title: Genotyping and clinical factors in pediatric diarrhea caused by rotaviruses: one-year surveillance in Surabaya, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotavirus infections are a major cause of diarrhea in children in both developed and developing countries. Rotavirus genetics, patient immunity, and environmental factors are thought to be related to the severity of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus in infants and young children. The objective of this study was to provide a correlation between rotavirus genotypes, clinical factors and degree of severity of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Surabaya, Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 1-60 months with acute diarrhea hospitalized in Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia from April to December 2013. Rotavirus in stool specimens was identified by ELISA and genotyping (G-type and P-type) using multiplex reverse transcription PCR. Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. The clinical factors were investigated included patient's age (months), hydration, antibiotic administration, nutritional state, co-bacterial infection and co-viral infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 88 children met the criteria; 80.7% were aged 6-24 months, watery diarrhea was the most common type (77.3%) and 73.6% of the subjects were co-infected with bacteria, of which pathogenic Escherichia coli was the most common (42.5%). The predominant VP7 genotyping (G-type) was G2 (31.8%) and that of VP4 genotyping (P-type) was P[4] (31.8%). The predominant rotavirus genotype was G2P[4] (19.3%); G1P[4] and G9P[4] were uncommon with a prevalence of 4.5%. There were significant differences between the common genotype and uncommon genotype with respect to the total severity score of diarrhea (p <0.05). G3, G4 and G9 were significantly correlated with severe diarrhea (p = 0.009) in multivariate analyses and with frequency of diarrhea (>10 times a day) (p = 0.045) in univariate analyses, but there was no significant correlation between P typing and severity of diarrhea. For combination genotyping of G and P, G2P[4] was significantly correlated with severe diarrhea in multivariate analyses (p = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a correlation between rotavirus genotype and severity of acute diarrhea in children. Genotype G2P[4] has the highest prevalence. G3, G4, G9 and G2P[4] combination genotype were found to be associated with severe diarrhea.
authors: Department of Child Health, Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Subijanto Marto
authors: SM
authors: Sudarmo
authors: Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan ; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Katsumi
authors: K
authors: Shigemura
authors: Department of Child Health, Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Alpha Fardah
authors: AF
authors: Athiyyah
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan ; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Kayo
authors: K
authors: Osawa
authors: Department of Child Health, Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Oktavian Prasetia
authors: OP
authors: Wardana
authors: Department of Child Health, Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Andy
authors: A
authors: Darma
authors: Department of Child Health, Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Ranuh
authors: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors: Dadik
authors: D
authors: Raharjo
authors: Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan ; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Soichi
authors: S
authors: Arakawa
authors: Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Fujisawa
authors: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia ; Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan ; Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan.
authors: Toshiro
authors: T
authors: Shirakawa
keywords: Clinical factors; Genotyping; Pediatrics; Rotavirus diarrhea