title: Hypo- and hypervolemic edema in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the volume status in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and to emphasize the importance of echocardiography in demonstrating of volume changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two SSNS patients and 30 healthy children were enrolled in this study. The volume statuses of patients were evaluated by clinical and laboratory features, including fractional sodium excretion (FENa) and distal sodium/potassium exchange (UK/UNa+K ratio). Inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCCI), left atrial diameter (LAD), aortic diameter (AD), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were measured using conventional echocardiographic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FENa was lower in children with NS; however, the distal K/Na ratio of the patient and control groups did not differ. In addition, IVCCI, LAD, AD, and LVMI were not different among groups. When evaluating the volume status of patients, 8 patients (25%) were hypovolemic while 24 patients (75%) were nonhypovolemic (normovolemic or hypervolemic). LAD was significantly lower in hypovolemic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of children with SSNS are normovolemic or hypervolemic and echocardiography is an easy and valuable method for the evaluation of volume status in these patients.
authors: Mehmet Akif
authors: MA
authors: Büyükavci
authors: Mahmut
authors: M
authors: Çivilibal
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Elevli
authors: Hatice Nilgün
authors: HN
authors: Selçuk Duru
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D004487:Edema / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium