title: An investigation of classical swine fever virus seroprevalence and risk factors in pigs in East Nusa Tenggara, eastern Indonesia.
abstract: Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly infectious disease of pigs. It has had significant impacts on East Nusa Tenggara, eastern Indonesia since its introduction in 1997. In spite of its importance to this region, little is known about its seroprevalence and distribution, and pig-level and farmer-level factors that may have an impact on the serological status of an individual pig. To address this knowledge deficit, a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2010 involving 2160 pigs and 805 farmers from four islands in the region. Farmer questionnaires and pig record forms were used to collect data about the farmers and pigs surveyed. Blood was collected from each pig to determine its CSFV serological status. Apparent and true prevalence were calculated for each island, district, subdistrict, and village surveyed. CSFV serological status was used as an outcome variable in mixed effects logistic regression analyses. Overall true CSFV seroprevalence was estimated at 17.5% (lower CI 16.0%; upper CI 19.5%). Seroprevalence estimates varied widely across the islands, districts, subdistricts, and villages. Manggarai Barat, a district on the western end of Flores Island, contained pigs that were positive for antibody to CSFV. This result was unexpected, as no clinical cases had been reported in this area. Older pigs and pigs that had been vaccinated for CSFV were more likely to test positive for antibody to CSFV. The final multivariable model accounted for a large amount of variation in the data, however much of this variation was explained by the random effects with less than 2% of the variation explained by pig age and pig CSFV vaccination status. In this study we documented the seroprevalence of CSFV across four islands in East Nusa Tenggara, eastern Indonesia. We also identified risk factors for the presence of antibody to CSFV. Further investigation is needed to understand why clinical CSFV has not been reported on the western end of Flores Island, and to identify additional risk factors that explain CSFV serological status to inform disease control strategies.
authors: Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia; Greater Sydney Local Land Services, Level 4, 2-6 Station Street, Penrith, New South Wales 2750, Australia. Electronic address: kate.sawford@gmail.com.
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Sawford
authors: Animal Health & Veterinary Services, Provincial Department of Livestock, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia. Electronic address: geong_maria@yahoo.com.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Geong
authors: College of Medicine, Murdoch University, South Street Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia. Electronic address: pietmb@gmail.com.
authors: Petrus M
authors: PM
authors: Bulu
authors: Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia. Electronic address: edra4815@uni.sydney.edu.au.
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Drayton
authors: Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. Electronic address: gnmahardika@gmail.com.
authors: Gusti N K
authors: GN
authors: Mahardika
authors: Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia. Electronic address: eles2597@uni.sydney.edu.au.
authors: Edwina E C
authors: EE
authors: Leslie
authors: College of Medicine, Murdoch University, South Street Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia. Electronic address: I.Robertson@murdoch.edu.au.
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Robertson
authors: Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar, Ministry of Agriculture, Bali, Indonesia. Electronic address: aagputra@gmail.com.
authors: Anak Agung
authors: AA
authors: Gde Putra
authors: Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia. Electronic address: jenny-ann.toribio@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Jenny-Ann L M L
authors: JA
authors: Toribio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006692:Classical Swine Fever Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Classical swine fever virus; East Nusa Tenggara; Epidemiology; Indonesia; Risk factors; Seroprevalence