title: Differences between abusive head trauma and physical abuse in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined differences in characteristics between abusive head trauma (AHT) and physical abuse (PA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 45 AHT patients and 119 PA patients during the period 1 April 2000-31 March 2014, at Kanagawa Children's Medical Center (Kanagawa, Japan). We compared patient age, young maternal or parental age, being the first child, child factors (chronic illness, developmental disabilities and preterm birth), parental factors (substance abuse/alcohol abuse and depression or other mental illness), environmental factors (single-parent home, non-biologically related man living in the home and family or intimate partner violence). Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of differences between AHT and PA for children <1 year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences in characteristics between AHT and PA in those <1 year old in child factors (OR, 3.47; 95%CI: 1.01-11.9) and environmental factors (OR, 14.2; 95%CI: 1.45-139).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors for AHT differ from those of PA. We speculate that AHT is not merely physical abuse of young infants; the characteristics of AHT differ significantly from those of PA. These observations are important for understanding and thereby preventing child abuse.
authors: Department of General Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Tanoue
authors: Department of General Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: Kiyoshi
authors: K
authors: Matsui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000066550:Physical Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
keywords: abusive head trauma; child abuse; physical abuse; risk factor