title: Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery.
abstract: Grass from municipal roadside verges is a potential yet largely unused resource for bioenergy recovery, which is mainly due to its unknown elemental composition. Therefore, we measured the concentration of 16 elements (Ca, K, Mg, N, Na, P, S, Al, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Si and Zn) in a material from the city of Kassel harvested in different management intensities. The element concentrations were mainly close to reference values of agricultural or nature conservation grassland and usually within the range of literature data. Concentrations of most elements, including heavy metals, were below limiting values. Only N and Cl concentrations in the raw material exceeded the limiting values for combustion, but washing and dewatering of the biomass with the "integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass" technique resulted in concentrations in the press cake well below the limiting values. Considering the element concentrations of grass from urban roadside verges, utilisation for energy recovery may be possible, provided an appropriate technology is applied.
authors: Department of Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Kassel University, Steinstrasse 19, Witzenhausen, 37213, Kassel, Germany, meike.piepenschneider@uni-kassel.de.
authors: Meike
authors: M
authors: Piepenschneider
authors: Sofie
authors: S
authors: De Moor
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Hensgen
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Meers
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Wachendorf
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D002947:Cities; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy