title: Low-dose human menopausal gonadotrophin versus clomiphene citrate in subfertile couples treated with intrauterine insemination: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Can controlled ovarian stimulation with low-dose human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) improve the clinical pregnancy rate when compared with ovarian stimulation with clomiphene citrate (CC) in an intrauterine insemination (IUI) programme for subfertile couples?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ovarian stimulation with low-dose hMG is superior to CC in IUI cycles with respect to clinical pregnancy rate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IUI after ovarian stimulation is an effective treatment for mild male subfertility, unexplained subfertility and minimal-mild endometriosis, but it is unclear which medication for ovarian stimulation is more effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 330 women scheduled for IUI during 657 cycles (September 2004-December 2011) were enrolled in an open-label randomized clinical trial to ovarian stimulation with low-dose hMG subcutaneous (n = 334, 37.5-75 IU per day) or CC per oral (n = 323, 50 mg/day from Day 3-7). Assuming a difference of 10% in 'clinical pregnancy with positive fetal heart beat', we needed 219 cycles per group (alpha-error 0.05, power 0.80).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied subfertile couples with mild male subfertility, unexplained subfertility or minimal-mild endometriosis. Further inclusion criteria were failure to conceive for ≥12 months, female age ≤42 years, at least one patent Fallopian tube and a total motility count (TMC) ≥5.0 million spermatozoa after capacitation. The primary end-point was clinical pregnancy. Analysis was by intention to treat and controlled for the presence of multiple measures, as one couple could have more randomizations in multiple cycles. Linear mixed models were used for continuous measures. For binary outcomes we estimated the relative risk using a Poisson model with log link and using generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with ovarian stimulation with CC, hMG stimulation was characterized by a higher clinical pregnancy rate (hMG 48/334 (14.4%) versus CC 29/323 (9.0%), relative risk (RR) 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.4)), higher live birth rate (hMG 46/334 (13.8%) versus CC 28/323 (8.7%), RR 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.4)), low and comparable multiple live birth rate (hMG 3/46 (6.5%) versus CC 1/28 (3.6%), P > 0.99), lower number of preovulatory follicles (hMG 1.2 versus CC 1.5, P < 0.001), increased endometrial thickness (hMG 8.5 mm versus CC 7.5 mm, P < 0.001), and a lower cancellation rate per started cycle (hMG 15/322 (4.7%) versus CC 46/298 (15.4%), P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We randomized patients at a cycle level, and not at a strategy over multiple cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed better reproductive outcome after ovarian stimulation with low-dose gonadotrophins. A health economic analysis of our data is planned to test the hypothesis that ovarian stimulation with low-dose hMG combined with IUI is associated with increased cost-effectiveness when compared with ovarian stimulation with CC.
  T.M.D. and K.P. were supported by the Clinical Research Foundation of UZ Leuven, Belgium. This study was also supported by the Ferring company (Copenhagen, Denmark) which provide free medication (Menopur) required for the group of patients who were randomized in the hMG COS group. The Ferring company was not involved in the study design, data analysis, writing and submission of the paper.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01569945 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Peeraer
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Debrock
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: De Loecker
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Tomassetti
authors: Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Laenen
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Welkenhuysen
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Meeuwis
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Pelckmans
authors: The Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health University of Adelaide, 5000 Adelaide SA, Australia.
authors: B W
authors: BW
authors: Mol
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Spiessens
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: De Neubourg
authors: Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium karen.peeraer@uzleuven.be.
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: D'Hooghe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000628:therapy*; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000628:therapy; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000628:therapy; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008596:Menotropins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D013081:Sperm Motility
chemical_list: D002996:Clomiphene; D008596:Menotropins
keywords: MAR; clomiphene citrate; human menopausal gonadotrophin; intrauterine insemination; randomized