title: Resilience in a reborn nation: Validation of the Lithuanian Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resilience, as an ability to withstand or rebound from crisis or adversity, is becoming an increasingly significant concept in health promotion and well-being. Individuals exhibiting resilience use skills or resources flexibly to solve situational demands. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) may be used to assess protective resources, and the aim of the present study was to validate the Lithuanian translation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The translated RSA was administered to a clinical (n=125) and a non clinical sample (n=499) to examine the discriminant validity of the RSA items with a confirmatory factor analysis, the internal consistency as well as construct validity by correlating it with the Quick Psycho-Affective Symptoms Scan (QPASS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The internal consistency, the test-retest stability and the factor structure were replicated as adequate, thus indicating good psychometric properties and support of discriminant validity. Females reported more resilience resources for the domains of social competence, family cohesion and social resources compared to men. The RSA subscales correlated negatively with the QPASS scores, and patients reported significantly less resilience resources than non-patients, thus indicating construct validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valid psychometric tools for research purposes and routine every-day use are urgently needed in Lithuania, a young nation still under numerous challenges due to social, economic and political transitions. The RSA represents a reliable and valid tool for assessing protective factors. Assessing resilience factors may extend the understanding of factors relevant for mental health problems as well as treatment prognosis beyond the capabilities of mere symptom oriented approaches.
authors: Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vasaros 5, 10309 Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: jan.hilbig@web.de.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Hilbig
authors: Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vasaros 5, 10309 Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: rima.viliuniene@mf.vu.lt.
authors: Rima
authors: R
authors: Viliūnienė
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Electronic address: oddgeir.friborg@uit.no.
authors: Oddgeir
authors: O
authors: Friborg
authors: Vilmantė Pakalniškienė, Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University, Universiteto 9/1, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: vilmante.pakalniskiene@gmail.com.
authors: Vilmantė
authors: V
authors: Pakalniškienė
authors: Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vasaros 5, 10309 Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: vita.danileviciute@mf.vu.lt.
authors: Vita
authors: V
authors: Danilevičiūtė
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult