title: Effects of human milk and formula on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of formula in place of human milk may produce differences in postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia that contribute to metabolic programming in the first year of life. The objective of the current study was to determine glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to human milk compared with a typical commercial formula, and then compare 11 other formulas.
  
  
  METHODS
  On separate mornings in random order, 10 healthy breastfeeding mothers consumed 25 g available carbohydrate portions of their own milk, a formula and reference food (25 g glucose on two occasions). In the second study, 10 different healthy subjects consumed 25 g available carbohydrate portions of 11 different commercial formulas and three reference foods (25 g glucose on three occasions). Fingerpick blood samples were taken at regular intervals over 2 h, and the glycaemic index (GI) and insulin index determined according to a standardised protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in postprandial glycaemia or insulinaemia after human milk vs a typical formula (P = 0.3). Both produced a low GI (mean ± s.e.m.: 38 ± 7 vs 34 ± 7, respectively) and high insulin index (87 ± 14 vs 94 ± 16). The GI and insulin indices of the other formulas ranged from 18 ± 3 to 67 ± 6 and 53 ± 9 to 209 ± 33, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human milk and a typical formula elicit similar postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, but there is a wide range of responses to other formulas.
authors: Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Wright
authors: Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: F S
authors: FS
authors: Atkinson
authors: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ramalingam
authors: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Buyken
authors: Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Brand-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose