title: Proteomic analysis of urine exosomes reveals renal tubule response to leptospiral colonization in experimentally infected rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious Leptospira colonize the kidneys of reservoir (e.g. rats) and accidental hosts such as humans. The renal response to persistent leptospiral colonization, as measured by urinary protein biosignatures, has not been systematically studied. Urinary exosomes--bioactive membrane-bound nanovesicles--contain cell-state specific cargo that additively reflect formation all along the nephron. We hypothesized that Leptospira-infection will alter the content of urine exosomes, and further, that these Leptospira-induced alterations will hold clues to unravel novel pathways related to bacterial-host interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exosome protein content from 24 hour urine samples of Leptospira-infected rats was compared with that of uninfected rats using SDS-PAGE and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Statistical models were used to identify significantly dysregulated proteins in Leptospira-infected and uninfected rat urine exosomes. In all, 842 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS proteomics of total rat urine and 204 proteins associated specifically with exosomes. Multivariate analysis showed that 25 proteins significantly discriminated between uninfected control and infected rats. Alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase, also known as CD13 topped this list with the highest score, a finding we validated by Western immunoblotting. Whole urine analysis showed Tamm-Horsfall protein level reduction in the infected rat urine. Total urine and exosome proteins were significantly different in male vs. female infected rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified exosome-associated renal tubule-specific responses to Leptospira infection in a rat chronic colonization model. Quantitative differences in infected male and female rat urine exosome proteins vs. uninfected controls suggest that urine exosome analysis identifies important differences in kidney function that may be of clinical and pathological significance.
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America; University of California, San Diego Department of Pediatrics, Center for Promotion of Maternal Health and Infant Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Satish P
authors: SP
authors: RamachandraRao
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Matthias
authors: Chanthel
authors: C
authors: Kokoy-Mondragon
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Chanthel-Kokoy
authors: CK
authors: Mondrogon
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Eamon
authors: E
authors: Aghania
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Cathleen
authors: C
authors: Park
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Casey
authors: C
authors: Kong
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Ishaya
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Assael
authors: A
authors: Madrigal
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Horng
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Roni
authors: R
authors: Khoshaba
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Anousone
authors: A
authors: Bounkhoun
authors: Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory (Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI), Italy.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Basilico
authors: Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory (Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI), Italy.
authors: Antonella
authors: A
authors: De Palma
authors: Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory (Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI), Italy.
authors: Anna Maria
authors: AM
authors: Agresta
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Awdishu
authors: University of California, San Diego Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Pathology, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors: Robert K
authors: RK
authors: Naviaux
authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Vinetz
authors: Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory (Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR); Segrate (MI), Italy; Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Pierluigi
authors: P
authors: Mauri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D012737:Sex Factors; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry