title: T-helper1/T-helper2 cytokine imbalance in the iris of patients with glaucoma.
abstract: The mechanistic study of glaucoma pathogenesis has shifted to seeking to understand the effects of immune responses on retinal ganglion cell damage and protection. Cytokines mediate the biological effects of the immune system, and our previous study revealed an imbalance of T-helper (Th) 1-derived and Th2-derived cytokines in the serum of patients with glaucoma. In this study, we collected irises from normal individuals and patients with primary open-angle closure (POAG) or chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG). We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure the expression of Th1 (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)), Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and Th3 (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)) cytokines. We then performed immunohistochemical staining to characterize the localization of the upregulated cytokines in iris cryosections. We observed an upward trend in the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ and a downward trend in IL-6 expression in the iris of POAG and CACG patients. Expression of TGF-β also increased. Immunohistochemistry revealed that IL-2 expression in POAG and CACG patients was localized in the anterior surface of the blood vessel wall in the stroma of the iris, in the cytoplasm of some cells, in the anterior epithelium, and in the posterior pigment epithelium. These findings indicate that immune status differed between the iris tissues of POAG and CACG patients and those of normal individuals. A T-helper cytokine imbalance may modulate the immune microenvironment in glaucomatous eyes and thus influence optic neuropathy.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China.
authors: ManSin
authors: M
authors: Wong
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Weiyi
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors: Samuel S
authors: SS
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China.
authors: Chun
authors: C
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007498:Iris / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines