title: Effect of Climate Change on the Concentration and Associated Risks of Vibrio Spp. in Dutch Recreational Waters.
abstract: Currently, the number of reported cases of recreational- water-related Vibrio illness in the Netherlands is low. However, a notable higher incidence of Vibrio infections has been observed in warm summers. In the future, such warm summers are expected to occur more often, resulting in enhanced water temperatures favoring Vibrio growth. Quantitative information on the increase in concentration of Vibrio spp. in recreational water under climate change scenarios is lacking. In this study, data on occurrence of Vibrio spp. at six different bathing sites in the Netherlands (2009-2012) were used to derive an empirical formula to predict the Vibrio concentration as a function of temperature, salinity, and pH. This formula was used to predict the effects of increased temperatures in climate change scenarios on Vibrio concentrations. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, changes in illness risks associated with the changed concentrations were calculated as well. For an average temperature increase of 3.7 °C, these illness risks were calculated to be two to three times higher than in the current situation. Current illness risks were, varying per location, on average between 10(-4) and 10(-2) per person for an entire summer. In situations where water temperatures reached maximum values, illness risks are estimated to be up to 10(-2) and 10(-1) . If such extreme situations occur more often during future summers, increased numbers of ill bathers or bathing-water-related illness outbreaks may be expected.
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Ankie
authors: A
authors: Sterk
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Franciska M
authors: FM
authors: Schets
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Ana Maria
authors: AM
authors: de Roda Husman
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Ton
authors: T
authors: de Nijs
authors: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Jack F
authors: JF
authors: Schijven
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D057231:Climate Change; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011998:Recreation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012621:Seasons; D014733:Vibrio / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Climate change; Vibrio; quantitative microbial risk assessment; recreational water; water temperature