title: Metal wear particles: What we know, what we do not know, and why.
abstract: The importance of wear particle characterization for orthopaedic implants has long been established in the hip and knee arthroplasty literature. With the increasing use of motion preservation implants in the spine, the characterization of wear debris, particularly metallic nature, is gaining importance. An accurate morphological analysis of wear particles provides for both a complete characterization of the biocompatibility of the implant material and its wear products, and an in-depth understanding of the wear mechanisms, ion release, and associated corrosive activity related to the wear particles. In this paper, we present an overview of the most commonly-used published protocols for the isolation and characterization of metal wear particles, and highlight the limitations and uncertainties inherent to metal particle analysis.
authors: Orthopaedic Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Billi
authors: Orthopaedic Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Benya
authors: Orthopaedic Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Ebramzadeh
authors: Orthopaedic Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Pat
authors: P
authors: Campbell
authors: Medtronic, Memphis, TN.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Chan
authors: Orthopaedic Hospital - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Harry A
authors: HA
authors: McKellop
keywords: Characterization; Digestion protocol; Metal-on-metal; Morphology; Wear particles