title: Polysaccharide fraction isolated from Passiflora edulis inhibits the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antinociceptive actions of PFPe, a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the dried fruit of the Passiflora edulis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were pretreated with PFPe (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before induction of paw oedema by carrageenan, histamine, serotonin, compound 48/80 or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Neutrophil migration and vascular permeability were measured after carrageenan injection into the peritoneum, and the action of the PFPe on the tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was also evaluated. To assay nociception, we examined acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking and response latency in the hot plate test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with PFPe significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema. PFPe also reduced paw oedema induced by compound 48/80, histamine, serotonin, and PGE2 and compound 48/80-induced vascular permeability. In addition, PFPe significantly reduced the MPO activity, MDA and GSH concentrations, and IL-1β level. In the nociception tests, PFPe reduced acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking and did not increase the response latency time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that PFPe administration reduces the inflammatory response by modulation of the liberation or synthesis of histamine and serotonin, by reduction of neutrophil migration, IL-1β levels, and oxidative stress and nociception.
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Renan O
authors: RO
authors: Silva
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Samara R B
authors: SR
authors: Damasceno
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: Tarcísio V
authors: TV
authors: Brito
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: Jordana M
authors: JM
authors: Dias
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: Amanda M
authors: AM
authors: Fontenele
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: Isabela S
authors: IS
authors: Braúna
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: José S C
authors: JS
authors: Júnior
authors: Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Jeanny S
authors: JS
authors: Maciel
authors: Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Regina C M
authors: RC
authors: de Paula
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Ronaldo A
authors: RA
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Cancer, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Marcellus H L P
authors: MH
authors: Souza
authors: Laboratory of Proteins and Carbohydrates of Marine Algae, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Ana L P
authors: AL
authors: Freitas
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: Jand-Venes R
authors: JV
authors: Medeiros
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Core of Molecular Ecology (NECMOL), Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors: Draulio C
authors: DC
authors: Silva
authors: Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
authors: André L R
authors: AL
authors: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D029598:Passiflora / Q000737:chemistry*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012701:Serotonin; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006632:Histamine; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: anti-inflammatory; cytokine; neutrophil; oxidative stress