title: The role of biochar, natural iron oxides, and nanomaterials as soil amendments for immobilizing metals in shooting range soil.
abstract: High concentration of toxic metals in military shooting range soils poses a significant environmental concern due to the potential release of metals, such as Pb, Cu, and Sb, and hence requires remediation. The current study examined the effectiveness of buffalo weed (Ambrosia trifida L.) biomass and its derived biochars at pyrolytic temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, natural iron oxides (NRE), gibbsite, and silver nanoparticles on metal immobilization together with soil quality after 1-year soil incubation. Destructive (e.g., chemical extractions) and non-destructive (e.g., molecular spectroscopy) methods were used to investigate the immobilization efficacy of each amendment on Pb, Cu, and Sb, and to explore the possible immobilization mechanisms. The highest immobilization efficacy was observed with biochar produced at 300 °C, showing the maximum decreases of bioavailability by 94 and 70% for Pb and Cu, respectively, which were attributed to the abundance of functional groups in the biochar. Biochar significantly increased the soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and P contents. Indeed, the scanning electron microscopic elemental dot mapping and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic (EXAFS) studies revealed associations of Pb with P (i.e., the formation of stable chloropyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl]) in the biomass- or biochar-amended soils. However, no amendment was effective on Sb immobilization.
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.|Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
authors: Anushka Upamali
authors: AU
authors: Rajapaksha
authors: Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mahtab
authors: M
authors: Ahmad
authors: Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
authors: Meththika
authors: M
authors: Vithanage
authors: Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kwon-Rae
authors: KR
authors: Kim
authors: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jun Young
authors: JY
authors: Chang
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. sslee97@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors: Sang Soo
authors: SS
authors: Lee
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. soilok@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors: Yong Sik
authors: YS
authors: Ok
mesh_terms: D031164:Ambrosia / Q000737:chemistry; D000965:Antimony / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018533:Biomass; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; C469846:chloropyromorphite; D002606:Charcoal; C000499:ferric oxide; D010758:Phosphorus; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000965:Antimony
keywords: Black carbon; Charcoal; Nanoparticle; Slow pyrolysis; Soil remediation; Synchrotron