title: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Triphala and their active compounds chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid prevented epithelial to mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells, by inhibiting SMAD-3 phosphorylation.
abstract: Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium is involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that often leads to retinal detachment. In this study, Triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and two of its active ingredients, namely chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid were evaluated for anti-EMT properties based on in vitro experiments in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) under TGFβ1 induced conditions. ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGFβ1 alone or co-treated with various concentrations of aqueous extract (AqE) (30-300 μg/ml); alcoholic extract (AlE) (50-500 μg/ml) of triphala and the active principles chebulagic acid (CA) and chebulinic acid (CI) (CA,CI: 50-200 μM). The expression of EMT markers namely MMP-2, αSMA, vimentin and the tight junction protein ZO-1 were evaluated by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The functional implications of EMT, namely migration and proliferation of cells were assessed by proliferation assay, scratch assay and transwell migration assay. AqE, AlE, CA and CI reduced the expression and activity of MMP-2 at an ED50 value of 100 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μM and 100 μM, respectively. At these concentrations, a significant down-regulation of the expression of αSMA, vimentin and up-regulation of the expression of ZO-1 altered by TGFβ1 were observed. These concentrations also inhibited proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGFβ1. EMT was found to be induced in ARPE-19 cells, through SMAD-3 phosphorylation and it was inhibited by AqE, AlE, CA and CI. Further studies in experimental animals are required to attribute therapeutic potential of these extracts and their active compounds, as an adjuvant therapy in the disease management of PVR.
authors: R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors: Shanmuganathan
authors: S
authors: Sivasankar
authors: Centre for Advance Research in Indian system of Medicine, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors: Ramu
authors: R
authors: Lavanya
authors: Centre for Advance Research in Indian system of Medicine, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors: Pemaiah
authors: P
authors: Brindha
authors: R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
authors: Narayanasamy
authors: N
authors: Angayarkanni
mesh_terms: D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D005960:Glucosides; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C520904:triphala; C103481:chebulinic acid; C076178:chebulagic acid