title: Factors affecting intradiscal pressure measurement during in vitro biomechanical tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the reliability of intradiscal pressure measurement during in vitro biomechanical testing. In particular, the variability of measurements will be assessed for repeated measures by considering the effect of specimens and of freezing/thawing cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six functional units from 8 porcine spines (S1: T7-T8, S2: T9-T10, S3: T12-T11, S4: T14-T13, S5: L1-L2 and S6: L3-L4) have been used. The intervertebral discs were measured to obtain the frontal and sagittal dimensions. These measurements helped locate the center of the disc where a modified catheter was positioned. A fiber optic pressure sensor (measuring range: -0.1 to 17 bar) (360HP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was then inserted into the catheter. The specimens were divided into 3 groups: 1) fresh (F), 2) after one freeze/thaw cycle (C1) and 3) after 2 freeze/thaw cycles (C2). These groups were divided in two, depending on whether specimens were subjected to 400 N axial loading or not. Ten measurements (insertion of the sensor for a period of one minute, then removal) were taken for each case. Statistical analyses evaluated the influence of porcine specimen and the vertebral level using a MANOVA. The effect of repeated measurements was evaluated with ANOVA. The difference between freeze/thaw cycles were analysed with U Mann-Whitney test (P≤0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without axial loading, the F group showed 365 mbar intradiscal pressure, 473 mbar for the C1 group, and 391 mbar for the C2 group. With 400N axial load, the F group showed intradiscal pressure of 10610 mbar, the C1 group 10132 mbar, the C2 group 12074 mbar. The statistical analysis shows a significant influence of the porcine specimen (p<0.001), with or without axial loading and of the vertebral level with (p=0.048) and without load (p<0.001). The results were also significantly different between the freeze/thaw cycles, with (p<0.001) and without load (p=0.033). Repeated measurement (without load p = 0.82 and with p = 0.56) did not show significant influence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results tend to support that freezing/thawing cycles can affect intradiscal pressure measurement with significant inter-specimen variability. The use of the same specimen as its own control during in vitro biomechanical testing could be recommended.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Canada ; Research center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montreal, H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors: Jaëlle
authors: J
authors: Tremblay
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Canada ; Research center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montreal, H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Brailovski
authors: Research center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montreal, H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Mac-Thiong
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Canada ; Research center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montreal, H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors: Yvan
authors: Y
authors: Petit