title: Spherophylon, the concept of life at a level higher than that of the individual.
abstract: A new term, spherophylon, indicates a unit of life higher than the individual level. To define this term, critical notes are given on the meaning of age in terms of life, the interrelationships among the elements of biodiversity, and an analogy of development between the multicellular body of an individual and the spherophylon. Life is compared at various levels; at the level of the cell, the individual as a multicellular organism, and the spherophylon. The biology of the spherophylon is discussed in the context of integrative biology.
authors: Museum of Nature and Human Activities Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan.
authors: Kunio
authors: K
authors: Iwatsuki
keywords: Age of life; cell; individual; integrative biology; multicellular organism; spherophylon