title: Measurement invariance of English and French Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) empowerment scales validated for cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  If measurement invariance (MI) is demonstrated for a scale completed by respondents from two different language groups, it means that the scale measures the same construct in the same way in both groups. We assessed MI of the French- and English-language versions of the five Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) empowerment scales validated for the cancer setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from two cross-sectional studies of Canadian cancer survivors (704 English, 520 French). Single-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test whether the hypothesized factor structure of the French-language heiQ empowerment scales fit the data. Multi-group CFAs were conducted to assess different levels of MI conditions (configural, metric, scalar, strict, as well as MI of factor variances, covariances, and latent means) of the French- and English-language heiQ empowerment scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlated five-factor model showed good fit in both language groups (goodness-of-fit indices: CFI ≥ .97; RMSEA ≤ .07). Goodness-of-fit indices and tests of differences in fit between models supported MI of the five-factor model across the two language groups (∆CFI ≤ -.010 combined with ∆RMSEA ≤ .015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The French- and English-language heiQ empowerment scales measure the same five dimensions of empowerment in the same way across both language groups. Thus, any observed similarities or differences between French- and English-speaking respondents completing these scales are valid and reflect similarities or differences in empowerment across language groups, not measurement artifact. Consequently, heiQ empowerment data from English- and French-speaking respondents can be directly pooled or contrasted in data analyses.
authors: School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Montpetit Hall, Room 339, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Brunet
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada.|Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Lauzier
authors: Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.|Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors: H Sharon
authors: HS
authors: Campbell
authors: Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.|Axe Oncologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 1050 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada.
authors: Lise
authors: L
authors: Fillion
authors: Public Health Innovation, Population Health Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia.
authors: Richard H
authors: RH
authors: Osborne
authors: Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 2180 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada. elizabeth.maunsell@fmed.ulaval.ca.|Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada. elizabeth.maunsell@fmed.ulaval.ca.|Axe Oncologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 1050 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada. elizabeth.maunsell@fmed.ulaval.ca.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Maunsell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cancer; Empowerment; Language invariance; Outcome assessment (health care); Translation; Validation studies