title: Graft diameter does not influence primary stability of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency may result in medial elbow pain, instability, and reduced athletic performance in throwing athletes. Several reconstruction methods have been described, but biomechanical studies suggest that in general, stability of the graft construct is inferior to the native ulnar collateral ligament. This study investigates whether a stronger graft would yield greater resistance to valgus load over the range of motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cadaveric elbows were mounted to a testing fixture and incremental valgus moments of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 Nm were applied with the elbow in 120°, 90°, 60°, 30° and 0° of flexion and in varying rotational forearm positions. The intact and the ulnar collateral ligament released elbow joint were compared with the docking ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction technique, using different graft sources with increasing cross-sectional areas: palmaris longus, tricpes brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus, and semitendinosus. The resulting angular displacement was evaluated and compared between graft sources and different elbow positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the intact situation, ulnar collateral ligament release resulted in a significant increase in valgus deformation over the entire range of flexion-extension motion. Ligament reconstruction using any graft source significantly restored valgus stability at 60°, 90°, and 120°, while at 0° and 30°, angular valgus deformation did not significantly differ from the ulnar collateral ligament deficient situation. There were no significant differences in angular valgus deformation between the graft sources over the range of flexion motion or forearm rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not prove that a thicker graft yielded more resistance to valgus moments when using the docking technique. Thicker grafts require larger bone tunnels, cannot be adequately tensioned, and are non-anatomic. Therefore, the palmaris longus or a triceps tendon strip are considered more appropriate for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction.
authors: Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 9, 50924, Cologne, Germany, jens.dargel@uk-koeln.de.
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Dargel
authors: Fabian
authors: F
authors: Küpper
authors: Kilian
authors: K
authors: Wegmann
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Oppermann
authors: Peer
authors: P
authors: Eysel
authors: Lars Peter
authors: LP
authors: Müller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004551:Elbow Joint; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014457:Ulna