title: The late-luteal leptin level, caloric intake and eating behaviors among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A marked increased in food intake in the late-luteal phase is a characteristic symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the leptin level, caloric intake, and eating behaviors of women with PMDD across the menstrual cycle among normal-weight and overweight subjects, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 62 women with PMDD and 69 controls were recruited following psychiatric interviewing and underwent prospective investigation. The leptin level, caloric intake, and three factors related to eating behavior were assessed in both the late-luteal and follicular phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The women with PMDD had greater increases in caloric intake, sweet caloric intake, and uncontrolled eating in the late-luteal phase than the controls. Among the normal-weight women, the leptin level was negatively correlated with caloric intake. The normal-weight women with PMDD had a lower leptin level, a lower leptin/body fat percentage (BFP), a higher caloric intake, and higher uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in the late-luteal phase than the normal-weight controls. Their leptin level was correlated negatively with sweet caloric intake. On the other hand, the overweight women with PMDD had a higher leptin level than the normal-weight women with PMDD and no decline was observed in their leptin level in the late-luteal phase. There were no differences in the leptin level between the overweight women with PMDD and the overweight controls. They also had a higher sweet caloric intake and higher uncontrolled eating and emotional eating than the overweight controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decline in the leptin level is associated with late-luteal overeating among normal-weight women with PMDD. Hyperleptinemia and a high sweet caloric intake of overweight women with PMDD should be monitored and addressed in order to attenuate the risk of leptin resistance. The detailed roles of leptin and other psycho-neuro-endocrinology factors in the mechanism of overeating among women with PMDD should be evaluated in future study.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Chih-Hung
authors: CH
authors: Ko
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Fang
authors: CF
authors: Yen
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Long
authors: Department of Radiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Ting
authors: YT
authors: Kuo
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Sheng
authors: CS
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: yenjuyu@cc.kmu.edu.tw.
authors: Ju-Yu
authors: JY
authors: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D065446:Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D020738:Leptin; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Caloric intake; Leptin; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); Uncontrolled eating