title: Gradient-modulated SWIFT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methods designed to image fast-relaxing spins, such as sweep imaging with Fourier transformation (SWIFT), often utilize high excitation bandwidth and duty cycle, and in some applications the optimal flip angle cannot be used without exceeding safe specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. The aim is to reduce SAR and increase the flexibility of SWIFT by applying time-varying gradient-modulation (GM). The modified sequence is called GM-SWIFT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method known as gradient-modulated offset independent adiabaticity was used to modulate the radiofrequency (RF) pulse and gradients. An expanded correlation algorithm was developed for GM-SWIFT to correct the phase and scale effects. Simulations and phantom and in vivo human experiments were performed to verify the correlation algorithm and to evaluate imaging performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GM-SWIFT reduces SAR, RF amplitude, and acquisition time by up to 90%, 70%, and 45%, respectively, while maintaining image quality. The choice of GM parameter influences the lower limit of short T2 (*) sensitivity, which can be exploited to suppress unwanted image haze from unresolvable ultrashort T2 (*) signals originating from plastic materials in the coil housing and fixatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-SWIFT reduces peak and total RF power requirements and provides additional flexibility for optimizing SAR, RF amplitude, scan time, and image quality.
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.|School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Jinjin
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Djaudat
authors: D
authors: Idiyatullin
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Curtis A
authors: CA
authors: Corum
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Naoharu
authors: N
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Garwood
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: GOIA; SAR; SWIFT; VERSE; fast relaxing spins; frequency sweep; gradient modulation; ultrashort T2