title: Association of Parkinson's Disease and Its Subtypes with Agricultural Pesticide Exposures in Men: A Case-Control Study in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pesticides have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), but there are few data on important exposure characteristics such as dose-effect relations. It is unknown whether associations depend on clinical PD subtypes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined quantitative aspects of occupational pesticide exposure associated with PD and investigated whether associations were similar across PD subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a French population-based case-control study including men enrolled in the health insurance plan for farmers and agricultural workers, cases with clinically confirmed PD were identified through antiparkinsonian drug claims. Two controls were matched to each case. Using a comprehensive occupational questionnaire, we computed indicators for different dimensions of exposure (duration, cumulative exposure, intensity). We used conditional logistic regression to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) among exposed male farmers (133 cases, 298 controls). We examined the relation between pesticides and PD subtypes (tremor dominant/non-tremor dominant) using polytomous logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There appeared to be a stronger association with intensity than duration of pesticide exposure based on separate models, as well as a synergistic interaction between duration and intensity (p-interaction = 0.04). High-intensity exposure to insecticides was positively associated with PD among those with low-intensity exposure to fungicides and vice versa, suggesting independent effects. Pesticide exposure in farms that specialized in vineyards was associated with PD (OR = 2.56; 95% CI: 1.31, 4.98). The association with intensity of pesticide use was stronger, although not significantly (p-heterogeneity = 0.60), for tremor-dominant (p-trend < 0.01) than for non-tremor-dominant PD (p-trend = 0.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study helps to better characterize different aspects of pesticide exposure associated with PD, and shows a significant association of pesticides with tremor-dominant PD in men, the most typical PD presentation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Moisan F, Spinosi J, Delabre L, Gourlet V, Mazurie JL, Bénatru I, Goldberg M, Weisskopf MG, Imbernon E, Tzourio C, Elbaz A. 2015. Association of Parkinson's disease and its subtypes with agricultural pesticide exposures in men: a case-control study in France. Environ Health Perspect 123:1123-1129; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307970.
authors: Département santé travail, Institut de veille sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Moisan
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Spinosi
authors: Laurène
authors: L
authors: Delabre
authors: Véronique
authors: V
authors: Gourlet
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Mazurie
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Bénatru
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Goldberg
authors: Marc G
authors: MG
authors: Weisskopf
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Imbernon
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Tzourio
authors: Alexis
authors: A
authors: Elbaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000067565:Farmers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides