title: Maternal weight in pregnancy and offspring body composition in late adulthood: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal obesity has long-term consequences for the offspring's later health, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms explaining these associations are, however, not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2003 individuals from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born 1934-44, underwent measurements of body size, body composition, and clinical characteristics at a mean age of 62 years. Data on maternal anthropometry were available from hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal BMI was positively associated with BMI in the offspring. Higher maternal BMI was associated with less favorable body composition in the offspring. There was a significant interaction between birth weight and maternal BMI on offspring body fat percentage (P for interaction 0.003). In mothers with low BMI, a higher offspring birth weight was associated with lower fat percentage, while among those with maternal BMI in the highest fourth, higher offspring birth weight predicted higher body fat percentage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that a disadvantageous body composition is programmed in early life. This may in part underlie the association between maternal obesity and later cardio-metabolic health of the offspring. These findings support the importance of prevention of overweight in women of child-bearing age.
authors: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention , Helsinki , Finland.
authors: Johan G
authors: JG
authors: Eriksson
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Sandboge
authors: Minna
authors: M
authors: Salonen
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Kajantie
authors: Clive
authors: C
authors: Osmond
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D032721:Adult Children; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class
keywords: Adiposity; birth weight; body composition; maternal obesity; offspring health; prenatal growth