title: Early-life origin of adult insomnia: does prenatal-early-life stress play a role?
abstract: Insomnia is very common in the adult population and it includes a wide spectrum of sequelae, that is, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular alterations as well as psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. According to the conceptualization of insomnia in the context of the 3-P model, the importance of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors has been stressed. Predisposing factors are present before insomnia is manifested and they are hypothesized to interact with precipitating factors, such as environmental stressful events, contributing to the onset of insomnia. Understanding the early-life origins of insomnia may be particularly useful in order to prevent and treat this costly phenomenon. Based on recent evidence, prenatal-early-life stress exposure results in a series of responses that involve the stress system in the child and could persist into adulthood. This may encompass an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis accompanied by long-lasting modifications in stress reactivity. Furthermore, early-life stress exposure might play an important role in predisposing to a vulnerability to hyperarousal reactions to negative life events in the adult contributing to the development of chronic insomnia. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the development of maladaptive stress responses in the newborn, ultimately predisposing to develop a variety of (psycho-) pathological states in adult life.
authors: Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: lpalagini@tiscali.it.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Palagini
authors: Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors: Christopher L
authors: CL
authors: Drake
authors: Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Gehrman
authors: Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Meerlo
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/ Sleep Medicine, Center for Mental Disorders, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Riemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Adult insomnia; Childhood; Epigenetic; Prenatal; Stress