title: Near-infrared fluorescent digital pathology for the automation of disease diagnosis and biomarker assessment.
abstract: Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of tissue has been the mainstay of pathology for more than a century. However, the learning curve for H&E tissue interpretation is long, whereas intra- and interobserver variability remain high. Computer-assisted image analysis of H&E sections holds promise for increased throughput and decreased variability but has yet to demonstrate significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Addition of biomarkers to H&E staining can improve diagnostic accuracy; however, coregistration of immunohistochemical staining with H&E is problematic as immunostaining is completed on slides that are at best 4 μm apart. Simultaneous H&E and immunostaining would alleviate coregistration problems; however, current opaque pigments used for immunostaining obscure H&E. In this study, we demonstrate that diagnostic information provided by two or more independent wavelengths of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence leave the H&E stain unchanged while enabling computer-assisted diagnosis and assessment of human disease. Using prostate cancer as a model system, we introduce NIR digital pathology and demonstrate its utility along the spectrum from prostate biopsy to whole mount analysis of H&E-stained tissue.
authors: Summer L
authors: SL
authors: Gibbs
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Genega
authors: Jeffery
authors: J
authors: Salemi
authors: Vida
authors: V
authors: Kianzad
authors: Haley L
authors: HL
authors: Goodwill
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Xie
authors: Rafiou
authors: R
authors: Oketokoun
authors: Parmeshwar
authors: P
authors: Khurd
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Kamen
authors: John V
authors: JV
authors: Frangioni
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C562069:ZW800-1 compound