title: Providing instrumental social support is more beneficial to reduce mortality risk among the elderly with low educational level in Taiwan: a 12-year follow-up national longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate whether the effects of providing or receiving social support are more beneficial to reduce mortality risk among the elderly with different educational levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this long-term prospective cohort study, data were retrieved from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging. This study was initiated from 1996 until 2007. The complete data from 1492 males and 1177 females aged ≥67 years were retrieved. Participants received financial, instrumental, and emotional support, and they actively provided instrumental and emotional support to others and involved in social engagement. Education attainment was divided into two levels: high and low. The low education level included illiterate and elementary school. The high education level included junior high school to senior high school and above college. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the association between providing or receiving social support on mortality with different educational levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the participants in 1996 was 73.0 (IQR=8.0) years, and the median survival following years (1996-2007) of participants was 10.3 (IQR=6.7) years. Most participants were low educational level including illiterate (39.3%) and elementary school (41.2%). Participants with high educational level tend to be younger and more male significantly. On the contrary, participants with low educational level tend to have significant more poor income, more depression, more cognition impairment, more with IADL and ADL disability than high educational level. Most participants received instrumental support from others (95.5%) and also provided emotional support to others (97.7%). Providing instrumental support can reduce 17% of mortality risk among the elderly with a low level of education after adjusting several covariates [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70-0.99; p = 0.036].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing instrumental social support to others confer benefits to the giver and prolong life expectancy among the elderly with low educational levels.
authors: Meng-Chih Lee, Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Hospital, No. 199, Sec. 1, San-Min Road, Taichung, Taiwan. Fax:(+886)-4-22255037. Tel: (+886)-4-22294411 ext. 3200. mengchihlee@gmail.com.
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Liao
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Yeh
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: W C
authors: WC
authors: Liao
authors: M Y
authors: MY
authors: Liao
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008136:Longevity; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012944:Social Support; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology