title: Compliance of nutritional recommendations of Spanish pregnant women according to sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess nutrient intakes and compliance with nutritional recommendations in pregnant women according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study based on data from Spanish INMA cohort which recruited 2,585 pregnant women between 2003 and 2008 from four different regions of Spain. Sociodemographic information and anthropometry was collected and dietary intake was assessed through Food Frequency Questionnaires. The adequacy of food group intake was assessed considering current recommendations and from the Spanish Society of Nutrition. Moreover, intake of vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E, were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US Institute of Medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of women that did not fulfil the recommendations for cereals and legumes (3-4 servings/day) was 70.0%, for fruit intake (2-3 servings/day) it was 39.2%, for vegetables (2-4 servings/day) 47.3% and for dairy (3-4 servings/day) it was 51.6%. Intake of fruit and vegetables increased with age, educational degree and with physical activity (p<0.05). Also non-Spanish achieved better the recommendations. Percentage of pregnant women that did not fulfil the requirements (DRI) of vitamins A and C was 13.2 % and 16.2 respectively. More than 65% of the women did not met the recommended diary intake of vitamin E of 19 mg/day during the lactation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal age, education, having healthy habits, as well as country of origin are factors strongly associated with the composition of the diet. Sedentary women and those with a low education are at risk for low vitamin and antioxidant intake and non-optimal food choices during pregnancy.
authors: Biodonostia Health Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.. maria.villar@ehu.es.
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Villar-Vidal
authors: Biodonostia Health Institute, San Sebastián, Spain. Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.. epicss-san@ej-gv.es.
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Amiano
authors: Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain.. rodriguez_claber@gva.es.
authors: Clara
authors: C
authors: Rodríguez-Bernal
authors: Biodonostia Health Institute, San Sebastián, Spain. Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.. ambien4ss-san@ej-gv.es.
authors: Loreto
authors: L
authors: Santa Marina
authors: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. Departamento de Matemáticas Universidad del País Vasco, Spain.. imanol.mozo@ehu.es.
authors: Imanol
authors: I
authors: Mozo
authors: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. Departamento de Salud Pública Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain.. vioque@umh.es.
authors: Jesús
authors: J
authors: Vioque
authors: Departamento de Salud Pública Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain.. enavarrete@umh.es.
authors: Eva María
authors: EM
authors: Navarrete-Muñoz
authors: Research Unit, University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK. 10Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.. d.romaguera-bosch@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: Dora
authors: D
authors: Romaguera
authors: Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.. dvalvi@creal.cat.
authors: Damaskini
authors: D
authors: Valvi
authors: Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.. capua.uo@uniovi.es.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Fernández Samoano
authors: Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.. atardon@uniovi.es.
authors: Adonina
authors: A
authors: Tardón
authors: Biodonostia Health Institute, San Sebastián, Spain. Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.. mambien3-san@ej-gv.es.
authors: Jesús
authors: J
authors: Ibarluzea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003187:Compliance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014815:Vitamins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins