title: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation affects pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to assess the effects of Ca+vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among sixty women with GDM. Participants were divided into two groups to receive Ca+vitamin D supplements or placebo. Individuals in the Ca+vitamin D group (n 30) received 1000 mg Ca/d and two pearls containing 1250 µg (50 000 IU) of cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3)) during the intervention (one at study baseline and another at day 21 of the intervention); those in the placebo group (n 30) received two placebos of vitamin D at the mentioned times and placebos of Ca every day for 6 weeks. Pregnancy outcomes were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A urban community setting in Arak, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty women with GDM and their newborns, living in Arak, Iran were enrolled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women treated with Ca+vitamin D had a significant decrease in caesarean section rate (23·3 % v. 63·3 %, P=0·002) and maternal hospitalization (0 v. 13·3 %, P=0·03) compared with those receiving placebo. In addition, newborns of GDM women randomized to Ca+vitamin D had no case of macrosomia, while the prevalence of macrosomia among those randomized to placebo was 13·3 % (P=0·03). Lower rates of hyperbilirubinaemia (20·0 % v. 56·7 %, P=0·03) and hospitalization (20·0 % v. 56·7 %, P=0·03) were also seen in the supplemented group of newborns than in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca+vitamin D supplementation for 6 weeks among pregnant women with GDM led to decreased caesarean section rate and maternal hospitalization, and decreased macrosomia, hyperbilirubinaemia and hospitalization in newborns.
authors: 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,School of Medicine,Arak University of Medical Sciences,Arak,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Karamali
authors: 2Department of Nutrition,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases,Kashan University of Medical Sciences,Kashan,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors: Zatollah
authors: Z
authors: Asemi
authors: 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,School of Medicine,Arak University of Medical Sciences,Arak,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors: Maedeh
authors: M
authors: Ahmadi-Dastjerdi
authors: 3Food Security Research Center,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,Isfahan,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Esmaillzadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D002585:Cesarean Section; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D007492:Iran; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol
keywords: Calcium; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Pregnancy outcomes; Supplementation; Vitamin D