title: Impact of TB on the survival of people living with HIV infection in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of TB disease on survival in people living with HIV in high resource settings is not well documented in the antiretroviral treatment (ART) era. We calculated TB incidence rates and compared the mortality of persons with and without HIV-TB in a UK HIV cohort in the post-ART era, to determine the impact of HIV-TB on survival in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked the national cohort of persons (aged ≥15 years) diagnosed with HIV between 2000 and 2008 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland with the national TB register and deaths from the Office of National Statistics. We compared all-cause and AIDS-specific mortality in patients with and without TB by estimating HRs using Cox regression modelling allowing for potential predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 3188 (7.2%) individuals developed TB infection among a cohort of 44 050 HIV-diagnosed persons and 149 663 person-years. The cumulative TB incidence rate was 2.13 per 100 person-years with a spike within the first 6 months after HIV diagnosis. TB coinfected patients comprised 18% of the 1880 deaths during follow-up and 79% of deaths (n=967) in the year following HIV diagnosis. TB coinfection (HR 4.77, 95% CI 4.11 to 5.54) was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality. Analysis of AIDS-related survival showed similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unexpected high mortality in patients with HIV-TB in a population with good healthcare access and ART availability highlights the importance of improving active and latent TB case-finding among patients with HIV, and HIV-testing among patients with TB, to ensure appropriate and prompt treatment initiation for both diseases.
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Dominik
authors: D
authors: Zenner
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Abubakar
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Conti
authors: Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Rishi K
authors: RK
authors: Gupta
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Yin
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: Meaghan
authors: M
authors: Kall
authors: Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Kruijshaar
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Rice
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: H Lucy
authors: HL
authors: Thomas
authors: Chelsea & Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Pozniak
authors: Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Lipman
authors: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Delpech
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Respiratory Infection; Tuberculosis