title: Transdermal contraception methods: today's patches and new options on the horizon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first contraceptive patch with ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norelgestromin in the United States demonstrated that there was a tremendous interest in topical methods, which could provide patient convenience, steady-state hormonal levels and reassurance of ongoing coverage, while maintaining efficacy and good bleeding patterns. Unfortunately, concerns about increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk diminished its popularity. Another version in Europe and Canada had slightly lower estrogen doses, but questions were raised about its VTE risk too based on its progestin. To fill that gap, two new contraceptive patches with lower estrogen levels have been developed and extensively tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article provides a short overview of the first set of patches followed by discussions of the pharmacokinetics of the two experimental patches as well as the results of their clinical trials, including information about efficacy, bleeding patterns and tolerability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the recent increased use of first tier contraceptive methods (Intrauterine devices and implants), there may be interest in new patches. Price will influence their popularity. However, a new nondaily delivery system with lower estrogen levels will provide an important option to women.
authors: David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90504 , USA +1 310 937 7226 ; +1 310 937 1416 ; anitalnelson@earthlink.net.
authors: Anita L
authors: AL
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009652:Norpregnenes; C511292:Ortho Evra; C033273:Gestodene; D009644:Norgestrel; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel
keywords: contraceptive patches; gestodene patch; levonorgestrel patch; transdermal contraceptive