title: Selection of animal models for pre-clinical strategies in evaluating the fracture healing, bone graft substitutes and bone tissue regeneration and engineering.
abstract: In vitro assays can be useful in determining biological mechanism and optimizing scaffold parameters, however translation of the in vitro results to clinics is generally hard. Animal experimentation is a better approximation than in vitro tests, and usage of animal models is often essential in extrapolating the experimental results and translating the information in a human clinical setting. In addition, usage of animal models to study fracture healing is useful to answer questions related to the most effective method to treat humans. There are several factors that should be considered when selecting an animal model. These include availability of the animal, cost, ease of handling and care, size of the animal, acceptability to society, resistance to surgery, infection and disease, biological properties analogous to humans, bone structure and composition, as well as bone modeling and remodeling characteristics. Animal experiments on bone healing have been conducted on small and large animals, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, goats and sheep. This review also describes the molecular events during various steps of fracture healing and explains different means of fracture healing evaluation including biomechanical, histopathological and radiological assessments.
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran and.
authors: Amin
authors: A
authors: Bigham-Sadegh
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Oryan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes
keywords: Animal modeling; biomaterials; bone; bone grafts; tissue engineering