title: Design of a cluster-randomized trial of electronic health record-based tools to address overweight and obesity in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary care providers often fail to identify patients who are overweight or obese or discuss weight management with them. Electronic health record-based tools may help providers with the assessment and management of overweight and obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the design of a trial to examine the effectiveness of electronic health record-based tools for the assessment and management of overweight and obesity among adult primary care patients, as well as the challenges we encountered.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed several new features within the electronic health record used by primary care practices affiliated with Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, MA. These features included (1) reminders to measure height and weight, (2) an alert asking providers to add overweight or obesity to the problem list, (3) reminders with tailored management recommendations, and (4) a Weight Management screen. We then conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized controlled trial in 12 primary care practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomized 23 clinical teams ("clinics") within the practices to the intervention group (n = 11) or the control group (n = 12). The new features were activated only for clinics in the intervention group. The intervention was implemented in two phases: the height and weight reminders went live on 15 December 2011 (Phase 1), and all of the other features went live on 11 June 2012 (Phase 2). Study enrollment went from December 2011 through December 2012, and follow-up ended in December 2013. The primary outcomes were 6-month and 12-month weight change among adult patients with body mass index ≥25 who had a visit at one of the primary care clinics during Phase 2. Secondary outcome measures included the proportion of patients with a recorded body mass index in the electronic health record, the proportion of patients with body mass index ≥25 who had a diagnosis of overweight or obesity on the electronic health record problem list, and the proportion of patients with body mass index ≥25 who had a follow-up appointment about their weight or were prescribed weight loss medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We encountered challenges in our development of an intervention within the existing structure of an electronic health record. For example, although we decided to randomize clinics within primary care practices, this decision may have introduced contamination and led to some imbalance of patient characteristics between the intervention and control practices. Using the electronic health record as the primary data source reduced the cost of the study, but not all desired data were recorded for every participant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the challenges, this study should provide valuable information about the effectiveness of electronic health record-based tools for addressing overweight and obesity in primary care.
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA hbaer@partners.org.
authors: Heather J
authors: HJ
authors: Baer
authors: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Christina C
authors: CC
authors: Wee
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Katerina
authors: K
authors: DeVito
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: E John
authors: EJ
authors: Orav
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Joseph P
authors: JP
authors: Frolkis
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Deborah H
authors: DH
authors: Williams
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Wright
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine & Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Partners HealthCare, Boston, MA, USA Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Bates
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care; D012107:Research Design
keywords: Overweight; electronic health records; obesity; primary care