title: Additives to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blocks or local anesthesia: a review of the literature.
abstract: A multitude of studies have focused on individual additives to local anesthetics and their effect on quality, onset, duration, spread and selectivity, as well as the potential toxic effects of their use. This review aims to give a broad overview of the current evidence in this developing field, based on beneficial and adverse effects of these drugs. We discuss the limitations of the available data and hope to convey implications and future perspectives for clinicians and researchers alike.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Opperer
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Gerner
authors: Stavros G
authors: SG
authors: Memtsoudis
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local
keywords: additives; analgesic duration; analgesic quality; block onset; local anesthesia; local anesthetics; neurotoxicity; nociceptive selectivity; peripheral nerve block