title: DNA methylation consistency implicates the primary tumor cell origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if DNA methylation pattern assay could be a new approach to identifying the primary tumor cell origin of the recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Methylation of 24 genes and expression of 22 cancer stem cell (CSC) biomarkers were quantitatively measured in 10 paired primary and recurrent HCC specimens. The HBV viral-host junctions were determined in six pairs of them with HBV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar DNA methylation patterns were observed among nine of ten pairs of primary and recurrent tumors. In five of six paired specimens with HBV infection, exactly same HBV DNA integrations were identified in each paired tumors. The expression of seven CSC biomarkers increased significantly in either primary or recurrent tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent HCCs mostly originate from their primary tumors. Assay of DNA methylation patterns could provide a new approach to determining the origin of recurrent HCC.
authors: Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Xiaolei
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Beijing Artificial Liver Treatment & Training Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing 100069, China.
authors: Shuang
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Congle
authors: C
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Yali
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China.
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Xiangmei
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Fengmin
authors: F
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000556:secondary / Q000821:virology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000235:genetics*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016662:Virus Integration
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: HBV DNA integration; cancer stem cells; hepatocellular carcinoma; methylation; recurrence