title: Effects of air pollution-related heavy metals on the viability and inflammatory responses of human airway epithelial cells.
abstract: Various metals produced from human activity are ubiquitously detected in ambient air. The metals may lead to induction and/or exacerbation of respiratory diseases, but the significant metals and factors contributing to such diseases have not been identified. To compare the effects of each metal and different oxidation states of metals on human airway, we examined the viability and production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 using BEAS-2B cell line, derived from human airway epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells were exposed to Mn(2+), V(4+), V(5+), Cr(3+), Cr(6+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), and Pb(2+) at a concentration of 0.5, 5, 50, or 500 μmol/L for 24 hours. Mn and V decreased the cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and V(5+) tended to have a greater effect than V(4+). The Cr decreased the cell viability, and (Cr(+6)) at concentrations of 50 and 500 μmol/L was more toxic than (Cr(+3)). Zn at a concentration of 500 μmol/L greatly decreased the cell viability, whereas Ni at the same concentration increased it. Pb produced fewer changes. Mn and Ni at a concentration of 500 μmol/L induced the significant production of IL-6 and IL-8. However, most of the metals including (V(+4), V(+5)), (Cr(+3), Cr(+6)), Zn, and Pb inhibited the production of both IL-6 and IL-8. The present results indicate that various heavy metals have different effects on toxicity and the proinflammatory responses of airway epithelial cells, and those influences also depend on the oxidation states of the metals.
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan akko@health.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors: Akiko
authors: A
authors: Honda
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Kenshi
authors: K
authors: Tsuji
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Yugo
authors: Y
authors: Matsuda
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Hayashi
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Wataru
authors: W
authors: Fukushima
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Sawahara
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Hitomi
authors: H
authors: Kudo
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Rumiko
authors: R
authors: Murayama
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Health Division, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Hirohisa
authors: H
authors: Takano
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D008345:Manganese / Q000633:toxicity; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000633:toxicity; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014639:Vanadium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D009532:Nickel; D015032:Zinc
keywords: airway epithelial cells; heavy metals; oxidation states of metals; proinflammatory responses; viability