title: Phenobarbital and neonatal seizures affect cerebral oxygen metabolism: a near-infrared spectroscopy study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures oxygen metabolism and is increasingly used for monitoring critically ill neonates. The implications of NIRS-recorded data in this population are poorly understood. We evaluated NIRS monitoring for neonates with seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In neonates monitored with video-electroencephalography, NIRS-measured cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) and systemic O2 saturation were recorded every 5 s. Mean rSO2 was extracted for 1-h blocks before, during, and after phenobarbital doses. For each electrographic seizure, mean rSO2 was extracted for a period of three times the duration of the seizure before and after the ictal pattern, as well as during the seizure. Linear mixed models were developed to assess the impact of phenobarbital administration and of seizures on rSO2 and fractional tissue oxygen extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 20 neonates (estimated gestational age: 39.6 ± 1.5 wk), 61 phenobarbital doses and 40 seizures were analyzed. Cerebral rSO2 rose (P = 0.005), and fractional tissue oxygen extraction declined (P = 0.018) with increasing phenobarbital doses. rSO2 declined during seizures, compared with baseline and postictal phases (baseline 81.2 vs. ictal 77.7 vs. postictal 79.4; P = 0.004). Fractional tissue oxygen extraction was highest during seizures (P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral oxygen metabolism decreases after phenobarbital administration and increases during seizures. These small, but clear, changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism merit assessment for potential clinical impact.
authors: College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: Max D
authors: MD
authors: Sokoloff
authors: Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: Melissa A
authors: MA
authors: Plegue
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: Ronald D
authors: RD
authors: Chervin
authors: Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: John D E
authors: 000000031320905X
authors: JD
authors: Barks
authors: Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: Renée A
authors: RA
authors: Shellhaas
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010100:Oxygen; D010634:Phenobarbital