title: Evaluation of the effect of skin cleaning procedures on the dermal absorption of chemicals.
abstract: To reduce the internal exposure, skin decontamination is the most important measure after dermal contact to chemicals. However, no harmonized skin cleaning procedure for experimental ex vivo studies is published. In our study, the impact of two skin cleaning techniques on dermal penetration kinetics and intradermal deposition of 1,4-dioxane, 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF, detected in terms of fluoride ions), and anisole was evaluated to develop a reliable ex vivo skin cleaning method using the diffusion cell technique. After exposure (duration: 3 min (HF); 1h (1,4-dioxane and anisole)) of excised human skin (n=6-8) decontamination was performed by (I) water-soaked cotton swabs or (II) direct application of water on the exposure area. The effect of skin cleaning was investigated by analysing the concentration time course of chemicals in the receptor fluid of diffusion cells and by determining the deposition in skin. Both skin cleaning procedures reduced the amount of fluoride in the skin compartments (p<0.05) and the receptor fluid (p<0.1). However, the effect of cleaning on the dermal absorption of the organic test compounds was not significant. The results demonstrate the suitability of the applied ex vivo protocol for investigating the effectiveness of skin cleaning measures following dermal exposure. In addition, data reveal that the determination of test compounds in both, skin compartments as well as receptor fluid as equivalent for the systemic uptake needs to be considered in studies assessing the effectiveness of skin decontamination procedures.
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: Kathrin.Dennerlein@ipasum.med.uni-erlangen.de.
authors: Kathrin
authors: K
authors: Dennerlein
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Jäger
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Göen
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Kilo
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Karl Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Schaller
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Drexler
authors: Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Gintautas
authors: G
authors: Korinth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000840:Anisoles / Q000378:metabolism; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004146:Dioxanes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D004146:Dioxanes; C060998:anisole; C025223:1,4-dioxane; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid
keywords: 1,4-Dioxane; Anisole; Diffusion cell studies; Hydrofluoric acid; Percutaneous absorption; Skin decontamination