title: Norovirus genotype profiles associated with foodborne transmission, 1999-2012.
abstract: Worldwide, noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis. They can be transmitted from person to person directly or indirectly through contaminated food, water, or environments. To estimate the proportion of foodborne infections caused by noroviruses on a global scale, we used norovirus transmission and genotyping information from multiple international outbreak surveillance systems (Noronet, CaliciNet, EpiSurv) and from a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature. The proportion of outbreaks caused by food was determined by genotype and/or genogroup. Analysis resulted in the following final global profiles: foodborne transmission is attributed to 10% (range 9%%-11%) of all genotype GII.4 outbreaks, 27% (25%-30%) of outbreaks caused by all other single genotypes, and 37% (24%%-52%) of outbreaks caused by mixtures of GII.4 and other noroviruses. When these profiles are applied to global outbreak surveillance data, results indicate that ≈14% of all norovirus outbreaks are attributed to food.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Verhoef
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Hewitt
authors: Leslie
authors: L
authors: Barclay
authors: Sharia M
authors: SM
authors: Ahmed
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Lake
authors: Aron J
authors: AJ
authors: Hall
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Lopman
authors: Annelies
authors: A
authors: Kroneman
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Vennema
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Vinjé
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Koopmans
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005517:Foodborne Diseases; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D014943:Global Health; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D011159:Population Surveillance
keywords: attribution; communicable diseases; enteric infections; epidemiology; foodborne; gastroenteritis; genotype; norovirus; outbreaks; surveillance; transmission; virology; viruses