title: Transcutaneous parasacral electrical stimulation vs oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder in children: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the effectiveness of 2 methods to treat overactive bladder in children using intragroup and intergroup comparisons in a randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine boys and 19 girls with a mean ± SD age of 6.4 ± 2.18 years were randomly divided into group 1-parasacral transcutaneous electrical stimulation with placebo drug and group 2-oxybutynin with sham scapular electrical therapy. Success was assessed by 1) the rate of complete symptom resolution, 2) a visual analog scale of 0 to 10, 3) the dysfunctional voiding score system, 4) voiding diary records, 5) Rome III criteria and 6) side effect frequency in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 and 15 patients were randomized to groups 1 and 2, respectively. Symptoms completely resolved in 6 patients in group 1 (46%) and 3 in group 2 (20%) (p = 0.204). A statistically significant improvement was found in the 2 groups in the dysfunctional voiding score system and voiding diary records. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups in the visual analog scale score, voiding frequency, and maximum and mean voided volume (p = 0.295, 0.098, 0.538 and 0.650, respectively). Constipation improved in 100% of group 1 patients but in only 55% in group 2 (p = 0.031 vs 0.073). Group 1 showed no side effects while dry mouth, hyperthermia and hyperemia developed in 58%, 25% and 50% of group 2 patients (p = 0.002, 0.096 and 0.005, respectively). Treatment was discontinued by 13.3% of patients in group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parasacral transcutaneous electrical stimulation was as effective as oxybutynin to treat overactive bladder in children. However, transcutaneous parasacral electrical stimulation was more effective against constipation and showed no detectable side effects. Oxybutynin was more effective for decreasing voiding frequency.
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Fábio
authors: F
authors: Quintiliano
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Maria Luiza
authors: ML
authors: Veiga
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Marília
authors: M
authors: Moraes
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Cunha
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Liliana Fajardo
authors: LF
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Patrícia
authors: P
authors: Lordelo
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: José Murillo
authors: JM
authors: Bastos Netto
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Divisions of Urology, Departments of Surgery, Federal University of Juiz de Fora and School of Health and Medical Sciences of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (LFdO, JMBN), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: ubarroso@uol.com.br.
authors: Ubirajara
authors: U
authors: Barroso Júnior
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008333:Mandelic Acids; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; C005419:oxybutynin
keywords: adverse effects; constipation; overactive; oxybutynin; transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation; urinary bladder