title: International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database--the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi.
abstract: Human and animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide leading to emerging infections and creating new risks for established ones. There is a growing need for a rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to enable early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy. Morphological and biochemical identification methods are time-consuming and require trained experts. Alternatively, molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding, a powerful and easy tool for rapid monophasic identification, offer a practical approach for species identification and less demanding in terms of taxonomical expertise. However, its wide-spread use is still limited by a lack of quality-controlled reference databases and the evolving recognition and definition of new fungal species/complexes. An international consortium of medical mycology laboratories was formed aiming to establish a quality controlled ITS database under the umbrella of the ISHAM working group on "DNA barcoding of human and animal pathogenic fungi." A new database, containing 2800 ITS sequences representing 421 fungal species, providing the medical community with a freely accessible tool at http://www.isham.org/ and http://its.mycologylab.org/ to rapidly and reliably identify most agents of mycoses, was established. The generated sequences included in the new database were used to evaluate the variation and overall utility of the ITS region for the identification of pathogenic fungi at intra-and interspecies level. The average intraspecies variation ranged from 0 to 2.25%. This highlighted selected pathogenic fungal species, such as the dermatophytes and emerging yeast, for which additional molecular methods/genetic markers are required for their reliable identification from clinical and veterinary specimens.
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Laszlo
authors: L
authors: Irinyi
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia Unitat de Recerca, Hospital Joan XXIII, Institut de Investigacio Sanitaria Rovira I Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Serena
authors: Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.
authors: Dea
authors: D
authors: Garcia-Hermoso
authors: Mycology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, the University of Athens Hellenic Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (UOA/HCPF), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Arabatzis
authors: Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Desnos-Ollivier
authors: CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Duong
authors: D
authors: Vu
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Gianluigi
authors: G
authors: Cardinali
authors: Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Arthur
authors: Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
authors: Anne-Cécile
authors: AC
authors: Normand
authors: Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Giraldo
authors: Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors: Keith Cassia
authors: KC
authors: da Cunha
authors: Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors: Marcelo
authors: M
authors: Sandoval-Denis
authors: BCCM/IHEM, Biomedical fungi and yeasts collection, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Marijke
authors: M
authors: Hendrickx
authors: Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Angela Satie
authors: AS
authors: Nishikaku
authors: Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Analy Salles
authors: AS
authors: de Azevedo Melo
authors: Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Karina Bellinghausen
authors: KB
authors: Merseguel
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Aziza
authors: A
authors: Khan
authors: Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors: Juliana Alves
authors: JA
authors: Parente Rocha
authors: Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Biology Department, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Sampaio
authors: Laboratório de Genômica e Biocomplexidade Evolutiva, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Ribeiro
authors: MR
authors: da Silva Briones
authors: Laboratório de Genômica e Biocomplexidade Evolutiva, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Renata Carmona
authors: RC
authors: e Ferreira
authors: Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: de Medeiros Muniz
authors: Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: Laura Rosio
authors: LR
authors: Castañón-Olivares
authors: Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Estrada-Barcenas
authors: Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Cassagne
authors: Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Mary
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Shu Yao
authors: SY
authors: Duan
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors: Fanrong
authors: F
authors: Kong
authors: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors: Annie Ying
authors: AY
authors: Sun
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors: Xianyu
authors: X
authors: Zeng
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors: Zuotao
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
authors: BDEEP-EA4547, CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, Université de Lille2, Lille, France.
authors: Nausicaa
authors: N
authors: Gantois
authors: Unité de Parasitologie - Mycologie, Dynamyc Team, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France.
authors: Françoise
authors: F
authors: Botterel
authors: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Robbertse
authors: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Conrad
authors: C
authors: Schoch
authors: CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Gams
authors: Mycology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ellis
authors: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors: Catriona
authors: C
authors: Halliday
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Tania C
authors: TC
authors: Sorrell
authors: Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
authors: Renaud
authors: R
authors: Piarroux
authors: Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Arnaldo L
authors: AL
authors: Colombo
authors: Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Biology Department, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors: Célia
authors: C
authors: Pais
authors: CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sybren
authors: S
authors: de Hoog
authors: Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Rosely Maria
authors: RM
authors: Zancopé-Oliveira
authors: Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: Maria Lucia
authors: ML
authors: Taylor
authors: Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología (Unidad de Micología), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: Conchita
authors: C
authors: Toriello
authors: Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors: Célia Maria
authors: CM
authors: de Almeida Soares
authors: BDEEP-EA4547, CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, Université de Lille2, Lille, France.
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Delhaes
authors: BCCM/IHEM, Biomedical fungi and yeasts collection, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Stubbe
authors: Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France.
authors: Françoise
authors: F
authors: Dromer
authors: Parasitology - Mycology, APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3 IP-TPT, Marseille, France.
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Ranque
authors: Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors: Josep
authors: J
authors: Guarro
authors: Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors: Jose F
authors: JF
authors: Cano-Lira
authors: CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Robert
authors: Mycology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, the University of Athens Hellenic Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (UOA/HCPF), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Aristea
authors: A
authors: Velegraki
authors: Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Bioscurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia wieland.meyer@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Wieland
authors: W
authors: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
keywords: DNA barcoding; ITS region; fungal identification; intraspecies/interspecies genetic diversity; reference ITS database