title: Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and decreased energy expenditure (EE). Workplace interventions breaking up sedentary time have increased EE but the cardiovascular responses are unknown. The practicalities of these interventions, such as required costs and workplace adaptations, are questioned. Calisthenics exercises overcome such limitations, but have not been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the EE and heart rate (HR) response when breaking up sedentary time with a short bout of standing, walking or calisthenics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty healthy participants (15 male) completed four 30 min conditions: a) 30 min sitting, or breaking up this period with two minutes of b) standing, c) treadmill walking (4 km·h(-1)) or d) a set of calisthenics exercises (including squats and lunges). HR and EE (indirect calorimetry) were assessed throughout. During the activity break, calisthenics caused the highest HR (90 ± 12 bpm) compared to all other conditions (Sit: 70 ± 12 bpm; Stand:72 ± 13 bpm; Walk:84 ± 10 bpm; p < 0.001) and EE was the highest with calisthenics (13 ± 5 kcal) compared to all conditions except walking (Sit:3 ± 1 kcal; Stand:5 ± 1 kcal; p < 0.001). The recovery following calisthenics had highest total EE (27 ± 7 kcal) compared to walking (23 ± 6 kcal) and standing (22 ± 6 kcal) and also the longest elevation of HR (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calisthenics led to a greater total EE and HR response compared to standing or walking interventions. Calisthenics may be a time efficient method to break up sedentary time without individuals leaving their work environment. Hence calisthenics could be utilised to disrupt workplace sedentary time and improve cardiovascular health and assist in weight management.
authors: Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: S.E.Carter@2014.ljmu.ac.uk.
authors: S E
authors: SE
authors: Carter
authors: Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Jones
authors: Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
authors: V F
authors: VF
authors: Gladwell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006173:Gymnastics; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D016138:Walking; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Calisthenics; Energy expenditure; Heart rate; Sedentary behaviour; Workplace