title: Renal, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic effects of oral administration of meloxicam to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate renal, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic effects associated with oral administration of multiple doses of meloxicam to healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
  
  
  METHODS
  12 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birds were assigned to receive meloxicam oral suspension (1.6 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and 2.5 mL of tap water inserted into the crop by use of a gavage tube (n = 8) or the equivalent volume of tap water only (control group; 4) for 15 days. Urine and feces were collected 2 hours after treatment administration each day. Feces were evaluated for occult blood. Results of a CBC and serum biochemical analysis and measured N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and whole blood clotting time were evaluated before, during, and after completion of treatments. Results of urinalysis and measured urine NAG activity were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birds treated with meloxicam had a significant increase in number of WBCs and decrease in PCV from before to after treatment. The PCV also decreased significantly, compared with results for the control group; however, WBC count and PCV for all birds remained within reference ranges throughout the study. One parrot treated with meloxicam had a single high value for urine NAG activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meloxicam administered orally at the dosage used in this study caused no apparent negative changes in several renal, gastrointestinal, or hemostatic variables in healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Additional studies to evaluate adverse effects of NSAIDs in birds will be needed.
authors: Department of Companion Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Bas
authors: B
authors: Dijkstra
authors: David Sanchez-Migallon
authors: DS
authors: Guzman
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Gustavsen
authors: Sean D
authors: SD
authors: Owens
authors: Carlyle
authors: C
authors: Hass
authors: Philip H
authors: PH
authors: Kass
authors: Joanne R
authors: JR
authors: Paul-Murphy
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000097:blood; D000284:Administration, Oral; D046708:Amazona / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D000077239:Meloxicam; D013843:Thiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase; D000077239:Meloxicam