title: Metabolic reprograming of mononuclear phagocytes in progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Accumulation of brain damage in progressive MS is partly the result of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) attacking myelin sheaths in the CNS. Although there is no cure yet for MS, significant advances have been made in the development of disease modifying agents. Unfortunately, most of these drugs fail to reverse established neurological deficits and can have adverse effects. Recent evidence suggests that MPs polarization is accompanied by profound metabolic changes, whereby pro-inflammatory MPs (M1) switch toward glycolysis, whereas anti-inflammatory MPs (M2) become more oxidative. It is therefore possible that reprograming MPs metabolism could affect their function and repress immune cell activation. This mini review describes the metabolic changes underpinning macrophages polarization and anticipates how metabolic re-education of MPs could be used for the treatment of MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation in progressive MS is mediated primarily by MPs.Cell metabolism regulates the function of MPs.DMAs can re-educate the metabolism of MPs to promote healing.
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , UK.
authors: Gillian Margaret
authors: GM
authors: Tannahill
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , UK.
authors: Nunzio
authors: N
authors: Iraci
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , UK ; MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.
authors: Edoardo
authors: E
authors: Gaude
authors: Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , UK ; MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Frezza
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK ; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge , UK.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Pluchino
keywords: EAE; Warburg effect; immune metabolism; macrophages; microglia; mitochondria; multiple sclerosis