title: Negative affect prior to and following overeating-only, loss of control eating-only, and binge eating episodes in obese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the trajectory of five types of negative affect (global negative affect, fear, guilt, hostility, sadness) prior to and following three types of eating episodes (overeating in the absence of loss of control [OE-only], loss of control eating in the absence of overeating [LOC-only], and binge eating) among obese adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty obese adults (84% female) completed a two-week EMA protocol during which they were asked to record all eating episodes and rate each episode on continua of overeating and loss of control. Momentary measures of global negative affect, fear, guilt, hostility, and sadness were assessed using an abbreviated version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Trajectories for each of the five types of negative affect were modeled prior to and following episodes of OE-only, LOC-only, and binge eating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous findings, global negative affect and Guilt increased prior to and decreased following binge eating episodes (all ps < .05). Guilt also decreased following OE-only episodes (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the affect regulation model of binge eating and suggest that binge eating may function to regulate global negative affect, and more specifically, guilt among obese adults. These data suggest that the relationship between negative affect and binge eating may not be unique to individuals with clinical eating disorders and indicate that targeting negative affect may be an effective strategy for the treatment of binge eating in the context of obesity.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors: Kelly C
authors: KC
authors: Berg
authors: Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota.
authors: Ross D
authors: RD
authors: Crosby
authors: Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Cao
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.|The Emily Program, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors: Scott J
authors: SJ
authors: Crow
authors: Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota.
authors: Scott G
authors: SG
authors: Engel
authors: Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota.
authors: Stephen A
authors: SA
authors: Wonderlich
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.|The Emily Program, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
authors: Carol B
authors: CB
authors: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: affect regulation model; binge eating; ecological momentary assessment; negative affect; obesity