title: Development and validation of the Asian Diabetes Quality of Life (AsianDQOL) Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct a type-2 diabetes specific quality of life (QOL) tool for Asian populations that is valid and reliable across different ethnicities, languages, and socio-economic backgrounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A focus group determined the domains affecting QOL in consultation with an expert group. A pilot study was conducted to validate the Asian Diabetes QOL (AsianDQOL) in English, Malay and Chinese-Mandarin. The World Health Organization Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used for comparison. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability analysis (RA) using Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using structural equation modeling (SEM) was undertaken using the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFA with eigenvalues (>1) and factor loadings ≥0.3 for English and Malay language demonstrated 21 items (5 components). CFA (English version) confirmed the model (CMIN 201.08, p-value 0.071, GFI 0.88, RMSEA 0.036, CFI 0.978). CFA (Malay version) confirmed the 5-factor model (CMIN 189.39, p-value 0.085, GFI 0.937, RMSEA 0.025, CFI 0.987). The Cronbach's alpha scores (English version) were 0.917, 0.818, 0.816, 0.749 and 0.719, respectively. The Malay version scored 0.833, 0.819, 0.816, 0.775, 0.673, respectively, whilst the Chinese/Mandarin version scored 0.890, 0.719, 0.826, 0.862 and 0.759, respectively. Test-retest reliability showed Pearson correlation of 0.600 (English version), 0.700 (Malay version) and 0.500 (Chinese-Mandarin version). A scoring system was generated based on the 25th, 50th and 75th centiles for all the three languages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AsianDQOL is a valid, reliable and stable tool for assessing QOL in multi-ethnic and multi-lingual T2DM Asian populations.
authors: Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors: S G K
authors: SG
authors: Goh
authors: Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors: B N
authors: BN
authors: Rusli
authors: Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Electronic address: khalid.kadir@monash.edu.
authors: B A K
authors: BA
authors: Khalid
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Predictors of quality of life; Quality of life; South East Asians; Type 2 diabetes