title: Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy: Innovation stuck in translation.
abstract: Systematic reviews of animal studies have revealed serious limitations in internal and external validity strongly affecting the reliability of this research. In addition inter-species differences are likely to further limit the predictive value of animal research for the efficacy and tolerability of new drugs in humans. Important changes in the research process are needed to allow efficient translation of preclinical discoveries to the clinic, including improvements in the laboratory and publication practices involving animal research and early incorporation of human proof-of-concept studies to optimize the interpretation of animal data for its predictive value for humans and the design of clinical trials.
authors: Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology and Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, P.O. box 9101, Internal post address: 137, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Gerard.Rongen@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Gerard A
authors: GA
authors: Rongen
authors: SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Kimberley E
authors: KE
authors: Wever
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013045:Species Specificity; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Animal research; Cardiovascular pharmacology; External validity; Internal validity; Translational research