title: Breakfast Skipping is Positively Associated With Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence From the Aichi Workers' Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skipping breakfast has been suspected as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the associations are not entirely consistent across ethnicities or sexes, and the issue has not been adequately addressed in the Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 4631 participants (3600 men and 1031 women) in a work-site cohort of participants aged 35-66 years in 2002 through 2011 for T2DM development. Frequency of eating breakfast was self-reported and was subsequently dichotomized to breakfast skippers, who eat breakfast 3-5 times/week or less, and to eaters. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for potential confounding factors, including dietary factors, smoking and other lifestyles, body mass index (BMI), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 8.9 years of follow-up, 285 T2DM cases (231 men and 54 women) developed. Compared to participants who reported eating breakfast every day, maximally-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of those with the frequency of almost every day and 3-5, 1-2, and 0 days/week were: 1.06 (95% CI, 0.73-1.53), 2.07 (95% CI, 1.20-3.56), 1.37 (95% CI, 0.82-2.29), and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.19-3.76), respectively. In a dichotomized analysis, breakfast skipping was positively associated with T2DM incidence (maximally-adjusted hazard ratio 1.73; 95% CI, 1.24-2.42). The positive associations were found in both men and women, current and non-current smokers, normal weight and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)), and normal glycemic status and impaired fasting glycemic status (FBG 110 to <126 mg/dL) individuals at baseline (Ps for interaction all >0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study in middle-aged Japanese men and women suggests that skipping breakfast may increase the risk of T2DM independent of lifestyles and baseline levels of BMI and FBG.
authors: Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.
authors: Mayu
authors: M
authors: Uemura
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Yatsuya
authors: Esayas Haregot
authors: EH
authors: Hilawe
authors: Yuanying
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Chaochen
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Chifa
authors: C
authors: Chiang
authors: Rei
authors: R
authors: Otsuka
authors: Hideaki
authors: H
authors: Toyoshima
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Tamakoshi
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062408:Breakfast; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment