title: Increased Expression of Androgen Receptor mRNA in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of androgen receptor in renal cell carcinoma is not well understood. In this study the correlation between androgen receptor mRNA expression and clinicopathological features in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma was investigated. Additionally, human renal cell carcinoma cell lines were examined for the presence and effect of androgen receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Androgen receptor mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 115 tumor samples from patients with primary pathological stage T1 or T2 (pT1/pT2) renal cell carcinoma and 57 specimens of corresponding normal kidney tissue. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were done to examine the expression of androgen receptor in human renal cell carcinoma cell lines. Effects on cellular proliferation were investigated after activating and blocking androgen signaling in tissue culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Androgen receptor mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in patients with pT2 tumors than in those with pT1 tumors (p = 0.011). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed significant differences in time to progression and cancer specific survival between low and high androgen receptor mRNA expression groups regardless of gender. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the level of androgen receptor expression was an independent predictor of cancer specific survival (HR 15.546, 95% CI 1.320-183.131, p = 0.029). In tissue culture treatment with dihydrotestosterone caused proliferation in androgen receptor positive cell lines while enzalutamide resulted in reduced cell viability in a dose dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with localized renal cell carcinoma the androgen receptor mRNA expression level is associated with prognosis. In addition, cell culture data suggest that enzalutamide may have an effect in limiting the growth of androgen receptor positive renal cell carcinoma.
authors: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yun-Sok
authors: YS
authors: Ha
authors: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors: Geun Taek
authors: GT
authors: Lee
authors: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors: Parth
authors: P
authors: Modi
authors: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors: Young Suk
authors: YS
authors: Kwon
authors: Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hanjong
authors: H
authors: Ahn
authors: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Wun-Jae
authors: WJ
authors: Kim
authors: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Electronic address: kimiy@cinj.rutgers.edu.
authors: Isaac Yi
authors: IY
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011944:Receptors, Androgen
keywords: MDV 3100; androgen; carcinoma; kidney; prognosis; receptors; renal cell