title: Oral, nasal and pharyngeal exposure to lipopolysaccharide causes a fetal inflammatory response in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A fetal inflammatory response (FIR) in sheep can be induced by intraamniotic or selective exposure of the fetal lung or gut to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities (ONP) contain lymphoid tissue and epithelium that are in contact with the amniotic fluid. The ability of the ONP epithelium and lymphoid tissue to initiate a FIR is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if FIR occurs after selective ONP exposure to LPS in fetal sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using fetal recovery surgery, we isolated ONP from the fetal lung, GI tract, and amniotic fluid by tracheal and esophageal ligation and with an occlusive glove fitted over the snout. LPS (5 mg) or saline was infused with 24 h Alzet pumps secured in the oral cavity (n = 7-8/group). Animals were delivered 1 or 6 days after initiation of the LPS or saline infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ONP exposure to LPS had time-dependent systemic inflammatory effects with changes in WBC in cord blood, an increase in posterior mediastinal lymph node weight at 6 days, and pro-inflammatory mRNA responses in the fetal plasma, lung, and liver. Compared to controls, the expression of surfactant protein A mRNA increased 1 and 6 days after ONP exposure to LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ONP exposure to LPS alone can induce a mild FIR with time-dependent inflammatory responses in remote fetal tissues not directly exposed to LPS.
authors: Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
authors: Gunlawadee
authors: G
authors: Maneenil
authors: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: Kemp
authors: Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
authors: Paranthaman Senthamarai
authors: PS
authors: Kannan
authors: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, School of Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors: Boris W
authors: BW
authors: Kramer
authors: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Masatoshi
authors: M
authors: Saito
authors: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Newnham
authors: Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America; School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors: Alan H
authors: AH
authors: Jobe
authors: Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America; School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors: Suhas G
authors: SG
authors: Kallapur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000209:etiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009055:Mouth / Q000276:immunology*; D009666:Nose / Q000276:immunology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides