title: The role of socio-economic status and perinatal factors in racial disparities in the risk of cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether racial disparities in cerebral palsy (CP) risk among US children persist after controlling for socio-economic status (SES) (here indicated by maternal education) and perinatal risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based birth cohort study was conducted using the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network surveillance and birth data for 8-year-old children residing in multi-county areas in Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin between 2002 and 2008. The birth cohort comparison group included 458 027 children and the case group included 1570 children with CP, 1202 with available birth records. χ(2) tests were performed to evaluate associations and logistic regression was used to calculate relative risks (RR) and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of spastic CP was more than 50% higher for black versus white children (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.33-1.73), and this greater risk persisted after adjustment for SES (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18-1.55), but not after further adjustment for preterm birth and size for gestational age. The protective effect of maternal education remained after adjustment for race/ethnicity and perinatal factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal education appears to independently affect CP risk but does not fully explain existing racial disparities in CP prevalence in the US.
authors: Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Maureen S
authors: MS
authors: Durkin
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Maenner
authors: Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.|Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Ruth E
authors: RE
authors: Benedict
authors: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Van Naarden Braun
authors: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Christensen
authors: Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors: Russell S
authors: RS
authors: Kirby
authors: Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Wingate
authors: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors: Marshalyn
authors: M
authors: Yeargin-Allsopp
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018672:Community Health Planning; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class