title: Effects of ropivacaine combined with morphine at 0.15 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) in bitches undergoing epidural anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy adult female dogs weighting 9.8 ± 4.1 kg were included in the study. Twenty minutes after being premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, the animals were randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection according to each group: RM0.15 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.15 mg kg(-1)) and RM0.2 = ropivacaine + morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1)). Variables recorded consisted of: heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, serum cortisol, plasma ropivacaine and morphine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly increased at TPR in RM0.15 but returned to normal values at the end of the procedure. Arterial pH was decreased in T30 and TESu in both groups and also returned to acceptable ranges at TR. Both PaO2 and PaCO2 were increased along the duration period of the epidural blockade (T30 and TESu) and returned to acceptable values at TR. Serum cortisol was lower at TB, T30 and TR when compared to TESu.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedures were performed safely and minimal changes in cardiovascular and respiratory variables.
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Verônica Batista de
authors: VB
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Augusto de
authors: MA
authors: Araújo
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Gabriel Thadeu Nogueira Martins
authors: GT
authors: Ferreira
authors: UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors: Mariana Werneck
authors: MW
authors: Fonseca
authors: Galeno Reserch Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: André Moreira Martins
authors: AM
authors: Arruda
authors: Galeno Reserch Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: ShiChen
authors: Department of Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Valéria Nobre Leal de Souza
authors: VN
authors: Oliva
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D015742:Propofol