title: Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proprioception can be impaired in gradual-onset musculoskeletal pain disorders and following trauma. Understanding of the role of proprioception in sensorimotor dysfunction and methods for assessment and interventions is of vital importance in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. In Part 1 of this two-part Masterclass we presented a theory-based overview of the role of proprioception in sensorimotor control, causes and findings of altered proprioception in musculoskeletal conditions, and general principles of assessment and interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this second part is to present specific methods for clinical assessment and interventions to improve proprioception in the spine and extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical assessment of proprioception can be performed using goniometers, inclinometers, laser-pointers, and pressure sensors. Manual therapy, taping, and bracing can immediately enhance proprioception and should be used to prepare for exercise interventions. Various types of exercise (active joint repositioning, force sense, co-ordination, muscle performance, balance/unstable surface, plyometric, and vibration training) should be employed for long-term enhancement of proprioception.
authors: School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Nicholas.Clark@stmarys.ac.uk.
authors: Nicholas C
authors: NC
authors: Clark
authors: Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
authors: Ulrik
authors: U
authors: Röijezon
authors: CCRE Spine, Division of Physiotherapy, SHRS, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Treleaven
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations / Q000379:methods*; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Assessment; Intervention; Musculoskeletal rehabilitation; Proprioception