title: Simple self-reported behavioral or psychological characteristics as risk factors for future type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 14.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression, anger, sleep disorders and cognitive impairment are regarded as presenting a high risk for diabetes. We investigated whether responses to single statements on a self-report questionnaire on the presence of each of these four factors were associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 3,211 Japanese individuals without diabetes. Cumulative incidence rate and hazard ratios (HRs) for future type 2 diabetes over 7-13 years were evaluated according to the presence of lack of perseverance, anger, memory loss or sleep disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of Cox regression analysis showed that lack of perseverance (age- and sex-adjusted HR 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.84), anger, (HR 1.51, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.12) or memory loss (HR 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.90) was predictive of the development of diabetes. Even after adjustment for metabolic factors including glycemic measurements, anger was significantly associated with an increased risk of future diabetes. Individuals with both anger and memory loss had a 1.94-fold (95% confidence interval 1.19-3.15) increased risk of type 2 diabetes than those without those two symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Responses to a simple self-report questionnaire as to whether individuals were aware of anger or memory loss were associated with the development of type 2 diabetes independent of traditional risk factors for diabetes in this cohort of Japanese individuals.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata, Japan ; Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yoriko
authors: Y
authors: Heianza
authors: Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yasuji
authors: Y
authors: Arase
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata, Japan ; Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Kodama
authors: Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Tsuji
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata, Japan.
authors: Kazuya
authors: K
authors: Fujihara
authors: Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital Ibaraki, Japan.
authors: Kazumi
authors: K
authors: Saito
authors: Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Shigeko
authors: S
authors: Hara
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Niigata, Japan ; Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hirohito
authors: H
authors: Sone
keywords: Behavioral or psychological risk factors; Type 2 diabetes