title: Measurement of occlusion of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen by intervertebral disc bulge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disc protrusion has been proposed to be a possible cause of both pain and stenosis in the lower spine. No previous study has described the amount of disc occlusion of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen that occurs under different loading conditions. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the percent occlusion of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen by disc bulge under different loading conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal canal depth and foraminal width were measured on computed tomography-scanned images of 7 human lumbar spine specimens. In vitro disc bulge measurements were completed by use of a previously described method in which single functional spinal units were subjected to 3 separate load protocols in a spine test machine and disc bulge was recorded with an optoelectric motion system that tracked active light-emitting diodes placed on the posterior and posterolateral aspects of the intervertebral disc. Occlusion was defined as percentage of encroachment into area of interest by maximum measured disc bulge at corresponding point of interest (the spinal canal is at the posterior point; the intervertebral foramen is at the posterolateral point).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean spinal canal depth and mean foraminal width were 19 4 ± mm and 5 ± 2 mm, respectively. Mean spinal canal occlusion under a 250-N axial load, ± 2.5 Nm of flexion/extension, and ± 2.5 Nm of lateral bend was 2.5% ± 1.9%, 2.5% ± 1.6%, and 1.5% ± 0.8%, respectively. Mean intervertebral foramen occlusion under a 250-N axial load, ± 2.5 Nm of flexion/extension, and ± 2.5 Nm of lateral bend was 7.8% ± 4.7%, 9.5% ± 5.7%, and 11.3% ± 6.2%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percent occlusion of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen is dependent on magnitude and direction of load. Exiting neural elements at the location of the intervertebral foramen are the most vulnerable to impingement and generation of pain.
authors: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Mathieu
authors: M
authors: Cuchanski
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Cook
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Donald M
authors: DM
authors: Whiting
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Boyle C
authors: BC
authors: Cheng
keywords: Disc bulge; Spine biomechanics