title: Effects of combined stretching and clenbuterol on disuse atrophy in rat soleus muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinically, disuse muscle atrophy is often seen among patients who are severely debilited and are on prolonged bed rest. Common physical therapy interventions are not successful in preventing disuse muscle atrophy early in the medical treatment of critically ill patients. In situations such as this, the use of a β 2-adrenergic agonist such as clenbuterol (Cb) may be of benefit in preventing atrophy. Also, recent studies have suggested that stretching is possible in preventing disuse muscle atrophy and the decline in muscle strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Cb medication combined with stretching (ST) on rat soleus muscle (SOL) during the progression of disuse muscle atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five male Wistar rats were used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into five groups: control (CON), hindlimb-unweighting (HU) only, HU+ST, HU+Cb medication, and HU+ST+Cb groups. The right SOL in stretching groups was maintained a stretched position for one hour daily by passively dorsiflexing the ankle joint under non-anesthesia. The experimental period was 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ST group, peak twitch tension per cross-sectional area in soleus muscle was significantly larger than in the Cb group, while there was no significant difference between the CON and ST groups. The conversion of type I to type II fibers that was observed in the Cb group was not recognized in the combined ST and Cb group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct effect of combined stretching and Cb medication was not recognized statistically. The results indicate that Cb affects muscle morphological characteristics while stretching affects contractile properties. These data suggest that a combined ST and Cb intervention considered the type-specificity of muscle fiber may be need more consideration for preventing disuse muscle atrophy and the decline in muscle strength.
authors: Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
authors: Toshiaki
authors: T
authors: Yamazaki
authors: Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Yokogawa
authors: Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
authors: Katsuhiko
authors: K
authors: Tachino
keywords: atrophy prevention; clenbuterol; disuse muscle atrophy; rat; stretching