title: TENS effects on salivary stress markers: A pilot study.
abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is extensively used as pain relief through endorphins release. Moreover, recent findings showed a role in the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); it was evidenced by modification in the heart rate variability and ANS-related marker. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate salivary alpha amylase (sAA) as a marker of stress in two groups of healthy subjects, one receiving ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) and one without stimulation. Sixty healthy people were enrolled. The test group consisted of 30 participants (15 men, 15 women). The control group consisted of 30 participants (15 men, 15 women). Statistical analysis showed that sAA levels were statistically different between men and women independently from TENS; we hypothesize that treatment could influence sAA levels because it is thought to activate μ opioid receptors. The results of this study seem to indicate that the analysis of sAA, through a non-invasive saliva sample, could be an efficient aid for understanding the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy eleonora.ortu@graduate.univaq.it.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Ortu
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Pietropaoli
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mazzei
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Cattaneo
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Giannoni
authors: Dental Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Monaco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu
keywords: TENS; saliva; salivary alpha amylase; stress