title: Economic and medical benefits of ultrasound screenings for gallstone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether screening for gallstone disease was economically feasible and clinically effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  This clinical study was initially conducted in 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan. The study cohort total included 2386 healthy adults who were voluntarily admitted to a regional teaching hospital for a physical check-up. Annual follow-up screening with ultrasound sonography for gallstone disease continued until December 31, 2007. A decision analysis using the Markov Decision Model was constructed to compare different screening regimes for gallstone disease. The economic evaluation included estimates of both the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of screening for gallstone disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct costs included the cost of screening, regular clinical fees, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and hospitalization. Indirect costs represent the loss of productivity attributable to the patient's disease state, and were estimated using the gross domestic product for 2011 in Taiwan. Longer time intervals in screening for gallstone disease were associated with the reduced efficacy and utility of screening and with increased cost. The cost per life-year gained (average cost-effectiveness ratio) for annual screening, biennial screening, 3-year screening, 4-year screening, 5-year screening, and no-screening was new Taiwan dollars (NTD) 39076, NTD 58059, NTD 72168, NTD 104488, NTD 126941, and NTD 197473, respectively (P < 0.05). The cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained by annual screening was NTD 40725; biennial screening, NTD 64868; 3-year screening, NTD 84532; 4-year screening, NTD 110962; 5-year screening, NTD 142053; and for the control group, NTD 202979 (P < 0.05). The threshold values indicated that the ultrasound sonography screening programs were highly sensitive to screening costs in a plausible range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine screening regime for gallstone disease is both medically and economically valuable. Annual screening for gallstone disease should be recommended.
authors: Hung-Ju Shen, Chung-Te Hsu, Tao-Hsin Tung, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors: Hung-Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Shen
authors: Hung-Ju Shen, Chung-Te Hsu, Tao-Hsin Tung, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors: Chung-Te
authors: CT
authors: Hsu
authors: Hung-Ju Shen, Chung-Te Hsu, Tao-Hsin Tung, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors: Tao-Hsin
authors: TH
authors: Tung
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004526:Efficiency; D019160:Endosonography / Q000191:economics*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D017048:Health Care Costs; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics; D013624:Taiwan
keywords: Decision analysis; Economic evaluation; Evidence-based medicine; Gallstone disease; Screening