title: 'IF You Drink Alcohol, THEN You Will Get Cancer': Investigating How Reasoning Accuracy Is Affected by Pictorially Presented Graphic Alcohol Warnings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cognitive processing of emotive pictorial warnings intended to curb alcohol misuse, using novel methodologies adapted from the reasoning literature to assess whether emotive pictorial warnings alter reasoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Study 1, individuals completed a version of the Wason selection task-evaluating warnings in which content type (Alcohol and Non-Alcohol) and emotional valence (Positive and Negative) were manipulated through imagery. In Study 2, people evaluated the certainty of outcomes described by alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related warnings in the form of If-Then statements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1 found that in alcohol-related warnings, there was no difference in reasoning accuracy between positive and negative content. However, fewer correct responses followed exposure to negative general-health messages. Study 2 suggested that when a warning involves the potential consequences of drinking alcohol, accuracy is improved when the content is negative. However, when considering the consequences of abstinence, accuracy was greatest when the content was positive. This was supported by an inference by content interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, negative imagery should be used with caution in health warnings, and goals carefully considered. In some cases imagery of negative outcomes may improve reasoning, however, its use in alcohol-related messages does not appear to be consistently beneficial.
authors: Department of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK daniel.zahra@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Zahra
authors: Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK.
authors: Rebecca L
authors: RL
authors: Monk
authors: Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Corder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult