title: Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction: Oxygen-enhanced T1-Mapping MR Imaging of the Lung.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate oxygen-enhanced T1-mapping magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the lungs for detection of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in patients who have undergone double lung transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The local ethics committee approved this study. Seventy-six recipients of double lung allografts who underwent MR imaging of the lungs during an outpatient visit between 2011 and 2013 were included in this study after they provided written informed consent. Patients were classified as having CLAD on the basis of spirometric results and were divided into three groups: no CLAD (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome level 0 [BOS 0]), early CLAD (BOS 0p), and late-stage CLAD (BOS 1-3). Coronal T1 maps of the lungs were acquired with the patient breathing room air and 100% oxygen by using an inversion-recovery snapshot fast low-angle shot sequence at 1.5 T. The median and interquartile range of T1 values at room air and at 100% oxygen and the oxygen transfer function were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test or the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.05). Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oxygen transfer function was significantly lower in patients in the BOS 0p (P = .025) and BOS 1-3 groups (P = .003) than it was in the patients with BOS 0. Absolute T1 values (room air, P = .66; 100% oxygen, P = .67) did not differ significantly among the groups. The heterogeneity of T1 values, measured by using the interquartile range, showed a strong trend toward higher values in patients with BOS (room air, P = .06; 100% oxygen, P = .08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen transfer function may serve as an early marker for detection of CLAD.
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Julius
authors: J
authors: Renne
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Peer
authors: P
authors: Lauermann
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Jan B
authors: JB
authors: Hinrichs
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Schönfeld
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Sajoscha
authors: S
authors: Sorrentino
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Gutberlet
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Jakob
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Haverich
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Gregor
authors: G
authors: Warnecke
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Welte
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Frank K
authors: FK
authors: Wacker
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Gottlieb
authors: From the Departments of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.R., P.L., J.B.H., C.S., S.S., M.G., F.K.W., J.V.C.); Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (A.H., G.W.); and Respiratory Medicine (T.W., J.G.); Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Department of Experimental Physics (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (P.J.).
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Vogel-Claussen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen