title: Expression of antimicrobial peptides and interleukin-8 during early stages of inflammation: An experimental gingivitis study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the oral cavity, the epithelial surface is constantly exposed to a number of different microorganisms that are organized in a well-structured biofilm. The aim of this study was to monitor gingival expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in an early gingivitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental gingivitis was allowed to develop in healthy volunteers (n = 17). Bleeding on probing (BOP%) and gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF) were assessed at baseline and day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14. Expression of AMPs (human beta-defensin-2, hBD-2; CC-chemokine ligand 20, CCL20; psoriasin, pso/S100A7) and IL-8 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in gingival biopsies. In addition, hBD-2 and IL-8 protein expression was monitored in GCF using the ELISA technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental gingivitis gradually developed with an increase in BOP scores and GCF volume over time. In GCF, elevated concentrations of hBD-2 and IL-8 were monitored at day 1, 5 and 7 (p ≤ 0.0002). Immunohistochemical analysis of gingival sections demonstrated increased staining for hBD-2 at day 3, whereas the CCL20, pso/S100A7, and IL-8 expression was increased at later time points (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, this study showed the time-dependent regulation of AMPs, following clinical signs of experimentally induced gingival inflammation. Differential temporal expression for AMPs may ensure a constant antimicrobial activity against changes in the bacterial composition of the growing dental biofilm.
authors: Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Oral Health Sciences, Health Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dommisch
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Staufenbiel
authors: Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Schulze
authors: Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stiesch
authors: Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Winkel
authors: Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Fimmers
authors: Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Dommisch
authors: Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Jepsen
authors: Research Group for Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Miosge
authors: Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Adam
authors: Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Eberhard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D001706:Biopsy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000473:pathology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: CCL20; antimicrobial peptides; experimental gingivitis; hBD-2; innate immunity; pso/S100A7