title: Total lead concentration in new decorative enamel paints in Lebanon, Paraguay and Russia.
abstract: Lead concentrations in new enamel decorative paints were determined in three countries in different areas of the world where data were not previously available. The average total lead concentration of the enamel decorative paints purchased in Lebanon, Paraguay and Russia was 24,500ppm (ppm, dry weight), more than 270 times the current limit of 90ppm in Canada and in the United States. Sixty-three percent of these paints contained concentrations greater than 90ppm. Fifty-nine percent contained concentrations greater than 600ppm, the current limit in some countries. The maximum concentrations found were 236,000ppm in Lebanon, 169,000ppm in Paraguay and 52,900ppm in Russia. An average of 29% of the samples contained exceedingly high lead concentrations, >=10,000ppm. Five brands of paint were sampled in each of Lebanon and Paraguay and seven in Russia. Three colors from each brand were analyzed. For five of the six samples of the two brands in Lebanon with affiliations outside the country, the lead concentrations ranged from 1360ppm to 135,000ppm. In Lebanon the maximum concentration in the Egypt-affiliated brand (Sipes) was 135,000ppm and the maximum for the USA-affiliated brand (Dutch Boy) was 32,400ppm. Lead was not detected in any paints from the three of the four brands of paint purchased in Paraguay that had headquarters/affiliations in other countries (Brazil-Coralit), Germany (Suvinil) and USA (Novacor)). Two of the three paints from each of the other Paraguay brands contained high levels of lead with the maximum concentrations of 108,000 and 168,000ppm; one of these brands was manufactured under a license from ICI in the Netherlands. All of the paints purchased in Russia were from Russian brands and were manufactured in Russia. All three paints from one brand contained below detection levels of lead. The maximum levels of lead in the other six brands in Russia ranged from 3230 to 52,900ppm. The two brands with the highest lead concentration, TEKS and LAKRA, were produced by companies in the top three in market share.. Overall, lead concentrations were much higher in the colored paints such as red and yellow than in white paints. In each of the three countries a brand based in that country had a colored paint that either met a 90ppm limit or was close to meeting the limit-demonstrating that practical technology was available in each of these countries to produce low lead bright colored enamel decorative paints. Even though technology for producing paint without added lead existed in each of these countries, twenty-nine (29) percent of the paints analyzed contained exceedingly high concentrations (>=10,000ppm) of lead.
authors: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; IPEN, 1962 University Avenue, Suite 4, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: clarkcs@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors: C Scott
authors: CS
authors: Clark
authors: Eco Accord, PO Box 43, 21B Kussinena St., 129010 Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: speransk2004@mail.ru.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Speranskaya
authors: IPEN, 1962 University Avenue, Suite 4, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: sara.brosche@ipen.org.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Brosche
authors: ALTER VIDA, Itapua 1372, c/Primer Presidente. Barrio Trinidad, Asuncion, Paraguay. Electronic address: heberepal07@hotmail.com.
authors: Hebe
authors: H
authors: Gonzalez
authors: ALTER VIDA, Itapua 1372, c/Primer Presidente. Barrio Trinidad, Asuncion, Paraguay. Electronic address: dansoliso@gmail.com.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Solis
authors: Indy Act, Rmayl, Nahr Str., Jaara Building, 4th floor, PO Box 43, 14-5472, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: najikodeih@gmail.com.
authors: Naji
authors: N
authors: Kodeih
authors: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA. Electronic address: smroda@etczone.com.
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Roda
authors: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA. Electronic address: carolinelind@live.com.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Lind
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D007861:Lebanon; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis*; D010239:Paraguay; D012426:Russia; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Lebanon; New paint lead; Paraguay; Russia; lead paint