title: Household Animal and Human Medicine Use and Animal Husbandry Practices in Rural Bangladesh: Risk Factors for Emerging Zoonotic Disease and Antibiotic Resistance.
abstract: Animal antimicrobial use and husbandry practices increase risk of emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance. We surveyed 700 households to elicit information on human and animal medicine use and husbandry practices. Households that owned livestock (n = 265/459, 57.7%) reported using animal treatments 630 times during the previous 6 months; 57.6% obtained medicines, including antibiotics, from drug sellers. Government animal healthcare providers were rarely visited (9.7%), and respondents more often sought animal health care from pharmacies and village doctors (70.6% and 11.9%, respectively), citing the latter two as less costly and more successful based on past performance. Animal husbandry practices that could promote the transmission of microbes from animals to humans included the following: the proximity of chickens to humans (50.1% of households reported that the chickens slept in the bedroom); the shared use of natural bodies of water for human and animal bathing (78.3%); the use of livestock waste as fertilizer (60.9%); and gender roles that dictate that females are the primary caretakers of poultry and children (62.8%). In the absence of an effective animal healthcare system, villagers must depend on informal healthcare providers for treatment of their animals. Suboptimal use of antimicrobials coupled with unhygienic animal husbandry practices is an important risk factor for emerging zoonotic disease and resistant pathogens.
authors: Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Roess
authors: Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Winch
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Akhter
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Afroz
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Ali
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Shah
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Begum
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: H R
authors: HR
authors: Seraji
authors: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: El Arifeen
authors: Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Darmstadt
authors: Department of International Health, International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.|International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Baqui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014871:Water Microbiology; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000635:transmission*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Livestock; animal husbandry; antibiotic resistance; one health; emerging zoonotic disease; non-human antibiotic use