title: Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Tourette Syndrome: A Nationwide Register Study.
abstract: This is the first nationwide register-based study to examine the relationship between prenatal maternal smoking and Tourette syndrome. A total of 767 children diagnosed with Tourette syndrome were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Each case was matched to four controls. Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Conditional logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses. Prenatal maternal smoking was associated with Tourette syndrome when comorbid with ADHD (OR 4.0, 95 % CI 1.2-13.5, p = 0.027 for exposure during first trimester, OR 1.7, 95 % CI, 1.05-2.7, p = 0.031 for exposure for the whole pregnancy). There was no association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and Tourette syndrome without comorbid ADHD (OR 0.5, 95 % CI 0.2-1.3, p = 0.166, OR 0.9, 95 % CI 0.7-1.3, p = 0.567). Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the association between prenatal maternal smoking and Tourette syndrome with comorbid ADHD.
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. susanna.leivonen@utu.fi.|Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. susanna.leivonen@utu.fi.
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Leivonen
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Roshan
authors: R
authors: Chudal
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Petteri
authors: P
authors: Joelsson
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Ekblad
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Auli
authors: A
authors: Suominen
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Alan S
authors: AS
authors: Brown
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.|Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Gissler
authors: Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Arja
authors: A
authors: Voutilainen
authors: Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.|RKBU, UiT Arctic University in Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: Sourander
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: ADHD; Epidemiology; Prenatal maternal smoking; Register study; Risk factor; Tourette syndrome