title: Iodine supplementation and drinking-water perchlorate mitigation.
abstract: Ensuring adequate iodine intake is important, particularly among women of reproductive age, because iodine is necessary for early life development. Biologically based dose-response modeling of the relationships among iodide status, perchlorate dose, and thyroid hormone production in pregnant women has indicated that iodide intake has a profound effect on the likelihood that exposure to goitrogens will produce hypothyroxinemia. We evaluated the possibility of increasing iodine intake to offset potential risks from perchlorate exposure. We also explored the effect of dietary exposures to nitrate and thiocyanate on iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production. Our modeling indicates that the level of thyroid hormone perturbation associated with perchlorate exposures in the range of current regulatory limits is extremely small and would be overwhelmed by other goitrogen exposures. Our analysis also shows that microgram levels of iodine supplementation would be sufficient to prevent the goitrogenic effects of perchlorate exposure at current regulatory limits among at risk individuals. The human health risks from supplementing drinking water with iodine are negligible; therefore, this approach is worthy of regulatory consideration.
authors: Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Electronic address: tlewandowski@gradientcorp.com.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Lewandowski
authors: Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
authors: Michael K
authors: MK
authors: Peterson
authors: HealthRisk Strategies LLC, 222 11th Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA.
authors: Gail
authors: G
authors: Charnley
mesh_terms: D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D010472:Perchlorates; D007455:Iodine; D013974:Thyroxine; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Iodide; PBPK modeling; Perchlorate; Thyroid hormones