title: Low prevalence of HPV detection and genotyping in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer using single-step PCR followed by reverse line blot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, HPV-DNA was scrutinized in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder cancer tissue using single-step PCR (HPV L1) for HPV detection, followed by reverse line blot (RLB) for genotyping.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 186 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder due to primary, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer from 2006 to 2009 were reviewed. A positive control group of 22 cervical tissues with cervical carcinoma was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology confirmed urothelial carcinoma in all patients: primary CIS, pTa, pT1 and pTa + pT1 in 14 (7.5 %), 134 (72 %), 36 (19.4 %) and two (1.1 %) patients, respectively. A total of 119 (63.9 %) of them were classified as low-risk, while 67 (36.1 %) were high-risk cancers. Tumor recurrence and progression (≥pT2) were seen in 79 and 11 patients (mean follow-up 45 months). The presence of HPV-DNA by single-step PCR was detected in four (2.2 %) patients. HPV 16 and HPV 6 were positive in two (1.1 %) and one (0.6 %) patient, respectively In one case, no HPV genotype listed on the RLB assay could be identified. In the control group, the HPV infection rate was 100 %: HPV 16 in 12 (54.6 %) patients, HPV 16/18 in four (18.3 %) patients, HPV 18 in two (9.1 %) patients, HPV 16/45 in one patient (4.5 %), HPV 18/33 in one (4.5 %) patient, HPV 16/33 in one (4.5 %) patient and HPV 33 in one (4.5 %) patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates low prevalence of HPV infection in FFPE bladder cancer tissue, arguing against the etiological role of HPV in non-muscle urothelial carcinogenesis.
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Renate
authors: R
authors: Pichler
authors: Section of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Wegene
authors: W
authors: Borena
authors: Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Schäfer
authors: Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Manzl
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Zoran
authors: Z
authors: Culig
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: List
authors: Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Müllerstrasse 44A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Neururer
authors: Section of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Dorothee
authors: D
authors: Von Laer
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Heidegger
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Klocker
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Horninger
authors: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Hannes
authors: H
authors: Steiner
authors: Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. Andrea.Brunner@i-med.ac.at.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Brunner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019459:Urothelium
keywords: Bladder cancer; Carcinogenesis; Human papillomavirus; Hybridization; Infection; PCR