title: Cardiac risk stratification and protection.
abstract: The goal of preoperative cardiac evaluation is to screen for undiagnosed cardiac disease or to find evidence of known conditions that are poorly controlled to allow management that reduces the risk of perioperative cardiac complications. A careful history and physical examination combined with the procedure-specific risk is the cornerstone of this assessment. This article reviews a brief history of prior cardiac risk stratification indexes, explores current practice guidelines by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force, reviews current methods for preoperative evaluation, discusses revascularization options, and evaluates perioperative medication recommendations.
authors: Department of Surgical Education, Iowa Methodist Medical Center, 1415 Woodland Avenue, Suite 140, Des Moines, IA 50309, USA.
authors: Meghan E
authors: ME
authors: Halub
authors: General Surgery Residency, Iowa Methodist Medical Center, 1415 Woodland Avenue, Suite 140, Des Moines, IA 50309, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA. Electronic address: richard.sidwell@unitypoint.org.
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Sidwell
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000465:Algorithms; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Cardiac evaluation; Cardiac risk assessment; Preoperative evaluation