title: Retinal vascular fractal dimension, childhood IQ, and cognitive ability in old age: the Lothian Birth Cohort Study 1936.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral microvascular disease is associated with dementia. Differences in the topography of the retinal vascular network may be a marker for cerebrovascular disease. The association between cerebral microvascular state and non-pathological cognitive ageing is less clear, particularly because studies are rarely able to adjust for pre-morbid cognitive ability level. We measured retinal vascular fractal dimension (Df) as a potential marker of cerebral microvascular disease. We examined the extent to which it contributes to differences in non-pathological cognitive ability in old age, after adjusting for childhood mental ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Study (LBC1936) had cognitive ability assessments and retinal photographs taken of both eyes aged around 73 years (n = 648). IQ scores were available from childhood. Retinal vascular Df was calculated with monofractal and multifractal analysis, performed on custom-written software. Multiple regression models were applied to determine associations between retinal vascular Df and general cognitive ability (g), processing speed, and memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only three out of 24 comparisons (two eyes × four Df parameters × three cognitive measures) were found to be significant. This is little more than would be expected by chance. No single association was verified by an equivalent association in the contralateral eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show little evidence that fractal measures of retinal vascular differences are associated with non-pathological cognitive ageing.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Adele M
authors: AM
authors: Taylor
authors: Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: MacGillivray
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Ross D
authors: RD
authors: Henderson
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Lasma
authors: L
authors: Ilzina
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Baljean
authors: B
authors: Dhillon
authors: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Starr
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Deary
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D059345:Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology