title: Increased interleukin-17 transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a link between T-helper 17 and proinflammatory responses in bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells thatare known by producing IL-17 have recently been defined as a unique subset of proinflammatory helper cells. IL-17 is an inflammatory cytokine with robust effect on many cells and it can play important roles in pathogenesis of diverse groups of immune-mediated diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this case-control study was to determine the gene expression of IL-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in Iranian patients with bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 37 patients with bladder cancer and 37 healthy individuals with no history of malignancies or autoimmune disorders, based of simple sampling. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TGF-β were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean of IL-17 transcripts was significantly higher in patients with bladder cancer compared with healthy individuals (0.33 ± 0.06 vs. 0.42 ± 0.14, ) (P = 0.04), but their TGF-β was lower (12.53 ± 8.41 vs. 54.94 ± 17.95, ) (P = 0.04). However, the IL-6 transcripts level was similar in both groups (5.34 ± 2.40 vs. 8.07 ± 3.28, ) (P > 0.05) and there was not any significant difference between the noted cytokines expressions among patients with different stages and grades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As most of the cases studied in this investigation were in stages I and II, IL-17 as a prominent proinflammatory cytokine may play an important role in recruiting and infiltrating of antitumor immune responses in early stages of bladder cancer. Furthermore, it can be used as predictor for the clinical stage and prognosis of cancers such as bladder carcinoma.
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran.
authors: Rasoul
authors: R
authors: Baharlou
authors: Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran ; Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Abdolaziz
authors: A
authors: Khezri
authors: Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Mahboobeh
authors: M
authors: Razmkhah
authors: Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Mojtaba
authors: M
authors: Habibagahi
authors: Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Hosseini
authors: Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran ; Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Ghaderi
authors: Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors: Mansooreh
authors: M
authors: Jaberipour
keywords: Interleukin17; Interleukin6; Transforming Growth Factor Beta