title: What determines the take-over time? An integrated model approach of driver take-over after automated driving.
abstract: In recent years the automation level of driver assistance systems has increased continuously. One of the major challenges for highly automated driving is to ensure a safe driver take-over of the vehicle guidance. This must be ensured especially when the driver is engaged in non-driving related secondary tasks. For this purpose it is essential to find indicators of the driver's readiness to take over and to gain more knowledge about the take-over process in general. A simulator study was conducted to explore how drivers' allocation of visual attention during highly automated driving influences a take-over action in response to an emergency situation. Therefore we recorded drivers' gaze behavior during automated driving while simultaneously engaging in a visually demanding secondary task, and measured their reaction times in a take-over situation. According to their gaze behavior the drivers were categorized into "high", "medium" and "low-risk". The gaze parameters were found to be suitable for predicting the readiness to take-over the vehicle, in such a way that high-risk drivers reacted late and more often inappropriately in the take-over situation. However, there was no difference among the driver groups in the time required by the drivers to establish motor readiness to intervene after the take-over request. An integrated model approach of driver behavior in emergency take-over situations during automated driving is presented. It is argued that primarily cognitive and not motor processes determine the take-over time. Given this, insights can be derived for further research and the development of automated systems.
authors: Daimler AG, Research and Development, Hanns-Klemm-Str. 45, D-71032 Böblingen, Germany; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: kathrin.zeeb@daimler.com.
authors: Kathrin
authors: K
authors: Zeeb
authors: Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: axel.buchner@hhu.de.
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Buchner
authors: Daimler AG, Research and Development, Hanns-Klemm-Str. 45, D-71032 Böblingen, Germany; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: michael.schrauf@daimler.com.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Schrauf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving; D011930:Reaction Time; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Automated driving; Driver distraction; Driver take-over; Driving simulator; Eye movements; Visual attention