title: Stereotaxic atlas of the goat brain for an accurate approach to the hypothalamic nuclei.
abstract: While the external acoustic meatus of mice, rats and cats are at right angles to the side of the head, they are angled forward in ruminants. Because of this, the coordinates of stereotaxic atlases created using the same methods as for small animals were not suitable for practical use and made it very difficult to place electrodes in hypothalamic nuclei. The aim of this study was to produce a highly accurate stereotaxic atlas for goats that enables precise placement of electrodes in the hypothalamic nuclei. A method of fixing the head in place so as to maintain the basis cranii interna in a horizontal position was established allowing right angled three dimensional axes to be superimposed in the brains of Japanese Saanen goats. This research attempted to establish a new landmark alternative to the external acoustic meatus. The new landmark is the extremitas posterior clivus presphenoidale (EPCP) at the base of cranial bone. This landmark can easily be visualized through lateral radiography. This enabled the AP (anterior-posterior) and H (height) coordinates of the position to be fixed at 30 and 5, respectively. The A30 and H5 coordinates of the serial frontal, sagittal, and horizontal stereotaxic atlases in the present experiment were set to coincide with the position of the EPCP. In order to clarify whether the deviation of the stereotaxic brain coordinates due to inconsistent immobilization the goat's head was eliminated, the AP and H coordinates of the extremitas anterior fossa hypophysialis and the extremitas posterior fossa hypophysialis were measured using the corrected axes. In the three dimensional stereotaxic atlas created using the new landmark, it became possible to approach the hypothalamic nuclei of goats accurately. This method significantly differentiates the stereotaxic atlas from its predecessors.
authors: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan. Electronic address: b986094@agr.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.
authors: Katsunori
authors: K
authors: Sunagawa
authors: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
authors: Itsuki
authors: I
authors: Nagamine
authors: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Fujino
authors: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
authors: Yoshifumi
authors: Y
authors: Nakatsu
authors: Department of Psychology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai 2-6, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan.
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Hikosaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006041:Goats; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Approaching hypothalamic nuclei; Eliminating brain coordinate's deviation; Lateral radiography; Stereotaxic goat forebrain atlas; Visualized brain landmark