title: Inducible Expression of a Resistance-Nodulation-Division-Type Efflux Pump in Staphylococcus aureus Provides Resistance to Linoleic and Arachidonic Acids.
abstract: Although Staphylococcus aureus is exposed to antimicrobial fatty acids on the skin, in nasal secretions, and in abscesses, a specific mechanism of inducible resistance to this important facet of innate immunity has not been identified. Here, we have sequenced the genome of S. aureus USA300 variants selected for their ability to grow at an elevated concentration of linoleic acid. The fatty acid-resistant clone FAR7 had a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an H₁₂₁Y substitution in an uncharacterized transcriptional regulator belonging to the AcrR family, which was divergently transcribed from a gene encoding a member of the resistance-nodulation-division superfamily of multidrug efflux pumps. We named these genes farR and farE, for regulator and effector of fatty acid resistance, respectively. Several lines of evidence indicated that FarE promotes efflux of antimicrobial fatty acids and is regulated by FarR. First, expression of farE was strongly induced by arachidonic and linoleic acids in an farR-dependent manner. Second, an H₁₂₁Y substitution in FarR resulted in increased expression of farE and was alone sufficient to promote increased resistance of S. aureus to linoleic acid. Third, inactivation of farE resulted in a significant reduction in the inducible resistance of S. aureus to the bactericidal activity of 100 μM linoleic acid, increased accumulation of [(14)C]linoleic acid by growing cells, and severely impaired growth in the presence of nonbactericidal concentrations of linoleic acid. Cumulatively, these findings represent the first description of a specific mechanism of inducible resistance to antimicrobial fatty acids in a Gram-positive pathogen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Staphylococcus aureus colonizes approximately 25% of humans and is a leading cause of human infectious morbidity and mortality. To persist on human hosts, S. aureus must have intrinsic defense mechanisms to cope with antimicrobial fatty acids, which comprise an important component of human innate defense mechanisms. We have identified a novel pair of genes, farR and farE, that constitute a dedicated regulator and effector of S. aureus resistance to linoleic and arachidonic acids, which are major fatty acids in human membrane phospholipid. Expression of farE, which encodes an efflux pump, is induced in an farR-dependent mechanism, in response to these antimicrobial fatty acids that would be encountered in a tissue abscess.
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Heba
authors: H
authors: Alnaseri
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Arsic
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: James E T
authors: JE
authors: Schneider
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Julienne C
authors: JC
authors: Kaiser
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Zachariah C
authors: ZC
authors: Scinocca
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Centre for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Heinrichs
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Centre for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada mmcgavin@uwo.ca.
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: McGavin
mesh_terms: D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D019787:Linoleic Acid