title: Altered temporal features of intrinsic connectivity networks in boys with combined type of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigating the altered temporal features within and between intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) for boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and analyzing the relationships between altered temporal features within ICNs and behavior scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of boys with combined type of ADHD and a cohort of age-matched healthy boys were recruited from ADHD-200 Consortium. All resting-state fMRI datasets were preprocessed and normalized into standard brain space. Using general linear regression, 20 ICNs were taken as spatial templates to analyze the time-courses of ICNs for each subject. Amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) were computed as univariate temporal features within ICNs. Pearson correlation coefficients and node strengths were computed as bivariate temporal features between ICNs. Additional correlation analysis was performed between temporal features of ICNs and behavior scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADHD exhibited more activated network-wise ALFF than normal controls in attention and default mode-related network. Enhanced functional connectivities between ICNs were found in ADHD. The network-wise ALFF within ICNs might influence the functional connectivity between ICNs. The temporal pattern within posterior default mode network (pDMN) was positively correlated to inattentive scores. The subcortical network, fusiform-related DMN and attention-related networks were negatively correlated to Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temporal low frequency oscillations of ICNs in boys with ADHD were more activated than normal controls during resting state; the temporal features within ICNs could provide additional information to investigate the altered network patterns of ADHD.
authors: College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China. Electronic address: xhwang@hdu.edu.cn.
authors: Xun-Heng
authors: XH
authors: Wang
authors: College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
authors: Lihua
authors: L
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Intrinsic connectivity networks; Low frequency oscillation; Resting-state fMRI; Temporal patterns