title: Elevated serum leptin, adiponectin and leptin to adiponectin ratio is associated with chronic kidney disease in Asian adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin and leptin, two of the key cytokines secreted by adipocytes, have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the association of these adipocytokines with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not clear. We examined the association of serum adiponectin, leptin levels and leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR) with CKD in a population-based sample of Asian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study (450 CKD cases and 920 controls matched for age, sex and ethnicity) involving Chinese and Indian adults aged 40-80 years who participated in the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study (2007-2011). CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 from serum creatinine. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were measured using commercially available ELISA. Odds ratio of CKD associated with elevated adiponectin and leptin levels were estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CKD cases had higher levels of leptin (mean [SD] 9.7 [11.5] vs.16.9 [20.2] ng/mL, p<0.0001) and adiponectin (10.4 [7.4] vs. 9.2 [4.2], p = 0.001) compared to controls. In multi-variable models, compared to those in the lowest quartile, the OR (95% confidence interval) of CKD among those in the highest quartile were: 6.46 (3.84, 10.88), 1.94 (1.32-2.85) and 2.88 (1.78-4.64) for leptin, adiponectin and LAR. Similar associations were also observed when adiponectin and leptin were analyzed as continuous variables. This positive association of serum adiponectin, leptin and LAR with CKD was consistently present in subgroups of gender, ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension and overweight status (all P-interaction >0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of serum adiponectin, leptin and LAR were positively associated with CKD independent of traditional risk factors in this Asian population.
authors: Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Cynthia Ciwei
authors: CC
authors: Lim
authors: Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Boon Wee
authors: BW
authors: Teo
authors: Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: E Shyong
authors: ES
authors: Tai
authors: Diabetes Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Su Chi
authors: SC
authors: Lim
authors: Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Choong Meng
authors: CM
authors: Chan
authors: Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Sethi
authors: Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Tien Y
authors: TY
authors: Wong
authors: Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Charumathi
authors: C
authors: Sabanayagam
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin