title: Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a potential biomarker to predict weight loss and improvement of insulin sensitivity by a very low calorie diet of obese human subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation which is thought to trigger the development of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. The soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) belongs to the innate immune system and has been linked to obesity, recently. The aim of the present study was to examine whether serum sRAGE concentrations are related to the grade of weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance due to a very low calorie diet (VLCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  22 severe obese subjects (Median Body Mass Index (BMI): 44.5kg/m(2)) were included in a dietary intervention study of 6month, consisting of a very low calorie formula diet phase (VLCD: 800kcal/d) for 12 weeks and a following 12 week weight maintenance phase. Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, adiponectin, leptin and sRAGE were determined from sera. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index and leptin-to-adiponectin-ratio (LAR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean body weight reduction by VLCD accounted to 21.7kg with a significant improvement of insulin resistance. At baseline, sRAGE serum levels were significantly inversely related to BMI (rS=-0.642, p=0.001) and HOMA (rS=-0.419, p=0.041). Of interest, sRAGE serum levels at baseline were significantly lower in study subjects with greater reduction of BMI (p=0.017). In addition, a significantly greater HOMA reduction was observed in subjects with lower sRAGE serum levels at baseline (p=0.006). Finally, correlation analysis revealed, that changes of sRAGE serum levels were significantly correlated to changes of BMI (rS=-0.650, p=0.022) during intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-inflammatory sRAGE might be a potential future biomarker to predict weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance by a VLCD whereby lower baseline sRAGE serum levels indicate a better outcome of the dietary intervention.
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: Imke.Hagen@uksh.de.
authors: Imke
authors: I
authors: Hagen
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: Dominik.Schulte@uksh.de.
authors: Dominik M
authors: DM
authors: Schulte
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Nike
authors: N
authors: Müller
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Martinsen
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Kathrin
authors: K
authors: Türk
authors: Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Hedderich
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Schreiber
authors: Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.laudes@uk-sh.de.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Laudes
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood*; D012995:Solubility; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
keywords: Biomarker; Dietary intervention; Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; Very low calorie diet