title: Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) alters the carbohydrate metabolism in root galls to allowing the compatible interaction with grapevine (Vitis ssp.) roots.
abstract: Gall forming phylloxera may compete for nutrients with meristematic tissues and develop heterotrophic structures that act as carbon sinks. In this work, we studied the underlying starch metabolism, sink-source translocation of soluble sugars towards and within root galls. We demonstrated that nodosities store carbohydrates by starch accumulation and monitored the expression of genes involved in the starch metabolic. Thereby we proved that the nodosity is symplastically connected to the source tissues through its development and that the starch metabolism is significantly affected to synthesize and degrade starch within the gall. Genes required for starch biosynthesis and degradation are up-regulated. Among the carbohydrate transporters the expression of a glucose-6-phosphate translocater, one sucrose transporter and two SWEET proteins were increases, whereas hexose transporters, tonoplast monosaccharide transporter and Erd6-like sugar transporters were decreased. We found general evidence for plant response to osmotic stress in the nodosity as previously suggested for gall induction processes. We conclude that nodosities are heterogenous plant organs that accumulate starch to serve as temporary storage structure that is gradually withdrawn by phylloxera. Phylloxera transcriptionally reprograms gall tissues beyond primary metabolism and included downstream secondary processes, including response to osmotic stress.
authors: Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Michaela
authors: M
authors: Griesser
authors: Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Nora Caroline
authors: NC
authors: Lawo
authors: Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Crespo-Martinez
authors: Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Schoedl-Hummel
authors: Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Wieczorek
authors: Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Miroslawa
authors: M
authors: Gorecka
authors: Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Falk
authors: F
authors: Liebner
authors: Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Zweckmair
authors: Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Stralis Pavese
authors: Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Kreil
authors: Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria. Electronic address: astrid.forneck@boku.ac.at.
authors: Astrid
authors: A
authors: Forneck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D013213:Starch
keywords: Carbohydrate; Grapevine; Plant sink; Primary metabolism; Root gall