title: Nonbiased Molecular Screening Identifies Novel Molecular Regulators of Fibrogenic and Proliferative Signaling in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathological processes underlying myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) remain poorly understood. We sought to identify novel mechanisms contributing to the development of this condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarrays were used to measure gene expression in 11 myxomatous and 11 nonmyxomatous human mitral valves. Differential gene expression (thresholds P<0.05; fold-change >1.5) and pathway activation (Ingenuity) were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Contributions of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 to differential gene expression were evaluated in vitro. Contributions of angiotensin II to differential pathway activation were examined in mice in vivo. A total of 2602 genes were differentially expressed between myxomatous and nonmyxomatous valves. Canonical TGF-β signaling was increased in MMVD because of increased ligand expression and derepression of SMA mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3 signaling and was confirmed with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Myxomatous valves demonstrated activation of canonical bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of their common target runt-related transcription factor 2. Our data set provided transcriptional and immunohistochemical evidence for activated immune cell infiltration. In vitro treatment of mitral valve interstitial cells with TGF-β2 increased β-catenin signaling at mRNA and protein levels, suggesting interactions between TGF-β2 and Wnt signaling. In vivo infusion of mice with angiotensin II recaptured several changes in signaling pathways characteristic of human MMVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support a new disease framework whereby activation of TGF-β2, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Wnt/β-catenin, or immune signaling plays major roles in the pathogenesis of MMVD. We propose these pathways act in a context-dependent manner to drive phenotypic changes that fundamentally differ from those observed in aortic valve disease and open novel avenues guiding future research into the pathogenesis of MMVD.
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Nassir M
authors: NM
authors: Thalji
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Hagler
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Heyu
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Casaclang-Verzosa
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Asha A
authors: AA
authors: Nair
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. miller.jordan@mayo.edu suri.rakesh@mayo.edu.
authors: Rakesh M
authors: RM
authors: Suri
authors: From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery (N.M.T., M.A.H., H.Z., G.C.-V., R.M.S., J.D.M.), Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (A.A.N.), and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.D.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. miller.jordan@mayo.edu suri.rakesh@mayo.edu.
authors: Jordan D
authors: JD
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000082882:Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004452:Echocardiography; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D016207:Cytokines; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D000804:Angiotensin II
keywords: general surgery; mitral valve; molecular biology; pathology