title: Metabolic and Histopathological Effects of Fructose Intake During Pregestation, Gestation and Lactation in Rats and their Offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal fructose intake and metabolic outcome in their offspring. However, there is a paucity of data about the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of fructose-fed dams. Therefore, we planned a study to evaluate the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of dam rats fed a high-fructose diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a regular diet and Group 2 a high-fructose diet. Both groups received their experimental diets for 8 weeks before conception. They were mated and continued to feed with their experimental diet during mating and during their pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, the offspring from each group were divided into two groups. Group 1A received a regular diet, Group 1B - a fructose diet, Group 2A - a regular diet and Group 2B received a fructose diet. After weaning, the offspring were anesthetized and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Liver, kidney and retroperitoneal adipose tissue were harvested for histopathological examination. Primary antibodies against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined as early inflammation markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After weaning, while daily water consumption was found to be significantly higher in Groups 2B and 1B (p<0.01), daily laboratory chow consumption was significantly lower in Groups 1A and 2A (p<0.01). Body weight was significantly higher in Groups 1B and 2B (p<0.01). Serum glucose, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found to be increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased in Group 2B (p<0.05). The intensities of iNOS staining in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue, COX-2 staining in the liver and both iNOS and COX-2 staining in the kidney were higher in Group 2B (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings, we believe that the offspring of dams which received a high fructose intake during their pregestation, gestation and lactation periods are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome in their later life only if they continue to receive a high intake of fructose. We therefore propose that the risk of developing metabolic syndrome can probably be reduced by modifying the diet of the offspring after weaning.
authors: Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: dredizyesilkaya@gmail.com.
authors: Erkan
authors: E
authors: Sarı
authors: Ediz
authors: E
authors: Yeşilkaya
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Bolat
authors: Turgut
authors: T
authors: Topal
authors: Bilal
authors: B
authors: Altan
authors: Kürşat
authors: K
authors: Fidancı
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Saldır
authors: Galip
authors: G
authors: Erdem
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Gülgün
authors: Yasemin Gülcan
authors: YG
authors: Kurt
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Güven
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D005632:Fructose