title: Synthesis and characterization of S-nitrosoglutathione-oligosaccharide-chitosan as a nitric oxide donor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to synthesize a novel stable and biodegradable nitric oxide (NO) donor polymer based on a chitosan backbone. This polymer needed to be linked to glutathione (GSH), which was nitrosated in a second step. This polymer has been developed as an NO delivery platform that could be further evaluated for an oral delivery in Crohn's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new polymer (named S-nitrosoglutathione-oligosaccharide-chitosan or SNOC) was obtained using a two-step procedure involving the linkage of GSH to chitosan via an amidine reaction followed by a post-nitrosation with NaNO2. The GSH linkage was assessed using NMR, FTIR and an Ellman's test, whereas the final NO amount was determined by the Griess and Saville method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymers with different numbers of NO groups were obtained (159.04 ± 64.16 µmol/g of polymer for SNOC G1 and 525.08 ± 151.35 µmol/g of polymer for SNOC G2) depending on the procedure used for production. When tested in an Ussing chamber, SNOC G2 had a sustained release of NO and nitrites for at least 6 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that this type of polymer is adapted for the development of various formulations, including microparticles.
authors: Université de Lorraine, Faculté de pharmacie, EA 3452/ CITHEFOR , 5, rue Albert Lebrun, 54000 Nancy , France +33 3 83 68 23 10 ; +33 3 83 68 23 01 ; stephane.gibaud@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors: Shefaat Ullah
authors: SU
authors: Shah
authors: Nuno
authors: N
authors: Martinho
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Socha
authors: Catarina
authors: C
authors: Pinto Reis
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Gibaud
mesh_terms: D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011108:Polymers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Crohn’s disease; Ussing chamber; chitosan; glutathione; nitric oxide