title: The human footprint in Mexico: physical geography and historical legacies.
abstract: Using publicly available data on land use and transportation corridors we calculated the human footprint index for the whole of Mexico to identify large-scale spatial patterns in the anthropogenic transformation of the land surface. We developed a map of the human footprint for the whole country and identified the ecological regions that have most transformed by human action. Additionally, we analyzed the extent to which (a) physical geography, expressed spatially in the form of biomes and ecoregions, compared to (b) historical geography, expressed as the spatial distribution of past human settlements, have driven the patterns of human modification of the land. Overall Mexico still has 56% of its land surface with low impact from human activities, but these areas are not evenly distributed. The lowest values are on the arid north and northwest, and the tropical southeast, while the highest values run along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and from there inland along an east-to-west corridor that follows the Mexican transversal volcanic ranges and the associated upland plateau. The distribution of low- and high footprint areas within ecoregions forms a complex mosaic: the generally well-conserved Mexican deserts have some highly transformed agro-industrial areas, while many well-conserved, low footprint areas still persist in the highly-transformed ecoregions of central Mexico. We conclude that the spatial spread of the human footprint in Mexico is both the result of the limitations imposed by physical geography to human development at the biome level, and, within different biomes, of a complex history of past civilizations and technologies, including the 20th Century demographic explosion but also the spatial pattern of ancient settlements that were occupied by the Spanish Colony.
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: González-Abraham
authors: University of California Institute for Mexico and United States, Riverside, California, United States of America.
authors: Exequiel
authors: E
authors: Ezcurra
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
authors: Pedro P
authors: PP
authors: Garcillán
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Ortega-Rubio
authors: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Kolb
authors: The Nature Conservancy, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors: Juan E
authors: JE
authors: Bezaury Creel
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D005843:Geography / Q000379:methods*; D006802:Human Activities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008962:Models, Theoretical