title: Bulk tank milk surveillance as a measure to detect Coxiella burnetii shedding dairy goat herds in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2014.
abstract: In the period from 2005 to 2009, Coxiella burnetii was a cause of abortion waves at 28 dairy goat farms and 2 dairy sheep farms in the Netherlands. Two years after the first abortion waves, a large human Q fever outbreak started mainly in the same region, and aborting small ruminants were regarded as most probable source. To distinguish between infected and noninfected herds, a surveillance program started in October 2009, based on PCR testing of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples, which had never been described before. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of this surveillance program and to evaluate both the effect of culling of pregnant dairy goats on positive farms and of vaccination on BTM results. Bulk tank milk samples were tested for C. burnetii DNA using a real-time PCR, and results were analyzed in relation to vaccination, culling, and notifiable (officially reported to government) C. burnetii abortion records. In spring and autumn, BTM samples were also tested for antibodies using an ELISA, and results were evaluated in relation to the compulsory vaccination campaign. Between October 2009 and April 2014, 1,660 (5.6%) out of 29,875 BTM samples from 401 dairy goat farms tested positive for C. burnetii DNA. The percentage of positive samples dropped from 20.5% in 2009 to 0.3% in 2014. In a multivariable model, significantly higher odds of being PCR positive in the BTM surveillance program were found in farms of which all pregnant dairy goats were culled. Additionally, the risk for C. burnetii BTM PCR positivity significantly decreased after multiple vaccinations. Bulk tank milk ELISA results were significantly higher after vaccination than before. The ELISA results were higher after multiple vaccinations compared with a single vaccination, and ELISA results on officially declared infected farms were significantly higher compared with noninfected farms. In conclusion, BTM surveillance is an effective and useful tool to detect C. burnetii shedding dairy goat herds and to monitor a Q fever outbreak, and thus the effect of implemented measures.
authors: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands. Electronic address: r.vd.brom@gdanimalhealth.com.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Van den Brom
authors: Department of Research and Development, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Santman-Berends
authors: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Luttikholt
authors: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Moll
authors: Department of Research and Development, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Van Engelen
authors: Department of Small Ruminant Health, GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Vellema
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004043:Dietary Fiber
keywords: Coxiella burnetii; bulk tank milk; dairy goat; polymerase chain reaction; surveillance