title: Frequency of convergence and accommodative disorders in a clinical population of Mashhad, Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of convergence and accommodation anomalies in an optometric clinical setting in Mashhad, Iran, and to determine tests with highest accuracy in diagnosing these anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 261 patients who came to the optometric clinics of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during a month, 83 of them were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. Near point of convergence (NPC), near and distance heterophoria, monocular and binocular accommodative facility (MAF and BAF, respectively), lag of accommodation, positive and negative fusional vergences (PFV and NFV, respectively), AC/A ratio, relative accommodation, and amplitude of accommodation (AA) were measured to diagnose the convergence and accommodation anomalies. The results were also compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The accuracy of these tests was explored using sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR-).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the patients was 21.3 ± 3.5 years and 14.5% of them had specific binocular and accommodative symptoms. Convergence and accommodative anomalies were found in 19.3% of the patients; accommodative excess (4.8%) and convergence insufficiency (3.6%) were the most common accommodative and convergence disorders, respectively. Symptomatic patients showed lower values for BAF (p = .003), MAF (p = .001), as well as AA (p = .001) compared with asymptomatic patients. Moreover, BAF (S = 75%, Sp = 62%) and MAF (S = 62%, Sp = 89%) were the most accurate tests for detecting accommodative and convergence disorders in terms of both sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Convergence and accommodative anomalies are the most common binocular disorders in optometric patients. Including tests of monocular and binocular accommodative facility in routine eye examinations as accurate tests to diagnose these anomalies requires further investigation.
authors: Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia .
authors: Seyed Hosein
authors: SH
authors: Hoseini-Yazdi
authors: AbbasAli
authors: A
authors: Yekta
authors: Hosein
authors: H
authors: Nouri
authors: Javad
authors: J
authors: Heravian
authors: Hadi
authors: H
authors: Ostadimoghaddam
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Khabazkhoob
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004172:Diplopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accommodation; binocular vision; convergence; facility; symptoms