title: Spatial and temporal regulation of the metabolism of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during the early development of pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of seedlings involves many morphological, physiological and biochemical processes, which are controlled by many factors. Some reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) are implicated as signal molecules in physiological and phytopathological processes. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a very important crop and the goal of this work was to provide a framework of the behaviour of the key elements in the metabolism of ROS and RNS in the main organs of pepper during its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main seedling organs (roots, hypocotyls and green cotyledons) of pepper seedlings were analysed 7, 10 and 14 d after germination. Activity and gene expression of the main enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes), NADP-generating dehydrogenases and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase were determined. Cellular distribution of nitric oxide ((·)NO), superoxide radical (O2 (·-)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolism of ROS and RNS during pepper seedling development was highly regulated and showed significant plasticity, which was co-ordinated among the main seedling organs, resulting in correct development. Catalase showed higher activity in the aerial parts of the seedling (hypocotyls and green cotyledons) whereas roots of 7-d-old seedlings contained higher activity of the enzymatic components of the ascorbate glutathione cycle, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is differential regulation of the metabolism of ROS, nitric oxide and NADP dehydrogenases in the different plant organs during seedling development in pepper in the absence of stress. The metabolism of ROS and RNS seems to contribute significantly to plant development since their components are involved directly or indirectly in many metabolic pathways. Thus, specific molecules such as H2O2 and NO have implications for signalling, and their temporal and spatial regulation contributes to the success of seedling establishment.
authors: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain and.
authors: Morad
authors: M
authors: Airaki
authors: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain and.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Leterrier
authors: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Valderrama
authors: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
authors: Mounira
authors: M
authors: Chaki
authors: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
authors: Juan C
authors: JC
authors: Begara-Morales
authors: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
authors: Juan B
authors: JB
authors: Barroso
authors: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain and.
authors: Luis A
authors: LA
authors: del Río
authors: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain and.
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Palma
authors: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain and javier.corpas@eez.csic.es.
authors: Francisco J
authors: FJ
authors: Corpas
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Antioxidant; Capsicum annuum; NADP dehydrogenases; RNS; ROS; development; nitric oxide; pepper; reactive oxygen species