title: Molecular mechanism of extrinsic factors affecting anti-aging of stem cells.
abstract: Scientific evidence suggests that stem cells possess the anti-aging ability to self-renew and maintain differentiation potentials, and quiescent state. The objective of this review is to discuss the micro-environment where stem cells reside in vivo, the secreted factors to which stem cells are exposed, the hypoxic environment, and intracellular factors including genome stability, mitochondria integrity, epigenetic regulators, calorie restrictions, nutrients, and vitamin D. Secreted tumor growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor-2 are reported to play a role in stem cell quiescence. Extracellular matrices may interact with caveolin-1, the lipid raft on cell membrane to regulate quiescence. N-cadherin, the adhesive protein on niche cells provides support for stem cells. The hypoxic micro-environment turns on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 to prevent mesenchymal stem cells aging through p16 and p21 down-regulation. Mitochondria express glucosephosphate isomerase to undergo glycolysis and prevent cellular aging. Epigenetic regulators such as p300, protein inhibitors of activated Stats and H19 help maintain stem cell quiescence. In addition, calorie restriction may lead to secretion of paracrines cyclic ADP-ribose by intestinal niche cells, which help maintain intestinal stem cells. In conclusion, it is crucial to understand the anti-aging phenomena of stem cells at the molecular level so that the key to solving the aging mystery may be unlocked.
authors: Tzyy Yue Wong, Mairim Alexandra Solis, Ying-Hui Chen, Lynn Ling-Huei Huang, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
authors: Tzyy Yue
authors: TY
authors: Wong
authors: Tzyy Yue Wong, Mairim Alexandra Solis, Ying-Hui Chen, Lynn Ling-Huei Huang, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
authors: Mairim Alexandra
authors: MA
authors: Solis
authors: Tzyy Yue Wong, Mairim Alexandra Solis, Ying-Hui Chen, Lynn Ling-Huei Huang, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
authors: Ying-Hui
authors: YH
authors: Chen
authors: Tzyy Yue Wong, Mairim Alexandra Solis, Ying-Hui Chen, Lynn Ling-Huei Huang, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
authors: Lynn Ling-Huei
authors: LL
authors: Huang
keywords: Anti-aging; Micro-environment; Quiescence; Stem cells