title: Association of Roadway Proximity with Fasting Plasma Glucose and Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in a Cross-Sectional Study of Cardiac Catheterization Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and risk factors for cardiovascular disease needs to be better understood in order to address the adverse impact of air pollution on human health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between roadway proximity and traffic exposure zones, as markers of TRAP exposure, and metabolic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk in a cohort of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of 2,124 individuals residing in North Carolina (USA). Roadway proximity was assessed via distance to primary and secondary roadways, and we used residence in traffic exposure zones (TEZs) as a proxy for TRAP. Two categories of metabolic outcomes were studied: measures associated with glucose control, and measures associated with lipid metabolism. Statistical models were adjusted for race, sex, smoking, body mass index, and socioeconomic status (SES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An interquartile-range (990 m) decrease in distance to roadways was associated with higher fasting plasma glucose (β = 2.17 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.24, 4.59), and the association appeared to be limited to women (β = 5.16 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.48, 8.84 compared with β = 0.14 mg/dL; 95% CI: -3.04, 3.33 in men). Residence in TEZ 5 (high-speed traffic) and TEZ 6 (stop-and-go traffic), the two traffic zones assumed to have the highest levels of TRAP, was positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β = 8.36; 95% CI: -0.15, 16.9 and β = 5.98; 95% CI: -3.96, 15.9, for TEZ 5 and 6, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proxy measures of TRAP exposure were associated with intermediate metabolic traits associated with cardiovascular disease, including fasting plasma glucose and possibly HDL-C.
authors: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Cavin K
authors: CK
authors: Ward-Caviness
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Kraus
authors: Colette
authors: C
authors: Blach
authors: Carol S
authors: CS
authors: Haynes
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Dowdy
authors: Marie Lynn
authors: ML
authors: Miranda
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Devlin
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Diaz-Sanchez
authors: Wayne E
authors: WE
authors: Cascio
authors: Shaibal
authors: S
authors: Mukerjee
authors: Casson
authors: C
authors: Stallings
authors: Luther A
authors: LA
authors: Smith
authors: Simon G
authors: SG
authors: Gregory
authors: Svati H
authors: SH
authors: Shah
authors: Elizabeth R
authors: ER
authors: Hauser
authors: Lucas M
authors: LM
authors: Neas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001335:Vehicle Emissions