title: Nurse-led psychological intervention after physical traumas: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency room nurses were trained to provide a short-term psychological intervention in physically injured patients with Impact of Event Scale (IES) scores > 20. The aims were to study the effects of the psychological intervention relative to usual care (UC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial, psychological distress, daily functioning and the personality traits optimism/pessimism were compared with patients who received the UC. The interventions were provided 1 - 3 months after discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IES scores were significantly reduced in both groups at 3 months (intervention: 41.1 - 28.6, P < 0.001 vs. UC: 35.4 - 26.2, P < 0.001), but not significantly different between groups. Baseline IES score was a significant predictor of IES scores at 3 (β = 0.4, P < 0.05) and 12 months (β = 0.3, P < 0.05), whereas overall daily functioning at 3 months predicted IES scores at 12 months (β = -0.5, P < 0.001). Patients receiving intervention became significantly more optimistic during the year, and had an increase in overall daily functioning from 3 to 12 months (P < 0.001). Patients declining intervention were more pessimistic and had lower daily functioning. Patients who talked with nurses with more training in psychological processing had a larger reduction in IES symptoms at 3 months (β = -0.3, P = 0.081).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nurse-led intervention had a significant effect on optimism and overall daily functioning. Nurses may become a low-cost option to perform short-term psychological interventions with physically injured hospitalized patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Division of Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skogstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hem
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway ; Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekeberg
keywords: Physically injured patients; Posttraumatic stress; Randomized controlled trial; Short-term psychological intervention