title: Treadmill exercise is associated with reduction of reactive microgliosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on microglial activation and the subsequent release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1-beta in the hippocampus in a rat model of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 30 weeks of age, diabetic (Zucker diabetic fatty, ZDF) rats and their littermate control (Zucker lean control, ZLC) rats were either placed on a stationary treadmill or made to run for 1 hour/day at 12-16 m/minute on five consecutive days, for 10 weeks. Once the rats reached 40 weeks, they were perfused and their hippocampus collected for immunohistochemistry or hippocampus collected fresh for the Western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whole blood glucose levels in exercised ZDF rats were significantly higher than in the sedentary or exercised ZLC rats, but were significantly lower than in the sedentary ZDF rats. In the sedentary ZLC and exercised ZLC rats, ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactive microglia showed normal morphology which had small cytoplasm with ramified processes. In the sedentary ZDF rats, some Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia showed abnormal morphology which had hypertrophied cytoplasm with retracted processes. However, exercised ZDF rats had small cytoplasm with highly ramified processes. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta in the hippocampal homogenates were significantly increased in sedentary ZDF rats compared to sedentary ZLC rats, respectively. However, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta levels in the exercised ZDF rats were significantly decreased compared with those of sedentary ZDF rats, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that exercise in type 2 diabetic rats reduces microglial activation and the subsequent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.
authors: Dae Young
authors: DY
authors: Yoo
authors: Junghyun
authors: J
authors: Chae
authors: Hyo Young
authors: HY
authors: Jung
authors: Hee Sun
authors: HS
authors: Yim
authors: Jong Whi
authors: JW
authors: Kim
authors: Sung Min
authors: SM
authors: Nam
authors: Dae Won
authors: DW
authors: Kim
authors: Jung Hoon
authors: JH
authors: Choi
authors: Je Kyung
authors: JK
authors: Seong
authors: Yeo Sung
authors: YS
authors: Yoon
authors: In Koo
authors: IK
authors: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C100745:Aif1 protein, rat; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Hippocampus; Interleukin-1-beta,; Interleukin-6,; Microglia,; Treadmill exercise,; Tumour necrosis factor-alpha,; Type 2 diabetes,