title: Purmorphamine and oxysterols accelerate and promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to find inexpensive and non-toxic additives enhancing and accelerating the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, which can be used for tissue engineering of bone material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells was carried-out using classic differentiation medium containing or lacking purmorphamine, statins or oxysterols, respectively. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium sedimentation and expression of bone matrix protein genes were measured to monitor differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Purmorphamine substantially suppressed proliferation, enhanced and accelerated alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium sedimentation and increased the expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin in rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. A similar osteogenesis-promoting effect was observed for oxysterols but not for the two statins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Purmorphamine and oxysterols promote and accelerate osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro suggesting their potential application for tissue engineering of bone material.
authors: Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Wöltje
authors: Spintec Engineering GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Böbel
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Max
authors: M
authors: Heiland
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Benedicta
authors: B
authors: Beck-Broichsitter
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Al-Dam
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Gröbe
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Reinhard E
authors: RE
authors: Friedrich
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany h.hanken@uke.de.
authors: Henning
authors: H
authors: Hanken
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Smeets
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009025:Morpholines; D011687:Purines; D013256:Steroids; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C470893:purmorphamine
keywords: Osteogenic differentiation; in vitro; mesenchymal stem cells; oxysterols; purmorphamine; tissue engineering