title: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single and multiple-doses of pinocembrin injection administered intravenously in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pinocembrin is the most abundant flavonoid in propolis. Preclinical studies have suggested that pinocembrin protects rat brain against oxidation and apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion both in vivo and in vitro. To investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a new neuroprotective agent, pinocembrin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was carried out in 58 healthy subjects. Single ascending doses of pinocembrin (20-150 mg) were evaluated in 5 cohorts. Multi-dose was studied at pinocembrin 60 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pinocembrin was well tolerated. No serious adverse events occurred. No subjects were discontinued because of a treatment emergent AE. Treatment related adverse event was acute urticaria. Two subjects in 150 mg cohort developed grade II urticaria during the study. One subject discontinued after 3 days at 60 mg bid because of diarrhea. In the single-dose study, the mean peak plasma pinocembrin concentration was obtained at the end of the 30-min infusion. The Cmax ranged from 0.28 μg mL(-1) to 2.46 μg mL(-1). AUC (0,∞) ranged from 10.34 μg mL(-1) min to 89.34 μg mL(-1) min. The T1/2 was similar across 5 dose groups, ranging from 40 to 55 min. Both urinary and feces excretion levels of pinocembrin were extremely low and similar among each dose groups, with mean values ranging from 0.07% to 0.17% and 0.94% to 1.94% of the administered dose, respectively. Linear increases in Cmax and AUC(0,∞) were observed. The pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin in multiple-dose was similar to those observed in the single-dose study, with no evidence of accumulation. Both urinary and feces excretion levels of pinocembrin were extremely low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pinocembrin displayed linear plasma pharmacokinetics over the dose range, 20-150 mg and was well tolerated up to 120 mg day(-1) when administered intravenously to healthy adults. No major safety concerns were identified that would preclude further clinical development of pinocembrin injection.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Guoying
authors: G
authors: Cao
authors: Zhongqi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050051, China.
authors: Pengyue
authors: P
authors: Ying
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Bei
authors: B
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Xue
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Kexin
authors: K
authors: Li
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Aixin
authors: A
authors: Shi
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
authors: Taohua
authors: T
authors: Sun
authors: Zhongqi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050051, China.
authors: Jiling
authors: J
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C016063:pinocembrin
keywords: Pharmacokinetics; Phase I; Pinocembrin; Safety; Tolerability