title: Biomechanical behavior of a new nucleus prosthesis made of knitted titanium filaments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the greatest challenges in the development of a nucleus prosthesis is to minimize the risk of implant expulsion. At the same time, the physiological flexibility, compressive behavior, and height of the disc should be restored. In this biomechanical in vitro study we investigated the ability of a new nucleus prosthesis made of knitted titanium filaments to meet these challenges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flexibility, axial deformation, and height of six bovine lumbar spine segments were measured in the intact condition, after implantation of the new prosthesis, and during and after complex cyclic loading (100,000 cycles). For this purpose, six new prostheses preformed according to the shape of the bovine nucleus pulposus were manufactured. Flexibility was tested in the three main planes under pure moment loads of 7.5 Nm. Axial deformation was measured under application of an axial force of 1000 N. Radiographs taken before and after cyclic testing were used to assess implant migration and expulsion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lateral bending, the intact range of motion (RoM) could almost be restored after implantation. However, in axial rotation, the RoM increased slightly with the implant. This was also the case in extension, with an increase from -2.9° to -6.4°, whereas in flexion, RoM decreased from 4.3° to 3.2°. In all loading planes, cyclic loading caused the RoM to increase asymptotically by 0.1° to 1.8°. The axial deformation of the specimens was nearly equivalent in all tested states, as was their height. Cyclic loading did not cause implant expulsion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this feasibility study, the new knitted nucleus prosthesis showed promising results in segmental flexibility, axial deformability, height, and implant expulsion. However, further study is needed for other factors, such as wear and fatigue behavior.
authors: The Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Kettler
authors: The Department of Orthopaedics, BG Trauma-Centre, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors: Hans-Peter
authors: HP
authors: Kaps
authors: The Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors: Bodo
authors: B
authors: Haegele
authors: The Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors: Hans-Joachim
authors: HJ
authors: Wilke
keywords: Lumbar spine; biomechanics; intervertebral disc; nucleus prosthesis; titanium