title: Function and Mechanisms of Autophagy in Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are major causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Despite important pathophysiological differences between these disorders, in many respects, mechanisms of injury are similar. During both TBI and SCI, some cells are directly mechanically injured, but more die as a result of injury-induced biochemical changes (secondary injury). Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation pathway with neuroprotective properties, has been implicated both clinically and experimentally in the delayed response to TBI and SCI. However, until recently, its mechanisms and function remained unknown, reflecting in part the difficulty of isolating autophagic processes from ongoing cell death and other cellular events.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Emerging data suggest that depending on the location and severity of traumatic injury, autophagy flux--defined as the progress of cargo through the autophagy system and leading to its degradation--may be either increased or decreased after central nervous system trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While increased autophagy flux may be protective after mild injury, after more severe trauma inhibition of autophagy flux may contribute to neuronal cell death, indicating disruption of autophagy as a part of the secondary injury mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Augmentation and/or restoration of autophagy flux may provide a potential therapeutic target for treatment of TBI and SCI. Development of those treatments will require thorough characterization of changes in autophagy flux, its mechanisms and function over time after injury.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Marta M
authors: MM
authors: Lipinski
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Junfang
authors: J
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Alan I
authors: AI
authors: Faden
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Chinmoy
authors: C
authors: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents