title: Anthropometric Measures at Multiple Times Throughout Life and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Metastasis, and Death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of prostate cancer (PCa) risk and anthropometrics (ie, body measurements) were based on single measurements or obtained over limited time spans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between anthropometrics measured at multiple time points in life and their relation to later diagnosis, metastasis, or death from PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study includes 27 167 Swedish men enrolled in two population-based projects from 1974 to 1996. PCa diagnosis up to December 31, 2006, disease information, gestation time, and anthropometrics at birth, military conscript testing, and adulthood were collected. A total of 1355 PCa cases were matched with 5271 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate conditional logistic regression was used to determine whether clinical diagnosis, metastasis, or PCa death was associated with low birth weight (weight <2500 g); with small size for gestational age; or with weight, length, or body mass index (BMI) at birth, adolescence (aged 16-22 yr), or early middle age (aged 44-50 yr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from weight at adolescence, which was associated with an increased risk of PCa diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] per 5 kg: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.09; p=0.026), preadulthood measurements were not associated with any PCa end point. Adulthood parameters were not associated with diagnosis. In contrast, weight and BMI at early middle age were significantly associated with metastasis (OR per 5 kg: 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.20; p<0.0001, and OR: 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.14; p<0.0001) and death (OR per 5 kg: 1.11 (95% CI, 1.03-1.19; p=0.005, and OR: 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; p=0.003), respectively. It remains unclear whether these results apply to men of nonwhite origin, to populations with active PCa screening programs, or to countries without socialized health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyses of these large data sets demonstrate that significant effects of body characteristics (with links to metabolic syndrome) measured at early middle age are associated with PCa disease severity, metastatic progression, and outcome. Conversely, measurements at birth and adolescence are not associated with PCa prevalence or outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased weight and body mass index in adults is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer metastasis and death.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Urology), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Gerdtsson
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Jessica B
authors: JB
authors: Poon
authors: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Daniel L
authors: DL
authors: Thorek
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Lorelei A
authors: LA
authors: Mucci
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Evans
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Scardino
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Urology), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Per-Anders
authors: PA
authors: Abrahamsson
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Medicine), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Nilsson
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Surgery), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Jonas
authors: J
authors: Manjer
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Urology), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Bjartell
authors: Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Malm
authors: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Vickers
authors: Surgery Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Freedland
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Medicine), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine (GU-Oncology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Lilja
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences (Urology), Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ulmerth@mskcc.org.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ulmert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Exposure windows; Long-term risk predictions; Metabolic syndrome–associated anthropometrics; Prostate cancer; Risk factors