title: In situ study of the anticariogenic potential of fluoride varnish combined with CO2 laser on enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in situ study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnish combined with CO2 laser in controlling enamel demineralization caused by cariogenic challenges.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover study conducted in 2 phases of 14 days each, 14 volunteers (n = 14) wore palatal appliances with bovine enamel slabs treated with fluoride varnish + CO2 laser (FV + CO2), fluoride varnish (FV), nonfluoride placebo varnish (PV) and nonfluoride placebo varnish + CO2 laser (PV + CO2). Drops of sucrose solution were dripped onto enamel slabs allowing the accumulation of biofilm. At the first phase, half of the volunteers received 4 enamel slabs treated with FV while the remainders received slabs exposed to the PV with and without CO2 laser. In the second phase, the vonlunteers were reversed treatments. The slabs were evaluated for cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) and the concentration of loosely bound fluoride (CaF2) and firmly bound fluoride (FAp). The concentration of fluoride in biofilm were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA showed that the CSMH values were higher in laser-irradiated enamel, regardless of the fluoride varnish. Friedman test showed that FV group presented significantly larger amount of fluoride in biofilm (P < 0.05). In the enamel, the largest amount of fluoride was found in the groups FV + CO2, which was not different from FV (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The synergistic effect of fluoride varnish and CO2 laser on enamel demineralization was not observed, however, CO2 laser reduces enamel demineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO2 laser might reduce the demineralization of subsurface enamel, although its association with a high concentrated fluoride therapy may not result in a positive synergistic interaction.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: aline.gabriel@gmail.com.
authors: Aline Evangelista
authors: AE
authors: Souza-Gabriel
authors: Department of Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Cecília Pedroso
authors: CP
authors: Turssi
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Vivian
authors: V
authors: Colucci
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors: Lívia Maria Andaló
authors: LM
authors: Tenuta
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Mônica Campos
authors: MC
authors: Serra
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors: Silmara Aparecida Milori
authors: SA
authors: Corona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D054020:Lasers, Gas / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides; C032240:titanium tetrafluoride
keywords: Biofilm; CO(2) laser; Caries lesion; Enamel; Fluoride varnish