title: Disequilibrium syndrome and prevention in nonhemodialysis patients.
abstract: Disequilibrium syndrome (DS) is a central nervous system disorder described in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The authors present 4 cases of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN); the first patient passed away from suspected DS, whereas the other 3 patients were identified as having a high risk of developing DS on the basis of their BUN. The authors tried to lower their BUN slowly and prevent rapid correction by different methods. This is the first study in which DS has been studied in patients who are not on HD, and methods are described to identify and prevent DS in such patients. They also review the existing literature on the pathogenesis of DS and highlight the importance of recognizing this syndrome in non-HD patients, while suggesting some innovative ways to prevent it.
authors: Departments of Internal Medicine (FKL, ARK), Pulmonary Medicine (Critical Care and Sleep) (YY), and Nephrology (DM, SV), University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio.
authors: Faraz Khan
authors: FK
authors: Luni
authors: Abdur Rahman
authors: AR
authors: Khan
authors: Youngsook
authors: Y
authors: Yoon
authors: Deepak
authors: D
authors: Malhotra
authors: Sandeep
authors: S
authors: Vetteth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002524:Cerebellar Ataxia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006944:Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin