title: Regional gray matter density associated with cognitive reflectivity-impulsivity: evidence from voxel-based morphometry.
abstract: When faced with a problem or choice, humans can use two different strategies: "cognitive reflectivity," which involves slow responses and fewer mistakes, or "cognitive impulsivity," which comprises of quick responses and more mistakes. Different individuals use these two strategies differently. To our knowledge, no study has directly investigated the brain regions involved in reflectivity-impulsivity; therefore, this study focused on associations between these cognitive strategies and the gray matter structure of several brain regions. In order to accomplish this, we enrolled 776 healthy, right-handed individuals (432 men and 344 women; 20.7 ± 1.8 years) and used voxel-based morphometry with administration of a cognitive reflectivity-impulsivity questionnaire. We found that high cognitive reflectivity was associated with greater regional gray matter density in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Our finding suggests that this area plays an important role in defining an individual's trait associated with reflectivity and impulsivity.
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Ryoichi
authors: R
authors: Yokoyama
authors: Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Nozawa
authors: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hikaru
authors: H
authors: Takeuchi
authors: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Yasuyuki
authors: Y
authors: Taki
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Sekiguchi
authors: Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Nouchi
authors: Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Yuka
authors: Y
authors: Kotozaki
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Seishu
authors: S
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Carlos Makoto
authors: CM
authors: Miyauchi
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Kunio
authors: K
authors: Iizuka
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Takamitsu
authors: T
authors: Shinada
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Yuki
authors: Y
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Sugiko
authors: S
authors: Hanawa
authors: Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Araki
authors: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Hashizume
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Kunitoki
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Mayu
authors: M
authors: Hanihara
authors: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Sassa
authors: Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Ryuta
authors: R
authors: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult