title: Inhibitory effects of pain relief drugs on neurological enzymes: implications on their potential neurotoxicity to aquatic animals.
abstract: Pain relief medications commonly occur in the aquatic environment at measurable levels. While the neurotoxicity of pain relievers to higher vertebrates is currently known, little is known about their effects on aquatic animals. This study investigated the neurotoxicity of pain relievers to aquatic animals. We used three neurological enzymes, cholinesterase (ChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and monoamine oxidase (MAO), from a freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica) and green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata) as biomarkers to examine the effects of pain relievers on in vitro activity. The activity of MAO and ChE, but not ATPase, was significantly inhibited by acetaminophen, but not by other pain relievers examined. It was likely that the inhibitory effects of acetaminophen on shrimp neurological enzymes were more severe than on the planarian. These findings suggest that acetaminophen is potentially neurotoxic to aquatic animals, at least in terms of neurotransmission disturbance.
authors: Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors: Jui-Pin
authors: JP
authors: Wu
authors: Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: meihuili@ntu.edu.tw.
authors: Mei-Hui
authors: MH
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D033364:Decapoda / Q000201:enzymology; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010932:Planarians / Q000201:enzymology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009498:Neurotoxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D002802:Cholinesterases; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases
keywords: Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase); Aquatic invertebrates; Cholinesterase (ChE); Monoamine oxidase (MAO); Neurotoxicity; Pain relievers