title: Frequency and geographic distribution of gyrA and gyrB mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detection of mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome that have been demonstrated to confer phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones is the most promising technology for rapid diagnosis of fluoroquinolone resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to characterize the diversity and frequency of gyrA and gyrB mutations and to describe the global distribution of these mutations, we conducted a systematic review, from May 1996 to April 2013, of all published studies evaluating Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. The overall goal of the study was to determine the potential utility and reliability of these mutations as diagnostic markers to detect phenotypic fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to describe their geographic distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six studies, covering four continents and 18 countries, provided mutation data for 3,846 unique clinical isolates with phenotypic resistance profiles to fluoroquinolones. The gyrA mutations occurring most frequently in fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, ranged from 21-32% for D94G and 13-20% for A90V, by drug. Eighty seven percent of all strains that were phenotypically resistant to moxifloxacin and 83% of ofloxacin resistant isolates contained mutations in gyrA. Additionally we found that 83% and 80% of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin resistant strains respectively, were observed to have mutations in the gyrA codons interrogated by the existing MTBDRsl line probe assay. In China and Russia, 83% and 84% of fluoroquinolone resistant strains respectively, were observed to have gyrA mutations in the gene regions covered by the MTBDRsl assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular diagnostics, specifically the Genotype MTBDRsl assay, focusing on codons 88-94 should have moderate to high sensitivity in most countries. While we did observe geographic differences in the frequencies of single gyrA mutations across countries, molecular diagnostics based on detection of all gyrA mutations demonstrated to confer resistance should have broad and global utility.
authors: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Elisea
authors: E
authors: Avalos
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Arkansas, United States of America.
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Catanzaro
authors: University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Antonino
authors: A
authors: Catanzaro
authors: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Ganiats
authors: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Brodine
authors: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Alcaraz
authors: Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Rodwell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D027081:DNA Gyrase