title: Cadaveric study of breast measurements during augmentation with implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this study was to compare immediate changes in breast shape and nipple position using different implant shapes and volumes, with variable release of the pectoralis major muscle in fresh cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen fresh cadaveric breasts were analyzed. Six different augmentation procedures were performed, including pocket dissection in the submuscular and subglandular planes, and partial and full release of the pectoralis major muscle insertion. Round and contoured implant volumes of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 ml were used, resulting in a total of 30 procedures per breast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Projection was greater when subjects received contoured implants versus round implants in all volumes both in submuscular and in subglandular pockets (p < 0.001). For implants larger than 200 ml, projection was greater when a subglandular pocket was chosen (p < 0.02), for both round and contoured implants. Nipple-to-inframammary fold distance was increased with contoured implants compared with round implants in both subglandular and submuscular pockets for all implant volumes (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implant shape, volume, and pocket location influence projection, causing it to increase in a linear fashion. Partial pectoralis major release seems to affect projection only for small volumes, but does not influence nipple position in the immediate setting. As projection increases with augmentation volume, cephalad movement of the nipple is produced by a relative increase in nipple-to-inframammary fold distance compared with the midclavicular point-to-nipple distance in our cadaveric sample.
authors: New Haven, Conn.; and São Paulo, Brazil From the Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of São Paulo.
authors: Antonio Jorge
authors: AJ
authors: Forte
authors: Marco Polo
authors: MP
authors: Barbosa
authors: John Arthur
authors: JA
authors: Persing
authors: Nivaldo
authors: N
authors: Alonso
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Berlin
authors: Niclas
authors: N
authors: Broer
authors: Deepak
authors: D
authors: Narayan
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Kwei
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018427:Breast Implants; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009929:Organ Size; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D011474:Prosthesis Design