title: Three-dimensional facial simulation in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: a validation study of 100 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) virtual planning of orthognathic surgery in combination with 3D soft tissue simulation allows the surgeon and the patient to assess the 3D soft tissue simulation. This study was conducted to validate the predictability of the mass tensor model soft tissue simulation algorithm combined with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging for patients who underwent mandibular advancement using a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients were treated with a BSSO according to the Hunsuck modification. The pre- and postoperative CBCT scans were matched and the mandible was segmented and aligned. The 3D distance maps and 3D cephalometric analyses were used to calculate the differences between the soft tissue simulation and the actual postoperative results. Other study variables were age, gender, and amount of mandibular advancement or rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire face, the mean absolute error was 0.9 ± 0.3 mm, the mean absolute 90th percentile was 1.9 mm, and for all 100 patients the absolute mean error was less than or equal to 2 mm. The subarea with the least accuracy was the lower lip area, with a mean absolute error of 1.2 ± 0.5 mm. No correlation could be found between the error of prediction and the amount of advancement or rotation of the mandible or age or gender of the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the soft tissue prediction algorithm combined with CBCT imaging is an accurate model for predicting soft tissue changes after mandibular advancement. Future studies will focus on validating the mass tensor model soft tissue algorithm for bimaxillary surgery.
authors: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and the Facial Imaging Research Group, Nijmegen and Bruges, Belgium.
authors: Jeroen H F
authors: JH
authors: Liebregts
authors: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and the Facial Imaging Research Group, Nijmegen and Bruges, Belgium.
authors: Maarten
authors: M
authors: Timmermans
authors: OMF Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and the Facial Imaging Research Group, Nijmegen and Bruges, Belgium.
authors: Martien J J
authors: MJ
authors: De Koning
authors: Professor, Head Department OMF Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and the Facial Imaging Research Group, Nijmegen and Bruges, Belgium.
authors: Stefaan J
authors: SJ
authors: Bergé
authors: Head Department 3D Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and the Facial Imaging Research Group, Nijmegen and Bruges, Belgium. Electronic address: t.maal@mka.umcn.nl.
authors: Thomas J J
authors: TJ
authors: Maal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002508:Cephalometry; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult