title: Can silicon make an excellent drug even better? An in vitro and in vivo head-to-head comparison between loperamide and its silicon analogue sila-loperamide.
abstract: Loperamide (1a), an opioid receptor agonist, is in clinical use as an antidiarrheal agent. Carbon/silicon exchange (sila-substitution) at the 4-position of the piperidine ring of 1a (R3 COH→R3 SiOH) leads to sila-loperamide (1b). Sila-loperamide was synthesized in a multistep procedure, starting from triethoxyvinylsilane and taking advantage of the 4-methoxyphenyl (MOP) unit as a protecting group for silicon. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of the C/Si analogues 1a and 1b were determined and compared. Despite significant differences in the in vitro PK properties of loperamide and sila-loperamide regarding clearance, permeability, and efflux, both compounds exhibited nearly identical in vivo PK profiles. The increase in metabolic stability of the silicon compound 1b observed in vitro seems to be counterbalanced by an increase in efflux and diminished permeability compared to the parent carbon compound 1a. Overall, sila-loperamide exhibits high unbound clearance (CLu ), leading to a significant decrease in unbound concentration (Cu ) and unbound area under the curve (AUCu ) after oral exposure, compared to loperamide. In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies showed an altered profile of biotransformation for the silicon compound 1b, leading to the formation of a more polar and quickly cleared metabolite and preventing the formation of the silicon analogue of the neurotoxic metabolite observed for the parent carbon compound 1a. These differences can be correlated with the different chemical properties of the C/Si analogues 1a and 1b. This study provides some of the most detailed insights into the effects of a carbon/silicon switch and how this carbon/silicon exchange affects overall drug properties.
authors: Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany).
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Geyer
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Wellner
authors: Ulrik
authors: U
authors: Jurva
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Saloman
authors: Duncan
authors: D
authors: Armstrong
authors: Reinhold
authors: R
authors: Tacke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003412:Cricetulus; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008139:Loperamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017646:Organosilicon Compounds; D008139:Loperamide; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
keywords: C/Si exchange; metabolic fate; opioid receptors; sila-drugs; silicon