title: Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population.
abstract: Although enteric viruses constitute a major cause of acute waterborne diseases worldwide, environmental data about occurrence and viral load of enteric viruses in water are not often available. In this study, enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus, aichivirus, astrovirus, cosavirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, norovirus of genogroups I and II, rotavirus A and salivirus) were monitored in the Seine River and the origin of contamination was untangled. A total of 275 water samples were collected, twice a month for one year, from the river Seine, its tributaries and the major WWTP effluents in the Paris agglomeration. All water samples were negative for hepatitis A and E viruses. AdV, NVGI, NVGII and RV-A were the most prevalent and abundant populations in all water samples. The viral load and the detection frequency increased significantly between the samples collected the most upstream and the most downstream of the Paris urban area. The calculated viral fluxes demonstrated clearly the measurable impact of WWTP effluents on the viral contamination of the Seine River. The viral load was seasonal for almost all enteric viruses, in accordance with the gastroenteritis recordings provided by the French medical authorities. These results implied the existence of a close relationship between the health status of inhabitants and the viral contamination of WWTP effluents and consequently surface water contamination. Subsequently, the regular analysis of wastewater could serve as a proxy for the monitoring of the human viruses circulating in both a population and surface water.
authors: LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61, Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Prevost
authors: LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61, Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
authors: F S
authors: FS
authors: Lucas
authors: SIAAP, Direction du développement et de la prospective, 82, Avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Goncalves
authors: SIAAP, Direction du développement et de la prospective, 82, Avenue Kléber, 92700 Colombes, France.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Richard
authors: Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur Seinze, France. Electronic address: Laurent.moulin@eaudeparis.fr.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Moulin
authors: Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur Seinze, France.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Wurtzer
mesh_terms: D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005602:France; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Enteric viruses; PCR; River water; Viral load; Wastewater effluent; Water contamination