title: Establishing pediatric surgical services in emerging countries: What the first world can learn from Vanuatu.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional surgical aid to emerging countries often does little to build capacity or infrastructure. An evolving model in the South Pacific has been designed to promote local expertise by training local surgeons to a high standard and helping establish sustainable pediatric surgical services in those regions. This review identifies the key elements required to improve and expand local specialist pediatric surgical capacity in Vanuatu. It highlights some of the challenges that face external agencies in helping to create sufficient local infrastructure to achieve these goals and describes how the impediments can be overcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a review of the program that provides a sustainable pediatric surgical service to the small and poor Pacific nation of Vanuatu through the involvement and support of the Pacific Island Project administered by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A needs assessment must be done from the recipient's perspective and can be achieved by collaboration between an external agency and existing local surgeons. The key to a sustainable service is identifying and training high quality young indigenous doctors early and providing mentorship and support, including after their return. A sustainable and viable service requires an adequately resourced position for the new surgeons(s) within a framework of a long term strategic plan for the specialty and adequate infrastructure in place on their return. Development of rapport with government and influencing strategic health priorities is a prerequisite of a new national specialty service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Establishing long term viable pediatric surgical capability can only be achieved through the local health system with local leadership and ownership. (2) Internal capability includes governance, alignment with ministry of health priorities and policies, and effective clinical leadership. (3) Selection of person(s) to be trained is best done early, and he/she must be supported throughout training and afterwards. (4) Long term dependence on a single person makes the service vulnerable. (5) Ultimately, a service configuration that ensures children have timely access to quality specialist advice and which reflects the needs of the population is the main determinant of clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu, and Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji.
authors.forename: Basil M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Leodoro
authors.affiliation: University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: spencer.beasley@cdhb.health.nz.
authors.forename: Spencer W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.affiliation: University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kiki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maoate
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D013502:General Surgery / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009514:Vanuatu
keywords: Clinical leadership; Global surgery; Outcomes; Pediatric surgery; Service configuration; Vanuatu