title: Evaluation of cartilage repair and osteoarthritis with sodium MRI.
abstract: The growing need for early diagnosis and higher specificity than that which can be achieved with morphological MRI is a driving force in the application of methods capable of probing the biochemical composition of cartilage tissue, such as sodium imaging. Unlike morphological imaging, sodium MRI is sensitive to even small changes in cartilage glycosaminoglycan content, which plays a key role in cartilage homeostasis. Recent advances in high- and ultrahigh-field MR systems, gradient technology, phase-array radiofrequency coils, parallel imaging approaches, MRI acquisition strategies and post-processing developments have resulted in many clinical in vivo sodium MRI studies of cartilage, even at 3 T. Sodium MRI has great promise as a non-invasive tool for cartilage evaluation. However, further hardware and software improvements are necessary to complete the translation of sodium MRI into a clinically feasible method for 3-T systems. This review is divided into three parts: (i) cartilage composition, pathology and treatment; (ii) sodium MRI; and (iii) clinical sodium MRI studies of cartilage with a focus on the evaluation of cartilage repair tissue and osteoarthritis.
authors: High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Štefan
authors: Š
authors: Zbýň
authors: High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Vladimír
authors: V
authors: Mlynárik
authors: High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Juras
authors: High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors: Pavol
authors: P
authors: Szomolanyi
authors: High-Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.|CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Trattnig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
keywords: cartilage repair; musculoskeletal; osteoarthritis; proteoglycans; sodium MRI; sodium concentration