title: Neuro-protective effects of cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in undifferentiated PC12 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress has been recognized as the major factor for the development of diabetes and its complications. Cerium oxide and Yttrium oxide nanoparticles are known as free radicals scavengers. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of CeO2 and Y2O3 on oxidative stress induced by high glucose in undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, undifferentiated PC12 cells were exposed to high glucose (25 mg/ml, 24 hours) and the protective effects of CeO2 and Y2O3 nanoparticles were evaluated. The viability of undifferentiated PC12 cells was determined by MTT assay. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF). The expression levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and caspase3 proteins were also detected by western blotting. Total antioxidant power (TAP), total thiol molecules (TTM) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CeO2 and Y2O3 increased survival of undifferentiated PC12 cells exposed to high glucose-induced oxidative stress. CeO2 and Y2O3 pre-treatment decreased ROS production, LPO, Bax and caspase-3 proteins expression. Both nanoparticles have also increased the TTM and Bcl-2 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CeO2 and Y2O3 protect the undifferentiated PC12 cells against the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by high glucose.
authors: Habib
authors: H
authors: Ghaznavi
authors: Rezvan
authors: R
authors: Najafi
authors: Saeed
authors: S
authors: Mehrzadi
authors: Asieh
authors: A
authors: Hosseini
authors: Neda
authors: N
authors: Tekyemaroof
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Shakeri-Zadeh
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Rezayat
authors: Ali M
authors: AM
authors: Sharifi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002563:Cerium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D015019:Yttrium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D002563:Cerium; D015019:Yttrium; C030583:ceric oxide; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose; C091417:yttria
keywords: apoptosis; cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles,; high glucose,; neurotoxicity,; oxidative stress,