title: Multipathways human health risk assessment of trihalomethane exposure through drinking water.
abstract: Life-time human health risk of cancer attributed to trihalomethanes in drinking water in an urban-industrialized area of Karachi (Pakistan) was conducted through multiple pathways of exposure. The extent of cancer risk was compared with USEPA guidelines. Human health cancer risk for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) through ingestion and dermal routes were estimated in "acceptable-low risk" (≥1.0E-06; ≤5.10E-05), whereas through inhalation route it was estimated under "acceptable-high risk" (≥5.10E-05; ≤1.0E-04) category. However, at some industrial-urban areas cancer risk for CHCl3 were estimated under "unacceptable risk" (≥1.0E-04) through inhalation route.
authors: Unit for Ain Zubaida & Groundwater Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: chm97@hotmail.com.
authors: Azhar
authors: A
authors: Siddique
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Sumayya
authors: S
authors: Saied
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Majid
authors: M
authors: Mumtaz
authors: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
authors: Mirza M
authors: MM
authors: Hussain
authors: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
authors: Haider A
authors: HA
authors: Khwaja
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D010154:Pakistan; D018570:Risk Assessment; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chloroform; Disinfection byproducts; Public health; Risk assessment; Trihalomethanes