title: Correlates and Barriers Associated with Motorcycle Helmet Use in Wa, Ghana.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to investigate the correlates and barriers to helmet use among motorcycle riders in Wa, a motorcycle-predominant town in Ghana. An additional objective was to determine the association between helmet use and riders' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward helmets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys including both observation of helmet use and interviews were conducted among motorcycle riders at 6 randomly selected fuel stations and 4 motorcycle service centers within and outside the Central Business District of Wa. Questions covered riders' sociodemographic and riding characteristics, helmet use, reasons for use or nonuse of helmets, and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about helmets. Analyses were based on frequencies and testing of strength of association using adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) in binary logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of helmet use among the 271 sampled riders was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.2-52.0). Gender, age, marital status, and occupation were significant sociodemographic correlates of helmet use in Wa. Compared to currently married riders, unmarried riders were 5 times less likely to use a helmet. No significant association existed between riders' educational attainment and helmet use. Helmet use was also positively correlated with helmet ownership and license holding. The leading reasons stated for helmet nonuse among nonusers were not traveling a long distance and helmets block vision and hearing. Protection from injury, legal requirement, and coping with the police for fear of being accosted for helmet nonuse were identified as common reasons for helmet use. Positive attitudes and beliefs were also significantly correlated with helmet use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the existence of a legislation mandating the use of helmets on all roads as well as the high level of awareness among riders on this legislation and the benefits of helmets, the incidence of helmet use among motorists continue to be low in Wa, Ghana. This means that efforts to identify strategies to increase helmet use need to continue. The evidence provided by this study suggests that stakeholders in road safety need to put in interventions to ensure a rigorous enforcement of the helmet use legislation and improvement in helmet design. These should be combined with the development of targeted educational programs with the aim of changing unfavorable attitudes and beliefs toward helmet use.
authors: a Department of Planning and Management, FPLM, University for Development Studies , Wa , Ghana.
authors: Millicent Awialie
authors: MA
authors: Akaateba
authors: a Department of Planning and Management, FPLM, University for Development Studies , Wa , Ghana.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Yakubu
authors: a Department of Planning and Management, FPLM, University for Development Studies , Wa , Ghana.
authors: Bernard Afiik Akanpabadai
authors: BA
authors: Akanbang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attitudes; factors; helmet; legislation; motorcycle riders; northern Ghana