title: Definition of critical periods for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced holoprosencephaly, cleft lip, and cleft palate.
abstract: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway mediates multiple spatiotemporally-specific aspects of brain and face development. Genetic and chemical disruptions of the pathway are known to result in an array of structural malformations, including holoprosencephaly (HPE), clefts of the lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and clefts of the secondary palate only (CPO). Here, we examined patterns of dysmorphology caused by acute, stage-specific Hh signaling inhibition. Timed-pregnant wildtype C57BL/6J mice were administered a single dose of the potent pathway antagonist vismodegib at discrete time points between gestational day (GD) 7.0 and 10.0, an interval approximately corresponding to the 15th to 24th days of human gestation. The resultant pattern of facial and brain dysmorphology was dependent upon stage of exposure. Insult between GD7.0 and GD8.25 resulted in HPE, with peak incidence following exposure at GD7.5. Unilateral clefts of the lip extending into the primary palate were also observed, with peak incidence following exposure at GD8.875. Insult between GD9.0 and GD10.0 resulted in CPO and forelimb abnormalities. We have previously demonstrated that Hh antagonist-induced cleft lip results from deficiency of the medial nasal process and show here that CPO is associated with reduced growth of the maxillary-derived palatal shelves. By defining the critical periods for the induction of HPE, CL/P, and CPO with fine temporal resolution, these results provide a mechanism by which Hh pathway disruption can result in "non-syndromic" orofacial clefting, or HPE with or without co-occurring clefts. This study also establishes a novel and tractable mouse model of human craniofacial malformations using a single dose of a commercially available and pathway-specific drug.
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Galen W
authors: GW
authors: Heyne
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Cal G
authors: CG
authors: Melberg
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Padydeh
authors: P
authors: Doroodchi
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Kia F
authors: KF
authors: Parins
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Henry W
authors: HW
authors: Kietzman
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Joshua L
authors: JL
authors: Everson
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Lydia J
authors: LJ
authors: Ansen-Wilson
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Lipinski
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C538724:HhAntag691; D011725:Pyridines