title: Dietary patterns and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in Japanese men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although specific foods and nutrients have been examined as potential determinants of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations, the relationship between dietary patterns and GGT remains unknown. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine relationships between dietary patterns and GGT concentrations, and the effects of lifestyle factors on GGT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between dietary patterns and GGT were analyzed in 9803 Japanese individuals (3723 men and 6080 women age 40-69 years) without a history of liver diseases or elevated serum aminotransferase. We examined major dietary patterns by factor analysis of 46 items determined from a validated, short food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We defined dietary patterns as healthy, Western, seafood, bread, and dessert. The healthy pattern was inversely related to GGT in men (odds ratio [OR] for highest vs lowest quartile, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.92; P < 0.01 for trend) and women (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-1.0; P = 0.05 for trend), whereas the seafood pattern was positively related to GGT in men (OR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.61; P = 0.03 for trend) and women (OR 1.21; 95% CI, 0.98-1.49; P = 0.05 for trend). Male-specific inverse associations with GGT were found for bread and dessert patterns (OR 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50-0.80 and OR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.68, respectively; P < 0.01 for both trends). Seafood or bread patterns and alcohol consumption significantly interacted with GGT in men (P = 0.03 and <0.01 for interaction, respectively) and between the dessert pattern and body mass index or smoking habit in women (P = 0.03 and <0.01, respectively, for interaction).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary patterns may be important determinants of GGT, and their possible clinical implications warrant further investigation.
authors: Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine.
authors: Hinako
authors: H
authors: Nanri
authors: Megumi
authors: M
authors: Hara
authors: Yuichiro
authors: Y
authors: Nishida
authors: Chisato
authors: C
authors: Shimanoe
authors: Kazuyo
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: Yasuki
authors: Y
authors: Higaki
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Imaizumi
authors: Naoto
authors: N
authors: Taguchi
authors: Tatsuhiko
authors: T
authors: Sakamoto
authors: Mikako
authors: M
authors: Horita
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Shinchi
authors: Akatsuki
authors: A
authors: Kokaze
authors: Keitaro
authors: K
authors: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase