title: Refractory overactive bladder: a common problem?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unsatisfactory treatment outcome sometimes is described as frequently occurring in patients treated with first-line therapy for overactive bladder (OAB). The present article reviews the different circumstances which may result in failure to respond to lifestyle interventions, behavioral therapy, and/or antimuscarinic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles on pathophysiological, clinical, and pharmacological aspects of refractory OAB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Missing definition, unrealistic individual expectation of treatment outcomes, lack of communication between physician and patient as well as pathophysiological and pharmacological processes were identified as relevant for failure to respond to first-line OAB treatment. Increase of patient's motivation to adhere to the prescribed treatment, critical examination of the patient in regard to the initial diagnosis, and individual adjustment of antimuscarinic therapy may be appropriate tools to improve treatment outcome in OAB patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the incidence of refractory OAB seems to be overestimated. There are several approaches to improve therapy results.
authors: Department of Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. R. Pfleger GmbH, 96045, Bamberg, Germany. ulrich.schwantes@dr-pfleger.de.
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Schwantes
authors: Urological Clinic, University Clinic Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany. jgrosse@ukaachen.de.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Grosse
authors: Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Witten gGmbH, University Witten/Herdecke, 58455, Witten, Germany. awiedemann@diakonie-ruhr.de.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Wiedemann
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists
keywords: Antimuscarinic; Pathophysiology; Pharmacology; Refractory OAB; Treatment