title: Synergistic inhibition of autophagy and neddylation pathways as a novel therapeutic approach for targeting liver cancer.
abstract: Liver cancer is the second-most frequent cause of cancer death in the world and is highly treatment resistant. We reported previously that inhibition of neddylation pathway with specific NAE inhibitor MLN4924, suppressed the malignant phenotypes of liver cancer. However, during the process, MLN4924 induces pro-survival autophagy as a mechanism of drug resistance. Here, we report that blockage of autophagy with clinically-available autophagy inhibitors (e.g. chloroquine) significantly enhanced the efficacy of MLN4924 on liver cancer cells by triggering apoptosis. Mechanistically, chloroquine enhanced MLN4924-induced up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g. NOXA) and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, the down-regulation of NOXA expression via siRNA silencing substantially attenuated apoptosis of liver cancer cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that blockage of autophagy augmented MLN4924-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The elimination of DNA damage or blockage of ROS production significantly reduced the expression of NOXA, and thereby attenuated apoptosis and reduced growth inhibition of liver cancer cells. Moreover, blockage of autophagy enhanced the efficacy of MLN4924 in an orthotopic model of human liver cancer, with induction of NOXA and apoptosis in tumor tissues. These findings provide important preclinical evidence for clinical investigation of synergistic inhibition of neddylation and autophagy in liver cancer.
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.|Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Chen
authors: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Hu
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yupei
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yanan
authors: Y
authors: Jiang
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yongfu
authors: Y
authors: Pan
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Chunjie
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Dongping
authors: D
authors: Wei
authors: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Li
authors: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Lak Shin
authors: LS
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yiwei
authors: Y
authors: Chu
authors: AntiCancer Biotech Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.|Anticancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Qi
authors: AntiCancer Biotech Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China.|Anticancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Meng
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.|Anticancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Hoffman
authors: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
authors: Ziming
authors: Z
authors: Dong
authors: Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Lijun
authors: L
authors: Jia
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004249:DNA Damage; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000075687:NEDD8 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D014162:Transfection; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D018942:Macrolides; D000075687:NEDD8 Protein; C082860:NEDD8 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C498702:PMAIP1 protein, human; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011743:Pyrimidines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014452:Ubiquitins; D002738:Chloroquine; C040929:bafilomycin A1; C539933:pevonedistat
keywords: MLN4924; apoptosis; autophagy; chloroquine; neddylation