title: The association between metabolic syndrome or chronic kidney disease and hearing thresholds in Koreans: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hearing thresholds in the general Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16,554 participants were included in this study. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a dipstick proteinuria result of ≥1+. The hearing thresholds were measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 kHz. Low-frequency (Freq) was defined as pure-tone averages at 0.5 and 1 kHz, while Mid-Freq and High-Freq were defined as the average thresholds at mid-frequency (2 and 3 kHz) and high frequency (4 and 6 kHz), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, the hearing thresholds were 15.1 ± 14.5 dB, 22.2 ± 21.3 dB, and 37.3 ± 26.5 dB for Low-, Mid-, and High-Freq, respectively. In women, the hearing thresholds were 14.9 ± 15.3 dB, 16.6 ± 18.0 dB, and 26.1 ± 21.5 dB for Low-, Mid-, and High-Freq, respectively. The hearing thresholds for men were significantly higher than the hearing thresholds for women in all 3 threshold categories. Male and female subjects with MetS or CKD had higher hearing thresholds than the subjects that did not have these disorders. In the multivariate analysis, MetS was associated with increased hearing thresholds in women, and CKD was associated with increased hearing thresholds in men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MetS is associated with hearing thresholds in women, and CKD is associated with hearing thresholds in men and women. Therefore, patients with MetS or CKD should be closely monitored for hearing impairment.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seok Hui
authors: SH
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Da Jung
authors: DJ
authors: Jung
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyu Hyang
authors: KH
authors: Cho
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jong Won
authors: JW
authors: Park
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyung Woo
authors: KW
authors: Yoon
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jun Young
authors: JY
authors: Do
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*