title: Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and interventions among pregnant women in China: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking prevalence is high among men in China. One result is that a large number of nonsmoking Chinese women may be exposed daily to secondhand smoke (SHS). Exposure is particularly problematic for pregnant women because of potential adverse reproductive effects. To determine the extent of this exposure and to summarize existing intervention studies designed to reduce SHS exposure in China, a systematic review of the literature published from 1995 through 2012 was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed and Wanfang databases for studies published from 1995 through 2012 using various search terms including SHS, pregnant women, and China. Only articles on prevalence of SHS exposure and interventions to reduce exposure to SHS were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 132 studies during the initial searches. Eight of 13 eligible studies reported the prevalence of SHS exposure among pregnant women; estimates ranged from 38.9% to 75.1%. Few SHS prevention interventions among pregnant women in China have been studied; we found only 5 such studies. The interventions primarily focused on changing husbands' smoking behaviors; some interventions focused on women's avoidance behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of exposure to SHS among pregnant women is high in China. Information is limited on effective interventions to protect pregnant women from exposure. The results of this review can provide the basis for the design and evaluation of interventions to help pregnant women avoid SHS exposure.
authors: Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4707 Saint Antoine St, Hutzel Building, W534, Bin No. 502, Detroit, MI 48201-2196. Email: lzhan@med.wayne.edu.
authors: Liying
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Hsia
authors: School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Xiaoming
authors: X
authors: Tu
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Xia
authors: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Technologies, Jinan, China.
authors: Lihong
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors: Zhenqiang
authors: Z
authors: Bi
authors: National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China.
authors: Hongyan
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Pediatrics Prevention Research Center, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors: Xiaoming
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Pediatrics Prevention Research Center, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
authors: Bonita
authors: B
authors: Stanton
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D037841:Pregnant People; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution