title: Intravenous levetiracetam in Thai children and adolescents with status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous levetiracetam is an option for treatment of status epilepticus (SE) and acute repetitive seizures (ARS). However, there have been relatively few studies with children and adolescents. Also, an appropriate dosage has yet to be determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the safety and the efficacy of levetiracetam for intravenous treatment of convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospectively, the study reviewed the medical records of 19 male and 31 female patients under 18 years of age who had received intravenous levetiracetam treatment either for acute repetitive seizures or for convulsive status epilepticus. The patients were admitted between April 1st, 2010 and December 31st, 2011 to the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Data were collected on underlying illnesses, etiology of seizures, indication for levetiracetam therapy, initial dosage, rate of infusion, untoward effects during infusion and emerged complications. Efficacy of treatment was defined as the termination of seizure within 30 min of completing levetiracetam infusion and no seizure recurrence within 6 h of initial treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age range of the 50 patients was from one day to 18 years (mean 79.6 months). The analysis included 52 episodes of 34 acute repetitive seizures (63.4%) and 18 convulsive status epilepticus (34.6%). Infusion rates ranged from 2 to 66 mg/kg/min (mean 29.6). Cessation of seizure was obtained in 59.6% of 52 episodes. Patients with underlying drug resistant epilepsy did not respond to levetiracetam therapy as well as patients with other etiology of seizures. There were no adverse drug reactions or untoward effects observed during the therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous administration of levetiracetam is safe and effective for treatment of acute repetitive seizures and convulsive status epilepticus in children and adolescents. Failure of treatment may be related to underlying drug resistant epilepsy. Further study of appropriate initial dosage and pharmacokinetic variations in the patients is needed as possible explanation of the unresponsiveness.
authors: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors: Chaiyos
authors: C
authors: Khongkhatithum
authors: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors: Lunliya
authors: L
authors: Thampratankul
authors: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors: Natrujee
authors: N
authors: Wiwattanadittakul
authors: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: anannit.vis@mahidol.ac.th.
authors: Anannit
authors: A
authors: Visudtibhan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: Acute repetitive seizures; Childhood seizures; Levetiracetam; Status epilepticus