title: Trends and inequities in use of maternal health care services in Bangladesh, 1991-2011.
abstract: METHODS
  Monitoring use-inequity is important to measure progress in efforts to address health-inequities. Using data from six Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS), we examine trends, inequities and socio-demographic determinants of use of maternal health care services in Bangladesh between 1991 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Access to maternal health care services has improved in the last two decades. The adjusted yearly trend was 9.0% (8.6%-9.5%) for any antenatal care (ANC), 11.9% (11.1%-12.7%) for institutional delivery, and 18.9% (17.3%-20.5%) for C-section delivery which is above the WHO recommended rate of 5-15%. Use-inequity was significant for all three indicators but is reducing over time. Between 1991-1994 and 2007-2011 the rich:poor ratio reduced from 3.65 to 1.65 for ANC and from 15.80 to 6.77 for institutional delivery. Between 1995-1998 and 2007-2011, the concentration index reduced from 0.27 (0.25-0.29) to 0.15 (0.14-0.16) for ANC, and from 0.65 (0.60-0.71) to 0.39 (0.37-0.41) for institutional delivery during that period. For use of c-section, the rich:poor ratio reduced from 18.17 to 13.39 and the concentration index from 0.66 (0.57-0.75) to 0.47 (0.45-0.49). In terms of rich:poor differences, there was equity-gain for ANC but not for facility delivery or C-section delivery. All socio-demographic variables were significant predictors of use; of them, maternal education was the most powerful. In addition, the contribution of for-profit private sector is increasingly growing in maternal health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both access and equity are improving in maternal health. We recommend strengthening ongoing health and non-health interventions for the poor. Use-inequity should be monitored using multiple indicators which are incorporated into routine health information systems. Rising C-section rate is alarming and indication of C-sections should be monitored both in private and public sector facilities.
authors: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Iqbal
authors: I
authors: Anwar
authors: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Herfina Y
authors: HY
authors: Nababan
authors: James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Shabnam
authors: S
authors: Mostari
authors: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Aminur
authors: A
authors: Rahman
authors: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Jahangir A M
authors: JA
authors: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult