title: Pre-operative simulation of pediatric mastoid surgery with 3D-printed temporal bone models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the process of additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3D) printing, has become more practical and affordable, a number of applications for the technology in the field of pediatric otolaryngology have been considered. One area of promise is temporal bone surgical simulation. Having previously developed a model for temporal bone surgical training using 3D printing, we sought to produce a patient-specific model for pre-operative simulation in pediatric otologic surgery. Our hypothesis was that the creation and pre-operative dissection of such a model was possible, and would demonstrate potential benefits in cases of abnormal temporal bone anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the case presented, an 11-year-old boy underwent a planned canal-wall-down (CWD) tympano-mastoidectomy for recurrent cholesteatoma preceded by a pre-operative surgical simulation using 3D-printed models of the temporal bone. The models were based on the child's pre-operative clinical CT scan and printed using multiple materials to simulate both bone and soft tissue structures. To help confirm the models as accurate representations of the child's anatomy, distances between various anatomic landmarks were measured and compared to the temporal bone CT scan and the 3D model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation allowed the surgical team to appreciate the child's unusual temporal bone anatomy as well as any challenges that might arise in the safety of the temporal bone laboratory, prior to actual surgery in the operating room (OR). There was minimal variability, in terms of absolute distance (mm) and relative distance (%), in measurements between anatomic landmarks obtained from the patient intra-operatively, the pre-operative CT scan and the 3D-printed models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate 3D temporal bone models can be rapidly produced based on clinical CT scans for pre-operative simulation of specific challenging otologic cases in children, potentially reducing medical errors and improving patient safety.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, CB #7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA. Electronic address: austin_rose@med.unc.edu.
authors: Austin S
authors: AS
authors: Rose
authors: Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, 414-D Daniels Hall, CB#7906, Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA. Electronic address: cewebst2@ncsu.edu.
authors: Caroline E
authors: CE
authors: Webster
authors: Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, 414-D Daniels Hall, CB#7906, Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA. Electronic address: oaharrys@ncsu.edu.
authors: Ola L A
authors: OL
authors: Harrysson
authors: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, CB #7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA. Electronic address: eric_formeister@med.unc.edu.
authors: Eric J
authors: EJ
authors: Formeister
authors: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, CB #7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA. Electronic address: rounak.rawal@unchealth.unc.edu.
authors: Rounak B
authors: RB
authors: Rawal
authors: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, CB #7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA. Electronic address: claire_iseli@med.unc.edu.
authors: Claire E
authors: CE
authors: Iseli
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000601:surgery*; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000601:surgery*; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000601:surgery
keywords: 3D model; 3D printing; Otology; Pre-operative simulation; Temporal bone; Tympanomastoidectomy