title: Nephrotoxic effects of varenicline as the most effective drug used for smoking cessation: a preliminary experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Varenicline is a new most effective drug for smoking cessation. Its effect on kidney functions remains unclear. This study purposed to investigate whether varenicline causes nephrotoxicity in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, 0.0125 mg kg(-1) varenicline and 0.025 mg kg(-1) varenicline (single dose for 3 days, i.p.). Before and after experimental period, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, creatinine and urea levels were measured. Total oxidant and antioxidant status were measured in kidney homogenates. Histological examination was performed in kidney.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nephrotoxic effects of varenicline were detected by histopathological and biochemical examinations in the varenicline treatment groups. No change was observed in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings firstly indicate that a 3-day varenicline treatment causes nephrotoxic effects in rats.
authors: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, ÇağişYerleşkesi, 10145, Balikesir, Turkey, akifkoc@yahoo.com.
authors: Akif
authors: A
authors: Koç
authors: Haydar Ali
authors: HA
authors: Erken
authors: Fatma Emel
authors: FE
authors: Koçak
authors: Arzu
authors: A
authors: Yay
authors: Aydin
authors: A
authors: Güçlü
authors: Erhan
authors: E
authors: Sari
authors: Hasan
authors: H
authors: Şimşek
authors: Gözde Özge
authors: GÖ
authors: Önder
authors: Osman
authors: O
authors: Genç
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016877:Oxidants; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D000068580:Varenicline / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000975:Antioxidants; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D016877:Oxidants; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D000068580:Varenicline