title: An incomplete fatal trepanation diagnosed on cremation remains (Rome, Italy, 2nd c. AD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An original case of incomplete (and reasonably fatal) human trepanation is described in this short paper. The diagnosis was made on the cremated remains of a young adult individual who died in Rome, Italy during the 2nd century AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trepanation was incomplete, as death occurred quickly due to vascular lesions, according to the anatomic analysis of the bone piece. Comparable trepanation from Roman times are described and related to this case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if archaeological, this case highlights the possibility of such a diagnosis on post-fire fragmented bones. Very suggestive lesions of section are of great interest for the history of such a practice during classical Antiquity. Lastly, from a medical and forensic point of view, such a diagnosis may be of interest during any identification process and research for a cause of death during anthropological analyses.
authors: Section of Medical and Forensic Anthropology, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France. Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Parakou, Benin. philippe.charlier@uvsq.fr.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Charlier
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Brun
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Pantano
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Catalano
authors: Anais
authors: A
authors: Augias
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Huynh-Charlier
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D055700:Cremation; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D012384:Rome; D014207:Trephining / Q000266:history*