title: Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization.
abstract: Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today's Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis is yet unclear. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (seventh/sixth millennia BC) from the Carpathian Basin and southeastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early southeastern European and Carpathian Basin farming cultures on Central European populations of the sixth-fourth millennia BC. Comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through southeastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. However, our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting a system of patrilineal descent and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary szecsenyi-nagy.anna@btk.mta.hu.
authors: Anna
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-738X
authors: A
authors: Szécsényi-Nagy
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Brandt
authors: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Haak
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Keerl
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: János
authors: J
authors: Jakucs
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Möller-Rieker
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Kitti
authors: K
authors: Köhler
authors: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Balázs Gusztáv
authors: BG
authors: Mende
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Krisztián
authors: K
authors: Oross
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Tibor
authors: T
authors: Marton
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Anett
authors: A
authors: Osztás
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary.
authors: Viktória
authors: V
authors: Kiss
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Fecher
authors: Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary.
authors: György
authors: G
authors: Pálfi
authors: Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary.
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Molnár
authors: Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1088, Hungary.
authors: Katalin
authors: K
authors: Sebők
authors: Salisbury Archaeological Ltd, Budaörs 2040, Hungary.
authors: András
authors: A
authors: Czene
authors: Móra Ferenc Museum, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
authors: Tibor
authors: T
authors: Paluch
authors: Anthropological Center, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Šlaus
authors: School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Novak
authors: Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
authors: Nives
authors: N
authors: Pećina-Šlaus
authors: Department Pécs, National Heritage Protection Centre of the Hungarian National Museum, Pécs 7621, Hungary.
authors: Brigitta
authors: B
authors: Ősz
authors: Department Pécs, National Heritage Protection Centre of the Hungarian National Museum, Pécs 7621, Hungary.
authors: Vanda
authors: V
authors: Voicsek
authors: Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1088, Hungary.
authors: Krisztina
authors: K
authors: Somogyi
authors: Biology Department, University of West Hungary, Szombathely 9700, Hungary.
authors: Gábor
authors: G
authors: Tóth
authors: Curt-Engelhorn-Centre for Archaeometry, Mannheim 68159, Germany.
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Kromer
authors: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1014, Hungary German Archaeological Institute, Roman-Germanic Commission, Frankfurt am Main 0325, Germany.
authors: Eszter
authors: E
authors: Bánffy
authors: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany Institute for Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland Center of Natural and Cultural History of Teeth, Danube Private University, Krems 3500, Austria.
authors: Kurt W
authors: KW
authors: Alt
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001106:Archaeology; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D000067565:Farmers; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Carpathian Basin; Central Europe; Neolithization; Y chromosomal DNA; ancient DNA; mitochondrial DNA