title: HIV-1 replicates in human osteoclasts and enhances their differentiation in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-1 infected patients frequently have osteolytic bone disease, which is caused by the dysregulation of the bone remodeling system that involves the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but the relationship between osteolytic disease and HIV-1 infection remains unclear. In this study we tested whether HIV-1 infection of osteoclasts affects their differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We prepared human osteoclasts from CD14+ monocytes and examined them for their susceptibility to HIV-1. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of HIV-1 infection on osteoclast differentiation. CD14-derived osteoclasts were shown to express CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 each at the similar level to that shown with macrophages. R5-tropic HIV-1 and X4-tropic HIV-1 were found to infect CD14-derived osteoclasts and replicate in them. Furthermore, HIV-1 infection induced formation of larger osteoclastst, enhanced the expression of mRNAs for three osteoclast specific marker molecules (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and the calcitonin receptor), and up-regulated osteoclast bone resorption activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that osteoclasts serve as a novel target for HIV-1 infection, which may enhance the osteoclast differentiation contributing to the development of osteolytic disease in HIV-1-infected patients.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Gohda
authors: Yijing
authors: Y
authors: Ma
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Huang
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Lijun
authors: L
authors: Gu
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Han
authors: Taisheng
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Gao
authors: George Fu
authors: GF
authors: Gao
authors: Jun-Ichiro
authors: J
authors: Inoue
authors: Aikichi
authors: A
authors: Iwamoto
authors: Takaomi
authors: T
authors: Ishida
mesh_terms: D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000032:analysis; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000032:analysis; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: C584933:CCR5 protein, human; D015704:CD4 Antigens; C527276:CXCR4 protein, human; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4