title: Evaluation of Two Observational Pain Assessment Tools in Chinese Critically Ill Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and compare the reliability and validity of two observational pain assessment tools used in a sample of Chinese critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 117 adult critically ill patients was recruited from a general Intensive Care Unit in a university-affiliated hospital in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was assessed before and during painful and nonpainful routine care procedures (suctioning and noninvasive blood pressure measurement, respectively) using the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) and the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), including the original BPS and the BPS for Non-Intubated patients (BPS-NI). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and discriminant validity of the CPOT and the BPS were evaluated, and the two scales compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 608 assessments were obtained using the CPOT and the BPS. Overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CPOT and the BPS was 0.795 and 0.791, respectively. Test-retest reliability of the CPOT and the BPS was 0.950 and 0.941, respectively. Overall weighted κ between the two raters of the CPOT and the BPS was 0.973 and 0.955, respectively. Scores of the CPOT and the BPS during the painful procedures were both significantly higher than those during the nonpainful procedures, and those at rest before the painful procedures. There was a strong correlation between the two scales with adequate limits of agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the CPOT and the BPS are reliable and valid tools to assess pain in intubated and nonintubated critically ill Chinese patients.
authors: Department of Nursing, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors: Yaowei
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Nursing, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: The University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Keela
authors: K
authors: Herr
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D001519:Behavior; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavioral Pain Scale; Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool; Critically Ill Patients; Reliability; Validity