title: Extra-oral defect augmentation using autologous, bovine and equine bone blocks: A preclinical histomorphometrical comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare autologous bone (AB), bovine bone (BB), and equine bone (EB) blocks with regard to de novo bone formation, connective tissue, and residual bone substitute material portions in a standardized defect animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the frontal skull of 20 pigs, 106 standardized cylindrical "critical size defects" were prepared. Defects were randomly filled with AB, BB, and EB blocks. After a healing period of 30 and 60 days, de novo bone formation, residual bone substitute material, and connective tissue portion was assessed by means of histomorphometry (Toluidine blue O staining). Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to evaluate differences between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The de novo bone formation was significantly higher in the AB group in comparison to the xenogeneic groups (p < 0.05). After 30 days, EB showed significantly (p < 0.05) more newly formed bone compared to the BB group. The soft tissue formation was significantly higher in the BB and EB group. Defects augmented with BB showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher portions of bone substitute materials compared to sides augmented with EB after 30 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the extra-oral model, AB blocks were superior concerning de novo bone formation. No clinical advantages of EB blocks could be observed.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: tobias.moest@uk-erlangen.de.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Moest
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Falk
authors: F
authors: Wehrhan
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Lutz
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Christian Martin
authors: CM
authors: Schmitt
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors: FW
authors: Neukam
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Erlangen - Nuremberg, Glückstraße 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Karl Andreas
authors: KA
authors: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064592:Autografts / Q000637:transplantation*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D064593:Heterografts / Q000637:transplantation*; D006736:Horses; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: C077540:Bio-Oss; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008903:Minerals; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
keywords: Alveolar bone grafting; Bone; Bone substitute; Replacement material