title: Surveillance after initial surgery for Stage I pediatric and adolescent boys with malignant testicular germ cell tumors: Report from the Children's Oncology Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine prognostic factors correlating with outcome in boys with Stage I malignant testicular germ cell tumors (MTGCT) initially managed with surveillance after surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2003 and July 2011, 80 boys 0-15 years with Stage I MTGCT were enrolled in Children's Oncology Group Study AGCT0132. Those with residual or recurrent disease were treated with chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characteristics include: age (65, 0-5 years and 15, 11+years), pure YST (93.9%, 0-5 years and 0%, 11+years); and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (50.6% present vs. 49.4% absent). At median follow-up of 4.94 years, 19 had persistent or recurrent disease, all detected by elevated AFP at a median of 87 days after study enrollment. The outcome from enrollment was 4-year EFS 74% (95% CI: 63%-83%) and 4-year OS 100%. 4-year EFS was improved with younger age (<11 years, 80% vs. 11+years, 48%, p<0.01); pure YST vs. mixed histology (81% vs. 45%, p<0.01), and lack of LVI (84% vs. 62%, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Boys with Stage I MTGCT have excellent overall survival when treated with surgery alone. Age greater than 10 years, mixed histology and presence of LVI are each associated with relapse and may allow identification of high risk boys at time of enrollment.
authors: Indiana University School of Medicine, USA. Electronic address: frescorl@iupiu.edu.
authors: Frederick J
authors: FJ
authors: Rescorla
authors: University Hospital Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, USA.
authors: Jonathan H
authors: JH
authors: Ross
authors: Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
authors: Deborah F
authors: DF
authors: Billmire
authors: Stollery Children's Hospital, Canada.
authors: Bryan J
authors: BJ
authors: Dicken
authors: Children's Oncology Group, USA.
authors: Doojduen
authors: D
authors: Villaluna
authors: Helen DeVos Children's Hospital at Spectrum Health, USA.
authors: Mary M
authors: MM
authors: Davis
authors: University of Southern California, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Krailo
authors: Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, USA.
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Cullen
authors: Children's Healthcare of Atlanta-Egleston, USA.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Olson
authors: University Hospital Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, USA.
authors: Rachel A
authors: RA
authors: Egler
authors: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: Amatruda
authors: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Rodrigues-Galindo
authors: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, USA.
authors: A Lindsey
authors: AL
authors: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting
keywords: malignant testes germ cell tumors