title: The longitudinal joint effect of obesity and major depression on work performance impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the longitudinal effect of obesity, major depression, and their combination on work performance impairment (WPI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected longitudinal data (2004-2013) on 1726 paid employees from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety at baseline and 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up. We defined obesity with body mass index and waist circumference. We diagnosed major depression with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1. We assessed work performance impairment with a questionnaire for illness-associated costs. We used generalized estimating equations for modeling, and estimated interaction on the additive scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity, abdominal obesity, and major depression were longitudinally associated with increased risk of high WPI. The combinations of obesity and major depression, and of abdominal obesity and major depression were associated with increased risk of high WPI (odds ratios of 2.36 [95% confidence interval = 1.61, 3.44] and 1.88 [95% confidence interval = 1.40, 2.53], respectively), but the relative excess risks attributable to interaction were nonsignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The longitudinal joint effect of obesity and major depression on high WPI implies that obesity intervention may be more beneficial for individuals with major depression than those without regarding risk of high WPI, if confirmed in a large, representative sample.
authors: Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Sijmen A. Reijneveld, and Ute Bültmann are with the Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, and Robert A. Schoevers is with the Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Brenda W. J. H. Penninx is with the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Yeshambel T
authors: YT
authors: Nigatu
authors: Sijmen A
authors: SA
authors: Reijneveld
authors: Brenda W J H
authors: BW
authors: Penninx
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Schoevers
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Bültmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology; D014937:Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*