title: Solid-phase extraction of perfluoroalkylated compounds from sea water.
abstract: This study describes an in-depth investigation of the parameters involved in the solid-phase extraction performance of perfluoroalkylated compounds (seven carboxylates and one sulfonate), particularly with sea water samples. The two most popular sorbents, Oasis WAX and Oasis HLB, were considered and it was observed that the high ionic strength of sea water may impair solid-phase extraction recoveries. In the final protocol, Oasis HLB cartridges were selected, incorporating a 10% methanol clean-up step before elution with methanol, since less matrix effects were obtained. The proposed method allows successful recoveries, higher than 71%, and relative standard deviations lower than 20%. It also provides excellent limits of detection values between 0.01 and 0.21 ng/L. Finally, the method was applied to fresh and sea water samples, where several perfluoroalkylated compounds were found at concentrations ranging between 0.16 and 64 ng/L. In the case of perfluorooctane sulfonate, recently included in the Water Frame Directive, its concentration reached the highest values among the perfluoroalkylated compounds measured (64 ng/L in river samples).
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: Eugenia
authors: E
authors: Villaverde-de-Sáa
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Fernández-López
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Rodil
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: José Benito
authors: JB
authors: Quintana
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: Inés
authors: I
authors: Racamonde
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Cela
keywords: Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; Marine water; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Perfluorooctanoic acid; Solid-phase extraction