title: Orthorexia nervosa and self-attitudinal aspects of body image in female and male university students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was designed to investigate orthorexia nervosa, or the phenomenon of being preoccupied with consuming healthy food. Specific aims were to explore relationships between orthorexia features and attitudes towards body image, fitness and health in normal weight female and male university students with high levels of healthy food preoccupation, i.e. orthorexia nervosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 327 female (N = 283) and male (N = 44) students aged 18 to 25 years. All participants completed the Polish adaptation of the 15-item questionnaire assessing orthorexia eating behaviours (the ORTHO-15) and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (the MBSRQ). Relationships between scores on the ORTHO-15 and MBSRQ were explored in the 213 students who had high levels of preoccupation with a healthy food intake (68.55% women and 43.18% men, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of orthorexia behaviours between females and males. In female students with orthorexia nervosa, preoccupation with consuming healthy food was significantly correlated with the MBSRQ subscale scores for overweight preoccupation, appearance orientation, fitness orientation, health orientation, body areas satisfaction and appearance evaluation. Conversely, in male students with orthorexia nervosa there were no correlations between orthorexic behaviours and the MBSRQ subscales. In female students with orthorexia nervosa multivariable linear regression analysis found high body areas (parts) satisfaction, low fitness orientation, low overweight preoccupation and low appearance orientation were independent predictors of greater fixation on eating healthy food. In male students, we found that aspects of body image were not associated with preoccupation with healthy eating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strong preoccupation with healthy and proper food was not associated with an unhealthy body-self relationship among Polish female student with orthorexia nervosa.
authors.affiliation: Campus in Katowice, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brytek-Matera
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Donini
authors.affiliation: Polish National Center for Eating Disorders, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krupa
authors.affiliation: Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poggiogalle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney and School of Medicine James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
authors.forename: Phillipa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hay
keywords: Body image; Healthy food; Orthorexia nervosa