title: Losses as ecological guides: minor losses lead to maximization and not to avoidance.
abstract: Losses are commonly thought to result in a neuropsychological avoidance response. We suggest that losses also provide ecological guidance by increasing focus on the task at hand, and that this effect may override the avoidance response. This prediction was tested in a series of studies. In Study 1a we found that minor losses did not lead to an avoidance response. Instead, they guided participants to make advantageous choices (in terms of expected value) and to avoid disadvantageous choices. Moreover, losses were associated with less switching between options after the first block of exploration. In Study 1b we found that this effect was not simply a by-product of the increase in visual contrast with losses. In Study 1c we found that the effect of losses did not emerge when alternatives did not differ in their expected value but only in their risk level. In Study 2 we investigated the autonomic arousal dynamics associated with this behavioral pattern via pupillometric responses. The results showed increased pupil diameter following losses compared to gains. However, this increase was not associated with a tendency to avoid losses, but rather with a tendency to select more advantageously. These findings suggest that attention and reasoning processes induced by losses can out-weigh the influence of affective processes leading to avoidance.
authors: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel. Electronic address: yeldad@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors: Eldad
authors: E
authors: Yechiam
authors: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.
authors: Matan
authors: M
authors: Retzer
authors: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.
authors: Ariel
authors: A
authors: Telpaz
authors: Duke University, United States.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Attention; Loss attention; Loss aversion; Performance