title: The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis.
abstract: The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damages, dysfunctions, and failures of various organs. An important complication of diabetes is the disturbance in the male reproductive system. Glucose metabolism is an important event in spermatogenesis. Moreover, glucose metabolism is also important for maintaining basic cell activity, as well as specific functions, such as motility and fertilization ability in mature sperm. Diabetic disease and experimentally induced diabetes both demonstrated that either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes could have detrimental effects on male fertility, especially on sperm quality, such as sperm motility, sperm DNA integrity, and ingredients of seminal plasma. Epigenetic modifications are essential during spermatogenesis. The epigenetic regulation represents chromatin modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, remodeling of nucleosomes and the higher-order chromatin reorganization and noncoding RNAs. If spermatogenesis is affected during the critical developmental window, embryonic gonadal development, and germline differentiation, environmentally-induced epigenetic modifications may become permanent in the germ line epigenome and have a potential impact on subsequent generations through epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. Diabetes may influence the epigenetic modification during sperm spermatogenesis and that these epigenetic dysregulation may be inherited through the male germ line and passed onto more than one generation, which in turn may increase the risk of diabetes in offspring.
authors: Guo-Lian
authors: GL
authors: Ding
authors: Ye
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Miao-E
authors: ME
authors: Liu
authors: Jie-Xue
authors: JX
authors: Pan
authors: Meng-Xi
authors: MX
authors: Guo
authors: Jian-Zhong
authors: JZ
authors: Sheng
authors: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030; The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors: He-Feng
authors: HF
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics*; D042421:Histone Code / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D012661:Semen; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D009707:Nucleosomes