title: [Effectiveness of School-based Interventions to Prevent and/or Reduce Substance Use among Primary and Secondary School Pupils: A Review of Reviews].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to provide a current overview of the effectiveness of school-based interventions on prevention and/or reduction of substance use among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Campbell Collaboration, NICE and ERIC. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2007 and 2013 were included in the analysis. 2 reviewers assessed the quality of the identified review articles and extracted the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14 review articles of moderate to good quality fulfilled the a-priori defined inclusion criteria. Capacity-promoting interventions, e. g., those focusing on strengthening self-confidence and peer resistance, show promising evidence of effectiveness. Multi-component and multi-level interventions are more suitable for the prevention of alcohol and cannabis consumption. Findings on the prevention of tobacco consumption are inconsistent. The effectiveness of knowledge-based interventions is limited. The long-term effectiveness of smoke-free competitions cannot be conclusively evaluated as the findings are discrepant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  School-based interventions should include capacity-promoting components and should address further levels beyond the individual, for example, organisational changes of the school setting. Further research is needed, in particular on the effectiveness of multi-component and multi-level interventions for the prevention of tobacco consumption.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Pöttgen
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Samkange-Zeeb
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Brand
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Steenbock
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Pischke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067697:Adolescent Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult