title: Cyclic-di-GMP signaling in the Gram-positive pathogen Clostridium difficile.
abstract: The anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile causes intestinal infections responsible for symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. Like other bacteria, C. difficile needs to sense and integrate environmental signals in order to adapt to changes and thrive in its environment. The second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) was recently recognized as a quasi-ubiquitous phenotype coordinator in bacteria. Mostly known to be involved in the transition from motile to sessile and multicellular behaviors in Gammaproteobacteria, c-di-GMP is now known to regulate many other phenotypes from cell morphogenesis to virulence, in many Gram-negative and a few Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of c-di-GMP signaling in the lifecycle of C. difficile.
authors: Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. eric.bordeleau@usherbrooke.ca.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA. eric.bordeleau@usherbrooke.ca.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Bordeleau
authors: Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Burrus
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D010641:Phenotype; D058928:Riboswitch; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D058928:Riboswitch; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP
keywords: Biofilm; Clostridium difficile; Cyclic-di-GMP; Motility; Riboswitch; Toxins