title: Characteristics of women who have had cosmetic breast implants that could be associated with increased suicide risk: a systematic review, proposing a suicide prevention model.
abstract: Literature indicates an increased risk of suicide among women who have had cosmetic breast implants. An explanatory model for this association has not been established. Some studies conclude that women with cosmetic breast implants demonstrate some characteristics that are associated with increased suicide risk while others support that the breast augmentation protects from suicide. A systematic review including data collection from January 1961 up to February 2014 was conducted. The results were incorporated to pre-existing suicide risk models of the general population. A modified suicide risk model was created for the female cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty candidate. A 2-3 times increased suicide risk among women that undergo cosmetic breast augmentation has been identified. Breast augmentation patients show some characteristics that are associated with increased suicide risk. The majority of women reported high postoperative satisfaction. Recent research indicates that the Autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants and fibromyalgia syndrome are associated with silicone implantation. A thorough surgical, medical and psycho-social (psychiatric, family, reproductive, and occupational) history should be included in the preoperative assessment of women seeking to undergo cosmetic breast augmentation. Breast augmentation surgery can stimulate a systematic stress response and increase the risk of suicide. Each risk factor of suicide has poor predictive value when considered independently and can result in prediction errors. A clinical management model has been proposed considering the overlapping risk factors of women that undergo cosmetic breast augmentation with suicide.
authors: Faculty of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Cambridge, UK. ; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK.
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Manoloudakis
authors: Faculty of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Labiris
authors: Cambridge and Peterborough NHS foundation Trust, Fulbourn Psychiatric Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Nefeli
authors: N
authors: Karakitsou
authors: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK.
authors: Jong B
authors: JB
authors: Kim
authors: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK.
authors: Yezen
authors: Y
authors: Sheena
authors: Faculty of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Niakas
keywords: Breast implants; Cosmetic surgery; Mammaplasty; Silicone; Suicide