title: Microbial communities associated with healthy and White syndrome-affected Echinopora lamellosa in aquaria and experimental treatment with the antibiotic ampicillin.
abstract: Prokaryotic and ciliate communities of healthy and aquarium White Syndrome (WS)-affected coral fragments were screened using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A significant difference (R = 0.907, p < 0.001) in 16S rRNA prokaryotic diversity was found between healthy (H), sloughed tissue (ST), WS-affected (WSU) and antibiotic treated (WST) samples. Although 3 Vibrio spp were found in WS-affected samples, two of these species were eliminated following ampicillin treatment, yet lesions continued to advance, suggesting they play a minor or secondary role in the pathogenesis. The third Vibrio sp increased slightly in relative abundance in diseased samples and was abundant in non-diseased samples. Interestingly, a Tenacibaculum sp showed the greatest increase in relative abundance between healthy and WS-affected samples, demonstrating consistently high abundance across all WS-affected and treated samples, suggesting Tenacibaculum sp could be a more likely candidate for pathogenesis in this instance. In contrast to previous studies bacterial abundance did not vary significantly (ANOVA, F2, 6 = 1.000, p = 0.422) between H, ST, WSU or WST. Antimicrobial activity (assessed on Vibrio harveyi cultures) was limited in both H and WSU samples (8.1% ±8.2 and 8.0% ±2.5, respectively) and did not differ significantly (Kruskal-Wallis, χ2 (2) = 3.842, p = 0.146). A Philaster sp, a Cohnilembus sp and a Pseudokeronopsis sp. were present in all WS-affected samples, but not in healthy samples. The exact role of ciliates in WS is yet to be determined, but it is proposed that they are at least responsible for the neat lesion boundary observed in the disease.
authors: School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Smith
authors: School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Leary
authors: Horniman Museum and Gardens Aquarium, Forest Hill, London, SE23 3PQ, United Kingdom.
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Craggs
authors: School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Bythell
authors: School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Biological Sciences Research Group, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Sweet
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000667:Ampicillin