title: Sex differences in reperfusion in young patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: results from the VIRGO study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex disparities in reperfusion therapy for patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction have been documented. However, little is known about whether these patterns exist in the comparison of young women with men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined sex differences in rates, types of reperfusion therapy, and proportion of patients exceeding American Heart Association reperfusion time guidelines for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction in a prospective observational cohort study (2008-2012) of 1465 patients 18 to 55 years of age, as part of the US Variations in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients (VIRGO) study at 103 hospitals enrolling in a 2:1 ratio of women to men. Of the 1238 patients eligible for reperfusion, women were more likely to be untreated than men (9% versus 4%, P=0.002). There was no difference in reperfusion strategy for the 695 women and 458 men treated. Women were more likely to exceed in-hospital and transfer time guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention than men (41% versus 29%; odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.16), more so when transferred (67% versus 44%; odds ratio, 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-4.07); and more likely to exceed door-to-needle times (67% versus 37%; odds ratio, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.18). After adjustment for sociodemographic, clinical, and organizational factors, sex remained an important factor in exceeding reperfusion guidelines (odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young women with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction are less likely to receive reperfusion therapy and more likely to have reperfusion delays than similarly aged men. Sex disparities are more pronounced among patients transferred to percutaneous coronary intervention institutions or who received fibrinolytic therapy.
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.). gail.donofrio@yale.edu.
authors: Gail
authors: G
authors: D'Onofrio
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Basmah
authors: B
authors: Safdar
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Judith H
authors: JH
authors: Lichtman
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Kelly M
authors: KM
authors: Strait
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Rachel P
authors: RP
authors: Dreyer
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Geda
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Spertus
authors: From Department of Emergency Medicine (G.D., B.S.) and Department of Medicine (R.P.D., H.M.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (J.H.L., H.M.K.); The Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (K.M.S., R.P.D., M.G., H.M.K.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (J.A.S.); and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (H.M.K.).
authors: Harlan M
authors: HM
authors: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents
keywords: myocardial infarction; myocardial reperfusion