title: Medication Administration Errors in an Adult Emergency Department of a Tertiary Health Care Facility in Ghana.
abstract: This study determined the incidence, types, clinical significance, and potential causes of medication administration errors (MAEs) at the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary health care facility in Ghana.
  
  
  
  This study used a cross-sectional nonparticipant observational technique. Study participants (nurses) were observed preparing and administering medication at the ED of a 2000-bed tertiary care hospital in Accra, Ghana. The observations were then compared with patients' medication charts, and identified errors were clarified with staff for possible causes.
  
  
  
  Of the 1332 observations made, involving 338 patients and 49 nurses, 362 had errors, representing 27.2%. However, the error rate excluding "lack of drug availability" fell to 12.8%. Without wrong time error, the error rate was 22.8%. The 2 most frequent error types were omission (n = 281, 77.6%) and wrong time (n = 58, 16%) errors. Omission error was mainly due to unavailability of medicine, 48.9% (n = 177). Although only one of the errors was potentially fatal, 26.7% were definitely clinically severe. The common themes that dominated the probable causes of MAEs were unavailability, staff factors, patient factors, prescription, and communication problems.
  
  
  
  This study gives credence to similar studies in different settings that MAEs occur frequently in the ED of hospitals. Most of the errors identified were not potentially fatal; however, preventive strategies need to be used to make life-saving processes such as drug administration in such specialized units error-free.
authors: From the *Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and †Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
authors: Franklin
authors: F
authors: Acheampong
authors: Ashalley Raymond
authors: AR
authors: Tetteh
authors: Berko Panyin
authors: BP
authors: Anto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D061214:Patient Safety; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations