title: An S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase is involved in conidiation and full virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: Magnaporthe oryzae is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes rice blast disease. A compatible interaction requires overcoming plant defense responses to initiate colonization during the early infection process. Nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in defense responses during host-pathogen interactions. Microbes generally protect themselves against NO-induced damage by using enzymes. Here, we characterized an S-(hydroxymethyl)-glutathione dehydrogenase gene in M. oryzae, MoSFA1, the homologs of which are involved in NO metabolism by specifically catalyzing the reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in yeasts and plants. As expected from the activities of S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase in formaldehyde detoxification and GSNO reduction, MoSFA1 deletion mutants were lethal in formaldehyde containing medium, sensitive to exogenous NO and exhibited a higher level of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) than that of the wild type. Notably, the mutants showed severe reduction of conidiation and appressoria turgor pressure, as well as significantly attenuated the virulence on rice cultivar CO-39. However, the virulence of MoSFA1 deletion mutants on wounded rice leaf was not affected. An infection assay on barley leaf further revealed that MoSFA1 deletion mutants exhibited a lower infection rate, and growth of infectious hyphae of the mutants was retarded not only in primary infected cells but also in expansion from cell to cell. Furthermore, barley leaf cell infected by MoSFA1 deletion mutants exhibited a stronger accumulation of H2O2 at 24 and 36 hpi. MoSFA1 deletion mutants displayed hypersensitivity to different oxidants, reduced activities of superoxide dismutases and peroxidases, and lower glutathione content in cells, compared with the wild type. These results imply that MoSFA1-mediated NO metabolism is important in redox homeostasis in response to development and host infection of M. oryzae. Taken together, this work identifies that MoSFA1 is required for conidiation and contributes to virulence in the penetration and biotrophic phases in M. oryzae.
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Jiaoyu
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Rongyao
authors: R
authors: Chai
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Haiping
authors: H
authors: Qiu
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Xueqin
authors: X
authors: Mao
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yanli
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Fengquan
authors: F
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Guochang
authors: G
authors: Sun
mesh_terms: D015870:Gene Expression; D005804:Genes, Lethal; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009154:Mutation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C020666:glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate); D005978:Glutathione