title: Chemical characterization of unburned carbon in coal fly ashes by use of TPD/TPO and LRS methods.
abstract: Functional forms of the unburned carbon present in six kinds of coal fly ashes have been examined mainly by the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD)/temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) methods. The carbon contents of the ash samples range from 0.4 to 4.1 mass%. The LRS analysis shows that the C consists of both amorphous and crystallized forms, and the proportion of the former is as large as 50-65 C%. Further, the TPD measurement exhibits that the C contains several types of surface oxygen species, such as carboxyl and lactone/acid anhydride groups, which can readily be decomposed into CO2 up to 700 °C to provide active carbon sites. The results of the TPD also indicate that the ashes have surface CaCO3, and most of this species can be converted to CaO and CO2 around 600-700 °C. Interestingly, there is a significant correlation between organic fluorine concentrations and carboxyl/lactone/acid anhydride groups or surface CaCO3 contents in the ash samples. It might thus be possible that the formation of organic F forms proceeds through gas-solid-solid interactions among HF (and/or F2) in flue gas, active carbon sites and surface Ca species produced around 600-700 °C downstream of coal-fired boilers.
authors: †Center for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
authors: Naoto
authors: N
authors: Tsubouchi
authors: ‡Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Ohtsuka
authors: ‡Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Hashimoto
authors: §Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koencho 165, Kitami 090-8507, Japan.
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Yamada
authors: §Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koencho 165, Kitami 090-8507, Japan.
authors: Harumi
authors: H
authors: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D060729:Coal Ash / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D060729:Coal Ash; D005461:Fluorine; D002244:Carbon; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D010100:Oxygen