title: Using diffusion-weighted MRI to predict aggressive histological features in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a novel tool for pre-operative risk stratification in thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Initial management recommendations of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are very dependent on preoperative studies designed to evaluate the presence of PTC with aggressive features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) before surgery can be used as a tool to stratify tumor aggressiveness in patients with PTC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 28 patients with PTC underwent DW-MRI studies on a three Tesla MR scanner prior to thyroidectomy. Due to image quality, 21 patients were finally suitable for further analysis. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of normal thyroid tissues and PTCs for 21 patients were calculated. Tumor aggressiveness was defined by surgical histopathology. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference in ADCs among groups of normal thyroid tissues and PTCs with and without features of tumor aggressiveness. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the discriminative specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of and determine the cutoff value for the ADC in stratifying PTCs with tumor aggressiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in ADC values between normal thyroid tissues and PTCs. However, ADC values of PTCs with extrathyroidal extension (ETE; 1.53±0.25×10(-3) mm2/s) were significantly lower than corresponding values from PTCs without ETE (2.37±0.67×10(-3) mm2/s; p<0.005). ADC values identified 3 papillary carcinoma patients with extrathyroidal extension that would have otherwise been candidates for observation based on ultrasound evaluations. The cutoff value of ADC to discriminate PTCs with and without ETE was determined at 1.85×10(-3) mm2/s with a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 85%, and ROC curve area of 0.85.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADC value derived from DW-MRI before surgery has the potential to stratify ETE in patients with PTCs.
authors: 1Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Yonggang
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: 2Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Andre L
authors: AL
authors: Moreira
authors: 3Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Vaios
authors: V
authors: Hatzoglou
authors: 3Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Hilda E
authors: HE
authors: Stambuk
authors: 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Mithat
authors: M
authors: Gonen
authors: 1Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.|3Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Yousef
authors: Y
authors: Mazaheri
authors: 1Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Joseph O
authors: JO
authors: Deasy
authors: 5Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Ashok R
authors: AR
authors: Shaha
authors: 6Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: R Michael
authors: RM
authors: Tuttle
authors: 1Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.|3Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Amita
authors: A
authors: Shukla-Dave
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D047368:Tumor Burden