title: Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes.
abstract: Recent studies suggest that gut microbiomes of urban-industrialized societies are different from those of traditional peoples. Here we examine the relationship between lifeways and gut microbiota through taxonomic and functional potential characterization of faecal samples from hunter-gatherer and traditional agriculturalist communities in Peru and an urban-industrialized community from the US. We find that in addition to taxonomic and metabolic differences between urban and traditional lifestyles, hunter-gatherers form a distinct sub-group among traditional peoples. As observed in previous studies, we find that Treponema are characteristic of traditional gut microbiomes. Moreover, through genome reconstruction (2.2-2.5 MB, coverage depth × 26-513) and functional potential characterization, we discover these Treponema are diverse, fall outside of pathogenic clades and are similar to Treponema succinifaciens, a known carbohydrate metabolizer in swine. Gut Treponema are found in non-human primates and all traditional peoples studied to date, suggesting they are symbionts lost in urban-industrialized societies.
authors: 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA [2] Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 18, Perú [3] City of Hope, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors: Alexandra J
authors: AJ
authors: Obregon-Tito
authors: 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA [2] Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 18, Perú
authors: Raul Y
authors: RY
authors: Tito
authors: City of Hope, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Metcalf
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Krithivasan
authors: K
authors: Sankaranarayanan
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors: Jose C
authors: JC
authors: Clemente
authors: City of Hope, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors: Luke K
authors: LK
authors: Ursell
authors: City of Hope, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors: Zhenjiang
authors: Z
authors: Zech Xu
authors: City of Hope, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors: Will
authors: W
authors: Van Treuren
authors: Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science &Engineering University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Rob
authors: 0000000209759019
authors: R
authors: Knight
authors: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
authors: Patrick M
authors: PM
authors: Gaffney
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Spicer
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Paul
authors: 0000000201134751
authors: P
authors: Lawson
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 11, Perú
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Marin-Reyes
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 11, Perú
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Trujillo-Villarroel
authors: Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
authors: Morris
authors: M
authors: Foster
authors: Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 18, Perú
authors: Emilio
authors: E
authors: Guija-Poma
authors: Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 18, Perú
authors: Luzmila
authors: L
authors: Troncoso-Corzo
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Warinner
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Andrew T
authors: AT
authors: Ozga
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Dale Hall Tower, 521 Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
authors: Cecil M
authors: CM
authors: Lewis
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002965:Classification; D004032:Diet; D066046:Diet, Paleolithic; D005260:Female; D000068536:Bacillota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D000067896:Industrial Development; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009825:Oklahoma; D010568:Peru; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D014208:Treponema / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S