title: The impact of downstream coronary stenosis on fractional flow reserve assessment of intermediate left main coronary artery disease: human validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the impact of downstream coronary stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) or left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) on the assessment of fractional flow reserve (FFR) across an intermediate left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis in humans with the pressure wire positioned in the nondiseased downstream vessel.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Accurate assessment of intermediate LMCA disease is critical for guiding decisions regarding revascularization. In theory, FFR across an intermediate LMCA stenosis will be affected by downstream disease, even if the pressure wire is positioned in the nondiseased downstream vessel.
  
  
  METHODS
  After percutaneous coronary intervention of the LAD, LCx, or both, an intermediate LMCA stenosis was created with a deflated balloon catheter. FFR was measured in the LAD and LCx coronary arteries before and after creation of downstream stenosis by inflating an angioplasty balloon within the newly placed stent. The true FFR (FFRtrue) of the LMCA, measured in the nondiseased downstream vessel in the absence of stenosis in the other vessel, was compared with the apparent FFR (FFRapp) measured in the presence of stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 25 patients, 91 pairs of measurements were made, 71 with LAD stenosis and 20 with LCx stenosis. FFRtrue of the LMCA was significantly lower than FFRapp (0.81 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.08, p < 0.001), although the numerical difference was small. This difference correlated with the severity of the downstream disease (r = 0.35, p < 0.001). In all cases in which FFRapp was >0.85, FFRtrue was >0.80.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most cases, downstream disease does not have a clinically significant impact on the assessment of FFR across an intermediate LMCA stenosis with the pressure wire positioned in the nondiseased vessel.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. Electronic address: wfearon@stanford.edu.
authors: William F
authors: WF
authors: Fearon
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
authors: Andy S
authors: AS
authors: Yong
authors: Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Lenders
authors: Cardiovascular Center, Aalst, Belgium.
authors: Gabor G
authors: GG
authors: Toth
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Dao
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
authors: David V
authors: DV
authors: Daniels
authors: Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors: Nico H J
authors: NHJ
authors: Pijls
authors: Cardiovascular Center, Aalst, Belgium.
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: De Bruyne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D014160:Transducers, Pressure
keywords: coronary artery disease; fractional flow reserve; left main coronary artery