title: The relationship between seizure onset zone and ictal tachycardia: An intracranial EEG study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Seizures are often accompanied by ictal tachycardia, which, when pronounced, is one of the cardiac arrhythmias associated with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We examined the relationship between the lateralization and localization of seizure onset and development of ictal tachycardia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified patients who underwent bi-hemispheric intracranial EEG recording over a period of 18 months. Two to four consecutive seizures were reviewed for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seizures from 19 consecutive patients were analyzed. Forty seizures (80%) developed tachycardia (>20% increase from baseline), but laterality at seizure onset did not predict its occurrence (p=0.168). Bi-laterality at ictal onset was associated with early ictal tachycardia (<10s) (p=0.0208). Seizures out of sleep developed tachycardia faster (mean 19.7s vs. 68.2s, p=0.0067), but the state of alertness was not predictive of the development of tachycardia within 10s of seizure onset. Temporal and/or orbito-frontal lobe involvement was associated with tachycardia when compared to any other lobar combinations at ictal onset (p=0.0073).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laterality at seizure onset does not predict the occurrence of ictal tachycardia. Involvement of the temporal and orbito-frontal cortex, spread to the contralateral hemisphere and state of alertness, may define the degree and rate of autonomic changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results help clarify the autonomic control during seizures and offer potential use for future studies in SUDEP risk and automatic seizure detection.
authors: Boston University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: mastefan@bu.edu.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Stefanidou
authors: Medical College of Wisconsin, Dept. of Neurology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors: Chad
authors: C
authors: Carlson
authors: New York University, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Intracranial EEG; Refractory epilepsy; SUDEP; Tachycardia