title: Effects of opioids on breathlessness and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) commonly suffer from breathlessness, deconditioning, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL) despite best medical management. Opioids may relieve breathlessness at rest and on exertion in COPD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to estimate the efficacy and safety of opioids on refractory breathlessness, exercise capacity, and HRQL in COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a systematic review and metaanalysis using Cochrane methodology. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase up to 8 September, 2014 for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of any opioid for breathlessness, exercise capacity, or HRQL that included at least one participant with COPD. Effects were analyzed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random effect models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 studies (15 crossover trials and 1 parallel-group study, 271 participants, 95% with severe COPD) were included. There were no serious adverse effects. Breathlessness was reduced by opioids overall: SMD, -0.35 (95% CI, -0.53 to -0.17; I(2), 48.9%), by systemic opioids (eight studies, 118 participants): SMD, -0.34 (95% CI, -0.58 to -0.10; I(2), 0%), and less consistently by nebulized opioids (four studies, 82 participants): SMD, -0.39 (95% CI, -0.71 to -0.07; I(2), 78.9%). The quality of evidence was moderate for systemic opioids and low for nebulized opioids on breathlessness. Opioids did not affect exercise capacity (13 studies, 149 participants): SMD, 0.06 (95% CI, -0.15 to 0.28; I(2), 70.7%). HRQL could not be analyzed. Findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. Risk of study bias was low or unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioids improved breathlessness but not exercise capacity in severe COPD.
authors: 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.|2 Department of Medicine, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden.|3 Discipline, Palliative, and Supportive Services, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; and.
authors: Magnus
authors: M
authors: Ekström
authors: 2 Department of Medicine, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden.
authors: Fredrik
authors: F
authors: Nilsson
authors: 4 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors: Amy A
authors: AA
authors: Abernethy
authors: 3 Discipline, Palliative, and Supportive Services, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; and.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Currow
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: breathlessness; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; exercise capacity; opioids; quality of life