title: Association of excessive GWG with adiposity indicators and metabolic diseases of their offspring: systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy is associated with an increase in adiposity indicators and metabolic disorders of the offspring.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review, using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria, was to analyze the association of excessive GWG in prospective studies with the adiposity indicators and metabolic diseases of the offspring, and the association of excessive GWG with adiposity indicators and metabolic disease of the ≥ 15 years offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases of prospective cohort studies published from January 2004 to September 2014. Selection was restricted to prospective cohort studies where the definition of GWG was used according to the IOM-recommendations; and prospective cohort studies including offspring ≥ 15 years, independent of using the definition for excessive GWG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine prospective cohort studies meet the inclusion criteria. Five studies used the IOM-recommendations for assessing GWG, and six studies assessed adiposity or metabolic indicators of their offspring at ≥ 15 years. In seven of the nine studies, excessive GWG was associated with adiposity and metabolic diseases. Due to the limitations found, the evidence of the association was shown to be low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review showed, that independently of the criteria used to diagnose excessive GWG, all the included studies, consistently showed an association of excessive GWG with adiposity indicators or other components of metabolic disease early in life, during adolescence or adulthood. However, due to the limitations of the studies the strength of the evidence was low. Better designed studies are warranted to confirm a stronger evidence.
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mesa de Otay 14418, Tijuana BC.. arturojimenezc@yahoo.com.
authors: María Eugenia
authors: ME
authors: Pérez-Morales
authors: Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Postgrado en Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mesa de Otay 14418, Tijuana BC. México.. arturojimenezc@yahoo.com.
authors: Montserrat
authors: M
authors: Bacardi-Gascon
authors: Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Postgrado en Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mesa de Otay 14418, Tijuana BC. México.. arturojimenezc@yahoo.com.
authors: Arturo
authors: A
authors: Jimenez-Cruz
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015430:Weight Gain