title: Abamectin resistance in strains of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is linked to elevated glutathione S-transferase activity.
abstract: Abamectin resistance was selected in the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) under laboratory conditions, and cross-resistance patterns and possible resistance mechanisms in the abamectin-resistant strains (AL-R, AF-R) were investigated. Compared with the susceptible strain (SS), strain AL-R displayed 39-fold resistance to abamectin after 20 selection cycles during 25 generations, and strain AF-R exhibited 59-fold resistance to abamectin after 16 selection cycles during 22 generations. No cross-resistance to cyromazine was found in both abamectin-resistant strains. However, we failed to select for cyromazine resistance in L. sativae under laboratory conditions by conducting 17 selection cycles during 22 generations. However, moderate levels of cross-resistance to abamectin (6-9 fold) were observed in strains which received cyromazine treatments. Biochemical analysis showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in both abamectin-resistant strains (AL-R, AF-R) was significantly higher than in the susceptible strain (SS), suggesting metabolically driven resistance to abamectinin L. sativae. Recommendations of mixtures or rotation of cyromazine and abamectin should be considered carefully, as consecutive cyromazine treatments may select for low-level cross-resistance to abamectin.
authors: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
authors: Qing-Bo
authors: QB
authors: Wei
authors: Zhong-Ren
authors: ZR
authors: Lei
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Nauen
authors: Du-Cheng
authors: DC
authors: Cai
authors: Yu-Lin
authors: YL
authors: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014227:Triazines; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; C028704:cyromazine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: GST; Liriomyza sativae; abamectin; cyromazine; insecticide resistance