title: Metabolic disorders in Turkish children with urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review metabolic disorders in Turkish children with urinary tract stone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 308 pediatric patients with the diagnosis of urolithiasis between 1996 and 2008, whose disease progression was followed in a single tertiary-care center, were reviewed retrospectively. Two hundred forty-eight patients whose metabolic analyses were performed were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 248 patients participating in the study, 142 (57%) were men and 106 (43%) were women. The median age of the patients was 48 months (minimum-maximum, 2-180 months). Seventy-six percent of the patients had metabolic disorders. Of all patients, 44% had 1, 23% had 2, and 7% had 3 metabolic disorders. Hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, and cystinuria were detected in 41%, 39%, 22%, 9%, and 4% of the patients, respectively. The rate of multiple stone formation, infection, and recurrence was significantly higher in the 0-2 years age group (P = .030, P = .001, P = .019, respectively). The median age of patients was greater (P = .001) in patients with hyperoxaluria in comparison with other metabolic disorders. Compared with other metabolic disorders, multiple stones and recurrence were more frequent in patients with cystinuria (P = .022 and P = .008, respectively). The size of the stones was greater in patients with hyperuricosuria in comparison with other metabolic disorders (P = .009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of children with urinary tract stone disease exhibited ≥1 metabolic risk factors. Metabolic risk factors should be evaluated in all children with urinary stone disease to provide appropriate treatment.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: drmhc@hotmail.com.
authors: Mehmet Halil
authors: MH
authors: Celiksoy
authors: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Alev
authors: A
authors: Yilmaz
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Gonul
authors: G
authors: Aydogan
authors: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Aysel
authors: A
authors: Kiyak
authors: Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Erdem
authors: E
authors: Topal
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, İstanbul Bakırköy Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Serdar
authors: S
authors: Sander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D003555:Cystinuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid