title: Prevalence and significance of isolated T wave inversion in 1755 consecutive American collegiate athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the prevalence of isolated T-wave inversions (TWI) in American athletes using contemporary ECG criteria. Ethnic and gender disparities including the association of isolated TWI with underlying abnormal cardiac structure are evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2004 to 2014, 1755 collegiate athletes at a single American university underwent prospective collection of medical history, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, and 2-dimensional echocardiography. ECG analysis was performed to evaluate for isolated TWI as per contemporary ECG criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of isolated TWI is 1.3%. Ethnic and gender disparities are not observed in American athletes (black vs. white: 1.7% vs. 1.1%; p=0.41) (women vs. men: 1.5% vs. 1.1; p=0.52). No association was found with underlying cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A lower prevalence of isolated TWI in American athletes than previously reported. Isolated TWI was not associated with an abnormal echocardiogram. No ethnic or gender disparity is seen in American college athletes.
authors: University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2301 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Dany
authors: D
authors: Jacob
authors: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, 4401 Wornwall Rd, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Main
authors: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, 4401 Wornwall Rd, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Sanjaya
authors: S
authors: Gupta
authors: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, 4401 Wornwall Rd, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Kensey
authors: K
authors: Gosch
authors: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, 4401 Wornwall Rd, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors: Marcia
authors: M
authors: McCoy
authors: Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, 4401 Wornwall Rd, Kansas City, MO, USA. Electronic address: amagalski@saint-lukes.org.
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Magalski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007615:Kansas / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D018580:Mandatory Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014495:Universities; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Athlete's heart; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Preparticipation screening; T-wave inversion