title: The importance of co-stimulation in the orchestration of T helper cell differentiation.
abstract: Upon their activation, CD4 T cells can differentiate into distinct T helper cell subsets with specialised functions. Different T helper cell subsets produce specific cytokines that mediate beneficial and sometimes detrimental effects, depending on the infection or disease setting. CD4 T-cell priming relies on signals delivered by the T-cell antigen receptor, co-stimulatory receptors and cytokine receptors on the CD4 T-cell surface. Cytokine receptors are well known to deliver instructive signals that direct T helper cell differentiation. However, it is less appreciated that co-stimulatory receptors also exert potent modulatory effects on this process. In this review, we outline the contribution of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors to the process of T helper cell differentiation, focusing on those pathways for which the underlying mechanisms are best known. Herein, we depict the physiological context of T-cell priming and emphasise the impact of cell-cell communication on directing T helper cell differentiation.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: Coquet
authors: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Rausch
authors: Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jannie
authors: J
authors: Borst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine