title: Radial head implant diameter: A biomechanical assessment of the forgotten dimension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of radial head implant length has been a subject of controversy, with the impact on clinical outcomes and forearm biomechanics being extensively studied. However, the impact of radial head diameter on forearm load transfer has not been examined. This study examined the influence of radial head implant diameter on forearm load transfer as measured by interosseous membrane tension and radiocapitellar joint contact characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An upper extremity simulator was utilized to study five cadaveric specimens with three different radial head implant diameters (-2mm, anatomically sized, +2mm). A load sensing device was woven into the fibers of the central band of the interosseous membrane to quantify its tension. An inter-positional pressure measurement sensor was used to quantify radiocapitellar joint contact force and area. Axial loads of 160N were applied to the forearm during forearm rotation with the elbow at 90° of flexion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes to the radial head diameter did not change radiocapitellar contact force or area (P=0.4 and P=0.5 respectively). There was a linear relationship between radial head diameter and interosseous membrane tension; increasing radial head diameter increases the interosseous membrane tension (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although radial head diameter was not found to alter radiocapitellar contact area or force, the interosseous membrane tension was impacted. After radial head arthroplasty, an increase in radial head implant diameter increases the interosseous membrane tension, with a potential for increased pain and stiffness. There is also a potential for increased proximal radioulnar joint contact pressures; resulting in stem loosening or radio-ulnar pain.
authors: London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital, 339 Windermere Rd., London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada. Electronic address: Brent.Lanting@lhsc.on.ca.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Lanting
authors: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. Electronic address: Louis.Ferreira@sjhc.london.on.ca.
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Ferreira
authors: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. Electronic address: Jim.Johnson@sjhc.london.on.ca.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Johnson
authors: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. Electronic address: Graham.King@sjhc.london.on.ca.
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: King
authors: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. Electronic address: George.Athwal@sjhc.london.on.ca.
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Athwal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001178:Arthroplasty; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011884:Radius / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012399:Rotation
keywords: Diameter; Implant size; Interosseous membrane; Over-lengthening; Over-stuffing; Radial head arthroplasty; Radial head fracture