title: Life course exposure to smoke and early menopause and menopausal transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early age at menopause is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, osteoporosis, and all-cause mortality. Cigarette smoke exposure in adulthood is an established risk factor for earlier age at natural menopause and may be related to age at the menopausal transition. Using data from two US birth cohorts, we examined the association between smoke exposure at various stages of the life course (prenatal exposure, childhood exposure to parental smoking, and adult smoke exposure) and menopause status in 1,001 women aged 39 to 49 years at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used logistic regression analysis (adjusting for age at follow-up) to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) relating smoke exposure to natural menopause and the menopausal transition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitudes of the associations for natural menopause were similar but not statistically significant after adjustment for confounders among (i) women with prenatal smoke exposure who did not smoke on adult follow-up (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 0.8-9.4) and (ii) current adult smokers who were not exposed prenatally (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 0.9-9.0). Women who had been exposed to prenatal smoke and were current smokers had three times the risk of experiencing earlier natural menopause (adjusted OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1-10.3) compared with women without smoke exposure in either period. Only current smoking of long duration (>26 y) was associated with the timing of the menopausal transition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that exposure to smoke both prenatally and around the time of menopause accelerates ovarian aging.
authors: 1Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 2School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN 3Division of Social Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 4Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 5Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 6The Center for Research on Women and Children's Health, The Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA.
authors: Hebatullah
authors: H
authors: Tawfik
authors: Jennie
authors: J
authors: Kline
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Jacobson
authors: Parisa
authors: P
authors: Tehranifar
authors: Angeline
authors: A
authors: Protacio
authors: Julie D
authors: JD
authors: Flom
authors: Piera
authors: P
authors: Cirillo
authors: Barbara A
authors: BA
authors: Cohn
authors: Mary Beth
authors: MB
authors: Terry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017697:Premenopause; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution