title: Clinical correlates of retrograde amnesia in mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of retrograde amnesia (RA) in patients with acute mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  An emergency department sample of patients (n = 75), aged 18-60 years, with no pre-morbid medical or psychiatric conditions, who met the WHO criteria for MTBI were enrolled in this prospective, descriptive, follow-up study. This study examined the presence and duration of RA in relation to socio-demographics, MTBI severity markers including neuroimaging (CT, MRI) and clinical outcomes (Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire, post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis and return to work (RTW) status) at 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months post-injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GCS scores and duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were related to RA. Those with GCS scores of 14 vs. 15 were more likely to have RA (χ(2)(1) = 13.70, p < 0.0001) and a longer duration (Mann-Whitney U = 56.0, p < 0.0001, d = 1.15) of RA. The duration of RA and PTA correlated positively (Spearman ρ(75) = 0.42, p < 0.0001) and those with RA had longer durations of PTA (Mann-Whitney U = 228.5, p = 0.001, d = 1.21). During the follow-up, the presence and duration of RA were not significantly associated with PCS diagnosis or time to RTW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the presence and duration of RA was not associated with outcome.
authors: Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland .
authors: Teemu M
authors: TM
authors: Luoto
authors: Grant L
authors: GL
authors: Iverson
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Losoi
authors: Minna
authors: M
authors: Wäljas
authors: Olli
authors: O
authors: Tenovuo
authors: Anneli
authors: A
authors: Kataja
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Brander
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Öhman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000648:Amnesia, Retrograde / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Concussion; head injury; post-concussion syndrome; retrograde amnesia; return to work; traumatic brain injury