title: Developing register-based measures for assessment of working time patterns for epidemiologic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies suggest that long working hours and shift work may increase the risk of chronic diseases, but the "toxic" elements remain unclear due to crude assessment of working time patterns based on self-reports. In this methodological paper, we present and evaluate objective register-based algorithms for assessment of working time patterns and validate a method to retrieve standard payroll data on working hours from the employer electronic records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed working hour records from employers' registers were obtained for 12 391 nurses and physicians, a total 14.5 million separate work shifts from 2008-2013. We examined the quality and validity of the obtained register data and designed 29 algorithms characterizing four potentially health-relevant working time patterns: (i) length of the working hours; (ii) time of the day; (iii) shift intensity; and (iv) social aspects of the working hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collection of the company-based register data was feasible and the retrieved data matched with the originally published shift plans. The transferred working time records included <0.01% missing data. Two percent were duplicates that could be easily removed. The 29 variables of working time patterns, generated for each year, were stable across the follow-up (year-to-year correlation coefficients from r=0.7-0.9 for 23 variables), their distributions were as expected, and correlations of the variables within the four main dimensions of working hours were plausible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed method and algorithms allow a detailed characterization of four main dimensions of working time patterns potentially relevant for health. We recommend this method for future large-scale epidemiological studies.
authors: Development of Work and Organizations, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland. Mikko.Harma@ttl.fi.
authors: Mikko
authors: M
authors: Härmä
authors: Annina
authors: A
authors: Ropponen
authors: Tarja
authors: T
authors: Hakola
authors: Aki
authors: A
authors: Koskinen
authors: Päivi
authors: P
authors: Vanttola
authors: Sampsa
authors: S
authors: Puttonen
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Sallinen
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Salo
authors: Tuula
authors: T
authors: Oksanen
authors: Jaana
authors: J
authors: Pentti
authors: Jussi
authors: J
authors: Vahtera
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009740:Nursing Staff; D010820:Physicians; D012042:Registries; D016526:Workload