title: Demographic confounders in volumetric MRI analysis: is the posterior fossa really small in the adult Chiari 1 malformation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measurement of posterior fossa volume has been proposed to have diagnostic utility and physiologic significance in the Chiari malformation type 1. This study evaluated the effects of demographics on posterior fossa volume and total intracranial volume in adult control subjects, adult patients with Chiari malformation type 1, and adult patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, who may share some imaging features of patients with Chiari malformation type 1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients with Chiari malformation type 1, 21 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and 113 control subjects underwent brain MRI including contrast-enhanced 3D gradient-recalled echo (GRE) T1-weighted imaging. Linear measurements of the posterior fossa and intracranial space were obtained. Manual segmentation of the posterior fossa and intracranial space was performed to yield posterior fossa volume and total intracranial volume. Age, sex, race, and body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters; BMI) were controlled for when comparing cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the 12 linear measurements significantly predicted total intracranial volume (accounting for 74% of variance), and four predicted posterior fossa volume (54% of variance). Age, race, sex, and BMI each statistically significantly influenced posterior fossa volume and total intracranial volume. No statistically significant differences in posterior fossa volume, total intracranial volume, or ratio of posterior fossa volume to total intracranial volume were seen between the Chiari malformation type 1 group and control group after controlling for demographics. Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were more likely than control subjects to have smaller posterior fossa volumes (odds ratio [OR]=1.81; p=0.01) and larger total intracranial volumes (OR=1.24; p=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linear measurements of the posterior fossa are not strong predictors of posterior fossa volume. Age, race, sex, and BMI have statistically significant effects on intracranial measurements that must be considered, particularly with respect to posterior fossa volume in Chiari malformation type 1. Even when these demographic variables are appropriately accounted for, other similarly presenting diseases may show small posterior fossa volumes.
authors: 1 Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, BG22, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors: Lauren A
authors: LA
authors: Roller
authors: Beau B
authors: BB
authors: Bruce
authors: Amit M
authors: AM
authors: Saindane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003287:Contrast Media; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000473:pathology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Chiari malformation type 1; idiopathic intracranial hypertension; posterior fossa volume