title: Swimming kinematic and flotation analysis of conscious and sedated dogs using 3 canine flotation devices.
abstract: Canine flotation devices (CFDs) are very popular; however, their efficacy is still under debate. There is no oversight to standardize device testing, certification, or qualification for use. We set out to assess the biomechanical and behavioral effects of 3 CFDs on swim and flotation characteristics of dogs. High-speed video recordings were used to measure behavior, range of motion (ROM), maximum flexion angle, and cycles of motion per minute while swimming and roll, yaw, and fear or panic scoring while floating. Predictably, swimming with no CFD yielded the largest ROM and flexion angles. CFDINF was associated with the least ROM. During flotation, CFDAB and CFDRW caused significant rolling and fear, whereas CFDINF was the most stable. CFDAB was associated with cranial downpitch in 2 dogs. Interpretation of the kinematics for CFDAB and CFDRW suggests that decreased stability in the water leads to a greater forced ROM when the position of the dog was conducive to swimming. When positioning forced the dog into a downward pitch, ROM was decreased because of the increased effort for the dogs to keep their head above water. CFDINF was most stable overall owing to a decreased swim effort, with most dogs showing the lowest fear scores and absolute relaxation. CFDAB and CFDRW caused the dogs significant rolling, fear, and distress, with obvious fighting of sedation. We hope to disseminate these results to dog owners in the hopes of providing a valid assessment of these devices.
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University, Pomona, CA, USA. Electronic address: CPrentice@westernu.edu.
authors: China Prentice
authors: CP
authors: Corum
authors: Tsavo's Canine Rehabilitation & Fitness Center, Del Mar, CA, USA.
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Wichtowski
authors: Animal Behavior Associates, Littleton, CO, USA.
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: Hetts
authors: Animal Behavior Associates, Littleton, CO, USA.
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Estep
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University, Pomona, CA, USA. Electronic address: JBertone@westernu.edu.
authors: Joseph J
authors: JJ
authors: Bertone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020926:Medetomidine
keywords: Keywords:; buoyancy; canine flotation device; kinematics; range of motion; sedated; swimming