title: Cardiovascular response to exercise training in the systemic right ventricle of adults with transposition of the great arteries.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and systemic right ventricles have premature congestive heart failure; there is also a growing concern that athletes who perform extraordinary endurance exercise may injure the right ventricle. Therefore we felt it essential to determine whether exercise training might injure a systemic right ventricle which is loaded with every heartbeat. Previous studies have shown that short term exercise training is feasible in TGA patients, but its effect on ventricular function is unclear. We demonstrate that systemic right ventricular function is preserved (and may be improved) in TGA patients with exercise training programmes that are typical of recreational and sports participation, with no evidence of injury on biomarker assessment. Stroke volume reserve during exercise correlates with exercise training response in our TGA patients, identifying this as a marker of a systemic right ventricle (SRV) that may most tolerate (and possibly even be improved by) exercise training.
  We aimed to assess the haemodynamic effects of exercise training in transposition of the great arteries (TGA) patients with systemic right ventricles (SRVs). TGA patients have limited exercise tolerance and early mortality due to systemic (right) ventricular failure. Whether exercise training enhances or injures the SRV is unclear. Fourteen asymptomatic patients (34 ± 10 years) with TGA and SRV were enrolled in a 12 week exercise training programme (moderate and high-intensity workouts). Controls were matched on age, gender, BMI and physical activity. Exercise testing pre- and post- training included: (a) submaximal and peak; (b) prolonged (60 min) submaximal endurance and (c) high-intensity intervals. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2; Douglas bag technique), cardiac output (Q̇c, foreign-gas rebreathing), ventricular function (echocardiography and cardiac MRI) and serum biomarkers were assessed. TGA patients had lower peak V̇O2, Q̇c, and stroke volume (SV), a blunted Q̇c/V̇O2 slope, and diminished SV response to exercise (SV increase from rest: TGA = 15.2%, controls = 68.9%, P < 0.001) compared with controls. After training, TGA patients increased peak V̇O2 by 6 ± 8.5%, similar to controls (interaction P = 0.24). The magnitude of SV reserve on initial testing correlated with Q̇c training response (r = 0.58, P = 0.047), though overall, no change in peak Q̇c was observed. High-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) and N-terminal prohormone of brain naturetic peptide (NT pro-BNP) were low and did not change with acute exercise or after training. Our data show that TGA patients with SRVs in this study safely participated in exercise training and improved peak V̇O2. Neither prolonged submaximal exercise, nor high-intensity intervals, nor short-term exercise training seem to injure the systemic right ventricle.
authors: Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Boston, MA, USA.|University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.|Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Shafer
authors: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.|Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (RUNMC), Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Janssen
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.|Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Carrick-Ranson
authors: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rahmani
authors: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Palmer
authors: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Livingston
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Matulevicius
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: L W
authors: LW
authors: Forbess
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Brickner
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.|Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors: B D
authors: BD
authors: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology*