title: The imbalance of redox homeostasis in arthropod-induced plant galls: Mechanisms of stress generation and dissipation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galls have specialized tissues for the protection and nutrition of the inducers, and these tissues have been studied from the developmental and histochemical perspectives. Recently, the role of oxidative stress in galls has been tested histochemically through detection of H2O2 in gall tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Developmental processes and cytological events are revisited from the perspective of the redox-potential balance in both the apoplast and symplast, especially concerning the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The redox potential is imbalanced differently in the apoplast and symplast at gall sites, with the apoplast having lower antioxidant-buffering capacity than the symplast. The strategies to recover redox-potential homeostasis involve the dissipation of ROS by scavenging molecules, such as phenolics, flavonoid derivatives, tocopherol, and enzyme systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insect galls are good models to test developmental hypotheses. Although the exact mechanisms of gall induction and development have not been elucidated at the biochemical and biophysical levels, modulation of the redox potential is involved in the crucial steps of gall initiation and establishment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
authors: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 31270-901. Electronic address: rosy@icb.ufmg.br.
authors: Rosy Mary
authors: RM
authors: Santos Isaias
authors: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Umuarama, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 38400-902. Electronic address: denisoliveira@inbio.ufu.br.
authors: Denis Coelho
authors: DC
authors: Oliveira
authors: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Umuarama, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 38400-902. Electronic address: anasilvia@inbio.ufu.br.
authors: Ana Sílvia Franco Pinheiro
authors: AS
authors: Moreira
authors: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bl. IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 222, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 91509-900. Electronic address: geraldo.soares@ufrgs.br.
authors: Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves
authors: GL
authors: Soares
authors: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 31270-901. Electronic address: rgscarneiro@gmail.com.
authors: Renê Gonçalves Silva
authors: RG
authors: Carneiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000469:parasitology*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Apoplast; Gall; Morphogenesis; Reactive oxygen species; Redifferentiation; Symplast