title: Acetaldehyde production by major oral microbes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess acetaldehyde (ACH) production by bacteria constituting the oral microbiota and the inhibitory effects of sugar alcohols on ACH production.
  
  
  METHODS
  The predominant bacterial components of the salivary microbiota of 166 orally healthy subjects were determined by barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial ACH production from ethanol or glucose was measured using gas chromatography. In addition, inhibition by four sugars and five sugar alcohols of ACH production was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one species from 16 genera were selected as predominant and prevalent bacteria based on the following criteria: identification in ≥95% of the subjects, ≥1% of mean relative abundance or ≥5% of maximum relative abundance. All Neisseria species tested produced conspicuous amounts of ACH from ethanol, as did Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus mitis and Prevotella histicola exhibited the ability to produce ACH. In addition, xylitol and sorbitol inhibited ACH production by Neisseria mucosa by more than 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oral microbiota of orally healthy subjects comprises considerable amounts of bacteria possessing the ability to produce ACH, an oral carcinogen. Consumption of sugar alcohols may regulate ACH production by oral microbes.
authors: Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Moritani
authors: Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Takeshita
authors: Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Shibata
authors: Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ninomiya
authors: Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kiyohara
authors: Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology; D014994:Xylose / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D005632:Fructose; D013395:Sucrose; D014994:Xylose; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D005947:Glucose
keywords: acetaldehyde; oral microbiota; sugar alcohol; upper aerodigestive tract cancer