title: [Resistance surveillance of major pathogens for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections in China: a multicenter study 2012].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate antimicrobial resistance among pathogens responsible for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections from 11 hospitals of China.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January to December 2012, a total of 599 strains causing adult community-acquired respiratory tract infection were collected from 11 hospitals, including 381 Streptococcus pneumonia, 137 Haemophilus influenza, and 81 Moraxella catarrhalis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial agents was determined by agar dilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all the strains, 50% (300/599 strains) were from adults more than 60 years old and only 16.2% (97/599 strains) were from patients aged less than 40 years. According to oral penicillin breakpoints, 56.7% (216/381 strains) of Streptococcus pneumoniae were penicillin non-susceptible strains (PNSSP). More than 90% (345/381 strains) and 39.9% (152/381 strains)-50.7% (193/381 strains) of Streptococcus pneumoniae were resistant to macrolides and oral cephalosporins respectively, but over 97.8% (372/381 strains) and 99% (377/381 strains) were susceptible to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. PNSSP strains exhibited significant higher resistance to ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor and cefuroxime compared with penicillin susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP). The susceptibility rates of Haemophilus influenza to the antimicrobial agents were over 90% except for ampicillin (71.5%, 272/381 strains) and cefaclor (75.2%, 286/381 strains). The prevalence of β-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenza were 21.9% (30/137 strains), and β-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenza strains were more resistant to ampicillin, cefaclor, chloramphenicol and tetracycline compared with β-lactamase-negative strains. Moraxella catarrhalis strains were extremely susceptible to all the antimicrobial agents tested except for clindamycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activities of macrolides and oral cephalosporins against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were limited. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin exhibited good activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
authors: Peking University People's Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing 100044, China.
authors: Chunjiang
authors: C
authors: Zhao
authors: Feifei
authors: F
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhanwei
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Cao
authors: Xiuli
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Hongli
authors: H
authors: Sun
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Zhang
authors: Yunjian
authors: Y
authors: Hu
authors: Zhiyong
authors: Z
authors: Liu
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Du
authors: Ruichun
authors: R
authors: Chen
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Zhuo
authors: Danhong
authors: D
authors: Su
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Bijie
authors: B
authors: Hu
authors: Email: whuibj@163.com.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017291:Clarithromycin; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D018942:Macrolides; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis; D010406:Penicillins; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D018942:Macrolides; D010406:Penicillins; D064704:Levofloxacin; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D017291:Clarithromycin