title: Association of breast feeding with early childhood dental caries: Japanese population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between breastfeeding duration during the first half year of life and the risk of early childhood caries from the age of 30 to 66 months in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of a longitudinal survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary data analysis of the Japanese Longitudinal Survey of Babies in the 21st Century.
  
  
  METHODS
  43,383 infants at the age of 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early childhood caries--defined as a child's visit to a dentist for treatment of dental caries during the past 12 months--was ascertained from the caregiver from the age of 30 months in the survey. We estimated the risk of dental caries each year according to duration of breast feeding using logistic regression analyses. We controlled for a set of biological factors (birth weight, sex, parity and maternal age at delivery) and socioeconomic factors (maternal educational attainment and smoking status, marital status at delivery, family income and region of birth and residence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that infants who had been breast fed for at least 6 or 7 months, both exclusively and partially, were at elevated risk of dental caries at the age of 30 months compared with those who had been exclusively formula fed. Adjusted ORs were 1.78 (95% CI, (1.45 to 2.17)) for the exclusively breastfed group and 1.39 (1.14 to 1.70) for the partially breastfed group. However, the associations became attenuated through the follow-up period and were no longer statistically significant beyond the age of 42 months for the partially breastfed group and beyond the age of 54 months for the exclusively breastfed group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found an association between breast feeding for at least 6 or 7 months and elevated risk of dental caries at age 30 months. However, the association became attenuated as children grew older.
authors: Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors: Tsuguhiko
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6009-7962
authors: T
authors: Kato
authors: Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Yorifuji
authors: Center for Regional Research, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Michiyo
authors: M
authors: Yamakawa
authors: Department of Nursing, Okayama Prefectural University Graduate School of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Sachiko
authors: S
authors: Inoue
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Saito
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Doi
authors: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Kawachi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH