title: Systematic review of risk factors for surgical site infection in pediatric scoliosis surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in children derived from the studies in the adult population are potentially misleading because of differences in pathophysiology and management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review addresses the key question: What are the risk factors for SSI in pediatric patients undergoing scoliosis surgery?
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a qualitative systematic literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective and observational trials of children undergoing scoliosis surgery reported on the occurrence of risk factors for SSI and the occurrence of SSI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubmed (Medline), Ovid Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR), Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) were searched electronically for relevant articles in all the languages between January 1, 1991 and August 27, 2012, and cross-references were checked. Two independent reviewers identified articles and appraised quality with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) criteria based on a weighted scoring of 0 to 100.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search identified 135 abstracts and 14 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The AHRQ grading showed that five articles were high quality with a score of greater than 67, and five articles were moderate quality with a score between 50 and 67. The percent agreement between the two independent reviewers was 84%, and kappa agreement score was 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-1.03). There were 76 risk factors identified, of which 22 factors were reported in more than one study. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were reported inconsistently. Pooled p analysis of high- and moderate-quality articles identified five risk factors predictive of SSI: inappropriate antibiotic use (p=.001), neuromuscular scoliosis (p=.014), instrumentation (p=.023), increased hospital stay days (p=.003), and residual postoperative curve (p=.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systematic review identified inappropriate antibiotic use, neuromuscular scoliosis, instrumentation, increased hospital stay days, and residual postoperative curve as risk factors for SSI after pediatric scoliosis surgery.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pediatrics, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. Electronic address: Rajeev.Subramanyam@cchmc.org.
authors: Rajeev
authors: R
authors: Subramanyam
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Schaffzin
authors: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, 525 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Cudilo
authors: Department of Biostatistics, 247 Kettering Lab, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
authors: Marepalli B
authors: MB
authors: Rao
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pediatrics, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors: Anna M
authors: AM
authors: Varughese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Child; Data quality; Infection; Review; Risk factors; Scoliosis; Surgical site; Systematic