence (IM1s) generated the highest temperature increasing (ΔT). The diamond tips (IM1s and P2-3) determined higher ΔT values than the smooth tips (IM2 and IM3). Further tests with IM1s suggested that the temperature elevation during the first thirty seconds may be predictive of the maximal temperature as well as of the overall thermal impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Working load, working movements management and bone features resulted to be the main factors influencing temperature rise during piezoelectric implant site preparation. Irrigant temperature and clogging effect may also synergically contribute to the heat generation.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamazza
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laurito
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lollobrigida
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brugnoletti
authors.affiliation: Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), Palermo, Italy; Mediterranean Diagnostic (ME.DI.), Castellammare di Stabia, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garreffa
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Biase
keywords: heat; implant site preparation; piezosurgery