title: Virology. Mutation rate and genotype variation of Ebola virus from Mali case sequences.
abstract: The occurrence of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa during 2013-2015 is unprecedented. Early reports suggested that in this outbreak EBOV is mutating twice as fast as previously observed, which indicates the potential for changes in transmissibility and virulence and could render current molecular diagnostics and countermeasures ineffective. We have determined additional full-length sequences from two clusters of imported EBOV infections into Mali, and we show that the nucleotide substitution rate (9.6 × 10(-4) substitutions per site per year) is consistent with rates observed in Central African outbreaks. In addition, overall variation among all genotypes observed remains low. Thus, our data indicate that EBOV is not undergoing rapid evolution in humans during the current outbreak. This finding has important implications for outbreak response and public health decisions and should alleviate several previously raised concerns.
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Hoenen
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Safronetz
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Groseth
authors: Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Wollenberg
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: O A
authors: OA
authors: Koita
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Diarra
authors: World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali.
authors: I S
authors: IS
authors: Fall
authors: Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali.
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: Haidara
authors: Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Diallo
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Sanogo
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: Y S
authors: YS
authors: Sarro
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kone
authors: Center of Research and Training for HIV and Tuberculosis, University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako, Mali.
authors: A C G
authors: AC
authors: Togo
authors: Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Traore
authors: Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kodio
authors: World Health Organization Inter-Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dosseh
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Rosenke
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: de Wit
authors: Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Feldmann
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Ebihara
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors: V J
authors: VJ
authors: Munster
authors: Office of the Scientific Director, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA.
authors: K C
authors: KC
authors: Zoon
authors: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA. feldmannh@niaid.nih.gov ssow@medicine.umaryland.edu.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Feldmann
authors: Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali. feldmannh@niaid.nih.gov ssow@medicine.umaryland.edu.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sow
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005838:Genotype; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059645:Mutation Rate; D010802:Phylogeny