title: Botulinum Toxin-induced Muscle Paralysis Inhibits Heterotopic Bone Formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term muscle atrophy induced by botulinum toxin A (BTxA) has been observed to impair osteogenesis in a rat closed femur fracture model. However, it is unclear whether the underlying mechanism is a direct effect of BTxA on muscle-bone interactions or an indirect effect that is driven by skeletal unloading. Because skeletal trauma in the closed fracture model also leads to disuse atrophy, we sought to mitigate this confounding variable by examining BTxA effects on muscle-bone interactions in two complementary in vivo models in which osteogenesis is induced in the absence of skeletal unloading. The overall aim of this study was to identify a potential strategy to inhibit pathological bone formation and heterotopic ossification (HO).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) Does muscle paralysis inhibit periosteal osteogenesis induced by a transcortical defect? (2) Does muscle paralysis inhibit heterotopic bone formation stimulated by intramuscular bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) injection?
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal osteogenesis was induced in the right hindlimb of mice through surgical initiation of a small transcortical defect in the tibia (fracture callus; n = 7/group) or intramuscular injection of BMP-2 (HO lesion; n = 6/group), both in the presence/absence of adjacent calf paralysis. High-resolution micro-CT images were obtained in all experimental groups 21 days postinduction and total volume (ie, perimeter of periosteal callus or HO lesion) and bone volume (calcified tissue within the total volume) were quantified as primary outcome measures. Finally, these outcome measures were compared to determine the effect of muscle paralysis on inhibition of local osteogenesis in both studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a transcortical defect, BTxA-treated mice showed profound inhibition of osteogenesis in the periosteal fracture callus 21 days postsurgery compared with saline-treated mice (total volume: 0.08 ± 0.06 versus 0.42 ± 0.11 mm(3), p < 0.001; bone volume: 0.07 ± 0.05 versus 0.32 ± 0.07 mm(3), p < 0.001). Similarly, BMP-2-induced HO formation was inhibited by adjacent muscle paralysis at the same time point (total volume: 1.42 ± 0.31 versus 3.42 ± 2.11 mm(3), p = 0.034; bone volume: 0.68 ± 0.18 versus 1.36 ± 0.79 mm(3), p = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that BTxA-induced neuromuscular inhibition mitigated osteogenesis associated with both a transcortical defect and BMP-2-induced HO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focal neuromuscular inhibition represents a promising new approach that may lead to a new clinical intervention to mitigate trauma-induced HO, a healthcare challenge that is severely debilitating for civilian and war-wounded populations, is costly to both the patient and the healthcare system, and currently lacks effective treatments.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA, bjausk@uw.edu.
authors: Brandon J
authors: BJ
authors: Ausk
authors: Ted S
authors: TS
authors: Gross
authors: Steven D
authors: SD
authors: Bain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010243:Paralysis; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A