title: Duck gait: Relationship to hip angle, bone ash, bone density, and morphology.
abstract: The rapid growth meat birds, including ducks, undergo requires skeletal integrity; however, fast growth may not be conducive to adequate bone structure. A relationship likely exists between skeletal changes and duck mobility. Reduced mobility in meat ducks may have impacts on welfare and production. This study examined the relationships among gait score, bone parameters, and hip angle. Commercial Pekin ducks, ages 14 d (n = 100), 21 d (n = 100), and 32 d (n = 100) were weighed and gait scored with a 3-point gait score system by an observer as they walked over a Tekscan gait analysis system. Gait was scored as GS0, GS1, or GS2 with a score of GS0 defined as good walking ability and a score of GS2 as poorest walking ability. Ducks were humanely euthanized, full body scanned using quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and the right femur and tibia were extracted. Leg bones were cleaned, measured, fat extracted, and ashed. QCT scans were rendered to create computerized 3D models where pelvic hip angles and bone density were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using PROC MIXED with age and gait score in the model. Body weight increased with age, but within an age, body weight decreased as walking ability became worse (P < 0.01). As expected, linear increases in tibia and femur bone width and length were observed as the ducks aged (P < 0.01). Right and left hip angle increased with duck age (P < 0.01). Additionally, ducks with a GS2 had wider hip angles opposed to ducks with a GS0 (P < 0.01). Bone density increased linearly with both age and gait score (P < 0.05). Femur ash content was lowest in 32-day-old ducks and ducks with GS1 and GS2 (P < 0.0001). Tibia ash content increased with age, but decreased as gait score increased (P < 0.001). The observation that right hip angle changed with gait scores merits further investigation into the relationship between duck mobility and skeletal changes during growth.
authors: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
authors: Cara I
authors: CI
authors: Robison
authors: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
authors: Meredith
authors: M
authors: Rice
authors: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
authors: Maja M
authors: MM
authors: Makagon
authors: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI dkarcher@msu.edu.
authors: Darrin M
authors: DM
authors: Karcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D004372:Ducks / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006615:Hip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008903:Minerals
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; C028705:bone ash
keywords: Pekin duck; bone ash; femur; gait score; tibia