title: Nurse-driven pediatric analgesia and sedation protocol reduces withdrawal symptoms in critically ill medical pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While several analgesia and sedation guidelines and protocols have been developed and implemented for adults, there is still little evidence of clinical use of analgesia and sedation protocols and the impact on withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nurse-driven goal-directed analgesia and sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated pediatric patients (pASP) on duration of mechanical ventilation, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay, total doses of opioids and benzodiazepines, and occurrence of withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a before and after protocol implementation study in a 14-bed medical-surgical-cardiac pediatric intensive care unit at a university children's hospital. A total of 337 medical pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation with PICU length of stay for at least 24 h were included. Prior to implementation of the protocol, analgesia and sedation was managed by the attending physician's order. Afterwards, postimplementation, nurses managed analgesia and sedation following a pASP, including COMFORT 'behavioral' Scale, Nurse Interpretation Sedation Scale, and Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixty-five patients were included in the 15-month period before and 172 patients were included in the 15-month period after implementation of the pASP. Median duration of mechanical ventilation was 2.02 (0.96-25.0) days in the group preceding protocol implementation and 1.71 (0.96-66.0) days afterwards (P = 0.23). Median PICU length of stay was 5.8 (1-37.75) days in the preimplementation and 5.0 (1-120) days in the postimplementation group (P = 0.14). Total doses of opioids and benzodiazepines were 3.9 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) (0.1-70) vs 3.1 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) (0.05-56); P = 0.38 and 5.9 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) (0-82.0) vs 4.2 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) (0-66); P = 0.009 after implementation. Incidence of withdrawal was significantly lower over the postimplementation period (12.8% vs 23.6%; P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of a nurse-driven pASP reduced the total dose of benzodiazepines and the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms significantly.
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Neunhoeffer
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Kumpf
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Renk
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Malte
authors: M
authors: Hanelt
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Berneck
authors: Hospital for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Speyer, Germany.
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Bosk
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Ines
authors: I
authors: Gerbig
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Heimberg
authors: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Pulmology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hofbeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D064648:Critical Care Nursing; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: analgesia; clinical protocols; deep sedation; intensive care units; nursing assessment; pediatric; substance withdrawal syndrome