title: The Effect of Transitions in Caregiving Status and Intensity on Perceived Stress Among 992 Female Caregivers and Noncaregivers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Informal caregiving, a chronic stressor, is also a dynamic experience, as caregivers may repeatedly enter and exit the role and alter the amount of care they provide. Changes in caregiving status and intensity influence stress, but few studies have evaluated the simultaneous impact of these changes on perceived stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,027 female caregivers and noncaregivers (mean age = 81.7), of which 992 were included in the final sample, were followed for at least two consecutive annual interviews (ie, one interval) and up to five interviews over a 9-year period. Caregiving status was measured by self-report of whether the respondent assisted someone with at least one basic or instrumental activity of daily living; caregiving intensity was dichotomized at the median number of basic or instrumental activity of daily living tasks caregivers performed. The associations between changes in caregiving status and intensity level with Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score at the end of an interval were estimated using mixed-effects regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents contributed 2,832 intervals. High-intensity caregivers reported the highest stress at the end of an interval, whereas noncaregivers reported the lowest (mean PSS = 18.97 vs 15.73, p < .01). Low-intensity caregivers, whose intensity increased, had higher stress than continuing high-intensity caregivers. Those who stopped caregiving, regardless of intensity level, reported the same amount of stress as noncaregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transitions in caregiving status and intensity affect caregiver perceived stress. Continuing high-intensity caregivers and those who transition from low- to high-intensity caregiving report the highest stress of all transition groups, suggesting that stress-reduction interventions should target high-intensity caregivers.
authors: Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.
authors: Jennifer G
authors: JG
authors: Lyons
authors: Epidemiology Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Jane A
authors: JA
authors: Cauley
authors: Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts. lfredman@bu.edu.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Fredman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Care transitions; Caregiving; Psychological stress