title: The in vitro antifungal activity of sudanese medicinal plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the eumycetoma major causative agent.
abstract: Eumycetoma is a debilitating chronic inflammatory fungal infection that exists worldwide but it is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions. The major causative organism is the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. The current treatment of eumycetoma is suboptimal and characterized by low cure rate and high recurrence rates. Hence, an alternative therapy is needed to address this. Here we determined the antifungal activity of seven Sudanese medicinal plant species against Madurella mycetomatis. Of these, only three species; Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia nubica and Nigella sativa, showed some antifungal activity against M. mycetomatis and were further studied. Crude methanol, hexane and defatted methanol extracts of these species were tested for their antifungal activity. B. papyrifera had the highest antifungal activity (MIC50 of 1 ug/ml) and it was further fractionated. The crude methanol and the soluble ethyl acetate fractions of B. papyrifera showed some antifungal activity. The Gas-Liquid-Chromatography hybrid Mass-Spectrophotometer analysis of these two fractions showed the existence of beta-amyrin, beta-amyrone, beta-Sitosterol and stigmatriene. Stigmatriene had the best antifungal activity, compared to other three phytoconstituents, with an MIC-50 of 32 μg/ml. Although the antifungal activity of the identified phytoconstituents was only limited, the antifungal activity of the complete extracts is more promising, indicating synergism. Furthermore these plant extracts are also known to have anti-inflammatory activity and can stimulate wound-healing; characteristics which might also be of great value in the development of novel therapeutic drugs for this chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore further exploration of these plant species in the treatment of mycetoma is encouraging.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hassabelrasoul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elfadil
authors.affiliation: The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahal
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloezen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan.
authors.forename: Elhadi M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van de Sande
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020461:Madurella / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts