title: Phylogenetic reconstruction by cross-species chromosome painting and G-banding in four species of Phyllostomini tribe (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in the Brazilian Amazon: an independent evidence for monophyly.
abstract: The subfamily Phyllostominae comprises taxa with a variety of feeding strategies. From the cytogenetic point of view, Phyllostominae shows different rates of chromosomal evolution between genera, with Phyllostomus hastatus probably retaining the ancestral karyotype for the subfamily. Since chromosomal rearrangements occur rarely in the genome and have great value as phylogenetic markers and in taxonomic characterization, we analyzed three species: Lophostoma silvicola (LSI), Phyllostomus discolor (PDI) and Tonatia saurophila (TSA), representing the tribe Phyllostomini, collected in the Amazon region, by classic and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe. LSA has a karyotype of 2n=34 and FN=60, PDI has 2n=32 and FN=60 and TSA has 2n=16 and FN=20. Comparative analysis using G-banding and chromosome painting show that the karyotypic complement of TSA is highly rearranged relative to LSI and PHA, while LSI, PHA and PDI have similar karyotypes, differing by only three chromosome pairs. Nearly all chromosomes of PDI and PHA were conserved in toto, except for chromosome 15 that was changed by a pericentric inversion. A strongly supported phylogeny (bootstrap=100 and Bremer=10 steps), confirms the monophyly of Phyllostomini. In agreement with molecular topologies, TSA was in the basal position, while PHA and LSI formed sister taxa. A few ancestral syntenies are conserved without rearrangements and most associations are autapomorphic traits for Tonatia or plesiomorphic for the three genera analyzed here. The karyotype of TSA is highly derived in relation to that of other phyllostomid bats, differing from the supposed ancestral karyotype of Phyllostomidae by multiple rearrangements. Phylogenies based on chromosomal data are independent evidence for the monophyly of tribe Phyllostomini as determined by molecular topologies and provide additional support for the paraphyly of the genus Tonatia by the exclusion of the genus Lophostoma.
authors: Laboratório de Citogenética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Talita Fernanda Augusto
authors: TF
authors: Ribas
authors: Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade, ICED, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Luis Reginaldo Ribeiro
authors: LR
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Laboratório de Citogenética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; CNPQ Researcher, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Cleusa Yoshiko
authors: CY
authors: Nagamachi
authors: Laboratório de Citogenética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Anderson José Baia
authors: AJ
authors: Gomes
authors: Laboratório de Citogenética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Jorge das Dores
authors: Jd
authors: Rissino
authors: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Patricia Caroline Mary
authors: PC
authors: O'Brien
authors: Cytogenetics Facility, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Fengtang
authors: F
authors: Yang
authors: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Malcolm Andrew
authors: MA
authors: Ferguson-Smith
authors: Laboratório de Citogenética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; CNPQ Researcher, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors: Julio Cesar
authors: JC
authors: Pieczarka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001938:Brazil; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000235:genetics*; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D020223:Chromosome Painting / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D044382:Population Groups; D013045:Species Specificity