title: Evaluation of the stability of concentrated emulsions for lemon beverages using sequential experimental designs.
abstract: The study of the stability of concentrated oil-in-water emulsions is imperative to provide a scientific approach for an important problem in the beverage industry, contributing to abolish the empiricism still present nowadays. The use of these emulsions would directly imply a reduction of transportation costs between production and the sales points, where dilution takes place. The goal of this research was to evaluate the influence of the main components of a lemon emulsion on its stability, aiming to maximize the concentration of oil in the beverage and to correlate its physicochemical characteristics to product stability, allowing an increase of shelf life of the final product. For this purpose, analyses of surface and interface tension, electrokinetic potential, particle size and rheological properties of the emulsions were conducted. A 2(4-1) fractional factorial design was performed with the following variables: lemon oil/water ratio (30% to 50%), starch and Arabic gum concentrations (0% to 30%) and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (0 mg/L to 100 mg/L), including an evaluation of the responses at the central conditions of each variable. Sequentially, a full design was prepared to evaluate the two most influential variables obtained in the first plan, in which concentration of starch and gum ranged from 0% to 20%, while concentration of lemon oil/water ratio was fixed at 50%, without dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. Concentrated emulsions with stability superior to 15 days were obtained with either starch or Arabic gum and 50% lemon oil. The most stable formulations presented viscosity over 100 cP and ratio between the surface tension of the emulsion and the mucilage of over 1. These two answers were selected, since they better represent the behavior of emulsions in terms of stability and could be used as tools for an initial selection of the most promising formulations.
authors: Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil.
authors: Teresa Cristina Abreu
authors: TC
authors: Almeida
authors: Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil.
authors: Ariane Leites
authors: AL
authors: Larentis
authors: Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil.
authors: Helen Conceição
authors: HC
authors: Ferraz
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D062087:Plant Mucilage / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D013500:Surface Tension; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D062087:Plant Mucilage; D006170:Gum Arabic