title: Mitochondrial Function and Diabetes: Consequences for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Metabolism.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  An early hallmark in the development of type 2 diabetes is the resistance to the effect of insulin in skeletal muscle and in the heart. Since mitochondrial function was found to be diminished in patients with type 2 diabetes, it was suggested that this defect might be involved in the etiology of insulin resistance. Although several hypotheses were suggested, yet unclear is the mechanistic link between these two phenomena.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Herein, we review the evidence for disturbances in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and the heart in the diabetic state. Also the mechanisms involved in improving mitochondrial function are considered and, whenever possible, human data is cited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported evidence shows that interventions that improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial function also improve insulin sensitivity in humans. In the heart, available data from animal studies suggests that enhancement of mitochondrial function can reverse aging-induced changes in heart function, and can be protective against cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mitochondria and their functions can be targeted with the aim of improving skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and cardiac function. However, human clinical intervention studies are needed to fully substantiate the potential of mitochondria as a target to prevent cardiometabolic disease.
authors: 1 Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|2 Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors: Vera B
authors: VB
authors: Schrauwen-Hinderling
authors: 1 Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|4 Department of CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases in Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors: Marianne Eline
authors: ME
authors: Kooi
authors: 2 Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|3 Department of NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Schrauwen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*