title: Automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of automatic approach/avoidance tendencies for food in Anorexia Nervosa (AN). We used a longitudinal approach and tested whether a reduction in eating disorder symptoms is associated with enhanced approach tendencies towards food and whether approach tendencies towards food at baseline are predictive for treatment outcome after one year follow up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Affective Simon Task-manikin version (AST-manikin) was administered to measure automatic approach/avoidance tendencies towards high-caloric and low-caloric food in young AN patients. Percentage underweight and eating disorder symptoms as indexed by the EDE-Q were determined both during baseline and at one year follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline anorexia patients showed an approach tendency for low caloric food, but not for high caloric food, whereas at 1 year follow up, they have an approach tendency for both high and low caloric food. Change in approach bias was neither associated with change in underweight nor with change in eating disorder symptoms. Strength of approach/avoidance tendencies was not predictive for percentage underweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although approach tendencies increased after one year, approach tendencies were neither associated with concurrent change in eating disorder symptoms nor predictive for treatment success as indexed by EDE-Q. This implicates that, so far, there is no reason to add a method designed to directly target approach/avoidance tendencies to the conventional approach to treat patients with a method designed to influence the more deliberate processes in AN.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712 TS, The Netherlands; Center for Eating Disorders, Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fazantenlaan 1, Smilde 9422 EZ, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.a.m.neimeijer@rug.nl.
authors: Renate A M
authors: RA
authors: Neimeijer
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712 TS, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: de Jong
authors: Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Roefs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000328:Adult; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013851:Thinness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anorexia nervosa; Automatic approach avoidance tendencies; Food