title: The role of childhood maltreatment in the altered trait and global expression of personality in cocaine addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug addictions are debilitating disorders that are highly associated with personality abnormalities. Early life stress (ELS) is a common risk factor for addiction and personality disturbances, but the relationships between ELS, addiction, and personality are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five research participants were assessed for and grouped by ELS history and cocaine dependence. NEO-FFI personality measures were compared between the groups to define ELS- and addiction-related differences in personality traits. ELS and cocaine dependence were then examined as predictors of personality trait scores. Finally, k-means clustering was used to uncover clusters of personality trait configurations within the sample. Odds of cluster membership across subject groups was then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trait expression differed significantly across subject groups. Cocaine-dependent subjects with a history of ELS (cocaine+/ELS+) displayed the greatest deviations in normative personality. Cocaine dependence significantly predicted four traits, while ELS predicted neuroticism and agreeableness; there was no interaction effect between ELS and cocaine dependence. The cluster analysis identified four distinct personality profiles: Open, Gregarious, Dysphoric, and Closed. Distribution of these profiles across subject groups differed significantly. Inclusion in cocaine+/ELS+, cocaine-/ELS+, and cocaine-/ELS- groups significantly increased the odds of expressing the Dysphoric, Open and Gregarious profiles, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine dependence and early life stress were significantly and differentially associated with altered expression of individual personality traits and their aggregation as personality profiles, suggesting that individuals who are at-risk for developing addictions due to ELS exposure may benefit from personality centered approaches as an early intervention and prevention.
authors: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors: Lisa K
authors: LK
authors: Brents
authors: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors: Shanti Prakash
authors: SP
authors: Tripathi
authors: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Young
authors: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors: G Andrew
authors: GA
authors: James
authors: Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. Electronic address: cdkilts@uams.edu.
authors: Clinton D
authors: CD
authors: Kilts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Addiction; Childhood maltreatment; Five-factor model; Person-centered; Personality; Resilience