title: Production of novel vinegar having antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities from Salicornia herbacea L.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salicornia herbacea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and contains significant amounts of salts and minerals. Because it is known as a folk medication to treat diseases, various processed products such as powder, globular type of powder, laver and extract have been developed. However, it is difficult to process as a drink because of its high salinity. In the present study, glasswort vinegar (GV) containing high amounts of organic acids and minerals was developed via two-step fermentation with unpolished rice substrates and investigated its antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GV showed various free radical scavenging effects, reducing power, oxidized-LDL inhibition and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Compared with the control group (orally administered 7 g kg(-1) distilled water), the GV supplementation group showed increased running endurance and had higher glycogen accumulation in liver and muscles of rats exhausted by exercise. Furthermore, the GV-administered group demonstrated significantly elevated lactate and ATP metabolism, promoting enzyme activities such as muscle creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, whereas serum fatigue biomarkers such as ammonia, lactate and inorganic acid were markedly decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that GV can be used as a functional food for the development of a dietary beverage to alleviate fatigue.
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun-Dong
authors: HD
authors: Cho
authors: Research Institute of Basic Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ju-Hye
authors: JH
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ji-Hye
authors: JH
authors: Jeong
authors: Jeonnam Institute of natural resources research, Jangheung, 529-851, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae-Yong
authors: JY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Tae
authors: ST
authors: Yee
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seok-Kyu
authors: SK
authors: Park
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Mi-Kyung
authors: MK
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kwon-Il
authors: KI
authors: Seo
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019663:Chenopodiaceae; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Salicornia herbacea L; anti-fatigue; antioxidant; fermentation; glasswort vinegar