title: Clinical examination findings as prognostic factors in low back pain: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a strong tradition of performing a clinical examination of low back pain (LBP) patients and this is generally recommended in guidelines. However, establishing a pathoanatomic diagnosis does not seem possible in most LBP patients and clinical tests may potentially be more relevant as prognostic factors. The aim of this review of the literature was to systematically assess the association between low-tech clinical tests commonly used in adult patients with acute, recurrent or chronic LBP and short- and long-term outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Embase, and MANTIS were searched from inception to June 2012. Prospective clinical studies of adult patients with LBP with or without leg pain and/or signs of nerve root involvement or spinal stenosis, receiving non-surgical or no treatment, which investigated the association between low-tech clinical tests and outcome were included. Study selection, data extraction and appraisal of study quality were performed independently by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5,332 citations were retrieved and screened for eligibility, 342 articles were assessed as full text and 49 met the inclusion criteria. Due to clinical and statistical heterogeneity, qualitative synthesis rather than meta-analysis was performed. Associations between clinical tests and outcomes were often inconsistent between studies. In more than one third of the tests, there was no evidence of the tests being associated with outcome. Only two clinical tests demonstrated a consistent association with at least one of the outcomes: centralization and non-organic signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For most clinical tests in LBP there is not consistent evidence for an association with outcome. Centralization and non-organic signs are exceptions from that. None of the other clinical tests have been investigated in confirmatory studies and study quality is generally low. There is a need for hypothesis testing studies designed specifically to investigate the prognostic value of the clinical tests, and a need for standardization of the performance and interpretation of tests.
authors: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors: Lisbeth
authors: L
authors: Hartvigsen
authors: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark ; Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Kongsted
authors: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark ; Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors: Lise
authors: L
authors: Hestbaek