title: Antagonistic joint toxicity assessment of two current-use phthalates with waterborne copper in liver of Carassius auratus using biochemical biomarkers.
abstract: Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are two kinds of widely-used phthalates, whereas Cu (II) is a common valence state of copper. They have been ubiquitously detected in the aquatic environment, but information on their joint toxicity on aquatic organisms is scarce. In this study, we evaluated the combined effects of copper and these two phthalates to the goldfish (Carassius auratus) by detecting the antioxidant responses in liver after exposure for 7 and 21 days. The exposure concentrations were in a range relevant to their levels in the natural aquatic environment. The results indicated that DBP, DEHP and Cu (II) can affect the antioxidant status in fish liver, evidenced by the significant alterations of antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) and malondialdehyde. Antagonistic effects were found in the joint toxicity of Cu (II) and DBP or DEHP using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index. These findings have important implications in the risk assessments of phthalates mixed with some heavy metals in the aquatic environment.
authors: School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
authors: Boyang
authors: B
authors: Huang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors: Mingbao
authors: M
authors: Feng
authors: School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213164, PR China. Electronic address: ldl1963@126.com.
authors: Dinglong
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003300:Copper; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidant defense systems; Copper; Fish liver; Integrated biomarker response; Joint toxicity; Phthalates