title: Dynamic Changes in Nociception and Pain Perception After Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with an implanted spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system for pain management present an opportunity to study dynamic changes in the pain system in a situation where patients are not stimulated (ie, experiencing severe pain) compared with a situation in which patients have just been stimulated (ie, pain free or greatly reduced pain). The aims of this study were (1) to determine if there are differences in nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds (NWR-T) and electrical pain thresholds (EP-T) before and after SCS; and (2) to establish if these differences are related to psychological factors associated with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen volunteers with chronic neuropathic pain participated in the experiment. Electrical stimuli were applied to assess the NWR-T and the EP-T. In addition, psychological factors (ie, pain characteristics, depression, anxiety, and disability indexes) were also recorded. The NWR-T and EP-T were assessed with the SCS system off (at least 8 h before the experiment), and then reassessed 1 hour after the SCS system was turned on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ongoing pain intensity ratings decreased (P=0.018), whereas the NWR-T increased (P=0.028) after the SCS was turned on, whereas no significant difference was found for EP-T (P=0.324). Psychological factors were significant predictors for EP-T but not for NWR-T.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that pain relief after SCS is partially mediated by a decrease in the excitability of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord.
authors: *Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Departments of †Pain and Rehabilitation Center ‡Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: Biurrun Manresa
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Sörensen
authors: Ole K
authors: OK
authors: Andersen
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Arendt-Nielsen
authors: Björn
authors: B
authors: Gerdle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult