title: Elemental bioimaging of thulium in mouse tissues by laser ablation-ICPMS as a complementary method to heteronuclear proton magnetic resonance imaging for cell tracking experiments.
abstract: Due to the fact that cellular therapies are increasingly finding application in clinical trials and promise success by treatment of fatal diseases, monitoring strategies to investigate the delivery of the therapeutic cells to the target organs are getting more and more into the focus of modern in vivo imaging methods. In order to monitor the distribution of the respective cells, they can be labeled with lanthanide complexes such as thulium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodoecane-α,α,α,α-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (Tm(DOTMA)). In this study, experiments on a mouse model with two different cell types, namely, tumor cells and macrophages labeled with Tm(DOTMA), were performed. The systemic distribution of Tm(DOTMA) of both cell types was investigated by means of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Using the high resolution of 25 μm, distribution maps of Tm in different tissues such as tumor, liver, lung, and spleen as well as in explanted gel pellets were generated and the behavior of the labeled cells inside the tissue was investigated. Additionally, quantitative data were obtained using homemade matrix-matched standards based on egg yolk. Using this approach, limits of detection and quantification of 2.2 and 7.4 ng·g(-1), respectively, and an excellent linearity over the concentration range from 0.01 to 46 μg·g(-1) was achieved. The highest concentration of the label agent, 32.4 μg·g(-1), in tumor tissue was observed in the area of the injection of the labeled tumor cells. Regarding the second experiment with macrophages for cell tracking, Tm was detected in the explanted biogell pellet with relatively low concentrations below 60 ng·g(-1) and in the liver with a relatively high concentration of 10 μg·g(-1). Besides thulium, aluminum was detected with equal distribution behavior in the tumor section due to a contamination resulting from the labeling procedure, which includes the usage of an Al electrode.
authors: †Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Reifschneider
authors: †Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Kristina S
authors: KS
authors: Wentker
authors: ‡Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Strobel
authors: ‡Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Schmidt
authors: ‡Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Max
authors: M
authors: Masthoff
authors: †Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.|§European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis (EVISA), Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Sperling
authors: ‡Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, University Hospital, Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Cornelius
authors: C
authors: Faber
authors: †Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors: Uwe
authors: U
authors: Karst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058948:Cell Tracking; D007834:Lasers; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011522:Protons; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013932:Thulium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011522:Protons; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C054005:N-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium; D013932:Thulium