title: Milrinone and esmolol decrease cardiac damage after resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term survival after cardiac arrest (CA) due to shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) is low. Clearly, there is a need for new pharmacological interventions in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to improve outcome. Here, hemodynamic parameters and cardiac damage are compared between the treatment group (milrinone, esmolol and vasopressin) and controls (vasopressin only) during resuscitation from prolonged CA in piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 26 immature male piglets were subjected to 12-min VF followed by 8-min CPR. The treatment group (n=13) received i.v. (intravenous) boluses vasopressin 0.4 U/kg, esmolol 250 μg/kg and milrinone 25 μg/kg after 13 min, followed by i.v. boluses esmolol 375 μg/kg and milrinone 25 μg/kg after 18 min and continuous esmolol 15 μg/kg/h infusion during 180 min reperfusion, whereas controls (n=13) received equal amounts of vasopressin and saline. A 200 J monophasic counter-shock was delivered to achieve resumption of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after 8 min CPR. If ROSC was not achieved, another 200 J defibrillation and bolus vasopressin 0.4 U/kg would be administered in both groups. Direct current shocks at 360 J were applied as one shot per minute over maximally 5 min. Hemodynamic variables and troponin I as a marker of cardiac injury were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Troponin I levels after 180 min reperfusion were lower in the treatment group than in controls (P<0.05). The treatment group received less norepinephrine (P<0.01) and had greater diuresis (P<0.01). There was no difference in survival between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of milrinone, esmolol and vasopressin decreased cardiac injury compared with vasopressin alone.
authors: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Operative and Intensive Care Medicine, Hallands Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Zoerner
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Lennmyr
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wiklund
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Martijn
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Semenas
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D020105:Milrinone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D011412:Propanolamines; D019210:Troponin I; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D020105:Milrinone; C036604:esmolol