title: The Aharonov-Bohm effect and its applications to electron phase microscopy.
abstract: The Aharonov-Bohm effect was conclusively established by a series of our electron interference experiments, with the help of some advanced techniques, such as coherent field-emission electron beams and microlithography. Using this fundamental principle behind the interaction of an electron wave with electromagnetic fields, new observation techniques were developed to directly observe microscopic objects and quantum phenomena previously unobservable.
authors: Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Saitama, Japan . ; Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan . ; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Promotion Corporation Initial Research Project, Okinawa, Japan . ; Recipient of the Imperial Prize and the Japan Academy Prize in 1991.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Tonomura
keywords: The Aharonov-Bohm effect; electron microscopy; electron wave interference; magnetic lines of force; superconductor; vortex