title: Prompted to treatment by the criminal justice system: Relationships with treatment retention and outcome among cocaine users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A substantial portion of individuals entering treatment for substance use have been referred by the criminal justice system, yet there are conflicting reports regarding treatment engagement and outcome differences compared to those not referred. This study examined baseline characteristic and treatment outcome differences among cocaine-dependent individuals participating in cocaine treatment randomized trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  This secondary analysis pooled samples across five completed randomized controlled trials, resulting in 434 participants. Of these, 67 (15%) were prompted to treatment by the criminal justice system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This subsample of criminal justice prompted (CJP) individuals did not differ from those not prompted by the criminal justice system in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, or age. However, the CJP group reported more years of regular cocaine use, more severe employment and legal problems, as well as less readiness to change prior to treatment. Treatment outcomes did not differ significantly from those without a criminal justice prompt, and on some measures the outcomes for CJP group were better (e.g., percentage of days cocaine abstinent, number of therapy sessions attended).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that being prompted to treatment by the criminal justice system may not lead to poorer treatment engagement or substance use outcomes for individuals participating in randomized controlled treatment trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some baseline indicators of poorer treatment prognosis, individuals who have been prompted to treatment by the criminal justice system have similar treatment outcomes as those presenting to treatment voluntarily.
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Kiluk
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Serafini
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Malin-Mayor
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Theresa A
authors: TA
authors: Babuscio
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Charla
authors: C
authors: Nich
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Kathleen M
authors: KM
authors: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D057237:Criminals / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D004221:Disulfiram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013695:Temperance
chemical_list: D004221:Disulfiram