title: Relationship between pedographic analysis and the Manchester scale in hallux valgus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the Manchester scale and foot pressure distribution in patients with hallux valgus deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 152 feet of 87 patients with hallux valgus and a control group of 391 feet of 241 individuals without hallux valgus deformity. The severity of hallux valgus was determined using the Manchester scale grading system. Plantar loading patterns in 10 foot areas were determined for all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the Manchester scale, 72% of the participants had no, 12.9% mild, 10.7% moderate and 4.4% severe deformity. The Manchester scale grade was highly correlated with both hallux valgus angle and first intermetatarsal angle (p=0.00). Significant differences between the four grades were present for mean pressure under the hallux and the first and second metatarsal heads only (p=0.00). The load distribution under these areas was higher as the hallux valgus progressed from mild to more severe. In all groups, the highest pressure was observed under the second metatarsal head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Manchester scale was strongly associated with both the hallux valgus angle and the first intermetatarsal angle. The progression from mild to moderate and severe deformation is associated with peak pressure raise at the hallux, first and second metatarsal heads. The Manchester scale appears to be a useful tool to provide information for the degree of deformity and the pressure under painful foot areas.
authors: Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. ilioukalliopi@hotmail.com.
authors: Kalliopi
authors: K
authors: Iliou
authors: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Paraskevas
authors: Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Kanavaros
authors: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Gekas
authors: Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Barbouti
authors: Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Kitsoulis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000716:Anatomy, Artistic / Q000379:methods; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006214:Hallux; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014033:Toe Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology