title: Part 1: Pressure ulcer assessment - the development of Critical Care Pressure Ulcer Assessment Tool made Easy (CALCULATE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers resulting in serious untoward patient and health care system outcomes. Pressure ulcer prevention is therefore an important patient safety priority and establishing a structured approach to pressure ulcer risk assessment to identify patients at risk is a critical first step.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using three electronic databases from 2000 to 2011 to identify papers reporting on pressure ulcer risk factors and assessment in adult critical care. The review and appraisal of papers were conducted by two critical care nurses. Papers underwent detailed review if they met inclusion criteria where they identified pressure ulcer assessment scores, scales or risk factors and related to adult critical care patients
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven papers were reviewed. No single assessment tool was sufficiently validated for critically ill patients and seven key critical care risk factors were identified. These risk factors were: mechanical ventilation, impaired circulation, dialysis, long surgery, low protein and too unstable to turn.
  The tool Critical Care Pressure Ulcer Assessment Tool made Easy (CALCULATE) was developed utilizing the risk factors from the literature and expert critical care nursing consensus decision-making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of current consensus, valid assessment scales and limited evidence for the most appropriate pressure ulcer assessment for critically ill patients, this assessment tool offers an easy, appropriate alternative for critically ill patients than existing tools primarily validated for acute care wards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  'CALCULATE' offers an important contribution towards the advancement and development of critical care pressure ulcer risk assessment. Future research is needed to further enhance and inform pressure ulcer risk assessment of the critically ill patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of critical care risk factors may be an indicative method of assessing pressure ulcer risk in the critically ill patients.
authors: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Richardson
authors: Sister, Ward 18 Critical Care Unit, RVI, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Barrow
mesh_terms: D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Pressure ulcer risk assessment; Pressure ulcer risk factors; Quality improvement