title: The Rural Obstetric Workforce in US Hospitals: Challenges and Opportunities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe the types and combinations of clinicians who are delivering babies in rural hospitals, their employment status, the relationship between hospital birth volume and staffing models, and the staffing challenges faced by rural hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a telephone survey of 306 rural hospitals in 9 states: Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin, from November 2013 to March 2014 to assess their obstetric workforce. Bivariate associations between hospitals' annual birth volume and obstetric workforce characteristics were examined, as well as qualitative analysis of workforce changes and staffing challenges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospitals with lower birth volume (<240 births per year) are more likely to have family physicians and general surgeons attending deliveries, while those with a higher birth volume more frequently have obstetricians and midwives attending deliveries. Reported staffing challenges include scheduling, training, census fluctuation, recruitment and retention, and intrahospital relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual hospitals working in isolation may struggle to address staffing challenges. Federal and state policy makers, regional collaboratives, and health care delivery systems can facilitate solutions through programs such as telehealth, simulation training, and interprofessional education.
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Katy B
authors: KB
authors: Kozhimannil
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Michelle M
authors: MM
authors: Casey
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Peiyin
authors: P
authors: Hung
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Xinxin
authors: X
authors: Han
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.|Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Shailendra
authors: S
authors: Prasad
authors: University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Ira S
authors: IS
authors: Moscovice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D009774:Obstetrics; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology; D000078329:Workforce; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: access to care; family medicine; health services research; hospitals; physician supply