title: Calcium, ARMS2 genotype, and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in early age-related macular degeneration: a multivariate analysis from the Nagahama study.
abstract: Although various risk factors have been identified for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), risk factors of early AMD have been relatively under studied. We aimed to investigate AMD risk factors by evaluating multiple factors in association with large drusen, an important component of AMD, simultaneously. In a community-based cross-sectional survey in Japan, 971 large drusen cases and 3,209 controls were compared for 65 variables, including systemic, environmental, and genetic factors. The association and the effect size of each factor were evaluated with logistic regression analysis using a backward-elimination approach. Multivariate analyses identified a significant association in serum calcium level (odds ratio [OR] = 0.932, P = 1.05 × 10(-3)), ARMS2 A69S (rs10490924) genotype (OR = 1.046, P < 0.001), Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG (OR = 1.020, P = 0.0440), and age (OR = 1.013, P < 0.001) for large drusen. Hypocalcemia was observed in 7.2% of large drusen cases and in 5.5% of controls (P = 0.0490). C. pneumoniae infections was more frequent in large drusen cases (56.4%) than in controls (51.7%, P = 0.00956). These results suggest that calcium, ARMS2 genotype, C. pneumonia infection, and age are significant factors in the development of the early stages of AMD.
authors: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan [2] Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Isao
authors: I
authors: Nakata
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Yamashiro
authors: Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Takahisa
authors: T
authors: Kawaguchi
authors: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan [2] Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Nakanishi
authors: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan [2] Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Akagi-Kurashige
authors: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan [2] Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Miyake
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Akitaka
authors: A
authors: Tsujikawa
authors: Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Ryo
authors: R
authors: Yamada
authors: Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Fumihiko
authors: F
authors: Matsuda
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Nagahisa
authors: N
authors: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C514392:ARMS2 protein, human; D011506:Proteins; D002118:Calcium