title: An MMP-inhibitor modified adhesive primer enhances bond durability to carious dentin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of adding a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (BB94, Batimastat) to the primer of a three-step etch and rinse adhesive system on caries-affected dentin (CaD) MMP activity, and to assess the effect of such an inclusion on the chemical content of the CaD-adhesive interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caries-infected dentin (CiD) was excavated selectively from freshly extracted human carious teeth using a chemo-mechanical agent. Each tooth was sectioned into three slabs through the CaD retained cavity. These were treated with either Optibond FL "OB" (Kerr, Orange, USA) without MMP inhibitor, or with 500 μM BB94 prior to the application of OB primer and bond, or with OB primer that contained 5 μM BB94. In situ zymography and Raman micro-spectroscopy were used to investigate MMP activity and the changes in the chemical content at the CaD/adhesive interface, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data showed the use of OB adhesive with BB94 resulted in immediate interfacial MMP inhibition, by direct application (93.3%) and by means of a drug delivery system (80%), as demonstrated by in situ zymography. Raman imaging revealed 33% higher resin infiltration into MMP-inhibited adhesive interfaces (SE 3.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through competitive inhibition by batimastat (BB94), a proportion of the MMPs found in CaD were inhibited immediately and irreversibly. Such a competitive mechanism brings the adhesive primer close to the collagen matrix and enhances the dental adhesive wettability, which is a proposed mechanism to explain the presence of more resin within the hybrid layer.
authors: Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics Division, Floor 17, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Almahdy
authors: Conservative & MI Dentistry, Floor 26, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, Guy's Dental Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences at King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: Garrit
authors: G
authors: Koller
authors: Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics Division, Floor 17, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors: Frederic
authors: F
authors: Festy
authors: Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics Division, Floor 17, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, UKGM, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
authors: Jörg W
authors: JW
authors: Bartsch
authors: Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics Division, Floor 17, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK; Conservative & MI Dentistry, Floor 26, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, Guy's Dental Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors: Timothy F
authors: TF
authors: Watson
authors: Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics Division, Floor 17, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK; Conservative & MI Dentistry, Floor 26, Tower Wing, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's Hospital, King's Health Partners, Guy's Dental Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK. Electronic address: avijit.banerjee@kcl.ac.uk.
authors: Avijit
authors: A
authors: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: C469607:OptiBond FL; D019279:Resin Cements; D013876:Thiophenes; D010649:Phenylalanine; C080985:batimastat
keywords: Adhesive; Batimastat; Dentin bonding agent; Dentin caries; Hydroxamates; Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); Primer; Raman imaging; Zymography