title: Effects and molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic fraction of Acorus calamus L. on GLP-1 expression and secretion in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The radix of Acorus calamus L. (AC) is widely used in diabetes therapies in traditional folk medicine from America and Indonesia, and we have previously reported that the ethyl acetate fraction of AC (ACE) acts as an antidiabetic through insulin sensitizing, insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The present study is designed to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of ACE on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) expression and secretion related to its hypoglycemic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypoglycemic effect of ACE (100mg/kg, i.g.) was confirmed by testing blood glucose levels or via oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic mice, db/db diabetic mice and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Plasma insulin, GLP-1 levels and intestinal GLP-1 related gene expression were determined in STZ-induced and db/db diabetic mice. The in vitro effects of ACE (12.5μg/ml) on the expression and secretion of GLP-1 were detected in NCI-H716 intestinal L-cells, and the correlation between ACE and molecules in the Wnt signaling pathway was further explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACE (100mg/kg) significantly lowered fasting blood glucose in STZ-induced and db/db diabetic mice and improved the OGTT in DIO mice. Insulin releasing and islet protective effects, along with the increased secretion of GLP-1, were observed. The expression of proglucagon gene (gcg) and post-translational processing gene prohormone convertase 3 (pc3) and the GLP-1 content in the culture medium of L-cells notably increased after the ACE treatment (12.5μg/ml). At the same time, β-catenin nuclear translocation occurred, and its downstream protein cyclin D1 was activated, showing the involvement of Wnt signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACE might activate Wnt signaling to increase the gene expression of gcg and pc3 and exert incretin effects, including insulinotropic and islet protection, to lower blood glucose levels via elevated GLP-1 secretion either directly or indirectly.
authors: Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yun-Xi
authors: YX
authors: Liu
authors: Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Mei-Mei
authors: MM
authors: Si
authors: Experiment Education Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Lu
authors: Experiment Education Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Li-Xia
authors: LX
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Chang-Xin
authors: CX
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Shu-Li
authors: SL
authors: Deng
authors: Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, China; Experiment Education Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: fwhs@zju.edu.cn.
authors: Hao-Shu
authors: HS
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D029023:Acorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D052336:Proglucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000187:drug effects; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D051176:beta Catenin; D052336:Proglucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Acorus calamus L.; Antidiabetic mechanism; Ethyl acetate fraction; GLP-1