title: In vivo determination of the volatile metabolites of saprotroph fungi by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.
abstract: In this work, we discuss the use of multiway principal component analysis combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to study the volatile metabolites of the saprophytic fungus Memnoniella sp. isolated in vivo by headspace solid-phase microextraction. This fungus has been identified as having the ability to induce plant resistance against pathogens, possibly through its volatile metabolites. Adequate culture media were inoculated, and its headspace was then sampled with a solid-phase microextraction fiber and chromatographed every 24 h over seven days. The raw chromatogram processing using multiway principal component analysis allowed the determination of the inoculation period, during which the concentration of volatile metabolites was maximized, as well as the discrimination of the appropriate peaks from the complex culture media background. Several volatile metabolites not previously described in the literature on biocontrol fungi were observed, as well as sesquiterpenes and aliphatic alcohols. These results stress that, due to the complexity of multidimensional chromatographic data, multivariate tools might be mandatory even for apparently trivial tasks, such as the determination of the temporal profile of metabolite production and extinction. However, when compared with conventional gas chromatography, the complex data processing yields a considerable improvement in the information obtained from the samples.
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (IQ - Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Paula Feliciano
authors: PF
authors: de Lima
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (IQ - Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Mayra Fontes
authors: MF
authors: Furlan
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (IQ - Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Fabiana Alves
authors: FA
authors: de Lima Ribeiro
authors: "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Sérgio Florentino
authors: SF
authors: Pascholati
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (IQ - Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Augusto
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D014835:Volatilization
keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; Metabolic profiles; Metabolomics; Saprotroph fungi; Solid-phase microextraction