title: Microshear Bond Strength of Adhesives to Enamel Remineralized Using Casein Phosphopeptide Agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to evaluate the difference between bonding to demineralized enamel and remineralized enamel using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACFP) or without fluoride (CPP-ACP) compared to normal enamel. Another aim was to test if the newly introduced Single Bond Universal adhesive system would show better bonding to any enamel condition in comparison to the other tested adhesive systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lingual enamel surfaces of 40 non carious human third molars were divided into four main groups according to the enamel condition (ground normal enamel [negative control]; demineralized enamel [positive control]; and remineralized enamel with CPP-ACP or with CPP-ACFP, respectively). Within each main group, the lingual enamel surface of each tooth was sectioned into three slabs, resulting in 30 slabs that were distributed into three subgroups according to the adhesive system utilized (Clearfil S(3) Bond Plus, Single Bond Universal, or G-aenial Bond). Two resin composite microcylinder buildups were made on each enamel slab using Filtek Z350 XT. The μSBS was evaluated at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Modes of failure were detected using an environmental scanning electron microscope at 300× magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed a significant effect for the enamel condition. However, there was no significant effect for the type of adhesive system. The interaction between the enamel condition and the type of adhesive system was also not significant. Modes of failure were mainly adhesive except for the demineralized enamel. It showed a mixed type of failure, in which cohesive failure in enamel was recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All single-step self-etch adhesives revealed comparable μSBS values to ground enamel and enamel remineralized with CPP-ACP or CPP-ACFP. Bonding to demineralized enamel was ineffective. With any enamel condition, no tested single-step self-etch adhesive was superior in its bonding.
authors: E H
authors: EH
authors: Mobarak
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ali
authors: L E
authors: LE
authors: Daifalla
mesh_terms: D002364:Caseins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements; D003743:Dental Enamel; D003764:Dental Materials; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex