title: Development of a molecularly evolved, highly sensitive CaMKII FRET sensor with improved expression pattern.
abstract: Genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors have been successfully used to visualize protein activity in living cells. The sensitivity and accuracy of FRET measurements directly depend on biosensor folding efficiency, expression pattern, sensitivity, and dynamic range. Here, to improve the folding efficiency of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) FRET biosensor, we amplified the association domain of the CaMKIIα gene using error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fused it to the N-terminus of mCherry in a bacterial expression vector. We also created an Escherichia coli expression library based on a previously reported fluorescent protein folding reporter method, and found a bright red fluorescent colony that contained the association domain with four mutations (F394L, I419V, A430T, and I434T). In vitro assays using the purified mutant protein confirmed improved folding kinetics of the downstream fluorescent protein, but not of the association domain itself. Furthermore, we introduced these mutations into the previously reported CaMKIIα FRET sensor and monitored its Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent activation in HeLa cells using 2-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2pFLIM), and found that the expression pattern and signal reproducibility of the mutant sensor were greatly improved without affecting the autophosphorylation function and incorporation into oligomeric CaMKIIα. We believe that our improved CaMKIIα FRET sensor would be useful in various types of cells and tissues, providing data with high accuracy and reproducibility. In addition, the method described here may also be applicable for improving the performance of all currently available FRET sensors.
authors: Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors: Akihiro C E
authors: AC
authors: Shibata
authors: Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi K
authors: HK
authors: Maebashi
authors: Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors: Yoshihisa
authors: Y
authors: Nakahata
authors: Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Junichi
authors: J
authors: Nabekura
authors: Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Hideji
authors: H
authors: Murakoshi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein