title: The role of inorganic pyrophosphate in aortic valve calcification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aortic valve (AV) calcification is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, yet the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Hence, an ex vivo model of calcification in intact AVs was developed in order to test the role of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi), both of which factors are known to influence vascular calcification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine AV leaflets were cultured in serum-free medium under static conditions for eight days, over which time leaflet architecture and viability were preserved. Calcification was measured as the incorporation of 45Ca, with confirmation by Alizarin Red staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcification required both a high phosphate concentration (3.8 mM) and removal of PPi with alkaline phosphatase or inorganic pyrophosphatase. Calcification occurred predominantly on the fibrosa and was arrested by the bisphosphonate etidronate, a non-hydrolyzable analog of PPi. Leaflets released PPi into the medium, and this was enhanced by MLS38949, a specific inhibitor of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Furthermore, leaflets synthesized PPi from extracellular ATP, which was reduced by β,γ-methylene-ATP, an inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphorylase phosphodiesterase (NPP1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ex vivo AV calcification model developed in the present study showed that extracellular PPi, produced by valvular tissue, is a potent inhibitor of valvular calcification. In addition to synthesis, hydrolysis by TNAP also controls PPi levels and calcification. The results suggest that a decreased synthesis or increased hydrolysis of pyrophosphate may contribute to valvular calcification, and that bisphosphonates or inhibitors of TNAP are potential preventive strategies of the process. TNAP are potential preventive strategies.
authors: Swetha
authors: S
authors: Rathan
authors: Ajit P
authors: AP
authors: Yoganathan
authors: Charles W
authors: CW
authors: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D010710:Phosphates; C107241:diphosphoric acid; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D012968:Etidronic Acid