title: Global migration of influenza A viruses in swine.
abstract: The complex and unresolved evolutionary origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic exposed major gaps in our knowledge of the global spatial ecology and evolution of influenza A viruses in swine (swIAVs). Here we undertake an expansive phylogenetic analysis of swIAV sequence data and demonstrate that the global live swine trade strongly predicts the spatial dissemination of swIAVs, with Europe and North America acting as sources of viruses in Asian countries. In contrast, China has the world's largest swine population but is not a major exporter of live swine, and is not an important source of swIAVs in neighbouring Asian countries or globally. A meta-population simulation model incorporating trade data predicts that the global ecology of swIAVs is more complex than previously thought, and the United States and China's large swine populations are unlikely to be representative of swIAV diversity in their respective geographic regions, requiring independent surveillance efforts throughout Latin America and Asia.
authors: Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors: Martha I
authors: MI
authors: Nelson
authors: Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors: Cécile
authors: C
authors: Viboud
authors: Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Vincent
authors: University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
authors: Marie R
authors: MR
authors: Culhane
authors: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada.
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Detmer
authors: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Wentworth
authors: 1] Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 FLT, UK [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 FLT, UK.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Rambaut
authors: Departments of Biomathematics, Biostatistics, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors: Marc A
authors: MA
authors: Suchard
authors: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors: Edward C
authors: EC
authors: Holmes
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Lemey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001483:Base Sequence; D002170:Canada; D002681:China; D003132:Commerce; D005060:Europe; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D038622:Internationality; D007843:Latin America; D008800:Mexico; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009656:North America; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral