title: Is a new sonic toothbrush more effective in plaque removal than a manual toothbrush?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Powered or manual toothbrushes are daily-used instrument in the Western area for the control and removal of bacterial biofilm. Among powered-toothbrushes, sonic technology has shown to produce fluid turbulent activity that might assist in plaque removal; however, limited knowledge is available in-vivo. The objectives of this study were to compare the plaque removal efficacy of two different toothbrushes in a population not familiar with sonic technology, and to collect and analyse data regarding oral hygiene habits. The null-hypothesis was that a sonic toothbrush is able to remove a superior amount of plaque compared to the manual type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty young adult patients were enrolled in the study. A single-cohort crossover clinical trial was designed. For each patient, three appointments were scheduled: the first (T0) was used for oral care education and explanations of toothbrushes techniques, for a preliminary professional hygiene session, and for delivery of a questionnaire; at one week (T1), plaque evaluation was performed (Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein index) at baseline and after asking patients to brush with the randomly selected manual or sonic device. At the last appointment (week 3, T2), the same plaque evaluations of T1 were repeated asking patients to brush with the other toothbrush. Entire mouth indexes were calculated and mean reductions in whole mouth plaque scores were obtained (pre-brushing minus post-brushing values) for the two tested toothbrushes. Multiple ANOVA tests (p = 0.05 ) were used 1) to compare plaque levels between male and female subjects at baseline and post-brushing, regardless the type of toothbrush, and 2) to differentiate between mean reductions in whole mouth plaque scores according to the type of toothbrush (manual versus sonic). The study population was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis; potential relationships between socio-demographic variables and obtained plaque scores were evaluated (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full-mouth plaque levels were reduced at post-brushing sessions, regardless the device, by approximately 62% (p<0.0001). Mean plaque index reductions for manual and sonic toothbrush were of 1.05 ± 0.22 and 1.19 ± 0.37, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the two devices (p = 0.0342). The powered sonic toothbrush removed about 10% more plaque than the manual type. From the collected questionnaire financial data, willingness to pay (WTP) values expressing economic efforts of patients for the purchase of toothbrushes were of Euros 4.83 ± 3.86 and of Euros 54.75 ± 36, for the manual and sonic devices, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of the study, in subjects without any previous experience of a similar technology, the single use of the sonic toothbrush showed a significantly greater plaque reduction compared to the manual traditional toothbrush (null-hypothesis accepted).
authors: Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, University of Milan, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Re
authors: Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, University of Milan, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Augusti
authors: Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, University of Milan, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Battaglia
authors: Maxillo-Facial and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Giannì
authors: Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, University of Milan, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Augusti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D018441:Biofilms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000628:therapy*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D057240:Patient Preference; D012737:Sex Factors; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D055815:Young Adult