title: Essential Oils, Silver Nanoparticles and Propolis as Alternative Agents Against Fluconazole Resistant Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei Clinical Isolates.
abstract: Development of effective and safe therapeutic treatment of fungal infections remains one of the major challenge for modern medicine. The aim of presented investigation was to analyze the in vitro antifungal activity of selected essential oils, ethanolic extracts of propolis and silver nanoparticles dropped on TiO2 against azole-resistant C. albicans (n = 20), C. glabrata (n = 14) and C. krusei (n = 10) clinical isolates. Among tested essential oils, the highest activity has definitely been found in the case of the oil isolated from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, with MIC and MFC values for all tested strains in the range of 0.0006-0.0097 % (v/v) and 0.0012-0.019 % (v/v), respectively. High activity was also observed for the Lemon, Basil, Thyme, Geranium and Clove (from buds) essential oils. Significant differences in fungicidal activity have been observed in the case of four tested propolis samples. Only one of them revealed high activity, with MFC values in the range from 0.156 to 1.25 % (v/v). Satisfactory fungicidal activity, against C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates, was also observed in the case of silver nanoparticles, however C. krusei isolates were mostly resistant. We also revealed that constituents of most of essential oils and propolis as well as silver nanoparticles are not substrates for drug transporters, which belong to the most important factors affecting resistance of Candida spp. clinical isolates to many of conventional antimycotics. To conclude, the results of our investigation revealed that essential oils, propolis and silver nanoparticles represent high potential for controlling and prevention candidiasis.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Szweda
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Gucwa
authors: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Ewelina
authors: E
authors: Kurzyk
authors: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Romanowska
authors: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Dzierżanowska-Fangrat
authors: Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Zielińska Jurek
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors: Piotr Marek
authors: PM
authors: Kuś
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors: Sławomir
authors: S
authors: Milewski
keywords: Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Candida krusei; Essential oils; Propolis; Silver nanoparticles