title: Unraveling antimicrobial resistance genes and phenotype patterns among Enterococcus faecalis isolated from retail chicken products in Japan.
abstract: Multidrug-resistant enterococci are considered crucial drivers for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants within and beyond a genus. These organisms may pass numerous resistance determinants to other harmful pathogens, whose multiple resistances would cause adverse consequences. Therefore, an understanding of the coexistence epidemiology of resistance genes is critical, but such information remains limited. In this study, our first objective was to determine the prevalence of principal resistance phenotypes and genes among Enterococcus faecalis isolated from retail chicken domestic products collected throughout Japan. Subsequent analysis of these data by using an additive Bayesian network (ABN) model revealed the co-appearance patterns of resistance genes and identified the associations between resistance genes and phenotypes. The common phenotypes observed among E. faecalis isolated from the domestic products were the resistances to oxytetracycline (58.4%), dihydrostreptomycin (50.4%), and erythromycin (37.2%), and the gene tet(L) was detected in 46.0% of the isolates. The ABN model identified statistically significant associations between tet(L) and erm(B), tet(L) and ant(6)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia and aph(3')-IIIa, and aph(3')-IIIa and erm(B), which indicated that a multiple-resistance profile of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin is systematic rather than random. Conversely, the presence of tet(O) was only negatively associated with that of erm(B) and tet(M), which suggested that in the presence of tet(O), the aforementioned multiple resistance is unlikely to be observed. Such heterogeneity in linkages among genes that confer the same phenotypic resistance highlights the importance of incorporating genetic information when investigating the risk factors for the spread of resistance. The epidemiological factors that underlie the persistence of systematic multiple-resistance patterns warrant further investigations with appropriate adjustments for ecological and bacteriological factors.
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Arata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidano
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayama
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muroga
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Sota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Animal Products Safety Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture, and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007564:Japan; D008954:Models, Biological; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents