title: Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: A meta-analysis.
abstract: A meta-analysis was conducted to compare perceptions of Duchenne smiles, smiles that include activation of the cheek raiser muscle that creates crow's feet around the eyes, with perceptions of non-Duchenne smiles, smiles without cheek raiser activation. In addition to testing the overall effect, moderator analyses were conducted to test how methodological, stimulus-specific and perceiver-specific differences between studies predicted the overall effect size. The meta-analysis found that, overall, Duchenne smiles and people producing Duchenne smiles are rated more positively (i.e., authentic, genuine, real, attractive, trustworthy) than non-Duchenne smiles and people producing non-Duchenne smiles. The difference between Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles was greater when the stimuli were videos rather than photographs, when smiles were elicited naturally rather than through posing paradigms and when Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles were not matched for intensity of the lip corner puller in addition to other perceiver and methodological moderators.
authors: a Department of Occupational Therapy , Tufts University , Medford , MA , USA.
authors: Sarah D
authors: SD
authors: Gunnery
authors: b Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research , United States Department of Veterans Affairs , Boston , MA , USA.
authors: Mollie A
authors: MA
authors: Ruben
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012904:Smiling; D012938:Social Perception
keywords: Duchenne smile; Non-Duchenne smile; Smile perceptions