title: Effects of rTMS of pre-supplementary motor area on fronto basal ganglia network activity during stop-signal task.
abstract: Stop-signal task (SST) has been a key paradigm for probing human brain mechanisms underlying response inhibition, and the inhibition observed in SST is now considered to largely depend on a fronto basal ganglia network consisting mainly of right inferior frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), and basal ganglia, including subthalamic nucleus, striatum (STR), and globus pallidus pars interna (GPi). However, causal relationships between these frontal regions and basal ganglia are not fully understood in humans. Here, we partly examined these causal links by measuring human fMRI activity during SST before and after excitatory/inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of pre-SMA. We first confirmed that the behavioral performance of SST was improved by excitatory rTMS and impaired by inhibitory rTMS. Afterward, we found that these behavioral changes were well predicted by rTMS-induced modulation of brain activity in pre-SMA, STR, and GPi during SST. Moreover, by examining the effects of the rTMS on resting-state functional connectivity between these three regions, we showed that the magnetic stimulation of pre-SMA significantly affected intrinsic connectivity between pre-SMA and STR, and between STR and GPi. Furthermore, the magnitudes of changes in resting-state connectivity were also correlated with the behavioral changes seen in SST. These results suggest a causal relationship between pre-SMA and GPi via STR during response inhibition, and add direct evidence that the fronto basal ganglia network for response inhibition consists of multiple top-down regulation pathways in humans.
authors: Departments of Physiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom, takamitsu.watanabe@ucl.ac.uk skonishi@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors: Takamitsu
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Ritsuko
authors: R
authors: Hanajima
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Yuichiro
authors: Y
authors: Shirota
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Ryosuke
authors: R
authors: Tsutsumi
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Shimizu
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Toshihiro
authors: T
authors: Hayashi
authors: Neurology, and.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Terao
authors: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1247, Japan, Research Seeds Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Fukushima 960-1247, Japan, and.
authors: Yoshikazu
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-152X
authors: Y
authors: Ugawa
authors: Radiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Katsura
authors: Radiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Kunimatsu
authors: Radiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors: Kuni
authors: K
authors: Ohtomo
authors: Departments of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Hirose
authors: Departments of Physiology.
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Miyashita
authors: Departments of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan takamitsu.watanabe@ucl.ac.uk skonishi@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors: Seiki
authors: S
authors: Konishi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: QPS; partial correlation; response cancellation; response inhibition