title: Head and pelvic movement asymmetry during lungeing in horses with symmetrical movement on the straight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lungeing is commonly used as part of standard lameness examinations in horses. Knowledge of how lungeing influences motion symmetry in sound horses is needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the symmetry of vertical head and pelvic motion during lungeing in a large number of horses with symmetric motion during straight line evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pool of 201 riding horses, all functioning well and considered sound by their owners, were evaluated in trot on a straight line and during lungeing to the left and right. From this pool, horses with symmetric vertical head and pelvic movement during the straight line trot (n = 94) were retained for analysis. Vertical head and pelvic movements were measured with body mounted uniaxial accelerometers. Differences between vertical maximum and minimum head (HDmax, HDmin) and pelvic (PDmax, PDmin) heights between left and right forelimb and hindlimb stances were compared between straight line trot and lungeing in either direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertical head and pelvic movements during lungeing were more asymmetric than during trot on a straight line. Common asymmetric patterns seen in the head were more upward movement during push-off of the outside forelimb and less downward movement during impact of the inside limb. Common asymmetric patterns seen in the pelvis were less upward movement during push-off of the outside hindlimb and less downward movement of the pelvis during impact of the inside hindlimb. Asymmetric patterns in one lunge direction were frequently not the same as in the opposite direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lungeing induces systematic asymmetries in vertical head and pelvic motion patterns in horses that may not be the same in both directions. These asymmetries may mask or mimic fore- or hindlimb lameness.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rhodin
authors: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Roepstorff
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: French
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Keegan
authors: Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Pfau
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Egenvall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: circle; gait analysis; horse; lunge; symmetry