title: Historical isolation of the Galápagos carpenter bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite strong flight capability and ecological amplitude.
abstract: Colonization across the Galápagos Islands by the carpenter bee (Xylocopa darwini) was reconstructed based on distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes (cytochrome oxidase II (COII) sequences) and haplotype lineages. A total of 12 haplotypes were found in 118 individuals of X. darwini. Distributional, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses suggest early colonization of most islands followed by historical isolation in two main groups: eastern and central-western islands. Evidence of recurrent inter-island colonization of haplotypes is largely lacking, despite strong flight capability and ecological amplitude of the species. Recent palaeogeographic data suggest that several of the current islands were connected in the past and thus the isolation pattern may have been even more pronounced. A contrast analysis was also carried out on 10 animal groups of the Galápagos Islands, and on haplotype colonization of seven animal and plant species from several oceanic archipelagos (the Galápagos, Azores, Canary Islands). New colonization metrics on the number of potential vs. inferred colonization events revealed that the Galápagos carpenter bee shows one of the most significant examples of geographic isolation.
authors: Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (CSIC-RJB), Madrid, Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Vargas
authors: Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (CSIC-RJB), Madrid, Spain.
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Rumeu
authors: Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Ruben H
authors: RH
authors: Heleno
authors: Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Traveset
authors: Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologia (CSIC-IPNA), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Nogales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis; D004463:Ecology; D004484:Ecuador; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial