title: Inhaled technosphere insulin: a novel delivery system and formulation for the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Complications from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were reduced significantly with the introduction of insulin more than 90 years ago. Despite the proven benefits of normal glycemic levels, patients are deterred by the inconvenience and perceived pain related to multiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections. Inhaled insulin was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006, but because profit margins did not achieve expectations, the drug manufacturer discontinued sales 2 years later. The second-generation inhaled insulin, developed with Technosphere technology, received FDA approval in 2014. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical safety and efficacy, patient satisfaction, dosage and administration, warnings, precautions, contraindications, adverse effects, and place in therapy of inhaled Technosphere insulin are reviewed in this article.
authors: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California; St. Mary's Medical Center, Long Beach, California.
authors: Anne J
authors: AJ
authors: Kugler
authors: Kristin L
authors: KL
authors: Fabbio
authors: David Q
authors: DQ
authors: Pham
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Nadeau
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C473734:Exubera; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Technosphere; adverse effects; clinical trials; diabetes; efficacy; glycemic control; inhalation; inhaled; insulin; pulmonary