title: The influence of anisotropic nano- to micro-topography on in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topographically modified substrates are increasingly used in tissue engineering to enhance biomimicry. The overarching hypothesis is that topographical cues will control cellular response at the cell-substrate interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of anisotropically ordered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) substrates (constant groove width of ~1860 nm; constant line width of ~2220 nm; variable groove depth of ~35, 306 and 2046 nm) on in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis were assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that substrates with groove depths of approximately 306 and 2046 nm promote osteoblast alignment parallel to underlined topography in vitro. However, none of the topographies assessed promoted directional osteogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2D imprinting technologies are useful tools for in vitro cell phenotype maintenance.
authors: Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), Biosciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
authors: Ayesha
authors: A
authors: Azeem
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: English
authors: Pramod
authors: P
authors: Kumar
authors: Abhigyan
authors: A
authors: Satyam
authors: Manus
authors: M
authors: Biggs
authors: Eleanor
authors: E
authors: Jones
authors: Bhawana
authors: B
authors: Tripathi
authors: Nandita
authors: N
authors: Basu
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Henkel
authors: Cédryck
authors: C
authors: Vaquette
authors: Niall
authors: N
authors: Rooney
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Riley
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: O'Riordan
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Cross
authors: Saso
authors: S
authors: Ivanovski
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Hutmacher
authors: Abhay
authors: A
authors: Pandit
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Zeugolis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D050997:Nanomedicine; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: anisotropic topography; cell/biomaterial interface; gene analysis; osteogenesis