title: Nanotechnology in bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Nanotechnology represents a major frontier with potential to significantly advance the field of bone tissue engineering. Current limitations in regenerative strategies include impaired cellular proliferation and differentiation, insufficient mechanical strength of scaffolds, and inadequate production of extrinsic factors necessary for efficient osteogenesis. Here we review several major areas of research in nanotechnology with potential implications in bone regeneration: 1) nanoparticle-based methods for delivery of bioactive molecules, growth factors, and genetic material, 2) nanoparticle-mediated cell labeling and targeting, and 3) nano-based scaffold construction and modification to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and cellular attachment/survival. As these technologies continue to evolve, ultimate translation to the clinical environment may allow for improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with large bone deficits and osteodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, the reconstruction of bony defects has relied on the use of bone grafts. With advances in nanotechnology, there has been significant development of synthetic biomaterials. In this article, the authors provided a comprehensive review on current research in nanoparticle-based therapies for bone tissue engineering, which should be useful reading for clinicians as well as researchers in this field.
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Graham G
authors: GG
authors: Walmsley
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: McArdle
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Tevlin
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Momeni
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Atashroo
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Hu
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Abdullah H
authors: AH
authors: Feroze
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Victor W
authors: VW
authors: Wong
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Peter H
authors: PH
authors: Lorenz
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Longaker
authors: Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: dwan@stanford.edu.
authors: Derrick C
authors: DC
authors: Wan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Bone; Nanoparticle; Nanotechnology; Osteogenesis; SPIONs; Scaffold