title: Functional proteomic biomarkers in cancer.
abstract: Beyond penetrant germline and somatic mutations, there are substantial challenges in extrapolating phenotypes from linear DNA sequences and transcriptomics. This brings a molecular pathology emphasis to the properties of the main players responsible for executing actions, proteins. The proteomic attribute most frequently determined in pathology is (relative) content, but for many candidate biomarkers this is not the most important feature to understand. In keeping pace with the depth of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pathologies, we need to ask more sophisticated questions about the state of proteins, for example, their oligomerization status, modification status, and location. This demands hitherto nonroutine approaches to proteomics, which we will discuss in this brief perspective.
authors: Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
authors: Banafshe
authors: B
authors: Larijani
authors: King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: Perani
authors: King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Kholoud
authors: K
authors: Alburai'si
authors: King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.|London Research Institute Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Parker
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: FRET-FLIM; a-FRET; cancer proteomic biomarkers; coincidence detection; protein states