title: A novel pre-clinical murine model to study the life cycle and progression of cervical and anal papillomavirus infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Papillomavirus disease and associated cancers remain a significant health burden in much of the world. The current protective vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are expensive and not readily available to the underprivileged. In addition, the vaccines have not gained wide acceptance in the United States nor do they provide therapeutic value. Papillomaviruses are strictly species specific and thus human viruses cannot be studied in an animal host. An appropriate model for mucosal disease has long been sought. We chose to investigate whether the newly discovered mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1, could infect mucosal tissues in Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The vaginal and anal canals of Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu mice were gently abraded using Nonoxynol-9 and "Doctor's BrushPicks" and MmuPV1 was delivered into the vaginal tract or the anal canal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Productive vaginal, cervical and anal infections developed in all mice. Vaginal/cervical infections could be monitored by vaginal lavage. Dysplasias were evident in all animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anogenital tissues of a common laboratory mouse can be infected with a papillomavirus unique to that animal. This observation will pave the way for fundamental virological and immunological studies that have been challenging to carry out heretofore due to lack of a suitable model system.
authors: The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Nancy M
authors: NM
authors: Cladel
authors: The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Lynn R
authors: LR
authors: Budgeon
authors: The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Karla K
authors: KK
authors: Balogh
authors: Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Timothy K
authors: TK
authors: Cooper
authors: The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Jiafen
authors: J
authors: Hu
authors: The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
authors: Neil D
authors: ND
authors: Christensen
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014481:United States; D014621:Vagina / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C090140:Whn protein