title: Chlorfenapyr: irritant effect compared to other insecticides and its intrinsic toxicity in multiple-insecticide-susceptible and -resistant Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For effective management of vector resistance there is a need for new insecticide molecules with novel modes of action. For desired toxic effect of an insecticide, apart from other behavioural aspects, toxicity and chemical nature of the molecule are important that may cause irritability in the mosquito to the insecticide affecting the uptake. In this study, a pyrrole class insecticide, chlorfenapyr (a late acting insecticide) was tested for its irritability against multiple-insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were conducted to assess the irritability due to chlorfenapyr, DDT, malathion, deltamethrin and permethrin and intrinsic toxicity of chlorfenapyr in multiple-insecticide-susceptible and -resistant laboratory strains of An. stephensi following standard WHO methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorfenapyr molecule has shown least irritant effect against susceptible and resistant strains among all the insecticides tested allowing more landing time to the vector species on the impregnated surfaces to pick-up lethal dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorfenapyr could be an ideal insecticide for management of multiple-insecticide-resistance including pyrethroids.
authors: Vaishali
authors: V
authors: Verma
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Elamathi
authors: Poonam S
authors: PS
authors: Velamuri
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Sreehari
authors: O P
authors: OP
authors: Agrawal
authors: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Raghavendra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007509:Irritants; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D003634:DDT; C436643:chlorfenapyr; D008294:Malathion