title: Analytical and microbiological characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains.
abstract: This work comprises the use of a multi-analytical approach combined with microbiological studies to characterize six paper samples, containing foxing stains, from the 20th century, regarding their cellulose matrix, fillers, and sizing materials, and to evaluate possible paper degradation that might have occurred during the foxing stains. Photography under different illuminations and optical microscopy were used for morphological characterization of the paper samples and foxing stains. Scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was of particular importance for defining the presence of fiber disorder and disruption on the surface of some of the stains, and localized accumulations of mineral-like particles on the surface of others. SEM-EDS, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) were used for the identification of mineral fillers, whereas sizing agents were analyzed using ATR-FT-IR. EDXRF results showed that no differences, within the standard deviation, were found in iron and copper contents between the foxed and unfoxed areas. Fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium spp. were found in all the paper samples. Unfoxed areas presented lower contamination than the foxed areas.
authors: 1Departamento de Química,Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia,Centro de Química de Évora & Laboratório HERCULES,Universidade de Évora,Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8,7000-809 Évora,Portugal.
authors: Margarida
authors: M
authors: Nunes
authors: 1Departamento de Química,Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia,Centro de Química de Évora & Laboratório HERCULES,Universidade de Évora,Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8,7000-809 Évora,Portugal.
authors: Cátia
authors: C
authors: Relvas
authors: 2Laboratório José de Figueiredo,Direção Geral do Património Cultural,Rua das Janelas Verdes,1249-018 Lisboa,Portugal.
authors: Francisca
authors: F
authors: Figueira
authors: 2Laboratório José de Figueiredo,Direção Geral do Património Cultural,Rua das Janelas Verdes,1249-018 Lisboa,Portugal.
authors: Joana
authors: J
authors: Campelo
authors: 1Departamento de Química,Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia,Centro de Química de Évora & Laboratório HERCULES,Universidade de Évora,Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8,7000-809 Évora,Portugal.
authors: António
authors: A
authors: Candeias
authors: 1Departamento de Química,Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia,Centro de Química de Évora & Laboratório HERCULES,Universidade de Évora,Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8,7000-809 Évora,Portugal.
authors: Ana T
authors: AT
authors: Caldeira
authors: 1Departamento de Química,Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia,Centro de Química de Évora & Laboratório HERCULES,Universidade de Évora,Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8,7000-809 Évora,Portugal.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010209:Paper / Q000266:history*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: ATR-FT-IR