title: Reporting Bias in Clinical Trials Investigating the Efficacy of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Report of 2 Meta-analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have shown that the scientific literature has overestimated the efficacy of antidepressants for depression, but other indications for these drugs have not been considered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine reporting biases in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials on the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and quantify the extent to which these biases inflate estimates of drug efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included reviews obtained from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for premarketing trials of 9 second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorders. A systematic search for matching publications (until December 19, 2012) was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double data extraction was performed for the FDA reviews and the journal articles. The Hedges g value was calculated as the measure of effect size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reporting bias was examined and classified as study publication bias, outcome reporting bias, or spin (abstract conclusion not consistent with published results on primary end point). Separate meta-analyses were conducted for the 2 sources, and the effect of publication status on the effect estimates was examined using meta-regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of 41 of the 57 trials (72%) were positive according to the FDA, but 43 of the 45 published article conclusions (96%) were positive (P < .001). Trials that the FDA determined as positive were 5 times more likely to be published in agreement with that determination compared with trials determined as not positive (risk ratio, 5.20; 95% CI, 1.87 to 14.45; P < .001). We found evidence for study publication bias (P < .001), outcome reporting bias (P = .02), and spin (P = .02). The pooled effect size based on the published literature (Hedges g, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.42; P < .001) was 15% higher than the effect size based on the FDA data (Hedges g, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.38; P < .001), but this difference was not statistically significant (β = 0.04; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.10; P = .18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various reporting biases were present for trials on the efficacy of FDA-approved second-generation antidepressants for anxiety disorders. Although these biases did not significantly inflate estimates of drug efficacy, reporting biases led to significant increases in the number of positive findings in the literature.
authors: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Annelieke M
authors: AM
authors: Roest
authors: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: de Jonge
authors: College of Pharmacy, Oregon State and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
authors: Craig D
authors: CD
authors: Williams
authors: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Ymkje Anna
authors: YA
authors: de Vries
authors: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Schoevers
authors: Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
authors: Erick H
authors: EH
authors: Turner
mesh_terms: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D017594:Publication Bias; D058028:Research Report / Q000592:standards; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation