title: Laparoscopic extravesical detrusorraphy, a minimally invasive treatment option for vesicoureteral reflux: a single centre experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy in pediatric patients offers more benefits than was earlier presumed and these widely reported benefits significantly outweigh any concerns regarding the technical difficulties. Laparoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux aims to duplicate the excellent results of open surgery while at the same time reducing perioperative morbidity and analgesic requirements, improving cosmesis and shortening hospital stay.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To share our experience of laparoscopic extravesical detrusorraphy, highlight our technical modification of intraoperative minimal "atraumatic" ureteric handling of the ureter, which we hypothesize may decrease ureteral complications, and report our results.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective chart review of 76 toilet-trained children (98 refluxing units), in the age group of 3-16 years, with Grade I-IV reflux, who underwent laparoscopic detrusorraphy from June 2006 to January 2014. A ureteric catheter is inserted into the refluxing ureter and is tied to the Foleys to drain into a common bag. A three port technique is used. During ureteral dissection, a vascular sling in the form of a Rumel loop is used for atraumatic handling of the ureter. A detrusor tunnel is created with hook electrocautery. A stay suture is later passed through the abdominal wall and slings around the dissected ureter, which helps in holding the ureter approximated against the mucosal trough during detrusorraphy. Detrusor fibers are approximated with 5-0 Vicryl. No drain is placed and the Foley and ureteric catheter(s) are removed after 24 h. Intravenous ketorolac is given every 6 h for the first 24 h. Oral paracetamol is used for analgesia after the first 24 h. Adequate bladder emptying is ensured by assessment of post void residual urine before discharge. Renal USG alone is performed 2 weeks post operatively and repeated after 3 months along with a VCUG (voiding cystourethrography). Success was defined as absence of reflux in the follow-up VCUG done at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operative time was 102 ± 26.5 min for unilateral detrusorraphy and 165 ± 18 min for bilateral extravesical detrusorraphy. The mean duration of hospital stay was 1.5 ± 1.7 days. There was one case of urinary retention that was managed with temporary recatheterization. There were no cases of ureteral ischemia, obstruction, hematuria or bladder spasms. Surgery was successful in 97.9% of the refluxing units (96/98). In two patients with grade IV reflux, there was downgrading to grade II on VCUG done at 3 months' follow-up. The reflux resolved at 8 and 14 months' follow-up, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our technique of atraumatic handling of the ureter, initially with the help of a vascular sling and later with the help of a stay suture passed percutaneously through the abdominal wall, resulted in no ureteric injuries. The postoperative morbidity of this procedure is low because the bladder is not opened, the ureter is not transected, no new UVJ is created and there is no need for placement of a drain. The risk of postoperative bowel adhesions is low as the ureter is dissected out through a narrow peritoneal window, which is again extraperitonealized at the end of the procedure (see figure). The postoperative complications of gross hematuria and bladder spasms, which may be especially encountered in patients undergoing laparoscopic Cohen's, were not seen in our case series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic extravesical detrusorraphy provides a minimally invasive treatment option for treatment of unilateral/bilateral grade I-IV vesicoureteral reflux. The postoperative morbidity is low and the success rate is favorable. Our technical modification of a "vascular sling" around the ureter facilitates atraumatic ureteric handling, which may reduce distal ureteral complications like ureteral ischemia and obstruction.
authors: MS Ramaiah Hospital, Bangalore, India. Electronic address: tarunjavali@gmail.com.
authors: Tarun
authors: T
authors: Javali
authors: MS Ramaiah Hospital, Bangalore, India. Electronic address: dramey13@yahoo.co.in.
authors: Amey
authors: A
authors: Pathade
authors: MS Ramaiah Hospital, Bangalore, India. Electronic address: hknreddy@gmail.com.
authors: H K
authors: HK
authors: Nagaraj
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D061646:Operative Time; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D061214:Patient Safety; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Extravesical detrusorraphy; Laparoscopy; Minimally invasive; Vesicoureteral reflux