title: Optimizing stem cell functions and antibacterial properties of TiO2 nanotubes incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles: experiments and modeling.
abstract: To optimize mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and antibacterial properties of titanium (Ti), nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) particles with tunable concentrations were incorporated into TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) using a facile hydrothermal strategy. It is revealed here for the first time that the TNTs incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles exhibited better biocompatibility compared with pure Ti samples (controls) and that the amount of ZnO (tailored by the concentration of Zn(NO3)2 in the precursor) introduced into TNTs played a crucial role on their osteogenic properties. Not only was the alkaline phosphatase activity improved to about 13.8 U/g protein, but the osterix, collagen-I, and osteocalcin gene expressions was improved from mesenchymal stem cells compared to controls. To further explore the mechanism of TNTs decorated with ZnO on cell functions, a response surface mathematical model was used to optimize the concentration of ZnO incorporation into the Ti nanotubes for stem cell differentiation and antibacterial properties for the first time. Both experimental and modeling results confirmed (R (2) values of 0.8873-0.9138 and 0.9596-0.9941, respectively) that Ti incorporated with appropriate concentrations (with an initial concentration of Zn(NO3)2 at 0.015 M) of ZnO can provide exceptional osteogenic properties for stem cell differentiation in bone cells with strong antibacterial effects, properties important for improving dental and orthopedic implant efficacy.
authors: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Photoelectrochemical Research Group, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Wenwen
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Photoelectrochemical Research Group, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Penglei
authors: P
authors: Su
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Arthur
authors: A
authors: Gonzales
authors: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Su
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Wang
authors: Photoelectrochemical Research Group, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jinshu
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Photoelectrochemical Research Group, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Guangxi Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
authors: Hongyi
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Zhenting
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Webster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: ZnO nanoparticles; antibacterial effect; mesenchymal stem cells; modeling; titanium nanotubes