title: CSF biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: A large-scale international multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to test the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta-amyloid (Aβ1-42), phosphorylated tau, and total tau (tau) to discriminate Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from other forms of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 675 CSF samples collected at eight memory clinics were obtained from healthy controls, AD dementia, subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia (LBD), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), depression, or other neurological diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF Aβ1-42 showed the best diagnostic accuracy among the CSF biomarkers. At a sensitivity of 85%, the specificity to differentiate AD dementia against other diagnoses ranged from 42% (for LBD, 95% confidence interval or CI = 32-62) to 77% (for FTD, 95% CI = 62-90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSF Aβ1-42 discriminates AD dementia from FTD, but shows significant overlap with other non-AD forms of dementia, possibly reflecting the underlying mixed pathologies.
authors: Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Bayern, Germany. Electronic address: Michael.ewers@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Ewers
authors: Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors: Niklas
authors: N
authors: Mattsson
authors: Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Lennart
authors: L
authors: Minthon
authors: Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari and Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: José L
authors: JL
authors: Molinuevo
authors: Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari and Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Antonell
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Waadt, Switzerland.
authors: Julius
authors: J
authors: Popp
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Jessen
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Sanna-Kaisa
authors: SK
authors: Herukka
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Hilka
authors: H
authors: Soininen
authors: Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Maetzler
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Leyhe
authors: Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Bayern, Germany.
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Bürger
authors: Center of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Miyako
authors: M
authors: Taniguchi
authors: Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
authors: Katsuya
authors: K
authors: Urakami
authors: AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Lista
authors: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Dubois
authors: Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors: Kaj
authors: K
authors: Blennow
authors: AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Hampel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Biomarker; CSF; Cerebrospinal fluid; Classification; Dementia; Differential diagnosis; Fronto-temporal dementia; Lewy body dementia; Vascular dementia