title: Retrospective review of serum and urinary lithogenic risk factors in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze differences in bone remodeling markers, lithogenic factors and bone densitometry among the 3 groups of patients (controls, patients with relapsing calcium renal lithiasis, and patients with loss of bone mineral density without lithiasis).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study including 203 patients who were divided in 3 groups: group 1 (controls), group 2 (patients with relapsing calcium renal lithiasis), and group 3 (patients with osteopenia and/or osteoporosis in the lumbar spine or hip). Bone densitometry, calcium-phosphorous and bone metabolism analysis, and analysis of lithogenic risk factors in fasting urine samples and 24-hour urine samples were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0. A P ≤.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in group 2 presented greater calcium excretion and a lower citrate excretion in 24-hour urine samples as compared with the other 2 groups. The proportion of hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia was higher in group 2. In addition, patients in group 2 presented a lower loss of bone mineral density as well as altered bone remodeling markers as compared with those in group 1. Patients in group 3 also presented alterations in urine calcium and citrate excretion with respect to the control group, with elevated fasting calcium and citrate levels and calcium-to-citrateratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lithogenic risk factors are altered in patients with osteopenia and/or osteoporosis without renal lithiasis although to a lesser extent than patients with calcium renal lithiasis.
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital La Inmaculada, Huercal-Overa, Spain. Electronic address: arrabalp@ono.com.
authors: Miguel Angel
authors: MA
authors: Arrabal-Polo
authors: Centro de Salud de Atarfe, Spain; Programa de Doctorado de Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
authors: María Sierra
authors: MS
authors: Girón-Prieto
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital La Inmaculada, Huercal-Overa, Spain.
authors: María Del Carmen
authors: Mdel C
authors: Cano-García
authors: Servicio de Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Poyatos-Andujar
authors: Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Quesada-Charneco
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, IBS Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Abad-Menor
authors: Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Arias-Santiago
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, IBS Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Zuluaga-Gomez
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, IBS Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Arrabal-Martin
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D003094:Collagen / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C110762:glutamyl-lysyl-alanyl-histidyl-aspartyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014807:Vitamin D; D019343:Citric Acid; D003094:Collagen; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium