title: Upper cervical injuries: Clinical results using a new treatment algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper cervical injuries (UCI) have a wide range of radiological and clinical presentation due to the unique complex bony, ligamentous and vascular anatomy. We recently proposed a rational approach in an attempt to unify prior classification system and guide treatment. In this paper, we evaluate the clinical results of our algorithm for UCI treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort series of patients with UCI was performed. The primary outcome was the AIS. Surgical treatment was proposed based on our protocol: Ligamentous injuries (abnormal misalignment, facet perched or locked, increase atlanto-dens interval) were treated surgically. Bone fractures without ligamentous injuries were treated with a rigid cervical orthosis, with exception of fractures in the dens base with risk factors for non-union.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients treated initially conservatively had some follow-up (mean of 171 days, range from 60 to 436 days). All of them were neurologically intact. None of the patients developed a new neurological deficit. Fifteen patients were initially surgically treated (mean of 140 days of follow-up, ranging from 60 to 270 days). In the surgical group, preoperatively, 11 (73.3%) patients were AIS E, 2 (13.3%) AIS C and 2 (13.3%) AIS D. At the final follow-up, the American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) score was: 13 (86.6%) AIS E and 2 (13.3%) AIS D. None of the patients had neurological worsening during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective cohort suggested that our UCI treatment algorithm can be safely used. Further prospective studies with longer follow-up are necessary to further establish its clinical validity and safety.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Andrei F
authors: AF
authors: Joaquim
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Ghizoni
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Helder
authors: H
authors: Tedeschi
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Alexandre R D
authors: AR
authors: Yacoub
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors: Darrel S
authors: DS
authors: Brodke
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Alexander R
authors: AR
authors: Vaccaro
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors: Alpesh A
authors: AA
authors: Patel
keywords: Fractures; ligamentous injury; spinal cord injury; treatment; upper cervical injuries