title: Improving beef hamburger quality and fatty acid profiles through dietary manipulation and exploitation of fat depot heterogeneity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hamburger is the most consumed beef product in North America, but lacks in nutritional appeal due to its high fat content and high proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Objectives of the present study were to improve the FA profiles of hamburgers made with perirenal fat (PRF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) when feeding steers different diets along with examining differences in sensory attributes and oxidative stability. Diets included a control diet containing 70:30 red clover silage: barley based concentrate, a diet containing sunflower-seed (SS) substituted for barley, and diets containing SS with 15% wheat dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS-15) or 30% DDGS (DDGS-30). Hamburgers were made from triceps brachii and either PRF or SCF (80:20 w/w).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perirenal fat versus SCF hamburgers FA had 14.3% more (P <0.05) 18:0, 11.8% less cis (c)9-18:1 (P <0.05), and 1.82% more total trans (t)-18:1 mainly in the form of t11-18:1. During sensory evaluation, PRF versus SCF hamburgers had greater (P <0.05) mouth coating, but the difference was less than one panel unit. Examining effects of steer diet within PRF hamburgers, feeding the SS compared to the control diet increased (P <0.05) t-18:1 by 2.89% mainly in the form of t11-18:1, feeding DGGS-15 diet led to no further changes (P >0.05), but feeding DDGS-30 diet reduced the proportions of (P <0.05) of t-18:1 chiefly t11-18:1. Feeding SS and DDGS diets had small but significant (P <0.05) effects on hamburger sensory attributes and oxidative stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeding high-forage diets including SS and 15% DDGS, and taking advantage of the FA heterogeneity between fat depots offers an opportunity to differentially enhance beef hamburgers with 18:2n-6 biohydrogenation products (i.e., t11-18:1) with potential human health benefits without compromising their sensory attributes and oxidative stability during retail display.
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada ; Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa.
authors: Cletos
authors: C
authors: Mapiye
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: Aalhus
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: Payam
authors: P
authors: Vahmani
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Rolland
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, 1st Avenue South 5403, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Canada.
authors: Timothy A
authors: TA
authors: McAllister
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: Hushton C
authors: HC
authors: Block
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: Bethany
authors: B
authors: Uttaro
authors: Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Diabetes and Mazankowski Institutes, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada.
authors: Spencer D
authors: SD
authors: Proctor
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1 W1 Canada.
authors: Michael E R
authors: ME
authors: Dugan
keywords: Beef; DDGS; Fat depot; Fatty acids; Oxidative stability; Sensory attributes