title: Glucose but not insulin or insulin resistance is associated with memory performance in middle-aged non-diabetic women: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated concentrations of plasma glucose appear to play a role in memory impairment, and it has been suggested that insulin might also have a negative effect on cognitive function. Our aim was to study whether glucose, insulin or insulin resistance are associated with episodic or semantic memory in a non-diabetic and non-demented population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked and matched two population-based data sets identifying 291 participants (127 men and 164 women, mean age of 50.7 ± 8.0 years). Episodic and semantic memory functions were tested, and fasting plasma insulin, fasting plasma glucose, and 2-hour glucose were analysed along with other potential influencing factors on memory function. Since men and women display different results on memory functions they were analysed separately. Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA-IR method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher fasting plasma glucose concentration was associated with lower episodic memory in women (r = -0.08, 95% CI -0.14; -0.01), but not in men. Plasma insulin levels and insulin resistance were not associated with episodic or semantic memory in women or in men after adjustments for age, fasting glucose, 2-hour glucose, BMI, education, smoking, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cholesterol, and physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This indicates that fasting glucose but not insulin, might have impact on episodic memory in middle-aged women.
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Backeström
authors: Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Sture
authors: S
authors: Eriksson
authors: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Lars-Göran
authors: LG
authors: Nilsson
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Tommy
authors: T
authors: Olsson
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Olov
authors: O
authors: Rolandsson
keywords: Cognition; Episodic memory; Glucose; HOMA-IR; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Memory; Semantic memory