title: Multi-generational drinking of bottled low mineral water impairs bone quality in female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of reproductions and hormone changes, females are more sensitive to bone mineral loss during their lifetime. Bottled water has become more popular in recent years, and a large number of products are low mineral water. However, research on the effects of drinking bottled low mineral water on bone health is sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the skeletal effects of multi-generational bottled water drinking in female rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats continuously drank tap water (TW), bottled natural water (bNW), bottled mineralized water (bMW), or bottled purified water (bPW) for three generations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum deflection, elastic deflection, and ultimate strain of the femoral diaphysis in the bNW, bMW, and bPW groups and the fracture strain in the bNW and bMW groups were significantly decreased. The tibiae calcium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than that in the TW group. The tibiae and teeth magnesium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than those in the TW group. The collagen turnover markers PICP (in both bNW and bPW groups) were significantly lower than that in the TW group. In all three low mineral water groups, the 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D levels were significantly lower than those in the TW group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term drinking of low mineral water may disturb bone metabolism and biochemical properties and therefore weaken biomechanical bone properties in females. Drinking tap water, which contains adequate minerals, was found to be better for bone health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on drinking bottled low mineral water and female bone quality on three generation model.
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Zhiqun
authors: Z
authors: Qiu
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Tan
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Zeng
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Lingqiao
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Dahua
authors: D
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Jiaohua
authors: J
authors: Luo
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Yujing
authors: Y
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Health Education, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Ji-an
authors: JA
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Weiqun
authors: W
authors: Shu
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D060766:Drinking Water; D008903:Minerals