title: Factors influencing feasibility of direct posterior reduction in irreducible traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation secondary to isolated odontoid fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Direct posterior reduction by intraoperative manipulation of joints for irreducible traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation (IrTAAD) has gained acceptance in the recent past. However, factors determining its feasibility have not been elucidated. Our study aims to examine the clinico-radiological factors predicting feasibility of direct posterior reduction in IrTAAD secondary to isolated odontoid fracture, in an attempt to differentiate the "truly irreducible" from those "deemed irreducible."
  
  
  METHODS
  The onset and progression of neck pain and myelopathy was studied in 6 patients of IrTAAD with fracture odontoid, which failed to reduce despite traction. The dynamic X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans of craniovertebral junction, along with the vertebral artery angiogram were studied to look for the slightest mobility, interface of fractured fragments, malunion, callous, and relationship of the C1-2 facets and vertebral artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 6 patients had progressive worsening of neck pain. Three patients had progressive myelopathy. Three patients presented 6 months after trauma. Radiology showed type-II fracture with IrTAAD (anterolisthesis in 5 and retrolisthesis with lateral dislocation in 1) and locked facets in all. X-rays showed doubtful callous formation in 3 patients and CT confirmed non-union. Three patients showed angular movement on dynamic X-rays despite irreducibility and locked facets. Angiogram showed thrombosis of vertebral artery in one patient. Intraoperative reduction could be achieved in all 6 patients with good clinico-radiological outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worsening pain, progression of myelopathy, some movement on dynamic X-rays, a malunion ruled out on CT scan, and the presence of locked facets make direct posterior reduction feasible in patients with IrTAAD. The difficulty increases in remote fractures due to fibrosis around the dislocated joints. The role of the CT angiogram, in defining the relationship of Vertebral artery (VA) to the dislocated facets, and in determining the extent of VA injury, is vital. Preoperative detection of VA injury reduces the chance of intraoperative reduction, especially if only unilateral joint approach is planned.
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , PGIMER , Chandigarh , India.
authors: Pravin
authors: P
authors: Salunke
authors: Sushanta K
authors: SK
authors: Sahoo
authors: Amey
authors: A
authors: Savardekar
authors: Mandeep
authors: M
authors: Ghuman
authors: N K
authors: NK
authors: Khandelwal
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: direct posterior reduction; fracture odontoid; irreducibility; traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation