title: Treatment of industrial effluents in constructed wetlands: challenges, operational strategies and overall performance.
abstract: The application of constructed wetlands (CWs) has significantly expanded to treatment of various industrial effluents, but knowledge in this field is still insufficiently summarized. This review is accordingly necessary to better understand this state-of-the-art technology for further design development and new ideas. Full-scale cases of CWs for treating various industrial effluents are summarized, and challenges including high organic loading, salinity, extreme pH, and low biodegradability and color are evaluated. Even horizontal flow CWs are widely used because of their passive operation, tolerance to high organic loading, and decolorization capacity, free water surface flow CWs are effective for treating oil field/refinery and milking parlor/cheese making wastewater for settlement of total suspended solids, oil, and grease. Proper pretreatment, inflow dilutions through re-circulated effluent, pH adjustment, plant selection and intensifications in the wetland bed, such as aeration and bioaugmentation, are recommended according to the specific characteristics of industrial effluents.
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: wushubiao@gmail.com.
authors: Shubiao
authors: S
authors: Wu
authors: Naturally Wallace Consulting, 7801 Vauxhill Drive, PO Box 99587, Raleigh, NC 27624, United States.
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Wallace
authors: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Brix
authors: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig D-04318, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kuschk
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
authors: Wesley Kipkemoi
authors: WK
authors: Kirui
authors: Iridra, Via La Marmora 51, 50121 Florence, Italy.
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Masi
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
authors: Renjie
authors: R
authors: Dong
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D007221:Industry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Challenges; Constructed wetlands; Industrial effluents; Intensification; Operation strategy; Overall performance