title: Photophobia in primary headaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photophobia is a debilitating feature of many headache disorders.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical and preclinical research has identified several potential pathways involved in enhanced light sensitivity. Some of these structures include trigeminal afferents in the eye, second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, third-order neurons in the posterior thalamus, modulatory neurons in the hypothalamus, and fourth-order neurons in the visual and somatosensory cortices. It is unclear to what degree each site plays a role in establishing the different temporal patterns of photophobia across different disorders. Peptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide may play a role in photophobia at multiple levels of the visual and trigeminal pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While our understanding of photophobia has greatly improved in the last decade, there are still unanswered questions. These answers will help us develop new therapies to provide relief to patients with primary headache disorders.
authors: Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Heather L
authors: HL
authors: Rossi
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Recober
mesh_terms: D051270:Headache Disorders, Primary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D020795:Photophobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology
keywords: cluster headache; headache; light aversion; migraine; photophobia; preclinical model