title: Incorporation of a Metal Oxide Interlayer using a Virus-Templated Assembly for Synthesis of Graphene-Electrode-Based Organic Photovoltaics.
abstract: Transition metal oxide (TMO) thin films have been exploited as interlayers for charge extraction between electrodes and active layers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Additionally, graphene-electrode-based OPVs have received considerable attention as a means to enhance device stability. However, the film deposition process of a TMO thin-film layer onto the graphene electrode is highly restricted owing to the hydrophobic nature of the graphene surface; thus, the preparation of the device should rely on a vacuum process that is incompatible with solution processing. In this study, we present a novel means for creating a thin tungsten oxide (WO3 ) interlayer on a graphene electrode by employing an engineered biotemplate of M13 viruses, whereby nondestructive functionalization of the graphene and uniform synthesis of a WO3 thin interlayer are concurrently achieved. As a result, the incorporated virus-templated WO3 interlayer exhibited solar-conversion efficiency that was 20 % higher than that of conventional OPVs based on the use of a (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (
  PSS) interlayer. Notably, bilayer-structured OPVs with synergistically integrated WO3 /PEDOT:PSS achieved >60 % enhancement in device performance.
authors: SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Yong Man
authors: YM
authors: Lee
authors: School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Wanjung
authors: W
authors: Kim
authors: School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Young Hun
authors: YH
authors: Kim
authors: SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Jung Kyu
authors: JK
authors: Kim
authors: SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Ji-Ryang
authors: JR
authors: Jang
authors: SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).|School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea).
authors: Woo-Seok
authors: WS
authors: Choe
authors: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 (Republic of Korea). lutts@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors: Jong Hyeok
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea). pjyoo@skku.edu.|School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746 (Republic of Korea). pjyoo@skku.edu.
authors: Pil J
authors: PJ
authors: Yoo
mesh_terms: D017104:Bacteriophage M13 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004566:Electrodes; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D012993:Solar Energy; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry; D014414:Tungsten / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013876:Thiophenes; C533756:poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate); D006108:Graphite; C511604:tungsten oxide; D014414:Tungsten
keywords: graphene; hole-transport layer; organic photovoltaics; template synthesis; viruses