title: [Development of the scale of strategies for enhancing self-esteem among medical school students].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From the point of view that medical students are under the pressure of academic achievement and vulnerable to subjective distress, there is need for evaluate their strategies for enhancing self-esteem when they failed academically. This study was to develop the scale for enhancing self-esteem and to confirm the convergent, discriminant and criteria validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 279 students at a medical school in Seoul. The scale of strategies for enhancing self-esteem (SSES) comprised comparison with inferior, doubting academic failure, accepting failure, and attribution to incidental factors. Also, to confirm the validities, participants responded to items measuring self-esteem, narcissism, 5 personality factors, depression and adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By explanatory factor analysis of SSES, composed of three factors-comparison, doubting, and acceptance-and in the confirmatory factor analysis, 3 dimensions were best fit. Notably, comparison and doubting strategies were positively associated with depression and negatively associated with adjustment. In contrast, acceptance strategies were negatively associated with depression and positively associated with adjustment. Additionally, comparison and doubting strategies were positively associated with narcissism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SSES of medical school students after academic failure yields 3 dimensions reliably and consistently. Also, it shows satisfactory convergent and concurrent validities.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea.
authors: Jin-Ju
authors: JJ
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea.
authors: Eun-Young
authors: EY
authors: Jang
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea.
authors: Yong-Chon
authors: YC
authors: Park
keywords: Adjustment; Depression; Mental health; Scale of strategies for enhancing self-esteem; Self concept