title: Functional brain network modularity predicts response to cognitive training after brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the value of measuring modularity, a graph theory metric indexing the relative extent of integration and segregation of distributed functional brain networks, for predicting individual differences in response to cognitive training in patients with brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acquired brain injury (n = 11) participated in 5 weeks of cognitive training and a comparison condition (brief education) in a crossover intervention study design. We quantified the measure of functional brain network organization, modularity, from functional connectivity networks during a state of tonic attention regulation measured during fMRI scanning before the intervention conditions. We examined the relationship of baseline modularity with pre- to posttraining changes in neuropsychological measures of attention and executive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The modularity of brain network organization at baseline predicted improvement in attention and executive function after cognitive training, but not after the comparison intervention. Individuals with higher baseline modularity exhibited greater improvements with cognitive training, suggesting that a more modular baseline network state may contribute to greater adaptation in response to cognitive training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain network properties such as modularity provide valuable information for understanding mechanisms that influence rehabilitation of cognitive function after brain injury, and may contribute to the discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers that could guide rehabilitation efforts.
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA. klarnemann@berkeley.edu.
authors: Katelyn L
authors: KL
authors: Arnemann
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA.
authors: Anthony J-W
authors: AJ
authors: Chen
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA.
authors: Tatjana
authors: T
authors: Novakovic-Agopian
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA.
authors: Caterina
authors: C
authors: Gratton
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA.
authors: Emi M
authors: EM
authors: Nomura
authors: From the Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), Martinez; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology (K.L.A., A.J.-W.C., C.G., E.M.N., M.D.), University of California, Berkeley; Department of Neurology (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A., M.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Veterans Administration Medical Center (A.J.-W.C., T.N.-A.), San Francisco; and California Pacific Medical Center (T.N.-A.), San Francisco, CA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: D'Esposito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D063132:Connectome / Q000379:methods*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult