title: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in adenoid tissue: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) was present in all adenoids of children receiving the L. GG product. However, since L.GG was also found from the placebo group, one cannot confirm its effect on the occurrence of rhinovirus (RV) or enterovirus (EV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to determine whether a 3-week oral consumption of L.GG would lead to presence of the probiotic in adenoid tissue. Furthermore, nasopharyngeal RV and EV findings and symptom data were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tissue samples were collected from 40 children aged 1-5 years about to undergo adenotomy due to recurrent acute/secretory otitis media, chronic rhinitis, or recurrent sinusitis after a 3-week daily consumption of L.GG (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20). Strain-specific real-time PCR was used to detect RV, EV, and L.GG in adenoid tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L.GG was recovered in the adenoid sample in 100% of children in the L.GG group and in 76% in the placebo group (p = 0.07). Both RV and EV were found in 31% of children in the L.GG group and in 18% of children in the placebo group (p = 0.67). The majority of the positive samples were positive for both RV and EV. Study diaries showed no differences in symptoms between the groups.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Swanljung
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Tapiovaara
authors: Liisa
authors: L
authors: Lehtoranta
authors: Harri
authors: H
authors: Mäkivuokko
authors: Merja
authors: M
authors: Roivainen
authors: Riitta
authors: R
authors: Korpela
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Pitkäranta
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000382:microbiology*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; D008297:Male; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: L.GG; nasopharyngeal tonsil; probiotics; respiratory virus