title: Fluid percussion injury device for the precise control of injury parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injury to the brain can occur from a variety of physical insults and the degree of disability can greatly vary from person to person. It is likely that injury outcome is related to the biomechanical parameters of the traumatic event such as magnitude, direction and speed of the forces acting on the head.
  
  
  METHODS
  To model variations in the biomechanical injury parameters, a voice coil driven fluid percussion injury (FPI) system was designed and built to generate fluid percussion waveforms with adjustable rise times, peak pressures, and durations. Using this system, pathophysiological outcomes in the rat were investigated and compared to animals injured with the same biomechanical parameters using the pendulum based FPI system.
  Immediate post-injury behavior shows similar rates of seizures and mortality in adolescent rats and similar righting times, toe pinch responses and mortality rates in adult rats. Interestingly, post injury mortality in adult rats was sensitive to changes in injury rate. Fluoro-Jade labeling of degenerating neurons in the hilus and CA2-3 hippocampus were consistent between injuries produced with the voice coil and pendulum operated systems. Granule cell population spike amplitude to afferent activation, a measure of dentate network excitability, also showed consistent enhancement 1 week after injury using either system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall our results suggest that this new FPI device produces injury outcomes consistent with the commonly used pendulum FPI system and has the added capability to investigate pathophysiology associated with varying rates and durations of injury.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
authors: Radia Abdul
authors: RA
authors: Wahab
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Neuberger
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
authors: Bruce G
authors: BG
authors: Lyeth
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
authors: Vijayalakshmi
authors: V
authors: Santhakumar
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States. Electronic address: pfister@njit.edu.
authors: Bryan J
authors: BJ
authors: Pfister
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009043:Motor Activity; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D010474:Percussion / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012640:Seizures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; C435731:fluoro jade
keywords: Brain injury; Fluid percussion injury; Injury biomechanics; Injury rate