title: Removal of N-nitrosamines in a membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration hybrid system for municipal wastewater reclamation: Process efficiency and mechanisms.
abstract: This study investigated the removal efficiency and mechanisms of water contaminants (mainly N-nitrosamines) during municipal wastewater reclamation by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) hybrid system. The removal of bulk water contaminants was governed by the microbial activities in the MBR and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the NF membranes. The removal of N-nitrosamines by the MBR was primarily attributed to biodegradation by aerobic bacteria, which can be determined by the reactivity of the amine functional groups with the catabolic enzymes (removal efficiency=45-84%). Adsorption and formation of membrane fouling can enhance the removal of N-nitrosamines by the NF membranes. However, size-exclusion is found to play a major role in the removal of N-nitrosamines by the NF membranes since the removal efficiencies of N-nitrosamines varied significantly depending on molecular weight of the N-nitrosamines and MWCO of the NF membranes (removal efficiency: NE90>NE70).
authors: Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 695-971, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kangmin
authors: K
authors: Chon
authors: Industry Service Research Center, World Institute of Kimchi (WiKim), 86 Kimchiro, Namgu, Gwangju 503-360, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jaeweoncho@unist.ac.kr.
authors: Jaeweon
authors: J
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D018511:Systems Integration; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009602:Nitrosamines; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Biodegradation; Membrane bioreactor; N-Nitrosamines; Nanofiltration; Size-exclusion