title: Influence of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Gingival Pigmentation in Schoolchildren.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and oral pigmentation in schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral photographs of 117 systemically healthy, nonsmoking children and young adults (aged 10 to 21 years) were randomly selected from two rural schools. Closed-ended questionnaires were designed for this age group and used to record answers given by the subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups based on age: group 1 (10 to 14 years) and group 2 (15 to 21 years). There were 58 subjects in group 1 and 59 in group 2. Gingival pigmentation was classified using the Melanin Index Score (MIS) into MIS-0 (no pigmentation), MIS-1 (solitary unit(s) of pigmentation in papillary gingiva) and MIS-2 (continuous band extending from 2 neighbouring solitary units).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, 17.24% of subjects displayed MIS-0 compared to only 5.08% in group 2. The difference between the groups was found to be statistically significant according to Student's t-test (p < 0.001). In group 2, 38.98% of subjects showed MIS-2 as compared to only 17.24% subjects in group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the relatively small sample size, the results of the present study confirmed previously reported findings that ETS has an influence on both the prevalence and the severity of gingival pigmentation.
authors: Rajendra
authors: R
authors: Yadav
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Deo
authors: Pradeep
authors: P
authors: Kumar
authors: Amit
authors: A
authors: Heda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D023861:Photography, Dental; D012423:Rural Health; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution