title: Use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclear medicine in the United States: 1960-2010.
abstract: To reconstruct reliable nuclear medicine-related occupational radiation doses or doses received as patients from radiopharmaceuticals over the last five decades, the authors assessed which radiopharmaceuticals were used in different time periods, their relative frequency of use, and typical values of the administered activity. This paper presents data on the changing patterns of clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals and documents the range of activity administered to adult patients undergoing diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in the U.S. between 1960 and 2010. Data are presented for 15 diagnostic imaging procedures that include thyroid scan and thyroid uptake; brain scan; brain blood flow; lung perfusion and ventilation; bone, liver, hepatobiliary, bone marrow, pancreas, and kidney scans; cardiac imaging procedures; tumor localization studies; localization of gastrointestinal bleeding; and non-imaging studies of blood volume and iron metabolism. Data on the relative use of radiopharmaceuticals were collected using key informant interviews and comprehensive literature reviews of typical administered activities of these diagnostic nuclear medicine studies. Responses of key informants on relative use of radiopharmaceuticals are in agreement with published literature. Results of this study will be used for retrospective reconstruction of occupational and personal medical radiation doses from diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals to members of the U.S. radiologic technologists' cohort and in reconstructing radiation doses from occupational or patient radiation exposures to other U.S. workers or patient populations.
authors: *Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892; †Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; ‡Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; §Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; **New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY; ††University of Missouri, Columbia Nuclear Medicine program, Columbia, MO; ‡‡Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; §§Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Palo Alto, CA; ***Retired; †††Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; ‡‡‡University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; §§§Veterans Affairs Northport, Long Island, NY; ****Center for Countermeasures against Radiation, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Drozdovitch
authors: Aaron B
authors: AB
authors: Brill
authors: Ronald J
authors: RJ
authors: Callahan
authors: Jeffrey A
authors: JA
authors: Clanton
authors: Allegra
authors: A
authors: DePietro
authors: Stanley J
authors: SJ
authors: Goldsmith
authors: Bennett S
authors: BS
authors: Greenspan
authors: Milton D
authors: MD
authors: Gross
authors: Marguerite T
authors: MT
authors: Hays
authors: Stephen C
authors: SC
authors: Moore
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Ponto
authors: Walton W
authors: WW
authors: Shreeve
authors: Dunstana R
authors: DR
authors: Melo
authors: Martha S
authors: MS
authors: Linet
authors: Steven L
authors: SL
authors: Simon
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals