title: Educational attainment and longevity: results from the REGARDS U.S. national cohort study of blacks and whites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Educational attainment may be an important determinant of life expectancy. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the relationship between educational attainment and life expectancy using adjustments for other social, behavioral, and biological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study that enrolled 30,239 black and white adults (≥45 years) between 2003 and 2007. Demographic and cardiovascular risk information was collected and participants were followed for health outcomes. Educational attainment was categorized as less than high school education, high school graduate, some college, or college graduate. Proportional hazards analysis was used to characterize survival by level of education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Educational attainment and follow-up data were available on 29,657 (98%) of the participants. Over 6.3 years of follow-up, 3673 participants died. There was a monotonically increasing risk of death with lower levels of educational attainment. The same monotonic relationship held with adjustments for age, race, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and health behaviors. The unadjusted hazard ratio for those without a high school education in comparison with college graduates was 2.89 (95% CI = 2.64-3.18). Although adjustment for income, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the relationship, the same consistent pattern was observed after adjustment. The relationship between educational attainment and longevity was similar for black and white participants. The monotonic relationship between educational attainment and longevity was observed for all age groups, except for those aged 85 years or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Educational attainment is a significant predictor of longevity. Other factors including age, race, income, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk factors only partially explain the relationship.
authors: Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Electronic address: rmkaplan@ucla.edu.
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Kaplan
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors: Virginia J
authors: VJ
authors: Howard
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors: Monika M
authors: MM
authors: Safford
authors: Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000208:ethnology*; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: All-cause mortality; Educational attainment; Life expectancy; Prospective cohort