title: Resource limitation alters the consequences of co-infection for both hosts and parasites.
abstract: Most animals are concurrently infected with multiple parasite species and live in environments with fluctuating resource availability. Resource limitation can influence host immune responses and the degree of competition between co-infecting parasites, yet its effects on individual health and pathogen transmission have not been studied for co-infected hosts. To test how resource limitation affects immune trade-offs and co-infection outcomes, we conducted a factorial experiment using laboratory mice. Mice were given a standard or low protein diet, dosed with two species of helminths (alone and in combination), and then challenged with a microparasite. Using a community ecology trophic framework, we found that co-infection influenced parasite survival and reproduction via host immunity, but the magnitude and direction of responses depended on resources and the combination of co-infecting parasites. Our findings highlight that resources and their consequence for host defenses are a key context that shapes the magnitude and direction of parasite interactions.
authors: Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: sabudischak@gmail.com.
authors: Sarah A
authors: SA
authors: Budischak
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Kaori
authors: K
authors: Sakamoto
authors: College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Lindsey C
authors: LC
authors: Megow
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Kelly R
authors: KR
authors: Cummings
authors: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Urban
authors: Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: Vanessa O
authors: VO
authors: Ezenwa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060085:Coinfection; D006369:Heligmosomatoidea; D051379:Mice; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis; D009559:Nippostrongylus; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000469:parasitology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Disease ecology; Immune trade-off; Parasite interaction; Resistance; Super shedder; Tolerance; Trophic framework