title: Late open conversion after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the incidence, the surgical details, and the outcome of late open conversion after failed endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of English-language medical literature from 1991 to 2014 was conducted using the PubMed and EMBASE databases to find all studies involving late conversion after EVAR for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The search identified 26 articles encompassing 641 patients (84% men; median age, 73.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean interval from the initial implantation was 38.5 ± 10.7 months. The cumulative single-center open conversion rate was 3.7%. The indications for late open conversion included endoleak in 62.4%, infection in 9.5%, migration in 5.5%, and thrombosis in 6.7%. Operations were urgent in 22.5% of the patients. The 30-day mortality was 9.1%. Mortality rates were different between elective (3.2%) and nonelective patients (29.2%). Five aneurysm-related deaths (1.5%) and two graft infections (0.6%) occurred during a median follow-up of 26.4 months (range, 5-50.2 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of patients with failed EVAR and without further options for endovascular salvage is growing. Endoleak remains the most important weakness of EVAR as the leading cause of late open conversion. Such procedures, although technically demanding, are associated with relatively low mortality rates when performed electively. Open repair still represents a valuable solution for many patients with failed EVAR.
authors: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Kouvelos
authors: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Koutsoumpelis
authors: Vascular Surgery Unit, 3rd Department of Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Lazaris
authors: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. Electronic address: mimats@cc.uoi.gr.
authors: Miltiadis
authors: M
authors: Matsagkas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D002423:Cause of Death; D061887:Conversion to Open Surgery; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015607:Stents; D016019:Survival Analysis