title: Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee.
abstract: These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on "Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application" (Rossini et al., 1994). A new Committee, composed of international experts, some of whom were in the panel of the 1994 "Report", was selected to produce a current state-of-the-art review of non-invasive stimulation both for clinical application and research in neuroscience. Since 1994, the international scientific community has seen a rapid increase in non-invasive brain stimulation in studying cognition, brain-behavior relationship and pathophysiology of various neurologic and psychiatric disorders. New paradigms of stimulation and new techniques have been developed. Furthermore, a large number of studies and clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic applications of non-invasive brain stimulation, especially for TMS. Recent guidelines can be found in the literature covering specific aspects of non-invasive brain stimulation, such as safety (Rossi et al., 2009), methodology (Groppa et al., 2012) and therapeutic applications (Lefaucheur et al., 2014). This up-dated review covers theoretical, physiological and practical aspects of non-invasive stimulation of brain, spinal cord, nerve roots and peripheral nerves in the light of more updated knowledge, and include some recent extensions and developments.
authors: Institute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Rossini
authors: Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Burke
authors: Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Chen
authors: Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: L G
authors: LG
authors: Cohen
authors: Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Daskalakis
authors: Institute of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: r.diiorio@live.it.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Di Iorio
authors: Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-medico, Rome, Italy.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Di Lazzaro
authors: Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Ferreri
authors: Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: George
authors: Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hallett
authors: Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France; EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: Lefaucheur
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Langguth
authors: Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Miniussi
authors: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Nitsche
authors: Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pascual-Leone
authors: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Paulus
authors: Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rossi
authors: Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Rothwell
authors: Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors: H R
authors: HR
authors: Siebner
authors: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Ugawa
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Walsh
authors: Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Ziemann
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D058028:Research Report; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Clinical neurophysiology; Excitability threshold; Human cortex; Non-invasive stimulation; TMS measures; Transcranial magnetic stimulation