title: Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review.
abstract: Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
authors: a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Ferreira
authors: a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and.
authors: João A
authors: JA
authors: Queiroz
authors: b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.
authors: Mónica
authors: M
authors: Oleastro
authors: a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and.
authors: Fernanda C
authors: FC
authors: Domingues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020640:Arcobacter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins
keywords: Antimicrobial; control strategies; distribution; survival; virulence