title: Mild cognitive impairment and deficits in instrumental activities of daily living: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a growing body of evidence that subtle deficits in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) may be present in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it is not clear if there are IADL domains that are consistently affected across patients with MCI. In this systematic review, therefore, we aimed to summarize research results regarding the performance of MCI patients in specific IADL (sub)domains compared with persons who are cognitively normal and/or patients with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The databases PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature in December 2013. Publications from 1999 onward were considered for inclusion. Altogether, 497 articles were retrieved. Reference lists of selected articles were searched for potentially relevant articles. After screening the abstracts of these 497 articles, 37 articles were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 35 studies, IADL deficits (such as problems with medication intake, telephone use, keeping appointments, finding things at home and using everyday technology) were documented in patients with MCI. Financial capacity in patients with MCI was affected in the majority of studies. Effect sizes for group differences between patients with MCI and healthy controls were predominantly moderate to large. Performance-based instruments showed slight advantages (in terms of effect sizes) in detecting group differences in IADL functioning between patients with MCI, patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IADL requiring higher neuropsychological functioning seem to be most severely affected in patients with MCI. A reliable identification of such deficits is necessary, as patients with MCI with IADL deficits seem to have a higher risk of converting to dementia than patients with MCI without IADL deficits. The use of assessment tools specifically designed and validated for patients with MCI is therefore strongly recommended. Furthermore, the development of performance-based assessment instruments should be intensified, as they allow a valid and reliable assessment of subtle IADL deficits in MCI, even if a proxy is not available. Another important point to consider when designing new scales is the inclusion of technology-associated IADL. Novel instruments for clinical practice should be time-efficient and easy to administer.
authors: Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Square J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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authors: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Square J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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authors: Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
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authors: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Square J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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authors: University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33000 Bordeaux, France ; INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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authors: Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Lodz, 5 Sterling St, 90-425 Lodz, Poland.
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authors: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Square J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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