title: Association of Hispanic ethnicity with acute ischemic stroke care processes and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the actual hospital arrival mode, emergency department (ED) care processes, and early outcomes in Hispanic vs non-Hispanic acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. We evaluated processes and prognosis by Hispanic ethnicity among AIS patients encountered in urban setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed prospectively-collected data on 1,117 AIS patients presenting within 12 hours of ictus to five hospitals in a tertiary-level stroke center network in San Diego, California. Variables of interest included pre-hospital factors, ED care processes, and favorable outcome (day-90 modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score of 0-1); all of which were adjusted for pre-specified covariates in a multivariable logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 192 Hispanic AIS patients (17.2% of cohort) encountered from June 2004 to March 2011. Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to be younger, female, and diabetic. Hispanic patients arrived by ambulance (vs other arrival modes) less frequently (adjusted OR .56; 95% CI: .38-.81), trended toward a longer time of stroke onset to treatment decision (351.6 vs. 320.02 minutes, P=.07), and experienced a favorable day-90 outcome less often (adjusted OR .52, CI: .28-.96). However, for the day-90 outcome, there was no interaction between ambulance arrival and Hispanic ethnicity (P=.5614).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hispanic AIS patients in this study were less likely to arrive at the hospital by ambulance, and experienced half the odds of a favorable outcome compared to others. Strategies to boost ambulance utilization among Hispanic AIS patients and identify contributors to this worrisome outcome disparity are needed.
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Neil
authors: Rema
authors: R
authors: Raman
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Hemmen
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Ernstrom
authors: Brett C
authors: BC
authors: Meyer
authors: Dawn M
authors: DM
authors: Meyer
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Ovbiagele
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*